APL7 The Rhine/Meuse Delta

7/22/2019 APL7 The Rhine/Meuse Delta

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_ldbstigb Vrbss K gbw cbgbrktli g ia Vu`hl sjlgc

\iu krb rbkdlgc k auhh vbrslig ia tjls ìim, air arbb!

Tjls ìim ls pkrt ia tjb _ldbstigb b-hl`rkry wjbrb eist ia iur

pu`hloktligs krb auhhy koobssl`hb air arbb. Air koobss ti eirb

arbb ìims vlslt> www.sldbstigb.oie/hl`rkry

Diwghikd Auhh VDA

Qlslt tjb _ldbstigb b-hl`rkry ti diwghikd eist ia iur b-ìims air

ighy ₨ 4,26. Air tjls elglekh abb yiu wlhh rboblvb k auhhy augotligkh

VDA kgd `y dilgc si, yiu jbhp ti mbbp iur hl`rkry rugglgc.

www.sldbstigb.oie/hl`rkry



&Ii-\1ì7 B





KGKHBOTK VP K BJ L_T I PLO K H BL DB G_ L K

QLL









TI E\ VKPBGT_

TI JRL@ DB MIM







L TK@HB IA OIGTBGT_

;.4.4. Tjb @bhh @bkmbr kgd tjb @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr Ouhturbs 03

;.4.4.;. Tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbr pjksb 03

;.4.4.0. Tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr/@kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr pjksb . . . . 0<

;.4.4.?. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig ?6

;.4.4.4. Lsihktbd algds ?6

;.4.2. Tjb @rigzb Kcb katbr tjb @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr Ouhturb ?;

;.4.2.;. Lgt riduotlig ?;

;.4.2.0. Tjb Bkr hy Jlhvbrsue Ouhturb ?;

;.4.2.?. Tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb ??

;.4.2.4. Tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb ?4

;.4.2.2. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`l tktlig ?2

;.4.2.1. Lsihktbd algds ?2

;.4.1. Rgrbhlk`hb kgd lgsuaalolbgthy dktbd algds ?1

;.4.3. _ieb oigohusligs ?1

;.4.3.;. Tjb ojilob ia tjb tbrrklgs air sbtt hbebgt ?1;.4.3.0. Dlstrlùt lig pkt tbrgs ?3

;.4.3.?. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig ?:

;.4.3.4. Tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs ?:

;.2. Kg Iuthlgb ia tjb Lgjk`l tktlig lg tjb Lrig Kcb kgd hktbr 40

;.2.;. Tjb trkgsltlig @rigzb Kcb/Lrig Kcb 40

;.2.0. Tjb Lrig Kcb 4?

;.2.?. Tjb Piekg Vbrlid 42

;.2.4. Tjb Ebrivlgclkg Vbrlid 42

;.2.2. Tjb Okrihlgclkg Vbrlid 41

;.2.1. Arie tjb hktbr Elddhb Kcbs ugtl h rbobgt tlebs 41

;.1. Lgjk`l tktlig kgd tjb Trkgscrbsslig Vjksbs 41

;.3. _bk-hbvbh Ojkgcbs 26

;.3.;. Bkrhlbr lgvbstlcktligs 26

;.3.0. Tjb tleb-dbptj crkpj ia tjb krojkbihiclokh sltbs 2;

;.3.0.;. Tjb dbpisltligkh hbvbh lg rbhktlig ti sbk-hbvbh 2;

;.3.0.0. Oiepkotlig 2?

;.3.0.?. Tjb crkpj 22

;.3.?. Tjb ourvb air tjb rbhktlvb rlsb ia tjb oikstkh ebkg jlcj wktbr hbvbh . . . 23

;.3.?.;. K alrst kpprixlektlig 23;.3.?.0. Tjb ahuotuktligs ia hiokh ebkg jlcj wktbr hbvbh kt tjb krojkbi

hiclokh sltbs 23

;.3.?.?. Tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb ourvb 1;

;.3.?.4. Tjb ourvbs ia @bggbek (;<24) kgd Nbhcbrsek (;<1;, ;<11) . . . 1?

;.3.?.2. Bustktlo , tbotiglo kgd lsistktlo oiepigbgts 14

;.3.?.1. Tjb ourvb katbr oirrbotlig ia ;4O ybkrs lgti sihkr ybkrs . . . . 13



TK@HB IA OIGTBGT_ ZL

Girtjbrg Cbrekgy kgd Bkst Bgchkgd 1<

;.:.;. Girtjbrg Cbrekgy 1<

;.:.0. Bks t Bgchkgd 30

;.:.?. Oigohuslig 31

. CBIHIC\ KGD LGJK@LTKTLIG IA TJB PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

Jlstiry ia tjb Krojkbihiclokh kgd Cbihiclokh Lgvbstlcktligs 3<

Tjb Cbihiclokh _truoturb :?

Tjb "Digmbg" :4

0.?.;. Bkrhlbr lgvbstlcktligs :4

0.?.0. Irlclg kgd dktlgc :2

0.?.?. _jkpb kgd dlstrlùtlig :10.?.4. Vrbjlstirlo iooupktlig :3

0.?.4.;. Tjb algds :3

0.?.4.0. Tjb iooupktlig ia tjb digmbg lg rbhktlig ti tjkt ia tjb strbke rldcbs :<

0.?.4.?. Oigohuslig <6

Tjb _trbke Pldcbs <6

0.4.;. Cbgbrkh ojkrkotbrlstlos <6

0.4.0. Dlstrlùt lig kgd dktlgc <;

0.4.?. Tjb crkdlbgt hlgbs <?

0.4.4. Tjb ihdbst strbke rldcbs> Okhkls LL kgd LLL <2

0.4.4.;. Okhkls LL <2

0.4.4.0. Okhkls LLL > tjb Kspbrbg kgd ^lndbrvbhd rldcbs <1

0.4.4.?. Tjb ihdbst prbjlstirlo iooupktlig ia tjb Okhkls LL kgd LLL dbpislts <1

0.4.2. Tjb _ojiigrbwibrd kgd _ojklm rldcbs> Okhkls LQ <3

0.4.2.;. Dbsorlptlig kgd dktlgc <3

0.4.2.0. Tjb "hugc systbe" kgd tjb oigdltligs tjkt hbd ti tjb airektlig ia

tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb <:

0.4.2.?. Tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs ;66

Vrbjlstirlo Lgjk`l tktlig lg tjb Obgturlbs katbr tjb Okhkls LQ Trkgscrbsslig Vjksbs . ;6?

0.2.;. Lgtriduotlig ;6?

0.2.0. Bxphirktligs ;64

0.2.?. Tjb Q@@/@S@ lgjk`ltk tlig ;62

0.2.4. [ukgt ltk tlvb kssbssebgt ia tjb sltbs ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. . ;61

Hktbr Hkgdsokpb Dbvbhipebgt kgd Lgjk`ltktlig L h h

0.1.;. Dugmlrm 6 kgd tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb L h h

0.1.0. Tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb ;;4



ZLL TK@HB IA OIGTBGT_

0.1.?. Tjb Lrig Kcb kgd Dugmlrm L ;;1

0.1.4. Tjb Piekg Vbrlid ;;:

0.1.2. Tjb Bkrhy Elddhb Kcbs ;06

0.1.1. Tjb ;;tj obgtury kgd hktbr ;06

0.1.1.;. Pbohkektlig ;06

0.1.1.0. Dlmb ùlhdlgc kgd krtlalolkh drklgkcb ;0;

0.1.1.?. Dlmb `rbkojbs ;00

?. GBIHLTJLO IOORVKTLIG IG TJB JK^BGDIGM, ERGLOLVKHLT\

EIHBGKKP_CPKKA, 4666-;166 @. O.

?.;. Lgtriduotlig ;03

?.0. Tjb Cbihiclokh _ltukt lig ;0<?.0.;. _trk tlcrkpjy ;0<

?.0.0. Oiepkotlig ;?0

?.0.?. _botligs ia tjb bxokvktlig ;?2

?.?. Vihhbg Kgkhysls, ;4

O Dktlgc ;?1

?.?.;. Cbgbrkh rbekrms ;?1

?.?.0. Tjb pihhbg dlkcrke Jkzbgdigm ;?:

?.?.?. Tjb ;4

O dktbs ;?<

?.?.4. Krojkbihiclokh oieebgtkry ;46

?.?.2. _ueekry ;4?

?.4. _ilh Trkobs ;4?

?.2. Tjb Algds ;44

?.2.;. Vittbry ;44

?.2.;.;. Cbgbrkh rbekrms ;44

?.2.;.0. @bkmbr pittbry ;41

?.2.;.?. Qhkkrdlgcbg pittbry ;43

?.2.;.4. "Jkzbgdigm pit tb ry" ;26

?.2.;.2. Itjbr pit tbry ;22?.2.0. Ahlgt ;23

?.2.?. Sirmbd stigb ;2<

?.1. Tjb "Jkzbgdigm Vittbry" = Dktlgc kgd Ouhturkh Pbhktligs ;16

?.1.;. Dkt lgc ;16



TK@HB IA OIGT BGT_ ZLL L

?.1.0. Ouhturkh rbhkt ligs ;1;

?.1.0.;. Lgtriduotlig ;1;

?.1.0.0. Pbhktlig ti tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb ;1;

?.1.0.?. Pbhktlig ti "_wlatbr`kgt" ;10

?.1.0.4. Pbhktlig ti itjbr Gbihltjlo criups ;12?.1.0.2. Oigohuslig ;13

?.1.?. Tjb lepissl`lhlty ia k dktlgc ti tjb (Hktb) @rigzb Kcb ;13

4. K HKTB @BHH @BKMBP/@KP @BD S LPB @B KMBP _BTTHBEBGT KGD

OBEBTBP\ IG TJB _OJIIGPBSIBPD _TPBKE PLDCB KT

EIHBGKKP_CPKKA, OLPOK ;366 @.O.

4.;. Lgtriduot lig ;3;

4.;.;. Dlsoivbry kgd bxokvktlig ;3;

4.;.0. Tjb cbihiclokh kgd krojkbihiclokh sltuktlig ;30

4.0. Cbihiclokh Oigdltligs ;32

4.0.;. Ekpplgc ;32

4.0.0. Tjb cbihiclokh struoturb ia tjb sltb ;31

4.0.?. Oiepkotlig ;:0

4.0.4. Tjb "iooupktlig hkybr" ;:?

4.?. Tjb Visltlig ia tjb Algds lg tjb @rbkm-Tjriucj Ojkggbh ;:4

4.?.;. Qbrtlokh dlstrlùtlig ;:4

4.?.0. Jirlzigtkh dlstrlùtlig pkt tbrgs ;:2

4.4. Vkhygihiclokh Lgvbstlcktlig ia tjb Cuhhy Alhhlgc ;:3

4.4.;. Tjb pihhbg dlkcrkes ;:3

4.4.0. Krojkbihiclokh oieebgtkry ;:<

4.4.?. _ueekry ;<6

4.2. _ilh Trkobs ;<;

4.2.;. _jirt survby ;<;

4.2.0. Tbst plts ;<;

4.2.?. ;1tj obgtury skgd plts ;<;

4.2.4. Elddhb @rigzb Kcb rbeklgs ;<?

4.2.2. _ekhh dlsoihiurktligs kgd pist jihbs ;<4

4.2.1. Jiusb phkgs ;<1

4.2.1.;. Oigstruotlig ia tjb phkgs ;<1

4.2.1.0. Jiusb ; ;<3



TK@HB IA OIGTBGT_

4.2.1.?. Jiusb LL ;<:

4.2.1.4. Oiepkrlsig, oigstruotlig kgd sbqubgob ia ìtj jiusbs . . . . 06;

4.2.1.2. Itjbr pist jihbs 060

4.2.3. Vlts 06?

4.2.:. Trbgojbs 064

Tjb Algds 062

4.1.;. Cbgbrkh Pbekrms 062

4.1.0. Dlstrlùt lig ia tjb algds ivbr tjb sbtt hbebgt tbrrklg 061

4.1.?. Vit tbry 06<

4.1.?.;. Cbgbrkh rbekrms 06<

4.1.?.0. Vit tbry arie tjb sbtt hbebgt tbrrklg 0;6

4.1.?.?. Dboirktbd pit tbr y= dboirktlig typbs 0;6

4.1.?.4. Vit tbry arie tjb plt alhhlgcs 0;:

4.1.?.2. Vit tbry arie tjb alhhlgc ia tjb `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy 0064.1.?.1. Dlstrlùtlig pkt tbrgs ia tjb dboirktbd pittbry 00?

4.1.?.3. Oigohusligs> tjb iooupktlig pjksbs 001

4.1.4. Hike 00:

4.1.2. Ahlgt 00<

4.1.1. Sirmbd stigb 0?4

4.1.3. Sirmbd wiid 0?1

4.1.:. Tjb akugkh rbeklgs 0?<

Tjb Crkvbs 040

4.3.;. Lgt riduotlig= tjb obebtbry 040

4.3.0. Crkvb L 04?

4.3.?. Cr kvb hh 026

4.3.4. Crkvb LL L . 016

4.3.2. Crkvb LQ 01?

4.3.1. Ix Crkvb 014

4.3.3. Oiepkrlsig ia tjb crkvbs 013

4.3.:. Tjb obebtbry> dktlgc kgd rbhktlig ti tjb sbtthbebgt 036

_ueekry kgd Oigohusligs 034

4.:.;. Bgvlrigebgt 0344.:.0. Tjb sltb "Eihbgkkrscrkka" 032

4.:.?. _u`slstbgob boigiey 033

4.:.4. Hktbr abkturbs 03:

Ouhturkh Vrbjlstirlo Oigtbxt 03<



TK@HB IA OIGTBG T_ ZQ

4.<.;. Lgtriduotlig 03<

4.<.0. _ilh trkobs 0:6

4.<.0.;. Vist jihbs 0:6

4.<.0.0. Jiusb phkgs 0:6

4.<.0.?. Tjb plts 0:14.<.?. Tjb sbtt hbebgt algds 0:1

4.<.?.;. Tjb @bhh @bkmbr pit tbry 0:1

4.<.?.0. Tjb @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr pittbry 0::

4.<.?.?. Vit @bkmbrs 0<6

4.<.?.4. Diebstlo pittbry 0<0

4.<.?.2. _ieb algkh rbekrms ig tjb pittbry 0<2

4.<.?.1. Tjb ahlgt 0<3

4.<.?.3. Tjb wirmbd stigb 0<:

4.<.?.:. Tjb wirmbd wiid ?66

4.<.4. Tjb crkvb ciids ?6;

4.<.4.;. Tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr arie crkvb L ?6;

4.<.4.0. Tjb diebstlo `bkmbr arie crkvb LL ?60

4.<.4.?. Tjb hkrcb `bkmbr wltj rbbd leprbssligs ?6?

4.<.4.4. Tjb alsj-jiims ?64

4.<.4.2. Tjb kgthbr jiim ?64

4.<.2. Tjb crkvbs ?62

4.<.2.;. Cbgbrkh rbekrms ?62

4.<.2.0. Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs ?61

4.<.2.?. @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr crkvbs ?6:

4.<.2.4. Tjb ojrigihiclokh-ouhturkh pisltlig ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka obebtbry . ?6<

4.:.2.2. @bkmbr smbhbtigs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds ?;6

4.<.1. Tjb ùrlkh ousties ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds @bkmbr Ouhturbs lg k wldbr oigtbxt . ?;0

4.<.1.;. Tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ?;0

4.<.1.0. Tjb @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb ?;4

4.<.1.?. Tjb trkgsltlig ia tjb @ktthb Kxb ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb . . . ?;2

4.<.1.4. Tjb trkgsltlig ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr ti tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb Ouhturbs . ?;:

4.<.1.2. Tjb krojkbihiclokh oigsbqubgobs ia tjb kgtjripihiclokh dktk . . ?;<

4.<.3. Tjb ix ùrlkh ?0;

4.<.3.;. Gbihltjlo kglekh ùrlkhs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds ?0;

4.<.3.0. Gbihltjlo kglekh ùrlkhs lg k wldbr oigtbxt ?0?

4.<.:. _ltuktlig kgd su`slstbgob boigiey ?02

4.<.:.;. Tjb sltb ?02

4.<.:.0. Pbohkektlig ?01

4.<.:.?. Tjb albhds kgd tjblr wirmlgc ?03

4.<.:.4. Tjb ouhtlvktbd orips ?0:

4.<.:.2. Tjb diebstlo kglekhs ?0<

4.<.:.1. Tjb jug t ??0





A IP B SIP D

@bairb ;<26 tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk, tjb rbclig `btwbbg Tlbh kgd Kh`hkssbrdke, wks,

arie kg krojkbihiclokh pilgt ia vlbw, tbrrk lgoicgltk—k `hkg m spkob ig tjb dlst rlùt lig ekps .

Lg su`sbqubgt ybkrs k abw dlsoivbrlbs wbrb ekdb, pkrtlouhkrhy durlgc tjb silh survbys, ùt lt

wks tjb aiugdktlig lg ;<10 ia tjb KSG wirm-criup, "Hbm bg Ebrwbstrbbm", tjkt ekrmbd tjb

eiebgt wjbg systbektlo bxphirktlig `bckg. Rgdbr tjb lgsplrlgc hbkdbrsjlp ia Er J. K. db

Mim soirbs ia krojkbihiclokh tbrrklgs, dktlgc arie tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb ti tjb Elddhb

Kcbs, wbrb dlsoivbrbd. Tjby hlb ig tjb dbpislts ia airebr rlvbr oiursbs kgd orbbm systbes kgd

ig tjb tips ia Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs. Kg lgtbgslvb oirrbspigdbgob ig tjb su`nbot ia tjbsbalgds tiim phkob wltj Vriabssir Eiddbrekg.

Tjbrb krb sbvbrkh rbksigs wjy tjb prbsb gt wrltbr wks khei st lgbvltk `hy oigarigtbd wltj

tjls ektbrlk h lg ;<12 kgd `bckg ti bxkelg b lt lg dbtklh> tjb gbobsslty air kg lgvbgt iry kgd bvkhuk

tlig ia tjbsb algds, wjloj wbrb ia suoj lepirtkgob ti iur mgiwhbdcb ia bkrhy lgjk`ltktlig ia

tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds= tjb bxboutlig ia k hkgd rb-khhitebgt, wjloj ls ebkgwjlhb `blgc

alglsjbd= tjb gbbd ti kooiepkgy tjb wirm-criup, kgd, hkst ùt git hbkst, tjb kutjir's lgtbrbst

lg tjb lgtbr-rbhktligsjlp ia cbihicy kgd krojkbihicy, kgd tjb pissl`lhlty ia uslgc tjb study

ia tjb rbclig ks tjb su`nbot air k uglvbrslty tjbsls.

Lg tjb oiursb ia tleb tjb su`nbot ia tjb tjbsls jks `bbg bxtbgdbd kgd lts koobgt jks sjlatbd.

Sb siig okeb ti tjb oigohuslig tjkt k gue`br ia bxokvktligs wiuhd `b gbobsskry la wb wbrb ti

kojlbvb tjb pripisbd rbsuhts. Lg tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka dlstrlot k prbhlelgkry lgvbstlcktlig stkrtbdig tjb "Jkzbgdigm" lg ;<13. Tjb "Eihbgkkrscrkka" tbrrklg wks kheist oiephbtbhy bxokvktbd

lg ;<11 kgd ;<13. Tjrbb itjbr bxokvktligs wbrb okrrlbd iut `bokusb ia tjb tjrbkt ia rikd oig

struotlig wirms> lg ;<11 kg Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgt gbkr Ouhbeìrc, kgd lg ;<1< twi tbrrklgs lg

Ittihkgd> t jb Iistblgd tbrrklg (Q@@-H@K) kgd Mr iee b Bhhbìic (Q@@ /@S@ ). @itj bxokvk

tligs lg Eihbgkkrscrkka ylbhdbd si euoj lgairektlig tjkt lts bhkìrktlig wiuhd dbekgd k

oigsldbrk`hb keiugt ia tleb. K rbpirt ig tjb itjbr tjrbb lgvbstlcktligs wlhh `b clvbg hktbr.

Kt tjb skeb tleb lt kppb krbd ti `b dbslrk`hb ti hioktb tjb kssbe`hbd lgaire ktlig kcklg st

k wldbr `komcriugd, tjkt ia tjb wjihb ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Vkrt L ia tjls vihueb

irlclgktbd lg tjls wky kgd clvbs k survby ia tjb jlst iry ia lgj k`l tkt lig lg tjb Sbstb rg Gbtjb r

hkgds, lg pkrtlouhkr ia tjb pbrlid `bairb 366 @. O. Lts rbhktligsjlp ti tjb cbihiclokh dbvbhipebgt

ia tjb rbclig, die lgk tbd ` y trkgscrbss lig/rbcr bsslig oyohbs, ls ia pk rk ei ug t lep irt kgob

jbrb. Tjb krojkbihiclokh dktk oigtrlùtb kt tjb skeb tleb ti tjb oigstruotlig ia ¶, ourvb

sjiwlgc tjb rbhktlvb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh, lg pkrtlouhkr `bokusb tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd kppbkrbd ti `b

kg ugusukhhy akviurk`hb krbk air i`sbrvktligs ig airebr ebkg wktbr-hbvbhs.

Tjb irlclgkh su`nbot ls dlsoussbd lg Vkr t LL , lg wjloj wb dbkh wltj tjb jlstir y ia tjb lgjk `

ltktlig kgd tjb cbihiclokh dbvbhipebgt ia tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk. Lt ls git pissl`hb ti oieprbjbgd

tjb krojkbihicy wltjiut tjb study ia tjb hkgdsokpb. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd krojkbihicy privldbs



ZQLLL AIPBSIPD

tjb dktlgcs air vkrlius dbpislts, kgd bspbolkhhy air tjb strbke rldcbs. Vkrt LL aires tjb alrst

kttbept air kg krojkbihiclokh dlkcrke ia tjb dlstrlot.

Tjb twi hkst pkrts krb rbpirts ig tjb twi bxokvktligs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka.

Ig tjb Jkzbgdigm (Vkrt LLL), tjb tip ia kg Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugb, lt jks `bbg privbd

tjkt lgjk`ltktlig tiim phkob tjbrb kìut 4;66 (9), ?466, ?666, 0466 kgd ;366 @. O. K gbw criupia pittb ry, privlsligkhhy gkebd "Jkzbgdigm pit tbry", wks aiugd kgd dktbd kìut ?666 @. O.

Tjb itjbr iooupktlig pjksbs eky `b kssiolktbd wltj "_wlatbr`kgt", tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb

kgd tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr kgd @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr Ouhturbs. Tjb iooupktlig pjksbs oilgoldb

wltj tjb cbihiclokh rbcrbsslig pjksbs, kgd krb sbpkrktbd `y pbrlids wjbg tjbrb wks gi lgjk`ltk

tlig.

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka (Vkr t LQ) k sekhh sbtthbebgt arie tjb trkgsl tlig pbrlid Gbihltjlo-@rigzb

Kcb (Q@@-@S@, ;:66-;266 @. O.) wks sltuktbd ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb kgd kt k

`rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy. Lt ls igb ia k gue`br ia oiepkrk`hb iooupktlig uglts ig tjls strbke rldcb,

wjloj ticbtjbr airebd k sekhh bhigcktbd jkehbt. Lg tjb sbtthbebgt twi su`sbqubgt jiusb phkgs

wbrb diouebgtbd. Tjb lgalhhlgc ia tjb cuhhy ylbhdbd lgairektlig kìut tjb su`slstbgob boigiey

kgd tjb elhlbu (rbeklgs ia shkucjtbrbd kglekhs, pihhbg dlkcrkes, wiidbg pists). Krk`hb akrelgc(crklg) kgd oktthb rklslgc (prlekrlhy oiws) wbrb ìtj prkotlsbd. Jugtlgc wks ia elgir lepir

tkgob, lg oigtrkst ti alsjlgc. Tjrbb ir aiur juekg crkvbs kgd igb ix crkvb oigtklgbd wbhh-

prbsbrvbd smbhbtigs—k vbry ugusukh sltuktlig lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Lt wks pissl`hb ti oigstruot

k dbtklhbd ojrigihiclokh dlkcrke ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Tjb trkgsltlig arie Gbihltjlo ti @rigzb

Kcb sbbes ti `b ekrmbd `y k crbkt rktb ia ouhturkh oigtlgulty. Tjb ouhturkh `komcriugd ia

tjb jiusb-phkgs, algds kgd crkvbs krb dlsoussbd lg k sbpkrktb pkrkcrkpj.

Tjb aiur pkrts krb wrlttbg lg suoj k wky tjkt bkoj pkrt okg `b rbkd lgdbpbgdbgthy. Tjb

pkrtlouhkrs ia ìtj bxokvktligs (pkrts LLL kgd LQ) krb lgoirpirktbd lg tjb survbys (pkrts L

kgd LL). Kt tjb skeb tleb tjb oigohusligs lg pkrt LL krb usbd lg tjb wrltlgc ia pkrt L. Lg tjb

sbqubgob prbsbgtbd jbrb, arie tjb cbgbrkh ti tjb eirb spbolalo, pkrt LL eky `b rbkd ks kg lgtri

duotlig ti tjb twi bxokvktlig rbpirts, kgd pkrt L jks eirb ir hbss tjb skeb augotlig air pkrt LL.





ZZ KOMGISHBDCBEBGT_

Lr N. K. O. B. vkg Pibreugd (Dbhat), Er J. _kraktln (PI@), Ers B. N. _ojrbvb-@rlgmekg

(Gkkrdbg), Dr P. V.J. V. vkg dbr _ojkgs (_tlìmk), Dr D. D. K. _lepsig (Hblobstbr), Vria Dr

Oj. Tjieks (Hblobstbr), Er K. Qbr`rkbom (Cbihiclokh _urvby), Er V. Qbrjkcbg (Cirlgojbe),

Er K. D. Qbrhlgdb (PI@), Vria Dr N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs (@KL), Vria Dr J. T. Sktbrìhm

(@KL), Ers H. J. vkg Slngckkrdbg-@kmmbr (LVV).Tjb ciid oi-ipbrktlig wltj tjb Pbkhhittebgt Oielttbb kgd tjb Ouhtuurtbojglsojb Dlbgst

(Civbrgebgts _brvlob air Hkgd kgd Sktbr Rsb) lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd wks euoj kpprbolktbd.

Tjb _ilh _urvby Lgstltutb (_tlìmk) phkobd ugpu`hlsjbd ekps kt iur dlspiskh kgd ckvb tjb

pbrelsslig ti prlgt tjb ekp, tjkt wb oieplhbd arie tjbe. Tjb Gbdbrhkgds Cbgiitsojkp viir

Kgtjripihiclb suppirtbd tjls pu`hloktlig `y pkylgc tjb oist ia tjb ekmlgc ia tjb `hioms.

Nijg Okspbrs ekdb khh tjb drkwlgcs lg tjls ìim. Jls dbvitlig kgd pktlbgob, ticbtjbr wltj

jls tbojglokh kgd krtlstlo okpkoltlbs, airebd tjb `ksls ia tjb suoobss ia iur oi-ipbrktlig.

Er B. T. Dkvlbs (@ugglm) trkgshktbd tjb Dutoj tbxt lgti Bgchlsj. L rbokhh wltj euoj

phbksurb jls sorupuhius okrb kgd iur baalolbgt oi-ipbrktlig.

@ut tjb kutjir oigsldbrs jlesbha rbspigsl`hb air kgy pissl`hb lgkoourkolbs kgd i`sourltlbs

tjkt eky ioour lg tjb tbxt, bspbolkhhy lg tjisb pksskcbs wjloj wbrb hktbr lgsbrtbd.Lg tjb albhd, lg tjb dbvbhipebgt ia dktk kgd lg prbpkrlgc tjb ekgusor lpt air tjb prbss

L jkvb rboblvbd jbhp arie Er N. V. @iicbrd kgd Er S. Ebuzbhkkr (ìtj LVH), Er J. Mim kgd

Er E. vkg Ebbrmbrm (ìtj Cbihiclokh _urvby), Elss L. E. B``lgcb, Elss J. K. Jkssbh`koj,

Elss O. E. E. Vlbtbrsb, Ers _. D. P. Qbrstbbc-Elddbgdirp, Er A. C. vkg Qbbg, Er E. T.

Qlgmbstbyg kgd Er @. J. vkg Slgmbh (khh PEI).

Durlgc ey rbsbkroj L wks arbqubgthy oigsolius ia tjb vkhub ia tjb bduoktlig ks k pjyslokh

cbicrkpjbr kgd prbjlstirlkg L rboblvbd arie tjb hktb Vriabssir Dr J. V. @brhkcb, tjb hktb

Vriabssir Dr S. @hbbmbr, Vriabssir Dr V. @urlgcj, Vriabssir Dr Lr O. Mibekg, Vriabssir Dr

C. J. P. vkg Mibglcswkhd, tjb hktb Vriabssir Dr E. Elggkbrt, Vriabssir Dr V. N. P. Eiddbrekg,

tjb hktb Vriabssir Dr E. C. Puttbg, kgd Vriabssir Dr N. L. _. îggbvbhd. Aurtjbr, tjb lgstruo

tlig L rboblvbd lg tjb albhd, bspbolkhhy arie tjb hktb Er E. S. @bybrlgom, Er M. J. Jibmsbek

kgd tjb hktb Er O. J. N. vkg Pissue, wji hbd ey alrst vlslts ti tjb pbkt rbclig, wrks ia crbkt

vkhub ti eb.

L okg lekclgb tjkt tjb wrltlgc ia tjls ìim wks git khwkys bgniybd `y ey wlab kgd ojlhdrbg,

slgob L jkd ti wltjdrkw arie ey i`hlcktligs ks k aktjbr tii iatbg. Gbvbrtjbhbss Kggbmb sjiwbd

tjb lgtbrbst kgd pktlbgob, wjloj wbrb bssbgtlkh air eb ti kooiephlsj tjb wirm. L iwb ey pkrbgts

k crbkt db`t ia crktltudb air khh stleuhl kgd ippirtugltlbs tjby iaabrbd ti eb durlgc ey bduok

tlig kgd study. L trlbd ti bxprbss ey abbhlgcs lg dbdloktlgc tjls ìim ti tjbe.



K@@MBQLKTLIG_

(tjisb lg `rkombts krb ighy usbd lg Kppbgdlx L)

K.D.

KG

KIO

KVH

KSG

@KL

@.O.

@kr. PIM

@br. PI@(@PI@)

@N

@_VA

@uhh. MGI@

@S

@S@

O L-LQ

D I-LLL

DM_

@@K

btkh.Jk@

(Jbh)

JQ_

LVH

LVV

Nkjrùoj PCÊ

Nsojr. elttbhdt. Qircbsoj.

H@K

E@K

E@@

Ebd. Cbih. _tlojt.

Ebd. hønm.s Cbih. Dlbgst

XLLLS E_H

eug.

GKV

GG

GGR

ID

Iudj. Ebd. (IEH)

Kkr`kcbr air Girdlsm Ihdmygdlcjbd ic Jlstirlb

Kggi Dielgl

Krojbihiclsoj Glbuws> Glbuwsùhhbtlg, ekkgdbhlnmsb `lnhkcb vkg jbt @uhhbtlg vkg db

Miglgmhlnmb Gbdbrhkgdsb Iudjbldmugdlcb @igd

Khh Ivbr Cird

Kgkhbotk Vrkbjlstirlok Hbldbgslk

Krojbihiclsojb Sbrmcbebbgsojkp viir Gbdbrhkgd

@lihiclsoj-Krojkbihiclsoj Lgstltuut, Criglgcbg

@bairb Ojrlst

@brlojt dbr Pñelsoj-Cbrekglsojbg Mieelsslig

@brlojtbg vkg db Plnmsdlbgst viir jbt Iudjbldmugdlc @idbeigdbrzibm

@iggbr Nkjr`øojbr

@uhhbtlg db hk _iolìtì Vrìjlstirlqub Arkgoklsb

@uhhbtlg vkg db Miglgmhlnmb Gbdbrhkgdsb Iudjbldmugdlcb @igd

@kr`bd Slrb

@kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr

Okhkls L-LQ

Dugmlrm I-LLL

L jkmbgstblg

Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb

bt khll (kgd itjbrs)Jkhhstktt @

Jbhlglue

Jlhvbrsue

Lgstltuut viir Vrbjlstirlb, Hbldbg

Lgstltuut viir Vrkb- bg Vritijlstirlb, Kestbrdke

Nkjrùoj dbs Mielsoj-Cbrekglsojbg ^bgtrkheusbues Eklgz

Nkjrbssojrlat aør Elttbhdbutsojb Qircbsojlojtb

Hktb @rigzb Kcb

Elddhb @rigzb Kcb

Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbr

Ebdbdbhlgcbg vkg db Cbihiclsojb _tlojtlgc

Ebdbdbhlgcbg vkg db Plnms Cbihiclsojb Dlbgst

Ebkg Jlcj SktbrEbkg _bk-Hbvbh

Euglolpkhlty

Girekkh Kestbrdkes Vblh (Dutoj Dktue Hbvbh)

Girekh Guh (Cbrekg Dktue Hbvbh)

Gkojrlojtbg kus Glbdbrskojsbgs Rrcbsojlojtb

Irdgkgob Dktue

Iudjbldmugdlcb Ebdbdbhlgcbg ult jbt Plnmseusbue vkg Iudjbdbg tb Hbldbg

http://iiiw/

http://iiiw/



ZZLL K@@PBQLKTLIG_

VOK_

VA@

VV_

V^

PEI

PI@P-S

_tlìmk

TKC

t.k.q.

t.p.q.

TP@

Q@@

Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd.

QH

Qibtspiir

SA Iudj. (SAI)

(Shl)

Vriobbdlgcs ia tjb Oke`rldcb Kgtlqukrlkg _iolbty

Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr

Vriobbdlgcs ia tjb Vrbjlstirlo _iolbty

Vräjlstirlsojb ^bltsojrlat

Plnmseusbue vkg Iudjbdbg, Hbldbg

Plnmsdlbgst viir jbt Iudjbldmugdlc @idbeigdbrzibm, KebrsaiirtPulgbg-Sieebhs

_tlojtlgc viir @idbemkrtbrlgc, (_ilh _urvby Lgstltutb), Skcbglgcbg

Tlndsojrlat vkg jbt Miglgmhlnm Gbdbrhkgds Kkrdrlnmsmugdlc Cbgiitsojkp

tbrelgus kgtb qube

tbrelgus pist qube

Trbojtbr`bmbr ( 5 Auggbh @bkmbr)

Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr

Qbrshkcbg vkg Hkgdìuwmugdlcb Igdbrzibmlgcbg

Qhkkrdlgcbg

Lg jbt vibtspiir vkg K.B . vkg Claabg, ;6 nkkr HV.V ., Criglgcbg, ;<11 (0gd leprbsslig).

Sbstarlbsb Iudjbdbg

Sbstbrjbbe



VI_T_OPLVT

Lt ls igb ia tjb dlskdvkgtkcbs ia k pu`hloktlig ia tjls phkg kgd dlvbrslty tjkt lt okggit

`b auhhy up-ti-dktb lg eist rbspbots. Katbr tjb bgqulrlbs wbrb bgdbd kgd tjb ekgusorlpt wks

ohisbd (lg tjb `bclgglgc ia ;<3?) gbw algds jkvb `bbg ekdb, gbw dktk jkvb oieb kvklhk`hb

kgd k gue`br ia pkpbrs jkvb kppbkrbd, tjkt jkvb rbabrbgob ti vkrlius kspbots ia tjls wirm.

Tjb aihhiwlgc kpphlbs ti Vkrt L. Tjb oigtlgubd lgvbstlcktligs kt _wlatbr`kgt, bspbolkhhy tjb

ugdbrtkmbg auhh bxokvktlig ia k tjlrd sltb, privldb eirb dbtklhbd dktk ig tjb hlvlgc sltuktlig

ia tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo oieeugltlbs, tjkg usbd lg tjls pkpbr. Tjb iooupktlig ig tjb dugbskppbkrbd ti `b pkrthy ia Ebsihltjlo kcb (

;4O dktbs). Gbw QH Ouhturb sltbs jkvb `bbg dlsoivbrbd

kt Hiisdulgbg (gbkr Tjb Jkcub), Bwlnm (@btuwb) kgd Miitwlnm (Qbhuwb) wjloj ebkgs k

aurtjbr bxtbgslig bkstwkrd kgd k alrebr hlgm ti tjb skgd rbcligs. Tjb study ia tjb dlstrlùtlig

kgd sbqubgob ia tjb iooupktlig kriugd tjb Ebusb bstukry, ugdbrtkmbg `y Er N. A. vkg Pbc-

tbrbg Khtbgk kgd Er D. V. Jkhhbwks ig `bjkha ia sjbbt ?3 ia tjb gbw cbihiclokh ekp, wlhh

privldb k eirb dbtklhbd ploturb tjkg usbd `y us. Ia spbolkh lepirtkgob ls tjb Elddhb @rigzb

Kcb dktb ia juekg lgahubgobs ig tjb vbcbtktlig, bstk`hlsjbd `y Er N. db Nigc (Cbihiclokh

_urvby), lg k pihhbg dlkcrke gbkr Qhkkrdlgcbg. Lt jbhps ti `rldcb tjb ckp lg tjb E@K iooupk

tlig pkttbrg `btwbbg Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs.

Kggb Q. Kmbriyd rbobgthy pu`hlsjbd k vbry orltlokh kgd wbhh-diouebgtbd rbvlbw ia khh

i`sbrvktligs tjkt krb ia rbhbvkgob ti tjb bstk`hlsjebgt ia airebr wktbr hbvbhs khigc tjb@rltlsj oikst `btwbbg Slcjt kgd tjb Jue`br. (Vjlhis. Trkgskot. Piykh _io. Higdig, _brlbs K,

Qih. 030, ;2;-;1<). Khtjiucj tjb "trkgshktlig" ia tjb albhd i`sbrvktligs lgti airebr sbk-hbvbh

jblcjts elcjt siebtlebs `b ipbg ti sieb orltlolse, wjlhb oiepkotlig oiuhd git `b tkmbg lgti

kooiugt, lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb cbgbrkh tbgdbgoy ia tjb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh lg Bkst Bgchkgd kcrbbs

vbry wbhh wltj tjkt lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjb trkgscrbsslig-rbcrbsslig oyohbs krb, jiwbvbr, stlhh

rktjbr i`sourb.

Lg [ukrtbrgkrlk ZLQ (;<3;) wb algd tjb oigtrlùtligs ti tjb :tj LG[RK oigcrbss lg

Vkrls. Tjb pkpbrs privldb lgairektlig ig tjb Jihiobgb sbk-hbvbh ojkgcbs khh ivbr tjb wirhd.

Sb ebgtlig jbrb ighy tjb ourvb ia Jkwmlgs air _.S.-@rltklg, wjloj ls vbry slelhkr ti tjkt

ia Kmbriyd kgd ti iur ourvb air tjb Girtj _bk (Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<36/'3;, alc. ?).

Gbw bvldbgob air Vkrt L L ls privldbd `y tjb bxokvktlig hbd `y Er _kraktln kgd tjb ìrlgcsia tjb Cbihiclokh _urvby kt tjb sltb Kh`hkssbrdke ?

k (Kpp. Lhh, gi. 3). K sekhh rbsldukh ojkggbh

ia tjb orbbm aihhiwbd tjbrb tjb bxtrbeb siutjbrg sldb ia tjb rldcb kgd wks oigtbepirkgbius

wltj tjb Piekg iooupktlig, tjb hbvbh ia wjloj jkd hktbr ugdbrcigb oigsldbrk`hb oiepkotlig

wjbrb lt wks sltuktbd ig tjb siat jlcj wktbr dbpislts ia tjb orbbm.

Sltj rbspbot ti Vkrt LLL tjb dlsoivbry ia k sboigd sltb wltj Jkzbgdigm pittbry kt Jbt

Qirebr gbkr Slnojbg ls vbry lepirtkgt, tjb eirb slgob lt ioours tjbrb ticbtjbr wltj sjbrds ia



ZZLQ VI_T_OPLVT

ìwhs wltj riugd ìtties ia @bhclkg Elojbhs`brc kgd pbrjkps Slgdelhh Jlhh kaalgltlbs. Ighy

k sjirt rbabrbgob (p. ;11 gitb 33) oiuhd `b ekdb ti tjls ektbrlkh. Lg Kgkhbotk Vrkbjlstirlok

Hbldbgslk QL tjb rbpirt ig Miglgcsìsoj (oa. p. ;2<, ;12) kppbkrbd. Lt sbbes tjkt tjb rbhktlig

sjlps ti tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry krb sekhh kgd tjkt tjls criup ls pri`k`hy k abw obgturlbs hktbr,

dktlgc arie tjb skeb pjksb ks _tblg.Tjrbb pu`hloktligs jkvb kppbkrbd lg tjb bgd ia ;<3? wjloj krb ia crbkt lepirtkgob air

tjb ekttbrs dbkht wltj lg Vkrt LQ, bspbolkhhy sbotlig 4.<. Alrst, N.G. Hkgtlgc ckvb k auhh dlsous

slig ia tjb typihicy kgd dktlgc ia tjb @S@ pittbry kgd tjb ùrlkh rltukh ia tjls pjksb lg

Vkhkbijlstirlk ZQ. Sltj rbckrd ti iur eirb smbtojy rbvlbw tjls krtlohb oigtklgs euoj db

tklhbd `komcriugd ektbrlkh ticbtjbr wltj ugpu`hlsjbd ir rb-lgtbrprbtbd dktk ia ihd @KL

bxokvktligs kgd lgairektlig ig rbobgt wirm, keigc itjbr tjlgcs kddltligkh ;4

O dktbs. Lt

kppbkrs tjkt tjb pjksb `bairb tjb @S @bkmbrs lg tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds ls ojkrkotbrlzbd `y

B-S crkvbs wltj `ktthb kxbs ia tjb gbwhy dbalgbd ûldvbhdb kgd Beebg typbs kgd ahlgt

mglabs ia tjb typb ks iur alc. <3b. Hkgtlgc strbssbs tjb oigtlgulty ia tjb pittbry trkdltligs

(wirmekgsjlp, aires, dboirktlig) kgd crkvb rltukh, wjlhb wb strbssbd (p. ??<) tjb eirb ir hbss

oigtbepirkgbius kgd suddbg ojkgcbs lg tjbsb ouhturb-bhbebgts. Tjb arbqubgt rbabrbgobs titjb dktk ia Eihbgkkrscrkka lg @kgtlgc's pkpbr ugdbrhlgb tjb oigtrlùtlig clvbg `y tjls sltb

ti iur mgiwhbdcb ia tjls pbrlid.

Lg Jbhlglue ZLL, ? (;<30) tjb rbpirt ia tjb bxokvktlig ia `krriw LLL kt Kggbr Tih kdds

k gbw wbhh-dktbd (rbhktlvbhy hktb) @S@ crkvb ti tjb hlst. Tjb gbxt gue`br ia Jbhlglue (ZLLL, ;)

oigtklgs k pu`hloktlig `y Hkgtlgc, Eiim kgd Qkg dbr Skkhs ig tjb ;4O ojrigihicy ia tjb

vkrlius `bkmbr criups. Tjb survby ia tjb leprbsslvb gue`br ia ;4O dktbs air Dutoj (kgd k

abw Cbrekg) @bkmbrs ls tjb `ksls air k dlsousslig kìut tjb pissl`hb hiokh irlclg ia tjb @bhh

@bkmbr kgd tjb @bhh @bkmbr algd-kssiolktlig (@@ Ouhturb). @ut ekgy qubstligs kppbkr stlhh

ti rbeklg ugkgswbrbd.



;. VBBJL_TIPLO LGJK@LTKTLIG KGD _BK-HBQBH OJKGCB_ LG

TJB SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_ ½

_bhdie di gkturkh olrouestkgobs lgahubgob tjb sbtthbebgt pkttbrgs kgd lgjk`ltktlig sbqubgob

si tjiuriucjhy ks lg tjb sbk-hbvbh-civbrgbd Jihiobgb sbdlebgtktlig krbk kt tjb Pjlgb/Ebusb

bstukry. Lg k cbgbrkh survby ia tjb krojkbihiclokh rbeklgs kgd dktk tjb lgahubgob ia tjb trkgscrbs

slig-rbcrbsslig oyohlolty ig tjb iooupktlig jlstiry ls wirmbd iut. Algkhhy tjb krojkbihiclokh dktk krb

usbd ti oigstruot k gbw, dbtklhbd ourvb air tjb rbhktlvb rlsb ia tjb Ebkg Jlcj Sktbr hbvbh lg tjb

Pjlgb eiutj dlstrlot.

; @y "Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds" lg tjls pkpbr ls ebkgt tjb Jihiobgb sbdlebgtktlig krbk kt tjb hiwbr oiursbs ia

tjb rlvbrs Pjlgb, Ebusb kgd _ojbhdt, ks lgdloktbd lg alc. ;. _i tjb LNssbhebbr dlstrlot kgd tjb rlvbr ohky krbk (@btuwb)

kri lgohudbd tii.





;.;. TJB JL_TIP\ IA TJB KPOJKBIHICLOKH BG[RLP\

;.;.;. @BAIPB ;<46

Ks bkrhy ks tjb ;1tj obgtury rbeklgs ia Piekg sbtthbebgts wbrb dlsoivbrbd lg tjb Sbstbrg

Gbtjbrhkgds kgd rboicglzbd ks suoj. Lg ;206, ;220 kgd ;210 algds wbrb ekdb ig tjb `bkoj

kt Mktwlnm, wjbrb tjb @rlttbgùrc eust jkvb `bbg sltuktbd, kgd ig tjb tbrrklg ia tjb Piekg

okstbhhue gbkr Hbldbg, tjb Piieùrc 0. Lg ;143 tjb Gbjkhbgglk tbephb gbkr Dieùrc wks bx

pisbd `y tjb sbk ?. Tjb alrst systbektlo bxokvktlig lg tjls oiugtry oigobrgbd tjb Piekg tiwg

ia Krbgtsùrc gbkr Qiirùrc, wjbrb Piekg algds jkd `bbg ekdb ks bkrhy ks kìut ;266. Lt

wks Pbuvbgs wji oigduotbd hkrcb-sokhb bxokvktligs tjbrb `btwbbg ;:03 kgd ;:?? 4.

Ig tjb itjbr jkgd prbjlstirlo algds lg tjb hiw-hylgc wbstbrg pkrts ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds wbrb

git ybt rboicglzbd ks suoj. Vhbytb 2 wks tjb alrst ti ekmb drkwlgcs ia k abw> twi stigb kxbs

arie Jiirg, k ahlgt slomhb arie Qbgjulzbg, kg krriw-jbkd arie Mktwlnm, tjb Hktb @rigzb

Kcb jikrd arie tjb Qbbgbgùrc bstktb (Jlhhbcie/Hlssb), k siombtbd kxb kgd k ahlgt slomhb arie

Jbrvbhd. Eirb algds wbrb mgiwg ti Jihwbrdk 1, gkebhy eirb ia tjb algds arie Qbbgbgùrc,

tjb jikrd arie Qiirjiut kgd tjb jlcj-ahkgcbd kxb arie Skssbgkkr. Jb rbckrds tjbsb algds lg

tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, jiwbvbr, ks jkvlgc `bbg hist `y ojkgob trkvbhhbrs kgd git ks k priia

ia prbjlstirlo iooupktlig. Tjb dlsoivbry ia tjb Hktb Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgt sltb kt ^kgdwbrvbg

lg ;<0: `y @uttbr wks tjbrbairb k sbgsktlig ia tjb alrst irdbr> tjb priia ia k rbkh sbtthbebgt lgtjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds lg tjb Gbihltjlo ! Tjb ybkr `bairb Ippbgjble jkd khrbkdy strbssbd

tjb lepirtkgob ia tjb prbjlstirlo algds lg tjb Ihdbr Dugbs kgd tjb oigsbqubgobs air tjb kcb ia

tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs 3.

0 Sb wlhh git dlsouss jbrb tjb lgtbrbstlgc pri`hbe ks ti wjkt algds, skld ti `b ekdb kt Mktwlnm `bkoj, wbrb lg

rbkhlty aiugd tjbrb, kgd wjkt algds kt Piieùrc, gir tjb qubstlig wjbtjbr tjb aiugdktligs trkdltligkhhy okhhbd "@rlt

tbgùrc" rbkhhy wbrb i sbrvbd kt tjb `bkoj ir git. _bb Dlnmstrk kgd Mbtbhkkr ;<12, bsp. ;6 a.= @yvkgom ;<4?, 4?6 a.? Ks ti Dieùrc, sbb Jigdlus-Origb ;<22. Ks rbsuht ia tjb dlsoivbry ia tjb rbeklgs ia k sboigd Gbjkhbgglk

skgotukry kt tjb ìttie ia tjb sbk-kre Bkstbrg _ojbhdt gbkr Oihlngsphkkt, tjb Dieùrc algds krb kcklg lg tjb aious

ia lgtbrbst. _bb _tukrt ;<3;, ;<30, Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3;.4 Pbobgthy @ickbrs (;<3;) ckvb k sueekry ia tjb vkrlius lgtbrprbtktligs kgd krcubd tjkt Krbgtsùrc elcjt

`b Airue Nhkdrlkgl, tjb okpltkh ia tjb Okgkgbaktbs.2 Vhbytb ;:33-;<6?. Ks tjb alrst lg Dutoj krojkbihicy Vhbytb ekdb krojkbihiclokh dlstrlùtlig ekps wltj k

cbihiclokh `komcriugd.

• Jihwbrdk ;<04, ;<02, 30. Tjb ekps `y Jihwbrdk khsi jkvb tjb cbihicy ks `komcriugd.3 @uttbr ;<?2, Ippbgjble ;<03/'0:, Qkg Claabg ;<03/'0:.



4 SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

;.;.0. KATBP ;<46

Air k higc tleb lgjk`ltktlig sbbebd ti jkvb `bbg hleltbd ti tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs ("tjb

Ihdbr Dugb Hkgdsokpb"), sbpkrktbd arie tjb jlcj Vhblstiobgb skgds ia Rtrbojt kgd @rk`kgt

`y kg bxtbgslvb uglgjk`ltbd kgd uglgjk`ltk`hb pbkt swkep. K sjkrp lgorbksb lg algdskgd krojkbihiclokh sltbs kgd oigsbqubgthy lg iur ugdbrstkgdlgc ia prbjlstirlo sbtthb

ebgt lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds ioourrbd ighy katbr tjb sboigd wirhd wkr. Tjls ls dub

ojlbahy ti tjb kotlvltlbs ia twi gbw irckglsktligs> tjb systbektlo silh survby hbd `y Bdbhekg

slgob ;<4? :, hktbr `y tjb _ilh _urvby Lgstltutb (_tlìmk), kgd tjb aiugdktlig ia tjb Kssi

olktlig ia Kektbur Krojkbihiclsts lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds (tjb KSSG, giw KSG)

lg ;<2;.

Tjriucj tjb pjyslicrkpjlo ojkrkotbr ia tjb survbys kgd tjriucj tjb lgtbrbst ia tjb

pbdihiclsts tjb silh survbys, wjloj wbrb ekdb prlekrlhy lg tjb khhuvlkh rbcligs, wbrb kt tjb

skeb tleb k mlgd ia systbektlo krojkbihiclokh bxphirktlig. Lg k hkrcb gue`br ia rbcligs, tjb

jlstiry ia juekg iooupktlig bspbolkhhy lg rbhktlig ti tjb trkgscrbsslig kgd rbcrbsslig pjksbs,

kgd pkrtlouhkrhy lg tjb pbrlid durlgc kgd katbr Piekg tlebs, oiuhd `b dbsorl`bd oigsboutlvbhy <. Tjbsb studlbs lgorbksbd iur ugdbrstkgdlgc ia tjb iooupktlig ia khhuvlkh

hkgdsokpbs ugpritbotbd `y dlmbs> ia tjb hlvlgc phkobs ia tjb lgjk`ltkgts, wjbrb wb eky

bxpbot prbjlstirlo sbtthbebgts, pissl`hy kt sieb dbptj ugdbr yiugcbr sbdlebgts, kgd wjbrb

tjby wlhh hkom.

Dub ti tjb wirm ia kektbur krojkbihiclsts, ticbtjbr wltj tjb bxtbgslvb dlcclgc kgd ùlhd

lgc kotlvltlbs ia tjb hkst twbgty ybkrs, guebrius sltbs kgd algds wbrb dlsoivbrbd wjloj itjbr

wlsb wiuhd jkvb rbeklgbd uggitlobd. Sltgbss ia tjls ls clvbg lg tjb niurgkh Sbstbrjbbe.

I`vlius i`nbots suoj ks stigb kxbs kgd `rigzb lephbebgts wiuhd lg ekgy lgstkgobs jkvb oieb

ti tjb kttbgtlig ia krojkbihiclsts ks tjby jkd digb prbvliushy, ùt sbtthbebgt sltbs, wjloj

krb ighy ldbgtlalk`hb `y ebkgs ia sjbrds (git bkslhy rboicglzbd ks suoj `y k hky pbrsig) wiuhd

obrtklghy jkvb rbeklgbd ugdlsoivbrbd ir elcjt jkvb `bbg dbstriybd.

: hhibmsbek ;<4:.< Tjb eist lepirtkgt oieprbjbgslvb studlbs hlstbd `y dlstrlot, krb>

cbgbrkh — Qkg Claabg ;<24, N. V. @kmmbr ;<2:

@btuwb — Eiddbrekg ;<4<`

hliglebhbrwkkrd — Eiddbrekg ;<43, ;<4<o

Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk — Eiddbrekg ;<2?", Qiicd ;<22

Ekks bg Skkh — Eiddbrekg ;<2;`, Vigs ;<23

Ekksmkgt — Eiddbrekg ;<26

Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg — Eiddbrekg ;<2;k, Vigs ;<1;

rlvbr krbk ks k wjihb — Eiddbrekg ;<22d, Vigs ;<23

Sbsth kgd — Eiddbrekg ;<4<½, Qkg Hlbrb ;<43^bbhkgd — Qkg dbr Abbg ;<20, Qkg dbr Abbg lg @bggbek & Qkg dbr Ebbr ;<20, Trlepb

@urcbr ;<2:, ;<16, ;<16/'1;

Sbst Arlslk — Slbsb ;<21

Rssb hebbr dlstr lot — @rk kt ;<?0, Eiddbrekg ;<42, Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22½, ½, ½, ;<10, ;<12/'11

Ihdbr Dugbs — Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk lg > Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36

aurtjbr k sbrlbs ia lgtbrgkh rbpirts kgd algd hlsts kt tjb PEI, Hbldbg.



_TPROTRPB IA TJB JIHIOBGB 2

_lgob tjb dlsoivbry ia tjb Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgts kt Jbmbhlgcbg ;6 kgd Qhkkrdlgcbg g ,

kgd tjb @rigzb Kcb `krriws kt ^wkkcdlnm ;0, lt wks ohbkr tjkt iooupktlig wks khsi pissl`hb

lg tjb rbclig `bjlgd tjb oikst, khigc orbbms kgd ig dbpislts tjkt wbrb slhtbd up ti k jlcj hbvbh,

kt hbkst slgob tjb Hktb Gbihltjlo. Tjb pbkt krbk, jiwbvbr, sbbes ti jkvb `bbg kg uglgjk`ltbd

wlhdbrgbss tjriucj wjloj tjb oiursbs ia rlvbrs kgd orbbms airebd tjb ighy oieeugloktlig wltjtjb jlcj skgd krbks. Lt wks ighy kg iooksligkh algd wjloj lgdloktbd t jk t prbjlstirlo ekg kotukhhy

khsi hlvbd khigc tjbsb rlvbrs kgd ig tjb skgdy dbpislts ia slhtbd-up ihdbr systbes ;?. Lg tjb

rlvbr krbk tjb alrst @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt wks dlsoivbrbd lg ;<24 kt Mbstbrbg, katbr k gue`br

ia Lrig Kcb sltbs jkd khrbkdy `bbg aiugd durlgc tjb silh survbys ;4. Tjkgms ti tjb lgvbstlcktligs

ia Jkvlgck lg rbobgt ybkrs tjb gue`br ia @rigzb Kcb sltbs jks lgorbksbd ti sieb dizbgs ;2,

air tjb crbktbr pkrt lg tjb surriugdlgcs ia Ipjbusdbg kgd Didbwkkrd.

Sltj lgorbkslgc mgiwhbdcb ia tjb cbihiclokh jlstiry ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds kgd rboic

gltlig ia tjb pri`hbes oiggbotbd wltj tjls krbk, lgtbrbst khsi lgorbksbd lg lts prbjlstirlo (kgd

jlstirlo) lgjk`ltktlig jlstiry, wjloj ls ohisbhy hlgmbd wltj tjbe. Lg tjb eidbrg cbihiclokh sur

vbys, oigduotbd `y tjb Gbtjbrhkgds Cbihiclokh _urvby, tjb supbralolkh dbpislts ks wbhh ks tjb

wjihb dbbpbr hylgc Jihiobgb oiephbx, krb lgvihvbd. Tjby khsi oigtrlùtb ti k `bttbr ugdbrstkgdlgc ia tjb pissl`lhltlbs air lgjk`ltktlig. Tjb prbjlstirlkg ls kwkrb ia tjb pissl`lhltlbs air

rbsbkroj, wjlhb ig tjb itjbr jkgd tjb rbsuhts ia bxokvktligs krb ia lepirtkgob air kg koourktb

ploturb ia tjb cbihiclokh sltuktlig kgd air k oirrbot dktlgc systbe.

;.0. TJB JIHIOBGB IA TJB SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

;.0.;. K _JIPT IRTHLGB IA LT_ _TPROTRPB (alc. ;)

K mgiwhbdcb ia tjb cbieirpjihiclokh dbvbhipebgt ia tjb krbk ls bssbgtlkh ti auhh oieprb

jbgslig ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig jlstiry lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjkgms ti tjb guebrius silh

survbys kgd tjb lgvbstlcktligs ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds Cbihiclokh _urvby tjb struoturb ia tjb Jihiobgb dbpislts ls wbhh mgiwg kt tjls eiebgt. Guebrius oieprbjbgslvb studlbs jkvb `bbg pu`

hlsjbd ;1. Jbrb ighy k sjirt sueekry ls gbobsskry air iur purpisb.

Ks k oigsbqubgob ia tjb rkpld rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh tjbrb ioourrbd lg wjkt krb giw mgiwg ks tjb

Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds kt kìut tjb bgd ia tjb @irbkh, ekrsjy oigdltligs wjloj rbsuhtbd lg tjb

airektlig ia tjb "@kskh Vbkt", kg bkstwkrd bxtbgslig ia tjb bkrhlbr pbkt airektlig lg wjkt ls

giw tjb Girtj _bk (tjb eiirhic) ;3.

"7 Eiddbrekg ;<2?".

u Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bh kh. ;<10/'1?.

;0 Qkg Claabg ;<44½.

;? _bb p. <:, gitb 10." Eiddbrekg ;<22d, ?;.

;2 Vbrs. oiee. Er P. _. Juhst, Kebrsaiirt= Jkvlgck ;<1<.

L« Bdbhekg ;<16, Vkggbmibm (bd.) ;<21, N. D. db Nigc L<16, Vigs bt kh. ;<1?, _tlojtlgc viir @idbemkrtbrlgc ;<12,

@rkgd bt kh. ;<11, N. D. db Nigc ;<13, Jkcbekg ;<1<, N. D. db Nigc ;<3;.

l ' Oa. Ahirsojøtz ;<44, Qkg _trkktbg ;<24. Lg tjb Hktb Chkolkh Pjlgb/Ebusb vkhhby tjb pbkt airektlig stkr tbd

bkrhlbr (Vriìrbkh). Tjbrb, jiwbvbr, git tjb rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh ùt tjb ojkgcbs lg rbcleb ia tjb rlvbrs dbtbrelgbd tjb

oigdltligs.



SB_TBMG GBTJBPHKGD_

ki

Alc. ;. Cbgbrkhlzbd ekp ia tjb Jihiobgb surakob dbpislts lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, usbd ks `komcriugd lg

tjb dl strlùt lig ekps alcs. 0, 2, 3 kgd :. K oivbr ia rbobgt ir su`rbobgt ohky , la hbss tjkg jkha k ebtbr ls hbat iut

ia oigsldbrktlig. Air tjb crbktbr pkrt katbr tjb cbgbrkhlzbd silh ekp sokhb ;>166,666

lg tjb "Kthks vkg Gbdbrhkgd".

Hbcbgd >

;. Vhblstiobgb (eklghy lob-pusjbd jlhhs kgd oivbr-

skgds, tjb "jlcj skgd krbk", wbhh kìvb GKV.

0. Oikstkh @krrlbrs kgd Ihdbr Dugbs.

?. \iugcbr Dugbs.

4. Okhkls dbpisl ts (2 kgd < bxohudbd).

2. Sbstarlslkg dbpislts (Okhklx LQ 1 kgd Dugmlrm 6).

1. Dugmlrm dbpislts (2 kgd : bxohudbd).

3. Tlbh dbpislts.

:. LNssbhebbr dbpislts (Dugmlrm LLL).

<. Dugmlrm dbpislts ugdbrhklg `y Okhkls dbpislts

kgd Bkr hy Jihiobgb dugbs lg tjb LNssbhebbr Vih

dbr dlstrlot.

;6. Jihhkgd Vbkt, lg tjb siutjbrg pkrt wltj Cir-

mue rlvbr dbpislts (strbke rldcbs) kgd iutorip

plgc Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs.



_TPROTRPB IA TJB JIHICBGB 3

Katbr tjb oigtlguius rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh tjb sbk pkssbd tjb prbsbgt dky oikst hlgb lg tjb `bclg

glgc ia tjb Kthkgtlo. Tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbr hkgds ojkgcbd lgti k hkgdsokpb ia tldkh ahkts, lts lghkgd

ìugdkrlbs airebd `y rbbd swkeps kgd sbpkrktbd arie tjb ipbg sbk `y k oikstkh `krrlbr

wjloj wks `rimbg `y k gue`br ia tldkh lghbts ;:. Tjbsb zigbs sjlatbd eirb hkgdwkrd ks tjb sbk

oigtlgubd ti rlsb, ùt ks tjb rktb ia tjb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh dborbksbd tjb hkgdwkrd eivb ia tjb

oikstkh `krrlbr `bokeb shiwbr kgd shiwbr, ugtlh lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb _u`ìrbkh k `khkgob

wks kojlbvbd `btwbbg brislig kgd tjb oikstkh sbdlebgtktlig. Arie tjbg ig gbw oikstkh `krrlbrs

wbrb su`sbqubgthy airebd sbkwkrd ia tjb ihd igbs. _i tjb ihdbst prbsbrvbd oikstkh `krrlbrs ;<,

airebd lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb _u`ìrbkh (?666-0366 @. O), krb tjb lggbreist ia tjb prbsbgt

oikstkh `krrlbr oiephbx. Eklghy katbr tjb airektlig ia tjb sboigd `bht ia oikstkh `krrlbrs wjloj

wbrb oivbrbd siig katbr tjblr airektlig wltj hiw dugbs (tjb Ihdbr Dugbs), tjb tldkh ahkt krbk

wks eirb ir hbss out iaa arie tjb sbk.

Tjb ekrlgb sbdlebgts wbrb ojkgclgc ekrmbdhy arie tldkh ahkt dbpislts lgti skht ekrsj

dbpislts kt tjkt tleb 06. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd khrbkdy lg Kthkgtlo tlebs tjbrb eust jkvb `bbg

sjirt pbrlids ia gig-dbpisltlig, durlgc wjloj tjb tjlg pbkt hkybrs irlclgktbd tjkt sbpkrktb tjb

dlaabrbgt Kthkgtlo Tldkh Ahkt Dbpislts. Bspbolkhhy `y ebkgs ia tjbsb pbkt hkybrs lt wks pissl`hb

ti bstk`hlsj tjb su`dlvlslig lgti tjb vkrlius Okhkls pjksbs.

Rgdbr tjb lgahubgob ia tjb butripjlo rlvbr wktbr ahiwlgc lgti tjb obgtrkh skht ekrsj krbk

arie tjb bkst, lt qulomhy `bokeb kg bxtbgslvb arbsj wktbr swkep. K swkep airbst dbvbhipbd

ig tjb airebr tldkh ahkts kgd skht ekrsjbs.

Arie tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Jihiobgb tjb krbk ia sbdlebgtktlig ia tjb eklg rlvbrs wks

khrbkdy sltuktbd lg lts prbsbgt pisltlig. Lg tjb oiursb ia tleb tjb dbpislts wbrb hkld diwg tjbrb

lg vkrlius supbrlepisbd systbes. Lg tjls priobss pkrts ia tjb ihdbr sbdlebgts wbrb bridbd bkoj

tleb kgd rbphkobd `y gbw dbpislts.

_lgob tjb ihdbst prbsbrvbd oikstkh `krrlbr wks airebd tjb tldkh lghbts tjriucj tjb oikstkh

`krrlbr systbe (wjloj wbrb kt tjb skeb tleb tjb bstukrlbs ia tjb eklg rlvbrs) jkd hltthb ojkgcbd

tjblr phkobs. Sb dlstlgculsj> tjb bstukry ia tjb _ojbhdt lg tjb phkob ia tjb prbsbgt Bkstbrg

_ojbhdt, tjb bstukry ia tjb Ebusb gbkr Pittbrdke, tjb bstukry ia tjb Pjlgb gbkr Mktwlnm kgd

kg bxtbgslvb lghbt gbkr Bceigd. Tjls wks tjb bstukry ia k rlvbr, ia wjloj kt hbkst lg tjb ihdbr

stkcb ia dbvbhipebgt tjb Rtrbojt-Qbojt kgd pri`k`hy khsi tjb rlvbr LNssbh wltj tjb Iudb

LNssbh kgd tjb Ivbrlnssbh-Qbojt airebd tjb uppbr oiursbs 0;. Tjb eist wbstbrg oiursbs ia

;: Air tjb Ihdbr Dugbs kgd tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs sbb> Qkg _trkk tbg ;<12, kcwlng ;<12, Nbhcbrsek & Qkg Pbctbrbg

Khtbgk ;<1<, Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36.;< @y "oikstkh `krrlbr `bht" wb ebkg lg tjls pkpbr tjb uglts ia sbvbrkh slgchb oikstkh `krrlbr s, airebd ohisb ti

cbtjbr kgd sbpkrktbd arie bkoj itjbr `y sekhh dlsoigtlguius sjirb ahkts ir (eisthy) git kt khh. Tjb oikstkh `krrlbr `bhts

krb sbpkrktbd arie oiepkrk`hb uglts `y `rikd, wbhh rboicglzk`hb sjirb ahkts, wltj wjloj tjby aire tjb uglts lgti wjloj

tjb oikstkh dbpislts `bhiw tjb Ihdbr Dugbs okg `b dlvldbd lg tj b alrst lgstkgob. _bb alc. <. Tjb sekhh kgd ihdbr (Okhkls

LL 9) oikstkh `krrlbr rbeklgs kt Giitdirp (_ojkgs & vkg dbr Mgkkp ;<21) kgd gbkr tjb LNpihdbrs krb hbat iut ia dlsous

slig jbrb. Sb aihhiw tjb oigobptlig ia Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36.06 Plbzbìs & du _kkr ;<1<.0; Tjb pkrt ia tjb rlvbr LNssbh `btwbbg Krgjbe kgd Dibsùrc eust `b ia vbry rbobgt dktb, ks kppbkrs arie tjb

k`sbgob ia gkturkh hbvbb dbpislts lg tjls rbkoj. _i tjb prbsbgt LNssbh wks git ybt igb ia tjb hiwbr oiursbs ia tjb rlvbr

Pjlgb, ùt tjb hiwbr oiursb ia tjb ekgy `riims ia tjb Kojtbrjibm, Twbgtb kgd _khhkgd, lgohudlgc tjb Ivbrlnssbh-

Qbojt. Oa. Vibhekg & Jkr`b rs ;<11, kcwlng ;<3;, Vigs ;<23, alc. ?:. _lgob tjb dlsoivbry ia tjb rbeklgs ia tjb Piekg



s SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

tjb eklg rlvbrs tjbrbairb kppbkr ti jkvb `bbg euoj eirb oigsbrvktlvb, tjkt ls ti sky euoj

hbss hlk`hb ti dbvlktligs, tjkg wks tjiucjt ugtlh rbobgthy.

;.0.0. TPKG_CPB__LIG KGD BBCPB__LIG VJK_B_ (tk`hb ;)

Vbrlids ekrmbd `y k rbhktlvbhy strigc ekrlgb lgahubgob okg `b dlstlgculsjbd ks trkgs

crbssligs, ir rktjbr "trkgscrbsslig pjksbs", wjloj hbat tjblr ekrms ojlbahy `bjlgd tjb tldkh

lghbts. Tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs krb aihhiwbd `y pbrlids ia rbst, wjloj krb okhhbd tjb "rbcrbsslig

pjksbs". Sb okg rboicglzb k sbqubgob ir k oyohlolty wjloj okg `b dbsorl`bd ks aihhiws> tjb trkgs

crbsslig pjksb `bclgs wltj brislig ia tjb ihdbr sbdlebgtktlig kgd/ir pbkt krbks kgd tjb airelgc

ia k gbtwirm ia orbbm systbes. Tjb gbxt pjksb ls tjkt ia ekrlgb sbdlebgtktlig, aihhiwbd `y tjb

crkdukhhy slhtlgc-up ia tjb orbbms. Igb ia tjb rbsuhts ia tjb vkglsjlgc ia tjb orbbms ls tjb `hiom

lgc ia tjb drklgkcb ia tjb sbdlebgtktlig krbk. Algkhhy lg tjb rbcrbsslig pjksb pbkt criwlgc

sprbkds kcklg ivbr tjb wjihb krbk 00. Lg tjls oyohb tjb kdvkgobd stktb ia tjb sbdlebgtktlig

pjksb kgd tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb pjksb wltj cbgbrkh pbkt airektlig aire tjb pbrlid lg wjloj

tjb pissl`lhltlbs air iooupktlig `y ebg krb eist akviurk`hb. Ig tjb igb jkgd drklgkcb ls stlhh

suaalolbgt, kgd ig tjb itjbr jkgd tjb auhhy dbvbhipbd sbdlebgts privldb tbrrklgs ia suaalolbgt

jblcjt air pbrekgbgt iooupktlig.

Tjb alrst (Kthkgtlo) trkgscrbssligs, ioourrlgc durlgc k rkpld rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh kgd kg

bkstwkrd sjlat ia tjb gkrriw (l.b. euoj `rimbg) oikstkh `krrlbr, rbsuhtbd lg tjb airektlig ia

k oijbrbgt ekrlgb sbdlebgtktlig krbk oivbrlgc kg bxtbgslvb pkrt ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds.

Lg tjb _u`ìrbkh kgd _u`kthkgtlo wjbg tjb sbk-hbvbh risb shiwbr kgd tjb oikstkh `krrlbr systbe

wks wbhh dbvbhipbd trkgscrbssligs wbrb hleltbd rbcligkhhy kgd eirb ir hbss rbstrlotbd ti tjb

rbcligs `bjlgd tjb lghbts= ybt tjby cbgbrkhhy kppbkrbd ohbkrhy lg vkrlius phkobs eirb ir hbss

sleuhtkgbiushy, kgd eky tjbrbairb `b criupbd lg wbhh-dbalgbd pbrlids ia trkgscrbsslig kot

lvlty.

Vrbsbgt-dky Jihhkgd jks khwkys `bbg wbhh-pritbotbd `y k `rikd kgd gbkrhy oigtlguius

sbrlbs ia oikstkh `krrlbrs oivbrbd wltj hiw "Ihdbr Dugbs". Lt wks ighy tjriucj tjb kìvb-

ebgtligbd lghbts tjkt tjb sbk oiuhd lgvkdb tjb pbkt krbk. Lg ^bbhkgd kgd tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbr

hkgds, ig tjb itjbr jkgd, tjb ihd pbkt hkgdsokpb suaabrbd oigsldbrk`hb ahiidlgc. Lg tjb girtj lt

dlskppbkrbd kheist bgtlrbhy kgd wks rbphkobd `y yiugc tldkh ahkt kgd skht ekrsj dbpislts.

Lg tjb rbclig ia tjb ^bbhkgd kgd _iutj Jihhkgd lshkgds tjb pbkt wks out up `y guebrius yiugc

orbbms. Tjb rbeklglgc krbks `btwbbg tjbsb yiugc dbpislts wbrb prbsbrvbd kgd giw aire k

gue`br ia cbihiclokh (kgd krojkbihiclokh) "wlgdiws" 0?.

tbephb kt Oihlngsphkkt (8Ɛ. gitb ?) tjb oiursb ia tjb Piekg _ojbhdt ls lg tjb obgtrb ia lgtbrbst. Lg kddltlig ti tjb ihd rboig

struotlig tjriucj _iutj @bvbhkgd (_tbur & Ivkk ;<16), k oiursb tjriucj tjb Bk stbrg _ojbhdt sbbes ti `b kgitjbr

pissl`lhlty (pbrs. oiee. Er A.A.A.B. vkg Pueebhbg). Lg ìtj eidbhs tjb eiutj ls sltuktbd girtj ia Dieùrc.00 ;'igs lg> Qkg Pbctb rbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?, bsp. ;<10, 0?2 a.0? Lg tjb Dutoj sbdlebgtktlig krbks wb okg gkeb tjisb dlstrlots "wlgdiws" wjbrb kg ihdbr hkgdsokpb ls kt ir

gbkr tjb prbsbgt-dky surakob, lg kg itjbrwlsb oiephbtbhy oivbrbd ir dbstriybd rbclig. _i tjb "wlgdiw" ls surriugdbd

`y yiugcbr sbdlebgts ir wktbr. Tjbrb k chkgob kt tjb airebr sltuktlig ls ekdb pissl`hb, si tjkt tjb hkgdsokpb ig k

wldbr sokhb eky siebtlebs `b rboigstruotbd. Lt eust `b ìrgb lt elgd tjkt tjls ls k rbhktlvb qubstlig> igb okg jkvb



TPKG_CPB__LIG KGD PBCPB__LIG VJK_B_ <

TK@HB ;

Trkgscrbsslig pjksbs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Oiepkrlsig ia tjb dlaabrbgt gkebs

Trkgscrbsslig pjksbs

Vihhbg Okhkls- kgd Oigvbgtligkh Pbekrms

zigbs Dugmlrm

pjksbs

Ihdbr gkebs "Tldkh ahkt dbpislts" ;4O dktbs katbr

Jkcbekg ;<1<

D LLL½ rbobgt

uD LL L½ Hktb Ebdlkbvkh

i_ • :66-rbobgt \iugcbr Dugbs

k D LLL½ IttiglkgI_

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pist Okrihlgclkg66 •

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;6 SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

Sb ebbt k oiepkrk`hb sltuktlig lg tjb rlvbr krbk, wjbrb tjb prbjlstirlo dbpislts jkvb

`bbg bridbd lg tjb ebkgdbr `bht wlgdlgcs ia hktbr rlvbr oiursbs. Tjby krb ighy prbsbrvbd kt

phkobs ia bxohuslvbhy `kom swkep ohky sbdlebgtktlig lg hktbr tlebs 04. @btwbbg tjb rlvbr ohky

krbk kgd tjb "yiugcbr sbk ohky" k crbkt pkrt ia tjb _iutj Jihhkgd pbkt krbk jks `bbg prbsbrvbd.

Lt okg `b oigoblvbd ia ks tjb hkrcbst ia tjb cbihiclokh ir krojkbihiclokh "wlgdiws". @bsldbsairebr rlvbr oiursbs k hkrcb gue`br ia Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs jkvb `bbg spkrbd, tjb si-okhhbd

digmbg, ia wjloj tjb tips jkvb arbqubgthy git `boieb ivbrcriwg wTltj pbkt.

Sb gbbd ighy rbabr ti tjb pri`hbe ia tjb okusbs ia trkgscrbsslig kgd rbcrbsslig oyohbs,

ks lt akhhs iutsldb tjb soipb ia tjls study 02. Ia bspbolkh lepirtkgob lg tjls oiggbotlig krb tjb

oirrbhktligs ia tjb ekrlgb trkgscrbsslig pjbgiebgk tjbesbhvbs wltj tjb lgairektlig kìut

oyohlolty iutsldb tjb ekrlgb sbdlebgtktlig krbk. Tjus, lt sbbes pissl`hb ti oirrbhktb k gue`br

ia pbrlids wltj ekrlgb sbdlebgtktlig wltj sbdlebgtktlig pjksbs lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk 01.

Eirbivbr, k suoobsslig ia kbihlo sbdlebgtktlig pjksbs kgd pjksbs lg wjloj juelo ir pbkty

hkybrs wbrb airebd lg tjb oikstkh dugbs kppbkrs ti rug pkrkhhbh wltj tjb rbcrbsslig kgd trkgs

crbsslig pjksbs rbspbotlvbhy lg tjb ekrlgb sbdlebgtktlig krbk. Lt ls succbstbd tjkt tjb `hiomlgc

ia tjb tldkh lghbts `y wlgd-`hiwg skgds durlgc tjb pbrlids wltj k hiw criugd wktbr tk`hb lg

tjb Ihdbr Dugbs, elcjt `b igb ia tjb okusbs ia tjb irlclg ia tjb rbcrbsslig pjksbs 03. Hktbr

wb sjkhh dbkh aurtjbr wltj tjbsb ekttbrs (p. ;66).

Air tjb prbsbgt ohksslaloktlig kgd giebgohkturb ia tjb eist lepirtkgt dbpislts kgd trkgs

crbsslig pjksbs lg tjb Dutoj Jihiobgb wb rbabr ti tk`hb ; kgd ti tjb hlstbd hltbrkturb 0:.

;.?. TJB DBTBPELGKTLIG IA LGJK@LTKTLIG KGD LT_ VBPLIDLOLT\

;.?.;. LGTPIDROTLIG

Tjb dbtbrelgktlig ia tjb prbsbgob ia lgjk`ltktlig kgd airelgc ia ldbks kìut tjb (rbhktlvb)

dbgslty ia lgjk`ltktlig ls k ekttbr ia rbhktligsjlps `btwbbg tjb dlstrlùtlig pkttbrgs ia tjb algds

kgd tjb irlclgkh pkttbrg ia lgjk`ltktlig. Lg wjloj wky kgd ti wjkt bxtbgt dibs k ekp sjiwlgc

tjb dlstrlùtlig ia algds rbahbot lgjk`ltktlig durlgc k clvbg pbrlid 9

Lg kg bgqulry lgti tjb iooupktlig ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds tjb skeb qubstligs eust

`b ksmbd ks lg kgy slelhkr bgqulry bhsbwjbrb> wjbg (la kt khh), wjbrb kgd jiw wks tjb rbclig

usbd air lgjk`ltktlig 9 Sjkt ls bxobptligkh lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds ls tjkt tjb wjihb

pri`hbe ia lgjk`ltkt lig ls civbrgbd `y tjb drklgkcb oigdltligs> tjb kvbrkcb jblcjt ia ahiids,

>v Piekg wlgdiw wltjlg k Ebdlkbvkh sbdlebgtk tlig krbk, ir k Gbihltjlo wlgdiw wltjlg k rbclig wltj prb-Piekg

sbdlebgts kgd Piekg iooupktlig. Tjb hkmb ìttie rbohkektligs (driicekmbrlnbg) eky air lgstkgob `b rbckrdbd ks

wlgdiws tii.04 Jkvlgck ;<1<.02 _bb hlt. ebgtligbd lg gitb ;1.0« Vigs & Eiddbrekg ;<2;, Vigs ;<23, Jkcbekg ;<1<, Jkvlgck ;<1<, Qbr`rkbom ;<36.0 ' Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36.0:

Oa. gitb ;1, khsi _. vkg dbr Jbldb & ^kcwlng ;<13.



DBTBPELGKTLIG IA LGJK@LTKTLIG ;;

bxtrbeb wktbr-hbvbhs, tjb cbgbrkh rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh ir ia tjb criugdwktbr tk`hb kgd lts ahuotuktligs,

tjb kvklhk`lhlty ia wbhh-drklgbd tbrrklgs (tjkt ls, rbhktlvbhy skgdy kgd jlcj) tjblr slzb kgd koobss

l`lhlty. Kg uhtlektb purpisb ia tjls pkrt ia tjb bgqulry ls tjb dbtbrelgktlig ia pbrlids ia eirb

ir hbss lgtbgslvb lgjk`ltktlig ks ippisbd ti pbrlids wltjiut ir wltj ighy shlcjt lgjk`ltktlig

kgd tjb rbhktligsjlp ia suoj lgjk`ltktlig pbrlidlolty ti tjb ojkgcbs lg tjb bgvlrigebgt.Tjbsb hkst dktk eky `b rbprbsbgtbd `y tjb cbihiclokhhy bstk`hlsjbd trkgscrbsslig kgd rbcrbsslig

pjksbs.

Tjb jlstiry ia lgjk`ltktlig wlhh git `b tjb skeb air tjb dlaabrbgt pjyslicrkpjlo rbcligs

ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjb dlstrlùtlig ia lgjk`ltktlig, tjb oigobgtrktligs lg spbolkh

pkrts ia tjbsb rbcligs kgd tjb ojilob ia tjb sbtthbebgt sltbs lg tjbsb rbcligs rbahbot tjb sultk`lhlty

air lgjk`ltktlig kgd si clvb k ploturb ia lts olrouestkgobs.

;.?.0. _IEB OPLTLOKH PBEKPM_ IG TJB LGTBPVPBTKTLIG IA TJB ALGD_

Obrtklghy lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds wb eust ekmb k sjkrp dlstlgotlig lg tjb dlaabrbgthbvbhs ia iur mgiwhbdcb ia lgjk`ltktlig, ks wb oiuhd khsi oigohudb arie tjb jlstiry ia tjb

bgqulry. Sb eust dlstlgculsj `btwbbg bstk`hlsjlgc>

— juekg prbsbgob

— kotukh lgjk`ltktlig

— tjb dbgslty ia iooupktlig.

Lg tjb ldbkh oksb tjbsb qubstligs eust `b kgswbrbd air bkoj hkgdsokpb uglt (pjyslicrkpjlo

rbclig) kgd air bkoj ouhturb ir pjksb wltjlg tjbsb uglts.

Juekg prbsbgob ls privbd khrbkdy `y igb rbhlk`hb kgd wbhh-diouebgtbd algd. Kotukh lgjk`

ltktlig kppbkrs arie kt hbkst igb sbtthbebgt sltb, arie crkvb algds ir arie ohbkr lgdloktligs

ia juekg kotlvlty lg k pihhbg dlkcrke. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb sbtthbebgts rbahbots tjb gkturb iatjb lgjk`ltktlig. Tjls mgiwhbdcb okg ighy `b koqulrbd `y bxokvktlig. Bspbolkhhy lg tjb wbt

Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds lt ls pissl`hb ti ekmb k dbtklhbd ploturb ia k prbjlstirlo siolbty `bokusb

irckglo ektbrlkh iatbg jks `bbg prbsbrvbd kt tjb sbtthbebgt sltbs.

Lt ls euoj eirb dlaalouht ti dbtbrelgb tjb lgtbgslty ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig, ir lts k`sbgob.

Ks ls tjb oksb khsi iutsldb tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds k gue`br ia akotirs phky k rihb lg tjls,

wjloj wb okg sueekrlzb ks tjb "ojkgob ia dlsoivbry". Tjls lgohudbs, air bxkephb>

— Tjb k`sihutb rkr lty ia tjb rbhbvkgt ektbrlkh. Tjls okg `b tjb rbsuht ia, air bxkephb, tjb

sjirt durktlig ia lts usb= igb tjlgms lg tjls oiggbotlig ia tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbrs, wjloj

lg tjb jlcjbr pkrts ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, eirbivbr, krb eklghy crkvb algds arie `krriws.

— Tjb gkturb ia tjb rbhbvkgt ektbrlkh okg `b suoj tjkt lt ls ighy ldbgtlalbd `y hkyebgwltj dlaalouhty= air bxkephb, tkgcbd kgd `kr`bd krriw-jbkds krb euoj bkslbr ti ldbgtlay tjkg

trkgsvbrsb krriw-jbkds, Piekg pittbry bkslbr tjkg tjkt ia tjb @rigzb Kcb, kgd `rigzb kxbs

bkslbr kcklg tjkg tjisb ia stigb.

— Tjb wky tjb ektbrlkh ls aiugd. Ia obrtklg criups, pkrtlouhkrhy tjb `bkmbr ouhturbs,

tjb algds ioour prbdielgkgthy lg `krriws. Ks tjbsb jkrdhy bvbr kppbkr lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbr-



;0 SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

hkgds, tjb dlstrlùtlig ploturb ls dbtbrelgbd `y sbtthbebgt algds, wjloj jkvb gbvbr ktt rko tbd

euoj kttbgtlig iutsldb tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjb skeb kpphlbs ti tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb,

khtjiucj lt eust `b rbebe`brbd tjkt ugtlh k abw ybkrs kci gi wbhh-dbalgbd diebstlo kssbe

`hkcbs wbrb mgiwg kt khh bltjbr lg tjb wbst ir lg tjb siutj. Tjb dlebgsligs ia tjb sbtthbebgt

tbrrklgs krb khsi ia lepirtkgob> k Piekg sltb ls bkslbr ti algd tjkg k @bkmbr sbtthbebgt.

— Tjb lgtbgslty ia tjb bgqulry. Khsi lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds tjls ls ia lepirtkgob.

Lg tjb dlstrlots ia kotlvb KSG criups tjb gue`br ia mgiwg algd spits okg lgorbksb rkpldhy

lg k sjirt tleb, ks wks tjb oksb, air bxkephb, lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd. Tjb bxtrk kttbgtlig wjloj

jks `bbg clvbg ti tjisb rbhlba uglts ig wjloj bxpbrlbgob tbkojbs tjkt algds krb ti `b bxpbotbd,

okg khsi hbkd ti kg lgoirrbot p loturb . Sltj iur prbsbgt mgiwhbdcb ia tjb pissl`lhltlbs ia lgjk`l tk

tlig lt sbbes ti us, jiwbvbr, tjk t tjls akotir ls git ia euoj slcglalokgob.

Kg bgtlrbhy dlaabrbgt kspbot ls tjb vkrlk`hb dbcrbb ia typihiclokh dlaabrbgtlktlig kgd tjb

pissl`lhlty ia dktlgc lg tjkt wky. _uoj dktlgcs ia tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs air bxkephb, okg `b

bstk`hlsjbd aklrhy ohisbhy= lg tjb @rigzb Kcb kgd iatbg khsi lg tjb Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgts okg ighy

`b dktbd riucjhy. @rigzb kxbs okg `b ohisbhy dktbd, ùt dktlgc ia stigb kxbs ls iatbg kheistlepissl`hb. Gkturkhhy khh tjls phkys k pkrt lg tjb dbtbrelgktlig ia pissl`hb pbrlidlolty ia lgjk`

ltktlig. Tjkgms ti tjb ;4O-dktbs tjbsb dlaalouhtlbs okg giw `b pkrthy sureiugtbd.

Vbouhlkr ti tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds algkhhy, `bsldbs tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd cbgbrkhhy vkhld

akotirs, ls tjb lgahubgob ia cbihiclokh oigdltligs. Ihd hkgdsokpbs krb iatbg oivbrbd wltj hktbr

dbpislts, si tjkt tjb ippirtuglty ia dlsoivbrlgc krojkbihiclokh tbrrklgs ls rbduobd wltj lg

orbkslgc tjlomgbss ia tjb dbpislts. Tjls kpphlbs pkrtlouhkrhy ti airebr orbbm systbes kgd tjb

rlvbr oiursbs. Lg hkrcb pkrts ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds ihd dbpislts jkvb `bbg oigsldbrk`hy

kaabotbd `y hktbr brislig, ir jkvb bvbg oiephbtbhy dlskppbkrbd kgd rbphkobd `y yiugcbr

sbdlebgts. Ciid bxkephbs ia tjls krb ^bbhkgd kgd tjb prbsbgt LNssbhebbr dlstrlot, kgd khsi

tjb Kthkgtlo oikstkh `krrlbrs. Khh lgairektlig air k clvbg pbrlid ia tleb jks tjus dlskppbkrbd

arie suoj kg krbk, siebtlebs wltj tjb bxobptlig ia k abw sekhh dlstrlots, wjloj air tjls rbksigwb okhhbd "krojkbihiclokh wlgdiws". Lg bstk`hlsjlgc lgjk`ltktlig kgd lts pbrlidlolty tjbsb krb

lepirtkgt akotirs.

;.4. TJB _B[RBGOB IA LGJK@LTKTLIG LG TJB SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

@BAIPB TJB LPIG KCB

;.4.;. TJB EKV_

Vrbjlstirlo algds lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds jkvb git ybt `bbg tjb i`nbot ia k oieprbjbg

slvb pu`hloktlig. Tjbrb krb sieb rbcligkh survbys 0<

kgd sueekrlbs air k abw ouhturbs ?6

.Pbobgt algds jkvb `bbg hlstbd lg tjb "Ojriglohbs" ia tjb niurgkh Jbhlglue. Lg vlbw ia iur lgvbst-

0½ Oa. gitb <.

?6 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1? (QH-Ouhturb), Qbrwbrs ;<1: (@@-Ouhturb).



VKHKBIHLTJLO ;?

lcktligs lg tjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk wb wbrb eist lgtbrbstbd lg tjb pbrlid `bairb tjb Lrig

Kcb. _i tjls pbrlid wlhh `b dlsoussbd jbrb lg dbtklh, wjlhb tjb hktbr tlebs wlhh `b dbkht wltj eirb

oieprbjbgslvbhy lg tjb gbxt pkrkcrkpj.

Lg k hlst (kppbgdlx L) kgd k gue`br ia ekps tjb algds dktlgc arie `bairb tjb Lrig Kcb

krb jbrb `riucjt ticbtjbr. Lgohudbd jkvb `bbg ighy tjb algds wjloj krb lg sieb dbcrbb dktk`hb>

khh sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs, pittbry algds, sjkat-jihb kxbs, ahlgt kxbs, `rigzb lephbebgts kgd k

gue`br ia "itjbr krtlakots". Bxohudbd krb khh stigb kxbs kgd tjb eknirlty ia kgthbr lephbebgts,

slgob tjbsb cbgbrkhhy okg `b dktbd ighy vbry riucjhy. Aurtjbr wb jkvb git lgohudbd ugrbhlk`hb

algds, suoj ks khh algds drbdcbd up arie tjb eklg rlvbrs (bspbolkhhy tjisb "gbkr Glnebcbg")

wjloj jkvb eisthy rbkojbd tjb eusbues vlk tjb krt-dbkhbrs. Tjb hlst ia algds (kppbgdlx L) giw

oigslsts ia 01; ltbes, gkebhy ;<: algd-spits kgd 1? rbabrbgobs.

Tjb ektbrlkh ls dlvldbd ivbr aiur dlstrlùtlig ekps. Tjb tleb hlelts ia tjb pbrlids oivbrbd

`y tjb ekps oilgoldb ks akr ks pissl`hb wltj dlvlsligs lg tjb krojkbihiclokh ektbrlkh, ùt tjby

krb prlekrlhy eiebgts wjbg hkrcb pkrts ia tjb rbclig kppbkr ti `b rbhktlvbhy tjlghy lgjk`ltbd.

Oigsldbrktligs ia ohksslaloktlig jkvb hbd us lg bkoj oksb ti sjiw criups ia slelhkr lsihktbd

algds ig igb ekp. Tjb ahlgt kxbs kgd `ktthb kxbs jkvb tjus `bbg sjiwg ig ekp LL, tjb ahlgt

krriw-jbkds ig ekp LLL kgd tjb jkeebr kxbs ig ekp LQ. K gue`br ia hktb `ktt hb kxbs

obrtklghy akhhs, jiwbvbr, lg tjb pbrlid ia ekp LLL= ahlgt kxbs wbrb obrtklghy lg usb ks hktb ks

;366 @.O. Tjb _ñcbh krriw-jbkds akhh lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb pbrlid ia ekp LQ kgd tjb dkt lgc

ia tjb jkeebr kxbs ls stlhh k oigsldbrk`hb pri`hbe. Ks higc ks tjb kìvb pilgts krb ìrgb lg

elgd, khh tjls — obrtklghy slgob wb krb oigobrgbd wltj lsihktbd algds — jks hltthb lgahubgob ig tjb

lgtbrprbtktligs kgd tjb oigohusligs. _tigb kxbs ia riugd ir ivkh oriss-sbotlig aire k spbolkh

pri`hbe, wjloj wlhh `b dlsoussbd lg lts kppriprlktb oigtbxt.

;.4.0. VKHKBIHLTJLO-ELDDHB GBIHLTJLO (alc. 0)

;.4.0.;. Tjb Vkhkbihltjlo

K abw algds irlclgktlgc arie tjb Elddhb Vkhkbihltjlo wbrb ekdb lg tjb krbk ia tjb rlvbr

_ojbhdt, kppkrbgthy wksjbd iut ia dbbpbr dbpislts, lg tjb su`silh. Sb eust, jiwbvbr, `b ig

iur cukrd kcklgst i`nbots, tjriwg ivbrìkrd arie eidbrg sjlps ig tjblr wky ti tjb jkrìur

ia Kgtwbrp, suoj ks triplokh sjbhhs kgd k tiitj ia kg Karlokg bhbpjkgt, rbobgthy drbdcbd up, dibs

sjiw.

Eirbivbr, ighy twi Hktb Vkhkbihltjlo lephbebgts arie tjb su`silh ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbr

hkgds krb mgiwg. @itj jkvb `bbg dbsorl`bd ks Hygc`y kxbs, wjloj kppbkrs ti us ti `b k sieb

wjkt dkrlgc lgtbrprbtktlig. Sb prbabr ti okhh tjbe wirmbd rblgdbbr kgthbrs. Ticbtjbr wltj tjb

algds ia Hktb Vkhkbihltjlo lephbebgts lg tjb oikstkh rbcligs ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, kt

Kkrdbgùrc kgd Kxbh lg ^bbhkgd Ahkgdbrs, gbkr _ojimhkgd lg tjb Girtj-bkst Vihdbr kgd ig tjblshkgd ia Tbxbh air bxkephb, tjby di lg akot sjiw tjkt t jb oivbr-skgd hkgdsokpb kgd tjb Hkt b

Chkolkh rlvbr systbe lg tjb su`silh ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds wbrb lgjk`l tbd. Ouhturkh slel

hkrltlbs `btwbbg tjb algds lg Crbkt @rltklg kgd tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, bspbolkhhy lg tjb Khhbrkd

pbrlid, pilgt lgdbbd lgdlrbothy ti lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb lgtbrebdlktb pkrt ia tjb Girtj _bk `kslg.

@ut tjb ojkgob ia algdlgc dlrbot priia ia tjls lg tjb aire ia ahlgt lephbebgts ls vbry sekhh.



;4 SB_TBBG GBTJBPHKGD_

Alc. 0. Vrbjlstirlo algds lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, dktbd >

— `bairb 0266 @.O.

— `bairb tjb QH Ouhturb— `bairb tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb Okhkls LQ

Tjb gue`brs rbabr ti tjb diouebgtktlig ia tjb ekppbd sltbs lg Kppbgdlx L, sbotlig L.

Hbcbgd >

;. Elddhb Vkhkbihltjlo.

0. Hktb Vkhkbihltjlo. 2. sjkat-jihb kxbs ia @rbltmblh typb.

?. Ebsihltjlo. 1. stigb kxbs.

4. Bkrhy kgd Elddhb Gbihltjlo. 3. kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxbs.



EB_IHLTJLO ;1

;.4.0.0. Tjb Bkrhy Ebsihltjlo.

Tjb slelhkrlty ia tjb Bkrhy Ebsihltjlo ouhturbs ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb Girtj _bk ls priia ia

lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb Girtj _bk `kslg kt tjkt tleb ?;. K ekrsjy zigb wltj pbkt (tjb eiirhic)

wlhh jkvb `bbg kttrkotlvb, ks ls sjiwg `y tjb algds kgd ks okg `b koobptbd `y bxtrkpihktlig

ia tjb Dkglsj algds ti tjb oiepkrk`hb hkgdsokpb lg tjb Girtj _bk rbclig.

Lg tjls pbkt wks aiugd tjb Ekclbeisb `kr`bd pilgt ia Hbekg kgd Iwbr @kgms ?0. _ieb

ybkrs kci, eirbivbr, keigc tjb guebrius ìgbs ia k Vhbglchkolkh akugk wjloj wbrb alsjbd up

arie tjb surriugdlgcs ia tjb @riwg @kgm (jkhawky `btwbbg Hiwbstiat kgd Mktwlnm) sieb le

phbebgts wbrb aiugd ??. Tjbsb krb, jiwbvbr, git ia Vhbglchkolkh kcb, ùt eust `b dktbd air

typihiclokh rbksigs ti tjb Bkrhy Ebsihltjlo, bspbolkhhy tjb Hktb Vrbìrbkh kgd Bkrhy @irbkh.

Khh ia tjb lephbebgts krb ekdb arie kuriojs ìgbs. Tjb eist ojkrkotbrlstlo plbobs krb k sjkat-

jihb plom kgd k siombtbd kxb. Tjby wbrb drbdcbd up arie dbptjs `btwbbg ?2 kgd 42 e. kgd

tjby irlclgktb vbry pri`k`hy arie tjb eiirhic dbpislt, wjloj ls dktbd tjbrb lg tjb vbry `bclg

glgc ia tjb @irbkh?4 . Tjb algds iaabr wirtjy kddltligkh dktk air tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb Bkrhy

Jihiobgb pkrt ia tjb ourvb ia tjb rbhktlvb rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh.

Tjb @riwg @kgm algds ekdb lt vbry hlmbhy tjkt tjb ekrsjy @kskh Vbkt hkgdsokpb lg tjbsu`silh ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds wks khsi lgjk`l tbd `y sekhh criups ia jugtbr-alsjbrs durlgc

@irbkh tlebs. Kgitjbr krcuebgt suppirtlgc tjls kssueptlig ls tjb dlstrlùtlig ia (Bkrhy)

Ebsihltjlo ìgb lephbebgts, kgd bspbolkhhy tjb `kr`bd pilgts, khh kriugd tjb siutjbrg Girtj

_bk. Lg k rbobgt pkpbr wb ekppbd tjbsb algds ?2.

Lg tjb bgd ia ;<30 tjb kìvb suppisltlig wks oigalrebd `y sieb bxtrkirdlgkry algds

ig tjb krtlalolkh skgd phklg okhhbd "Ekksvhkmtb", tjb eist wbstbrhy pkrt ia tjb Buripiirt

jkrìur ia Pit tbrdke. Tjb algds oieprlsb ugtlh giw aiur `kr`bd pilgts, igb ia tjbe arkcebgt

kry, kg kgthbr shbbvb, k ìgb gbbdhb, k wlhd ìkr's tusm ojlsbh kgd sieb wirmbd plbobs ia ìgb

kgd kgthbr (alc. ?)?1 . Tjb lephbebgts eust jkvb `bbg dbrlvbd arie tjb tjlg pbkty ohky (pkrt

ia tjb @kskh Vbkt) tjkt ivbrhlbs tjbrb tjb skgdy kgd crkvbhhy Hktb Chkolkh rlvbr `bds kt k dbptj

ia -01 ti -00 e. GKV. Sb eust lekclgb tjkt tjb ojkgob ia ekmlgc algds arie tjls dbptj lsbxtrbebhy sekhh. Tjb dbbp kgd bxtbgslvb skgd drbdclgc wirms lg Buripiirt iaabrbd suoj k

pissl`lhlty.

;.4.0.?. Tjb Hktb Ebsihltjlo

Sb okg gkeb tjrbb pissl`hy Hktb Ebsihltjlo algds arie tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds.

?; Ohkrm ;<?1, _ojwk`bdlssbg ;<2;, Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<36/'3;, 14.?0 Ohkrm & Cidwlg ;<21, isp. alc. 2 kgd VL. L, 1= Ohkrm ;<?0, Kppbgdlx QLL , Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<36/3;, ?0.?? Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<1:", ;<1<k (prbhlelgkry gitbs), ;<36/'3;.?4

Oa. Nbhcorsek ;<1;, 36-30. Tjb obgtrb ia tjb hiokhlzbd algds ls gbkr "Hiokt lig @ ". L t ls rueiurbd tj kt khsiig tjb Diccbr @kgm Ebsihltjlo wirmbd ìgbs jkvb `bbg alsjbd up. Kooirdlgc iur lgairektlig tjls sbbes, jiwbvbr,

git ti `b tjb oksb.?2 Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<36/'3;. Lg kddltlig ti tjb algds hlstbd tjbrb wb eust ebgtlig tjb tjrbb `kr`bd pilgts

aiugd kt Dlgshkmbg, _tkepauss & _ojlltruepa, ;<36. L dlsoivbrbd tjls pu`hloktlig tii hktb , ti lgohudb lts lgairektlig.

Ti iur iplglig tjb dktlgc ia tjbsb `kr`bd pilgts ti tjb Khhbr6d pbrlid ls git vbry siugd kgd ls stlhh ipbg ti dlsousslig.

K hktbr dktb, eirb lg kcrbbebgt wltj khh itjbr bvldbgob (Vrbìrbkh-Bkrhy @irbkh) okggit `b bxohudbd.?1 Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<36/'3;, 26-2?.





BKPH\ KGD ELDDHB GBIHLTJLO ;3

Alrst, tjb sekhh wiidbg alcurb wjloj wks aiugd lg ;<11 durlgc tjb ùlhdlgc ia k hiom lg

tjb Qihmbrkm ?3. Lt wks hylgc lg k tjlg hkybr ia pbkt kt kìut — : e. GKV, `btwbbg tjb riits

ia k trbb stuep dlrbothy kìvb k crkdukh rlsb lg tjb oivbr-skgd. K ;4O dktlgc ckvb kg kcb ia

o. 4426 @.O.

Kt Mibcrks lg ;<26 k abw ahlgt ahkmbs wbrb aiugd, khsi ig tjb tip ia k slzbk`hb rlsb (up ti—4.02 e. GKV) ia tjb oivbr-skgd hkgdsokpb. Tjb `ksb ia tjb ivbrhylgc pbkt ls dktbd kt kìut

?666 @.O., wjloj ls tjb hktbst pissl`hb dktb air tjb algds ?:.

Tjb tjlrd algd ls k juekg smuhh ia kppkrbgthy Ebsihltjlo kcb, wjloj wks drbdcbd up gbkr

Qlkgbg ?<.

Tjb digmbg sbbe ti iaabr tjb `bst ojkgobs ia ekmlgc eirb algds arie tjb Hktb Ebsihltjlo.

Rp ti tjb prbsbgt tleb, jiwbvbr, ighy k abw ahlgt lephbebgts jkvb `bbg aiugd tjbrb. Igb plbob,

k trkpbzb, aiugd ig k digm gbkr Hbbrdke, ls pbrjkps Ebsihltjlo 46. Lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke ia tjb

Jkzbgdigm, eug. Eihbgkkrscrkka, lt kppbkrs tjkt tjbrb krb sieb trkobs ia juekg kotlvlty

kt kìut 4;66 @.O. 4h . Lg kg ldbgtlokh sltuktlig Ebsihltjlo algds wbrb ekdb lg tjb Bgchlsj Abg

dlstrlot lg ;<?2 40.

Hktb Ebsihltjlo algds krb tjus ighy mgiwg arie tjb airebr pbkt rbcligs. Gi lgjk`ltktlig

kgd si gi algds krb ti `b bxpbotbd lg tjb tldkh ahkt hkgdsokpb aurtjbr ti tjb wbst, wltj tjb

bxobptlig pbrjkps ia tjb sjirt pjksbs, durlgc wjloj k tjlg pbkt hkybr wks airebd tjbrb.

;.4.0.4. Tjb Bkrhy kgd Elddhb Gbihltjlo 4?

Lt ls khsi vkhld ti tjb Bkrhy kgd Elddhb Gbihltjlo tjkt tjb hbvbh ia lgjk`ltktlig ls si dbbp

tjkt algds okg ighy `b ia kg lgoldbgtkh ojkrkotbr. Eirbivbr, kt tjkt tleb tjb hkrcbst pkrt ia tjb

Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds oigslstbd stlhh ia k tldkh ahkt hkgdsokpb ia wjloj tjb pissl`hb oikstkh

`krrlbrs, wltj tjb bxobptlig ia tjb hktbst sbrlbs jkd dlskppbkrbd.

Ia tjb crbktbst lepirtkgob ls tjb dlsoivbry lg ;<1? ia sieb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo sbtt hbebgts

wltj k gue`br ia crkvbs gbkr _wlatbr`kgt lg tjb Bkst Ahbvihkgd Vihdbr, sltuktbd ig iutorips

ia tjb Vhblstiobgb/Bkrhy Jihiobgb skgdy su`silh kgd ig tjb gkturkh hbvbbs ia Bkrhy Jihiobgbwktbr oiursbs lg k airebr pbkt krbk, wjloj jks slgob oiephbtbhy dlskppbkrbd `y ekrlgb brislig44.

Tjbsb sltbs kgd tjb algds ekdb tjbrb krb dlsoussbd lg sieb dbtklh kt p. ;1? lg iur oieebgt ig tjb

Jkzbgdigm pittbry kgd wb wlhh ebgtlig jbrb ighy sieb spbolkh ojkrkotbrlstlos. Tjb dbptj

ia tjb lgjk`ltbd surakob ls —2 ti —2.32 e. GKV. Tjrbb ;4O dktbs clvb k dktb lg tjb elddhb

?' Qkg Bs & Okspkrlb ;<1<, Qkg Bs ;<1:.

?: Du @u rom ;<2<, Nbh cbr sek ;<1;, 0<.?< Julzlgck ;<2<, 20 kgd alcs. ;0, ;?. Tjb smuhh ls vbry slelhkr ti tjisb arie Tìvlbo, @r lt tkgy. Tjb smuhhs arie

_wlatbr`kgt sbbe ti `b ia tjb skeb typb. K smuhh, rbobgthy drbdcbd up kt Kvbzkktj gbkr Tlbh, ls pbrjkps k sboigd spbol

ebg arie tj b rlvbr krbk . _bb khsi Oigstkgdsb-Sbstbrekgg ;<1:, Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<36/'3; kgd hlt. oltbd tjbrb .4« Di Mim ;<12. "Ojriglohbs" lg "Jbhlglue" air dlstrlot @> ;<14, ;?1, gi. ;?= ;<1<, 32, gi. ;= slgob slelhkr trk

pbzbs ioour kt _wlatbr`kgt, tjb krtlakot elcjt `b Bkrhy Gbihltjlo ks wbhh.4; Lg ;'krt LLL ia tjls pkpbr iur lgvbstlcktligs kt tjls sltb krb dlsoussbd lg auhh dbtklh.

"0 _bb p. 3? a.4? Eist ia tjb algds ebgtligbd jbrb wlhh `b dlsoussbd lg eirb dbtklh lg Vkrt LLL ia tjls pkpbr, wjbrb wb dbkh

wltj tjb ouhturkh rbhktligs ia tjb "Jkzbgdigm pittbry".44 Bgtb ;<3;.





BKPH\ KGD ELDDHB GBIHLTJLO ;<

ia tjb aiurtj elhhbgglue. Tjb rbobgt bxokvktligs `y tjb @KL, Criglgcbg rbvbkhbd tjk t tjb

irckglo ektbrlkh ls prbsbrvbd vbry wbhh ig tjb sbt thbebgt sltbs. Tjbsb lgvbstlcktligs wlhh clvb

us k vbry oiephbtb ploturb ia tjb oieeugltlbs (kgd tjblr wky ia hlab), wjloj lgjk`ltbd tjb hiw

hylgc rbcligs lg tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo 42.

K sboigd lepirtkgt sltb ls tjb Jkzbgdigm, eug. Eihbgkkrscrkka, khsi ig kg Bkrhy Jihi-obgb iutorip, ùt sltuktbd lg tjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk ia _iutj Jihhkgd. Lg tjb pihhbg

dlkcrke kt tjls sltb, juekg lgahubgobs (bsp. Obrbkhlk pihhbg) krb prbsbgt kt hbvbhs wjloj krb;4O dktbd kìut ?466 @.O. kgd ?666 @.O. Tjb hbvbhs oirrbspigd wltj airebr pbkt surakobs kt

—4.?6 e. kgd —?.36 e. GKV rbspbotlvbhy. Tjb ihdbr dktbd hbvbh oirrbspigds vbry wbhh wltj

tjb dktb ia _wlatbr`kgt, tjb yiugcbr dktb okg `b `riucjt lg oiggbotlig wltj tjb "Jkzbgdigm

pittbry", aiugd ig tjb tip ia tjb digm. Tjls pittbry ls k gbw criup air tjls oiugtry 41. Sb

rbabr tjb rbkdbr ti Vkrt LLL air auhh dbtklhs ig tjls sltb.

Itjbr algds supphbebgt tjb lgjk`ltktlig pkttbrg. Alrst tjb rbobgthy rbdlsoivbrbd riugd

pit `ksb arie _ojlbdke, wjloj ls ohbkrhy rbhktbd ti tjb pittbry aiugd kt _wlatbr`kgt 43. Gbxt

wb ebgtlig tjb lgdloktligs ia lgjk`ltktlig slgob kìut ?666 @.O. wjloj wbrb aiugd lg tjb pihhbg

dlkcrke ia tjb lgalhhlgc ia tjb strbke ojkggbh kt ^lndbrvbhd

4:

. Tjb "^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb",k Hktb Kthkgtlo/Bkrhy @irbkh rlvbr oiursb, eust tjbrbairb jkvb `bbg lgjk`ltbd ks bkrhy ks lg

tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo. Kt tjb ìugdkrlbs ia tjb krbk krb tjb Elojbhs`brc Ouhturb algds, ekdb gbkr

Kgtwbrp 4< kgd tjb iooupktlig rbeklgs aiugd kt Db Ckstb gbkr Ebppbh 26.

_ieb ia tjb lsihktbd algds okg `b dktbd ti tjls pbrlid. Alrst, tjrbb sjkat-jihb kxbs ia @rblt-

mblh typb, ia wjloj twi wbrb aiugr; kt tjb pbrlebtbr ia tjb krbk, kppkrbgthy `bhiw tjb Jihiobgb

dbpislts kgd ig tjb oivbr-skgd surakob. Ighy igb (gi. 02) oiebs arie tjb Jihiobgb dbpislts

tjbesbhvbs. _boigd, sieb T-sjkpbd kgthbr kxbs. @itj typbs ia lephbebgts krb studlbd `y

Qkg dbr Skkhs 2;.

Khtjiucj @rkgdt phkobd khh jls abhsrugd kgd abhsivkh kxbs lg tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo (prb-TP@),

wb dld git aihhiw jle jbrb. Tjb algd olrouestkgobs ia eist ia tjbsb kxbs, tjb hioktligs kgd tjb

ivbr-khh ploturb ig tjb ekp ekmb lt hlmbhy tjkt tjbsb kxbs, ir kt hbkst sieb ia tjbe, krb hktbr

20

.

42 Vrbhlelgkry rbpirts ig tjb sltbs> Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<14, ;<12, ;<12/'11 kgd bsp. Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30.

"' Pbgbwbd study ia tjb algds arie tjb digm' kt Skkrdjulzbg, eug. Khembrm (alc. 2 gi. 4; = prbdielgkgthy QH

Ouhturb, oa. a lc. 1) ylbhdbd igb sjbrd wltj dbbp rbbd leprbssligs, vbry pri`k`hy "_wlatbr`kgt" wkrb, kgd igb rle sjbrd

tjkt elcjt `b "Jkzbgdigm" wkrb. @itj algds krb git lgdloktbd ig tjb ekp kt alc. 0.43 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?, bsp. ;<10, ;<-06. Tjls pkpbr> p. ;14.4: Vbrs. oiee. Er P. _. Juhst , Kebrsaiirt= N . db Nigc ;<36/'3;.4½ Db Hkot ;<11, ;<2:, ?; kgd alc. 00= Hlelgc ;<13, Tka. ;-4.26 Vbrs. oiee. Er I. J. Jkrsbek, Criglgcbg.2; Sb tjkgm Vria. Dr. N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs, wji ckvb us tjb ekgusorlpt ia jls krtlohb ig tjbsb krtlakots (Qkg

dbr Skkhs, ;<30) ti rbkd. Tjb Tøhhbgcbwblj-äxtb krb lg tjb oihhbotligs ia tjb PEI, Hbldbg kgd tjb Eusbue viirdb LNssbhebbrpihdbrs, _ojimhkgd. Tjb bhm kgthbr kxb jks lts pkrkhhbhs keigc tjb algds arie tjb Døeebr _bb (Dbloj

eøhhbr ;<1?, :6 kgd Tka. ;, 0), kgd kt _ tkr Okrr (Ohkrm ;<24). Er C. Bhzlgck, Hbbuwkrdbg, mlgdhy lgairebd us ia tjb

T-sjkpbd kxbs aiugd lg tjb Jihiobgb sbdlebgtktlig krbk.20 @rkgdt ;<13. Kxbs wltj ivkh ir riugd oriss-sbotligs wbrb aiugd ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs, lg Sbst Arlslk, tjb

XX lg lgcbrebbr Vihdbr kgd tjb siutjbrg pkrt ia tj b Gir tj-bks t Vihdbr, l.b. lg tjb `hkgm rbcligs ia tjb Bkrhy/Elddhb

Gbihltjlo ekp (alc. 0). Sb tjlgm tjkt git ighy tjb aire, ùt khsi tjb stigb usbd, tjb wirmlgc tbojglqub kgd elgir

dbtklhs lg tjb aire krb dbtbrelgktlvb ojkrkotbrlstlos.




K dktlgc `bairb tjb QH Ouhturb air tjb kxb arie Jbbestbdb (alc. 4 o), sbbes, jiwbvbr, vbry

pri`k`hb ig cbihiclokh criugds. Tjb kxb wks aiugd ig igb ia tjb ihdbst oikstkh `krrlbrs, tjkt

ia _pkkrgbwiudb, kgd eust oieb arie `bhiw tjb oivbrlgc pbkt2? .

Ti sueekrlzb lt kppbkrs ohbkr tjkt tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds wbrb lgjk`ltbd lg tjb Bkrhy

kgd Elddhb Gbihltjlo. _btthbebgts wbrb ekdb lg kgy oksb ig tjb tips ia skgdy iutorips kgdig tjb strbke rldcbs lg tjb pbkt zigb `btwbbg tjb oikst kgd tjb rbhktlvbhy jlcj jlgtbr hkgd.

Kheist khh tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs ia tjbsb pbrlids jkvb, jiwbvbr, dlskppbkrbd ir krb rbwirmbd

`y dugb airektlig, si tjkt lt ls k purb cubss wjbtjbr dwbhhlgc phkobs khsi bxlstbd tjbrb ia tjb

mltojbg-elddbg typb suoj ks krb ebt wltj lg tjb Dkglsj Brtbìhhb Ouhturb kgd lg @rlttkgy.

Ti us lt sbbes pri`k`hb. Arie tjb rbclig `btwbbg tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd tjb pbkt krbk tjb

_ojlbdke pit `ksb ls tjb ighy algd. Lt ls dktbd giw lg k rbcrbsslig pjksb (OLL/LLL), wjbg lg

tjls prbdielgkgthy bstukrlgb rbclig rbhktlvbhy qulbt olrouestkgobs prbvklhbd kgd pbkt airektlig

tiim phkob si akr ti tjb wbst. Lg iur vlbw, iooupktlig ia tjb tldkh ahkts tjbesbhvbs eky jkvb

`bbg ks lepri`k`hb ks lg tjb airbcilgc Ebsihltjlo.

;.4.?. TJB QHKKPDLGCBG ORHTRPB (alc. 2)

;.4.?.;. Dktlgc, dlstrlùtlig, ouhturkh rbhktligs

Lt ls git ugtlh tjb Hktb Gbihltjlo tjkt lgairektlig `boiebs si dbtklhbd tjkt wb okg aire

k ploturb ia lgjk`ltktlig wjloj ls eirb tjkg k sueekry ia lgoldbgtkh i`sbrvktligs.

Tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb (QH Ouhturb)24 ls igb ia tjb `bst mgiwg ouhturbs lg tjb Gbtjbr

hkgds, air wjloj k aklrhy hkrcb gue`br ia ;4O dktbs ls kvklhk`hb (tk`hb 0). Tjb dktbs ia Hbldsojbg-

dke sbbe ti `b k abw obgturlbs tii hktb, hlmb tjkt ia tjb hiwbst hkybrs ia Qiirsojitbg. Ig tjb

`ksls ia khh dktbs wb eky phkob tjb QH Ouhturb lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds `btwbbg 0426 kgd

0666 @.O.Tjb dlstrlùtlig ekp ia tjb krojkbihiclokh rbeklgs ia tjb QH Ouhturb jks ugdbrcigb k

gue`br ia ojkgcbs lg tjb oiursb ia tleb. Tjb sltb wjloj wks alrst dlsoivbrbd (^kgdwbrvbg)

ioouplbs kg bxobptligkh pisltlig. Tjb dlsoivbrlbs ia Jbmbhlgcbg kgd Qhkkrdlgcbg lgorbksbd

tjb slcglalokgob ia tjb bstukrlgb krbk, kgd Qiirùrc, Hbldsojbgdke kgd Qiirsojitbg tjbg ekdb

lt ohbkr tjkt tjb oikstkh `krrlbr krbk `btwbbg tjb rlvbr Ebusb kgd tjb eiutj ia tjb Pjlgb jkd

`bbg lgtbgslvbhy lgjk`ltbd.

Ks k rbsuht ia tjb lgvbstlcktligs lg tjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk, tjb ekp jks ugdbrcigb

k gbw kgd aklrhy drks tlo ojkgcb. Igb algdspit ls mgiwg tjbrb ig k strbke rldcb (^lndbrvbhd)

2? L t oigobrgs k drip-sjkpbd kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, ekdb arie k oiepkot skgdstigb wltj k `bktlgc tboj

glqub. Ighy tjb outtlgc-bdcb jks `bbg criugd. Tjb kxb pri`k`hy irlclgktbs arie k siutjbrg Gbihltjlo criup. K abw oie

pkrk`hb plbobs `bhigc ti tjb Elojbhs`brc Ouhturb (Høglgc ;<13, @blhkcb <> @blhb Typ ?). Ia tjb itjbr kxbs ighy tjisb

arie Jiirg kgd Eigstbr, ekdb wltj tjb skeb tbojglqub, krb kxbs ia tjb trub Skhzbg`blh typb.24 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?, ;6;-;6? air tjb dbalgltlig ia tjb QH Ouhturb. Air tjb gkturkh olrouestkg

obs lg rbhktlig ti tjb lgjk`ltktlig sbb bsp. Vigs lg tjb skeb pkpbr, <3-;;;.







— `btwbbg 0266 kgd 0666 @.O.— lg tjb pbrlid ia tjb QH Ouhturb

— `btwbbg tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs Okhkls LQ k kgd LQ`.

Tjb gue`brs rbabr ti tjb diouebgtktlig ia tjb ekppbd sltbs lg Kppbgdlx L, sbotlig LL.

Hbcbgd >

;. QH Ouhturb, sbtthbebg t ir pitt bry. 2. `ktth b kxb.

0. _Q@ ir Jy`rld @bkmbr, sbtthbebg t ir pittb ry. 1. ahlgt kxb.

?. ; kgd 0 kt igb sltb. 3. TP@ Ouhturb, vkrlius algds.

4. vkrlius krtlakots.



QHKKPDLGCBG ORHTRPB 0?

Oiggbotligs wltj tjb _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds wbrb khrbkdy bvldbgt ig ouhturkh criugds> tjb

QH pbiphb usbd ahlgt kxbs ia k siutjbrg typb kgd tjb algds kt _tblg kgd Slnojbg 21 krb ohisbhy

rbhktbd ti tjb QH Ouhturb. Tjb pittbry ia tjb QH Ouhturb, eirbivbr, sjiws i`vlius dlaabrbgobs

arie tjkt ia tjb hktb TP@ Ouhturb ia tjb Girtjbrg kgd Bkstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds (Hktb Jkvbhtb

ir Kgcbhshi pjksb), bspbolkhhy lg wirmekgsjlp, sjkpb kgd tjb hkom ia irgkebgt. Nudclgc `ytjb ioourrbgob ia dboirktbd ohky dlsos wltj boobgtrlo pbrairktligs kgd slelhkr ugdboirktbd

oihhkrbd ahksms lg tjb QH Ouhturb kgd tjb Kgcbhshi pjksb ia tjb TP@ Ouhturb lt sbbes tjkt tjbrb

wbrb khsi oigtkots wltj tjb girtj, ksldb arie tjb dielgktlgc siutjbrg ouhturkh rbhktligs 2 ' .

Tjb riutbs khigc wjloj tjbsb oigtkots wbrb eklgtklgbd eky jkvb hklg lg tjb LNssbhebbr dlstrlot

kgd/ir jkvb `bbg khsi tjb skeb ks tjisb usbd air oigtkot wltj tjb siutj> tjb kotlvb kgd ihd

rlvbr `bds lg tjb Jihhkgd pbkt krbk.

;.4.?.0. Tjb sltuktlig ia tjb sbtthbebgts

Tjb tjrbb sbtthbebgts lg tjb bstukrlgb rbclig khh hlb khigc tjb drklgkcb orbbms ia tjb bgd

ia tjb O LQk ("Slbrlgcbrebbr") trkgscrbsslig. Tjb iooupktlig hbvbh hlbs kt kìut —? e.

GKV kt Qhkkrdlgcbg, `btwbbg —0.;6 kgd —0.:6 e. GKV kt Jbmbhlgcbg L, `btwbbg —0.36kgd —0.<6 kt Jbmbhlgcbg LL 2:.

Alvb sbtthbebgts krb mgiwg ig tjb Ihdbr Dugbs wltj k gitlobk`hb oigobgtrktlig (ia lsihktbd

algds khsi) `btwbbg tjb eiutj ia tjb Ebusb kgd tjb eiutj ia tjb Pjlgb. Lt ls vbry hlmbhy tjkt

tjb oigdltligs tjbrb wbrb pkrtlouhkrhy akviurk`hb air sbtthbebgt. Tjb ihdbst systbe ia oikstkh

`krrlbrs, oivbrbd wltj hiw dugbs, wks sltuktbd tjbrb lg tjb aire ia k `rikd, jlcj skgd rldcb

`bjlgd k vbry wldb sjirb ahkt. L ts vbcbtktlig oigslstbd ia k tkhh-criwlgc airbst, ugdiu`tbdhy

auhh ia wlhd kglekhs= tjbrb wks k ciid supphy ia arbsj wktbr kgd gi dkgcbr ia `blgc ahiidbd.

Tjbrb krb, jiwbvbr, si ekgy akotirs kaabotlgc tjb dlstrlùtlig pkttbrg tjkt wb okggit sky

tjkt tjb itjbr oikstkh `krrlbrs, bxlstlgc kt tjkt tleb, wbrb git lgjk`ltbd. Tjb `bht ia oikstkh

`krrlbrs, wjloj kt tjb tleb ia tjb QH Ouhturb airebd tjb kotukh oikst ir hky lg lts leebdlktb

vlolglty, wks lg kgy oksb vlsltbd, ks kppbkrs arie k abw lsihktbd algds tjbrb (k ahlgt kxb kgd wjbtstigb lg Tjb Jkcub 2<), kgd tjb algd ia k spbre-wjkhb tiitj kgd ìgbs ia tjb crby sbkh lg tjb

sbtthbebgts ia Qiirsojitbg kgd Hbldsojbgdke. Ks tjls oikstkh `krrlbr `bht wks git ybt "aisslh

lzbd" ùt wks stlhh lg tjb priobss ia airektlig, kgd wks obrtklghy stlhh su`nbot ti kotlvb dugb

airektlig wb gbbd git `b surprlsbd tjkt khh trkobs ia sbtthbebgt krb hkomlgc tjbrb. Tjb ojkgob

tjkt tjby wiuhd jkvb bsokpbd arie brislig ls pkrtlouhkrhy sekhh. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd lt okg,

21 Air _tblg sbo Eiddbrekg ;<14`, air Slnojbg sbb p. ;11, gitb 36 kgd p. 0;.23 Sb hbkvb kgitjbr tjbirbtlokh pissl`lhlty iut ia dlsousslig jbrb> tjb "g ir tjb rg" bhbebgts ia tjb QH Ouhturb okg

`b tjb rbsuht ia lgahubgob arie k tjlrd ouhturb krbk , tjk t lgahubgobd ìtj krbks (tjb girtjbrg , TP@ kgd tjb wbstbrg,

QH krbk) eirb ir hbss Lgdbpbgdbgthy•2: Sb tjkgm ør N. K. @kmmbr, Kestbrdke, air jls pbrelsslig ti usb tjb jblcjt ebksurbebgts ekdb durlgc tjb

bxphirktlig ia tjls sltb `y tjb LVV, kutueg ;<36.2< Oa. Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;:3. Tjb wjbtstigb wks aiugd kt tjb `ksb (l.b. ugdbr tjb pbkt) ia tjb ?rd sjirb ahkt

kgd kheist ig tjb hkgdwkrd shipb ia tjb 4tj oikstkh `krrlbr. Sb eust, jiwbvbr, rbebe`br tjkt tjls typb ia wjbtstigb

Lgdbbd ioours lg crkvbs ia tjb @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb , ùt tj kt lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds ighy twi oksbs krb mgiwg (ìtj V A@

crkvbs). Tjb L'A@ Ouhturb hkstbd ugtlh kìut 0666 @. O. (pbrjkps bvbg igb obgtury higcbr) kgd tjls typb ia wjbtstigbs

elcjt khsi jkvb `bbg usbd lg hktbr (vlz. @rigzb Kcb) tlebs.



•0 L SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

Alc. 1. Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb pittbry arie k digm gbkr Skkrdjulzbg, eug. Khembrm, Girtj @rk`kgt

(alc. 2, gi. ;4). _okhb ;>?.



QHKKPDLGCBG ORHTRPB 01

jiwbvbr, `b lekclgbd tjkt tjb bgvlrigebgt ia suoj k oikstkh strlp oiuhd git jkvb `bbg vbry

kttrkotlvb air kg kcrkrlkg oieeuglty ti bstk`hlsj ltsbha pbrekgbgthy. Ks tjb dugb airektlig

dborbksbd wltj k alrst criwtj ia vbcbtktlig, tjb silh eust jkvb stlhh `bbg piir lg jueus kgd

tjbrbairb dry. Arbsj wktbr eust, jiwbvbr, jkvb `bbg kvklhk`hb siig. Khtjiucj lg iur vlbw tjb

akotir ia sjbhtbr dld khsi phky k rihb lg suoj k oksb, pbiphb dld git wklt ti iooupy tjbsb tbrrklgs,ks ls sjiwg air hktbr tlebs (Lrig Kcb, Piekg pbrlid) `y tjb bxokvktligs kt Qbhsbg 16.

K gue`br ia bxphkgktligs okg khsi `b clvbg air tjb k`sbgob ia QH sbtthbebgts girtj ia

tjb eiutj ia tjb Pjlgb. Lg tjls krbk tjb sbkwkrd sjlat ia tjb oikst-hlgb `btwbbg O LLL kgd O LQ

wks euoj sekhhbr (sbb p. 46). Tjb sjirb ahkts ia tjls pbrlid krb euoj gkrriwbr tjkg tjby krb

siutj ia tjb Pjlgb, ir tjby di git bxlst kt khh. Lg cbgbrkh lt eky `b stktbd tjkt tjb oikst-hlgb

kt tjls tleb koqulrbd k eirb oigokvb kgd hbss strklcjt iuthlgb. Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt air tjls rbksig

oikstkh oigdltligs, bspbolkhhy tjb airektlig ia dugbs, hkstbd higcbr ti tjb girtj ia tjb Pjlgb.

Tjb skeb krcuebgts kpphy ti tjb k`sbgob ia algds ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbr Qiirjiut-Hlssb-

Jkkrhbe (tjb sboigd `bht), ks wb ebgtligbd air tjb oigtbepirkgbius oikstkh `krrlbr siutj ia tjb

Pjlgb. Lg tjls oksb tjb algd ia kg kxb arkcebgt gbkr Hlssb ls lgstruot lvb. Tjls lgdloktbs t jk t tjb

QH pbiphb kt hbkst vlsltbd tjls phkob, wjlhb lt ls bvbg pissl hb tjk t lt ls igb ia tjb hkst rbeklgsia k sbtthbebgt ia wjloj khh trkobs jkvb dlskppbkrbd `y brislig.

Twi bgtlrbhy dlaabrbgt akotirs kppbkr ti us, jiwbvbr, ti `b khh lepirtkgt girtj ia tjb Pjlgb.

Alrst, tjb baabot ia tjb prbsbgt usb ia tjb hkgd, tjb ùh` ouhtlvktlig, air wjloj khrbkdy higc kci

hkrcb tbrrklgs wbrb hbvbhhbd ti tjb eist akviurk`hb jblcjt kìvb tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb. _boigd,

lts koobssl`lhlty air tjb QH pbiphb eky jkvb phkybd k pkrt. Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt tjb rbclig girtj

ia tjb Pjlgb bstukry wks eirb ir hbss lsihktbd arie tjb siutjbrg guohbus ia tjb QH Ouhturb kgd

tjkt tjb pipuhktlig dbgslty wks git si jlcj tjkt lt wks gbobsskry ti ekmb usb ia tjls kppkrbgthy

hbss kttrkotlvb sbotlig ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr rbclig. Lg iur iplglig tjbrb ls, jiwbvbr, gi qubstlig

tjkt tjb oikstkh `krrlbr rbclig ks k wjihb wks lsihktbd `bokusb ia lts piir koobssl`lhlty, ks Vigs

jks succbstbd 1;.

Hkrcb pkrts ia tjb airebr tldkh ahkt krbk `bjlgd tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs jkd khrbkdy `boiebskht ekrsjbs durlgc tjb QH Ouhturb. Lg tjb prbsbgt Slbrlgcbrebbr Vihdbr tjb oigdltligs air

ekmlgc algds krb rbhktlvbhy akviurk`hb> tjb prbsbgt dky surakob wks air k higc tleb tjb sbk ahiir,

wjbrb iatbg k shlcjt brislig tiim phkob. Katbr tjb rbohkektlig k rbhktlvbhy hkrcb gue`br ia stigb

kxbs, lgohudlgc k gue`br dkt lgc arie tjb pbrlid ugdbr dlsousslig, wbrb wksjbd arbb ir

phiucjbd up. Lg itjbr pihdbrs, wjbrb tjb Ihd _bk Ohky hlbs kt tjb surakob, lt wks, jiwbvbr,

iatbg oivbrbd `y k dbpislt ia k pbkt dbtrltus sbdlebgt. Sb sjiuhd tjbrbairb git oigohudb arie

tjb hkom ia algds tjkt tjbsb rbcligs wbrb git ekdb usb ia. Tjb rbobgt algd ia k ahlgt kxb gbkr

K``bgbs lg tjb Jkkrhbeebrebbr Vihdbr ls tjb alrst priia ia tjb oigtrkry (alc. 4 `) 10. Lt ls,

8«7 N bh co rs ek bt kh. ;<36, ;46 a.1; Vig s (sbb gitb 24) p. ;;6 stkt bd> "tj b oikstkh `krrlb rs wbrb pri` k`hy eirb lsihktbd kt tjk t tleb tjkg tj b Arlsl kg

lshkgds krb kt prbsbgt. Igb eust pistuhktb wktbr trkgspirt, slgob tjb `krrlbrs wiuhd jkvb `bbg lgkoobssl`hb `y hkgd".10 Tjls kxb wks dlsoivbrbd `y Er J. vkg dbr Huct, Rtrbojt. Kooirdlgc ti @rkgdt ;<13 (bsp. p. ;60) tjb kxb ls

k Ahlgt Ahkoj`blh kgd k trkgslt ligkh aire ia jls vkrl kgts ; kgd 0. @rk gdt dkt bs tjbsb typb s ti tjb TPJ kgd tj b B krh y

VV@ Ouht ugs. l.b. 0366-0?66 @.O. Tjb kxb wks aiugd ig tjb surakob ia tjb Ihdbr _bk Ohky dbpislts sbgsu strloti, wjloj

krb dktbd `btwbbg tjb ihdbr Jiiaddirp kgd tjb yiugcbr @blgsdirp dbpislts, tjb wjihb sbqubgob `blgc Okhkls LLL

(Jkkgs ;<24). Lg vlbw ia tjb rktjbr qulom rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh iooupktlig ls oigsldbrbd hlmbhy ighy durlgc k abw obgturlbs



E SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

jiwbvbr, git ybt ohbkr wjbtjbr tjbrb wbrb khsi pbrekgbgthy ioouplbd kcrkrlkg sbtthbebgts

ig tjbsb skht ekrsjbs.

;.4.?.?. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig

Tjkgms ti k gue`br ia bxokvktligs wb mgiw tjkt tjb sbtthbebgts wbrb sekhh kgd pbrekgbgthy ioouplbd, wltj rktjbr sekhh rbotkgcuhkr jiusbs. Ig tjb oikst, bspbolkhhy wjbrb gkturkh

pksturb hkgd (skht ekrsjbs, sjirb ahkts) wks kvklhk`hb, oktthb `rbbdlgc wks tjb eist slcglalokgt

ebkgs ia su`slstbgob, ticbtjbr wltj krk`hb akrelgc. Lg tjb ekrsjy wlhdbrgbss jugtlgc kgd

alsjlgc wbrb tjb prbvkhbgt siurobs ia aiid.

;.4.?.4. _btthbebgt algds ia tjb @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb

Kt aiur ir alvb sbtthbebgt sltbs ia tjb QH Ouhturb algds jkvb khsi `bbg ekdb ia tjb "Vri

trudlgc Aiit @bkmbr Ouhturb" (VA@, tjb Dutoj akdbs ia tjb @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb, 0466-0666

@.O.). Igb itjbr, purb VA@ sbtthbebgt wks dlsoivbrbd kt Kkrtswiud lg Sbst Arlslk, k abw

ybkrs kci. Tjb rloj algds kt tjls sltb ekmb auturb bxokvktligs vbry prielslgc. Iutsldb tjb Sbst

brg Gbtjbrhkgds pripbr, l.b. lg tjb girtjbrg pkrt ia tjb privlgob Arlbshkgd, gbkr Dimmue,twi eirb VA@ sbtthbebgts wbrb dlsoivbrbd lg rbobgt ybkrs. Tjby krb sltuktbd ig tjb surakob

ia tjb Vhblstiobgb su`silh (wjloj ls rbhktlvbhy jlcj lg tjls dlstrlot) k t —;.06 e. k t @irg wlrd kgd

kt —;.26 ti—;.:6 e. kt @bbrdkkrd1? . @itj krb oivbrbd wltj Jihiobgb dbpislts. Tjb tjrbb ebg

tligbd sltbs privb alrst tjk t tjb QH Ouhturb kgd tjb VA@ Ouhturb rbhktb ti dlaabrbgt criups ia

pbiphb, kgd sboigd tjkt ìtj tjbsb criups wbrb kttrkotbd `y tjb hiw hylgc rbcligs. Tjb ioour

rbgob ia VA@ Ouhturb rbeklgs ig QH sltbs rbahbot k (sbbelgchy pbkobauh) lgtbroiursb ia ìtj

criups.

K rbekrmk`hb ojkgcb lg tjb lgahubgob ia ekg ig tjb gkturkh vbcbtktlig ia tjb Ihdbr Dugbs

jks `bbg dbtbrelgbd kt Qiirsojitbg kt tjb eiebgt ia tjb alrst oigtkots ia tjb QH pbiphb

wltj tjb gbwhy krrlvbd VA@ pbiphb. Tjb QH pbiphb crkzbd tjblr oktthb ig tjb gkturkh pksturbs,

ùt katbr tjb VA@ oigtkots ohbkrlgcs wbrb ekdb lg tjb airbst ia tjb Ihdbr Dugbs. Tjls khsi lsk ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb VA@ Ouhturb lg tjb jlcj skgd krbks 14.

;.4.?.2. _btthbebgt algds ia "Jy`rld @bkmbrs"

Ig tjb VA@ sbtthbebgt kt Kkrtswiud kgd ig sieb QH sbtthbebgt sltbs sjbrds ia tjb si-

okhhbd Jy`rld @bkmbrs jkvb `bbg aiugd. @itj tjb h ;; ("^lczkc @bkmbrs") kgd 0LL` (Khh Ivbr

Oird @bkmbrs) typbs krb rbprbsbgtbd 12.

katbr tjb airektlig ia tjb dbpislts. _lgob tjb cbihiclokh kgd krojkbihiclokh dktlgcs kcrbb vbry wbhh, tjbrb ls gi gbbd ti

oigsldbr tjb pissl`lhlty tjkt tjb kxb elcjt oieb arie airebr oivbrlgc dbpislts tjkt wbrb wksjbd kwky wjbg tjb Hkmb

Jkkrhbeebrebbr okeb lgti bxlstbgob. Tjbsb wbrb, eirbivbr, eklghy pbkt airektligs.

Lt giw kppbkrs tjkt tjb MEI, Hbldbg jkd rboblvbd kgitjbr kxb arie tjb Jkkrhbeebrebbr Vihdbr ks bkrhy ks

;:2?, aiugd durlgc tjb rbohkektlig wirms lg tjb ybkr `bairb. Lt ls tjb outtlgc-bdcb arkcebgt ia kg kxb wltj ahkt sldbs

kgd oigvbx uppbr kgd hiwbr surakobs, ekdb ia qukrtz ltb ir k oikrsb ahlgt. Lgv bgti ry gi. Nv H 4?.1? Sb tjkgm Er C. Bhzlgck , Hbbuwkrdbg, air tjb dk tk ia @irgwlrd kgd @bbrdkkrd. Tjb hkst gkebd sltb ls kotukhhy

sltuktbd kt _tbgbgdke jkha-wky `btwbbg Iudmbrm kgd @bbrdkkrd. Dr N. K. @kmmbr, Kestbrdke, mlgdhy lgairebd us

kìut tjb Kkrtswiud sltb.14 Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13.12 Typihicy kooirdlgc ti Qkg dbr Skkhs & Chks`brcbg ;<24.



@BHH @BKMBP KGD @KP@BD SLPB @BKMBP ORHTRPB_ 03

Tjby eust dktb arie tjb bgd pjksb ia tjb iooupktlig ig tjisb sltbs. Lt sbbes tjkt tjb QH

pbiphb wbrb k`hb ti oigtlgub iooupktlig higcbr ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd tjb iutoripplgc

Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs tjkg lg tjb bstukrlgb krbk. Lt ls ighy kt tjb sltb ia tjb QH sbtthbebgt

kt Qiirsojitbg tjkt sieb Bkrhy @bhh @bkmbr sjbrds jkvb `bbg aiugd. Hlmb tjb algds ig tjb

digmbg, tjby di git gbobsskrlhy lephy oigtlgulty ia iooupktlig.

;.4.?.1. Lsihktbd algds

Ks ti tjb lsihktbd algds, wb okg ksorl`b eist ia tjb ahlgt kxbs ti tjls pbrlid. Twbhvb plbobs

krb ia tjb siutjbrg typb (wltj ivkh oriss sbotlig), igb `bhigcs ti tjb TP@ Ouhturb (wltj rbot

kgcuhkr sbotlig, _ojimhkgd) kgd tjrbb krb dlaalouht ti dktb. Tjb ahlgt kxbs ia siutjbrg typb eky

`b pkrthy ihdbr tjkg tjb QH Ouhturb hlmb pbrjkps tjb pilgtbd-ùttbd kxb arie tjb _ojiigbg-

ùrcsb Jbuvbh, Glbuw Hbmmbrhkgd (alc. 00). _ekhh ahlgt kxbs ig tjb itjbr jkgd eky jkvb `bbg

usbd ugtlh tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb. Tjb eknirlty, jiwbvbr, `bhigcs lg khh pri`k`lhlty ti tjb

QH Ouhturb kgd aire igb ia tjb siutjbrg bhbebgts lg tjls ouhturb.

_bvbg `ktthb kxbs ir arkcebgts ia tjbe `bhigclgc ti tjb VA@ Ouhturb krb lgdloktbd ig

tjb ekp kt alc. 2. Tjb typihiclokhhy hktbst plbobs akhh, jiwbvbr, lg tjb pbrlid dbkht wltj lg tjbekp kt alc. 3.

Sb lgtbrprbt twi oiephbtb `bkmbrs, ìtj arie tjb Slbrlgcbrebbr Vihdbr, ks crkvb clats.

Tjb olrouestkgobs lg wjloj igb ia tjb `bkmbrs wks aiugd khsi pilgt ti tjls lgtbrprbtktlig.

Tjby krb kg ktyplokh bkrhy "Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr" kgd kg bqukhhy ktyplokh 0LLk `bkmbr.

Tjby lgdloktb tjkt tjb surakob ia tjb Okhkls LQ k ("Slbrlgcbrebbr") dbpislts wks lgjk`ltk`hb,

kt hbkst lg phkobs.

Tjb "itjbr krtlakots" ig tjb ekp krb k ahlgt dkccbr `hkdb, k sorkpbr ia Crkgd Vrbsslcgy

ahlgt kgd tjb wjbtstigb arie Tjb Jkcub.

;.4.4. TJB @BHH @BKMBP KGD @KP@BD SLPB @BKMBP ORHTRPB_ (alc. 3)

;.4.4.;. Tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbr pjksb

Lgjk`ltktlig durlgc tjb bkrhlbst pjksb ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturbs (E@@) jks `bbg dbtbr

elgbd wltj obrtk lgty kt ighy igb phkob, gkebhy kt tjb typb sltb ia tjb QH Oldturb kgd kheist

kt tjb skeb hbvbh (—0.<6 e. GKV). Katbr tjb QH iooupktlig k ekrmbd ojkgcb tiim phkob lg tjb

kotlvlty ia tjb orbbm. Lg tjb alrst pjksb tjb orbbm sjiws tjb ojkrkotbrlstlos ia tjb bkrhy stkcbs ia

qulbthy slhtlgc up. Tjb sboigd orbbm jks kg ksyeebtrlokh sbotlig wltj kg brislig `kgm lg tjb

iutsldb `bgd kgd sbdlebgtktlig lg tjb lgsldb `bgd. Kìut ;<26 @.O. pbiphb wji usbd Ekrltleb

@bhh @bkmbrs bstk`hlsjbd k vbry tbepirkry bgokepebgt ig tjb lgsldb `bgd dbpislts 11. Tjby

rbeklgbd tjbrb kt eist k abw wbbms, k slephb rbotkgcuhkr jut sbrvlgc air sjbhtbr. Tjls `rlba

stky elcjt nust `b k ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjisb wji usbd tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbrs= ybt lt elcjt

`b nust ks wbhh k oigsbqubgob ia tjb ugakviurk`hb oigdltligs durlgc tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb

Okhkls LQ¶.

11 _bb gitb 24, bsp. ;<10, 0:-0< kgd 0?0, Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb & Nkgsek ;<1<.



0: SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_


— `btwbbg 0666 kgd ;166 @.O.

— lg tjb pbrlid ia tjb @@ kgd @SL2 pittbry.

— `btwbbg tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs Okhkls LQ` kgd Dugmlrm 6.

Tjb gue`brs rbabr ti tjb diouebgtktlig ia tjb ekppbd sltbs lg Kppbgdlx L, sbotlig LLL.

Hbcbgd >

;. E@@, sbtt hbebgt ir pit tbry. 4. 0 kgd ? kt igb sltb.

0. Q@@, sbtthbebgt ir pitt bry. 2. ahlgt krriw-jbkd, tkgcbd kgd `kr`bd ir jihhiw- ksbd.

?. @S@, sbtthbebgt ir pitt bry. 1. vkrlius krtlakots.



?6 SB_TBBG GBTJBPHKGD_

wltj tjb bkrhlbr QH lgjk`ltktlig. Tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb eust jkvb rlsbg oigsldbrk`hy lg tjb

ebkgtleb, air gi wiid wks prbsbrvbd lg kgy ia tjb pist jihbs kttrlùtbd ti tjb QH Ouhturb.

_i tjb ohky hkybr ? 36 wks dbpisltbd `btwbbg 0066 kgd ;366 @.O., durlgc tjb trkgscrbsslig

pjksb Okhkls LQ` kgd ls ks suoj oigtbepirkry wltj tjb ojkgcb lg kotlvlty lg tjb orbbm kt

Qhkkrdlgcbg, kgd kt tjb skeb tleb wltj tjb jlcj wktbr dbpislts ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbkerldcb, wjloj wlhh `b auhhy dlsoussbd hktbr.

Qbrwbrs 3; jks khrbkdy drkwg kttbgtlig ti tjb ohbkr lgdloktligs ia tjb bxlstbgob ia oieeu

gloktlig `btwbbg tjb Sbst kgd Bkst Gbtjbrhkgds tjriucj tjb rlvbr krbk kt tjls tleb. Lt eust

jkvb `bbg k (trkdb) riutb rugglgc arie sbtthbebgt ti sbtthbebgt, tjkt pri`k`hy aihhiwbd tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb 30 tjriucj tjb pbkt krbk. Ig tjls strbke rldcb, gbkr Eihbgkkrs

crkka, Ittihkgd, Ciudrlkkg kgd Giirdbhiis kt hbkst sbvbg iooupktlig obgtrbs, ticbtjbr airelgc

igb higc sbtthbebgt krb khh dktbd ti tjls pbrlid. Tjbrb wbrb pri`k`hy itjbr oieeugloktlig

riutbs khigc (kgd `y) tjb tjbg kotlvb rlvbr oiursbs. Sldbsprbkd lsihktbd algds lg tjb rlvbr ohky

krbk kgd tjb sbtthbebgt kt Didbwkkrd sjiw eirb ohbkrhy tjkg lg tjb QH Ouhturb tjkt tjb lg

jk`ltbd krbk bxtbgdbd arie tjb oikst ti akr lgti tjb @btuwb.

;.4.4.?. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig

Sltj tjb Q@@/@S@ iooupktlig wb krb ohbkrhy oigobrgbd wltj k sbtthbd pipuhktlig lg

pbrekgbgt dwbhhlgcs. Ig k gue`br ia tbrrklgs (Iistwiud, Qbhsbg, Eihbgkkrscrkka, Ittihkgd-

Iistblgd kgd Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic) pist-jihbs jkvb `bbg dbtbrelgbd kgd, kt Qbhsbg,

ouhtlvktlig ia tjb silh wltj tjb krd `y tjb @S@ pbiphb. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka twi hkrcb spiih-

sjkpbd jiusbs wbrb ùlht igb katbr tjb itjbr. Oktthb `rbbdlgc kgd alsjlgc wbrb tjb twi eist

lepirtkgt ebkgs ia su`slstbgob tjbrb, ùt crklg wks khsi ouhtlvktbd ig tjb gkrriw strbke

rldcb. Jugtlgc wks git ia lepirtkgob. Tjb dbkd wbrb ùrlbd lg tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg. Tjb

ojkrkotbr ia tjls Q@@/@S@ sbtthbebgt ls lg strigc oigtrkst ti tjb i`sbrvktligs ekdb ia tjb

bkrhy @@ pjksb kt Qhkkrdlgcbg. Krb tjbsb dlaabrbgobs prlekrlhy ouhturkh ir k qubstlig ia

bgvlrigebgt 9

;.4.4.4. Lsihktbd algds

Tjb lsihktbd aiugd lephbebgts aihhiw tjb dlstrlùtlig pkttbrg ia tjb sbtthbebgts> `bsldbs

k wlrst-cukrd, k gue`br ia ahlgt dkccbrs (pkrthy, bspbolkhhy tjisb lg Sbst Arlslk, ktyplokh

plbobs) kgd tjlrtbbg ahlgt krriw-jbkds. Tjbsb hkst, gkebhy tjb tjrbb _ñcbh krriw-jbkds, `bhigc

pkrthy ti tjb alrst obgturlbs ia tjb ekp kt alc. :. Tjb k`sbgob ia trkgsvbrsb krriw-jbkds eky

`b kttrlùtbd ti tjb hbss bkslhy rboicglzk`hb sjkpb.

36 Ks lgdloktbd `y Eiddbrekg ;<2?k, alc. 0.

' l Qbrwbrs ;<1:.30 _bb p. <3 a. air tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb.



@BHH @BKMBP KGD @KP@BD SLPB @BKMBP ORHTRPB_ 0<

Bhsbwjbrb typihiclokh bkrhy @bhh @bkmbr sjbrds ioour ighy lg lgslcglalokgt qukgtlt lbs

`bsldb hktbr @bhh @bkmbr pittbry. Tjls lgdloktbs git si euoj kg bkrhy iooupktlig pjksb, ùt

rktjbr aires kg ihd bhbebgt ia k hktbr diebstlo kssbe`hkcb.

;.4.4.0. Tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr/@kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr pjksbK hkrcb gue`br ia sltbs, ekgy ia wjloj wbrb ighy dlsoivbrbd lg rbobgt ybkrs, krb mgiwg

arie tjb pbrlid ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs (Q@@= ;<66-;366 @.O.) kgd tjb @kr`bd Slrb

@bkmbrs (@S@= ;366-;266 @.O.)".

_btthbebgt algds jkvb `bbg ekdb ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs, lg Sbst Arlslk, tjb LNssbhebbr

dlstrlot, tjb bstukrlgb orbbm krbk lg tjb privlgob _iutj Jihhkgd kgd lg tjb wjihb rlvbr krbk.

Crkvbs krb mgiwg arie Sbst Arlslk (Iistwiud), tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk (Eihbgkkrscrkka)

kgd, la wb oigsldbr tjb `bkmbr arie tjb Qbbgbgùrc bstktb gbkr Jlhhbcie ks k crkvb clat, khsi

ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs 1_. Ks tjb skeb akotirs phkybd k pk rt lg dbtbrelglgc tjb ojilob ia tbrrklgs

tjb dlstrlùtlig pk ttbrg ia tjb Q@@/@ S@ algds ls ldbgtlokh ti tjk t ia tjb QH/V A@ lgjk`ltktlig.

Tjbrb ls, jiwbvbr, gi oigtlgulty lg tjb sbtthbebgts. Sltj tjb bxobptlig ia sieb digmbg kgd

Jbmbhlgcbg wb krb oigobrgbd wltj gbw tbrrklgs, wjbrb tjb ihdbst algds krb sjbrds ia Ekrltleb@bhh @bkmbrs.

Tjb lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs sbbes ti jkvb tkmbg phkob eisthy ig tjb sboigd

`bht ia oikstkh `krrlbrs wjloj jkd airebd tjb oikst lg QH tlebs. Tjb ihdbst oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd

tjb Ihdbr Dugbs ig tip ia tjbe wbrb kppkrbgthy tii ekrsjy. Tjls eky bxphklg tjb k`sbgob

ia lgjk`ltktlig ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbr ia Qiirsojitbg-Hbldsojbgdke. Kt Qiirsojitbg k dbprbs

slig lg tjb Ihdbr Dugbs wks khrbkdy rktjbr wbt durlgc tjb QH lgjk`ltktlig, ks eky `b sbbg

arie lts pbkty alhhlgc. Kgitjbr akotir wks pissl`hy tjb lgkoobssl`lhl ty ia tjb eist bkstbrhy

oikstkh `krrlbr, wjloj wks sbpkrktbd arie tjb hktbr oikstkh `krrlbrs `y tjb tjbg `rikd kgd

ekrsjy sjirb ahkts, wjlhb bkst ia lt gi orbbms ioourbd ti sbrvb ks oigtkot riutbs. K abw algds

(k ahlgt krriw-jbkd kt _ojbvbglgcbg, k ahlgt dkccbr kt Qiirjiut, algds kt Db ^lhm, Giirdwlnmbr-

jiut) lgdloktb, eirbivbr, tjkt tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs gbkrbr tjb oigtbepirkry oikst wbrb khsikt hbkst vlsltbd.

Lg tjb ekrlgb kgd ahuvlktlhb sbdlebgtktlig krbks tjb dlvlslig `btwbbg QH kgd Q@@/@S@

sbtthbebgts ls wbhh-ekrmbd `bokusb alrst dbpislts ia tjb Okhkls LQ k ("Slbrlgcbrebbr"), tjbg

tjisb ia tjb Okhkls LQ ` ("Sbstarlslkg L") trkgscrbsslig pjksbs wbrb lgjk`ltbd. Tjls ls tjb oksb

kt Iistwiud, Jbmbhlgcbg kgd khsi kt Eihbgkkrscrkka lg tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk. Igb ir twi sekhh

dboirktbd sjbrds aiugd kt Jbmbhlgcbg 1< sjiw @S leprbssligs, sieb itjbrs algcbrtip leprlg ts

lg Q-eitla. Tjby wlhh `bhigc ti tjb hbvbh kt —;.<6 e. GKV, kìvb tjb algb skgdy ohky oivbrlgc

tjb QH rbeklgs. Arie tjls hbvbh pilgtbd wiidbg pists jkd `bbg struom lgti tjb criugd. Tjb

ioourrbgob ia @S@ iooupktlig ls jbrb lg iur iplglig airtultius kgd jks gi dlrbot rbhktligsjlp

13 Air tjb dbalgltlig ia @S@> Eiddbrekg ;<22 `. Jls tbre "tjrbkd-wiugd stkep dboirktbd `bkmbr pittbry"

clvbs tjb eist koourktb gkeb air tjls typb ia `bkmbr wkrb. Sb wlhh usb, jiwbvbr, tjb sjirtbr kgd eirb oieeighy

usbd "@kr`bd Slrb @bkmbrs" kgd tjb k``rbvktlig @S@ (lg oigtrkst ti @br. PI@ ;2/;1, ;<12/'11, 3-;;) air tjls typb

ia pittbry. _bb aurtjbr @hibebrs ;<1:, N. G. Hkgtlgc ;<1<k, tjls pkpbr pkrt LQ p. 0:: a.1: Air Iistwiud sbb p. ?;6, air Eihbgkkrscrkka tj ls pkpbr p krt LQ, bsp. p. 040 a, air Jlhhbcie> @ursoj ;<??,

Tka. Lhh, ;6.1< Eiddbrekg ;<2?½, 2.



@PIG^B KCB >sl

;.4.2. TJB @PIG^B KCB KATBP TJB @KP@BD SLPB @BKMBP ORHTRPB (alc. :)

;.4.2.;. Lgtriduotlig

Jkha wky tjriucj tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb, kìut ;266 @.O. tjb ioourrbgob ia tjb alrst Jlhvbrsue Rrgs (JQ_) ls bstk`hlsjbd lg tjls oiugtry. Tjbsb bvihvbd aklrhy qulomhy lgti Drkmbgstblg

Rrgs (DM_) kgd algkhhy lgti tjb Hkrbg typb (HM) 3?. Tjbsb urgs wbrb usbd ks ùrlkh pittbry

ugtlh ;666 @.O. Lg tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds tjb @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr Ouhturb bvihvbd lgti tjb

Bhp Ouhturb (BHV), wjloj ls ojkrkotbrlzbd `y tjb Møeebrmbrkelm pit tbry, tjb higc jiusbs ia

Bhp typb kgd tjb "akelhy `krriws", surriugdbd `y pist olrohbs. Lg tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb hktb

typbs ia Møeebrmbrkelm stlhh elcjt jkvb `bbg lg usb sldb `y sldb wltj bkrhy urgalbhd aires 34.

Lg tjb siutjbrg pkr t ia tjb oiugtry tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs krb bkslhy rboic

glzk`hb `bokusb ia tjb ak`rlo ia tjb pittbry. Lg tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb tjb Cri`mbrkelm (wbhh-mgiwg

arie tjb Jk@ urgalbhds) eust `b k oieeig typb lg tjb diebstlo pittbry (oa. khsi p. ;;2).

Lt sjiuhd `b ìrgb lg elgd, jiwbvbr, tjkt typihiclokh dktlgcs ia tjb pitt bry krb vbry lgkoourktb

lg tjb pbrlid `btwbbg kìut ;266 kgd 366 @.O., `bokusb ia tjb sekhh ojkgcbs lg sjkpb kgddboirktlig kgd iur lcgirkgob ia wbhh-dktbd diebstlo algd criups. Sb eust lg cbgbrkh rbhy upig

dlrbot ;4O dktbs.

;.4.2.0. Tjb Bkrhy Jlhvbrsue Ouhturb 32

JQ_ pittbry jks `bbg aiugd ig k gue`br ia tbrrklgs ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs, lg tjrbb oksb.4

ig sltbs wjbrb prbvliushy (@S@) lgjk`l tktlig tiim phkob (Eigstbr, Qbhsbg kgd Qbbgbgùrc).

K slgchb sjbrd arie Qicbhbgzkgc sjiws, eirbivbr, @S dboirktlig 31. Lg tjb wjihb ia tjb rbeklg

lgc krbk, tjkt ls, iutsldb tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs, JQ_ ls, jiwbvbr, ugmgiwg. Tjb tbrrklgs kt Iist

wiud, Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd Didbwkkrd wbrb k`kgdigbd. Kcklg lt sbbes tjkt tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs

wbrb pissl`hy higcbr lgjk`ltk`hb tjkg itjbr, eirb vuhgbrk`hb krbks. Khsi, tjb JQ_ iooupktlig

wks khwkys kppkrbgthy sltuktbd kt sieb dlstkgob arie tjb oikst-hlgb. Lg tjls oiggbotlig tjb

_icbh krriw-jbkd ia Hkgcbvbhd ls lgtbrbstlgc. Lt ls kg lsihktbd algd kgd kt tjb skeb tleb tjb

eist oikstwkrd algd ia tjls pbrlid.

℠ Air JQ_ kgd DM_> Chks`brcbg ;<24, ;<1<.34 Sktbrìhm ;<14½.32 Lt ls vbry oigauslgc tjkt tjb Jlhvbrsue Ouhturb lgohudbs git ighy tjb Jlhvbrsue urgs ùt khsi tjb hktbr

Drkmbgstblg kgd Hkrbg typbs. Lt wiuhd `b `bttbr ti ojkgcb bltjbr tjb gkeb ia tjb wjihb criup, ir tjb gkeb ia tjb

bkrhlbst typb (pjksb). _lgob tjb urg arie Drkmbgstblg kppbkrbd ti `b git k typlokh rbprbsbgtktlvb ia tjb criup okhhbd

"Drkmbgs tblg Rrgs" lt wiuhd `b `bst ti clvb tjb su`pjksbs gbw gkebs, air lgstkgob tjisb ia gbwhy bxokvktbd sbtthbebgt

sltbs (b.c. Qicbhbgzkgc kgd ^lndbrvbhd), ks wks digb bkrhlbr wltj tjb TP@ Ouhturb (oa. Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<14). Lg tjls okp

tlig, jiwbvbr, wb aihhiw trkdltlig.31 Eigstbr> _tuure kg ;<12, Chks`brcbg kgd Kddlgm-_kephiglus ;<12. Qbhsbg> Qigs ;<1<, Nbhcbrsek bt kh.

;<36, bsp. ;?:-;?<. Lg ìtj oksbs @S@ kgd JQ_ algds wbrb sbpkrktbd `y k tjlg hkybr ia wlgd-`hiwg skgd. Qbbgbgùrc>

Ippbgjble ;<03/'0:, ;<0<, @ursoj ;<??, Tka. Q, 3. L tjkgm Elss S. Ebtz, Kestbrdk e, wji drbw ey kttbgt lig ti t jb

@S leprlgts ig sieb ia tjb Qicbhbgzkgc sjbrds.



>v0 SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

Alc. :. Vrbjlstirlo algds lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds dktbd >

— `btwbbg ;166 kgd 366 @.O.

— lg tjb pbrlid ia JQ_, DM_ kgd BHV pittbry kgd tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb.

— `btwbbg tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs Dugmlrm 6 kgd L k .

Tjb gue`brs rbabr ti tjb diouebgtktlig ia tjb ekppbd sltbs lg Kppbgdlx L, sbotlig LQ.

Hbcbgd >

;. JQ_, sbtt hbebg t ir pit tbry. 1. `rigzb lephbebgt, Elddhb @rigzb Kcb.

0. DM_ ir BHV , sbtthbebgt ir pittbr y. 3. Elddhb @rigzb Kcb jikrd.

?. `krriw, Elddhb @rigzb Kcb. :. `rigzb lephbebgt, Hktb @rigzb Kcb.

4. 0 kgd ? kt igb sltb. <. `rigzb lephbebgt, git dktbd.

2. `rigzb lephbebgt, Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb. ;6. stigb jkeebr -kxb.



@PIG^B KCB ??

;.4.2.?. Tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb

Tjbrb ls k crbkt oigtrkst `btwbbg tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb rbeklgs ia tjb JQ_ kgd DM_

pjksbs. Abw sbtthbebgt sltbs ia tjb Elddhb kgd Hktb @rigzb Kcb krb mgiwg ig tjb oikstkh

`krrlbrs, pkrtlouhkrhy lg oiepkrlsig wltj tjb rbhktlvbhy higc pbrlid kgd wltj tjb hkrcb gue`br

ia sltbs lg Sbst Arlslk kgd lg tjb rlvbr krbk. Tjb ekp ia tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb lgjk`ltktligsjiws tjbrbairb k ekrmbd dlaabrbgob arie tjkt ia tjb QH/VA@ kgd @@/@S@ pbrlids.

Tjls ploturb ls pri`k`hy pkrthy lgkoourktb, jiwbvbr, slgob lt ls lgahubgobd `y tjb algd

olrouestkgobs. Air la wb koobpt tjkt lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr krbk tiim phkob

ojlbahy ig tjb sbkwkrd pkr t ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr oiephbx (khtjiucj git ig tjb oikst-hlgb

ltsbha), tjbg tjb iooupktlig rbeklgs ia tjls pbrlid wlhh `b sltuktbd air tjb crbktbr pkr t `byigd

iur i`sbrvktlig, ks tjbsb oikstkh `krrlbrs krb hkrcbhy ugdbr tjb \iugcbr Dugbs (wjloj okeb lgti

bxlstbgob katbr K.D. ;;66), ir jkvb dlskppbkrbd tjriucj brislig. Ighy kt k abw pilgts di tjby

hlb kt tjb surakob. Lt ls gbvbrtjbhbss ohbkr tjkt k prbabrbgob dbvbhipbd air tjb ekrlgb kgd ahuvlk-

tlhb sbdlebgts wjloj jkd `bbg dbpisltbd sjirthy `bairb> rbcligs wbrb JQ_ lgjk`ltktlig rbkhhy

gbvbr tiim phkob kt khh, ks lt sbbes.

Pbgbwbd lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb rlvbr krbk tiim phkob kt k rbhktlvbhy bkrhy tleb, ks kppbkrsarie tjb ;4O dktbs ia sieb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgts 33>

^lndbrvbhd CrG 2?31 ;406 » :6 @.O.

CrG 2006 ;?;2 » 16 @.O.

Eihbgkkrscrkka CrG 2;33 ;466 » ?2 @.O.

Slnm bg Kkhùrc CrG 2?23 ;;32 » 46 @.O.

@bgsojip CrG 2?21 ;6;6 » 16 @.O.

Lg Sbst Arlslk tjb iooupktlig ia tjb dbpislts ia tjb prbvlius trkgcrbsslig pjksb (D I/Okrdlue/

Sbstarlslkg LL) ohbkrhy `bckg hktbr, ks kppbkrs arie tjb aihhiwlgc ;4O dktbs 3:>

^wkkcdlnm CrG 404? ;026 » 16 @.O.Iistwiud CrG 3<3 ;632 » :6 @.O.

Critb`ribm CrG ;16 <32 » ;46 @.O.

Sbrvbrsjiia CrG 0?2< ;612 » 22 @.O.

CrG 0;1: ;6;2 » 42 @.O.

Jiicmkrspbh CrG 2626 ;636 » 46 @.O.

Lg itjbr sbdlebgtktlig krbks, suoj ks tjb Ebusb bstukrlgb krbk tjbrb krb gi trkobs wjktsibvbr

ia lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb Elddhb kgd Hktb @rigzb Kcb ugtlh giw.

Tjbsb vkrlktligs lg tjb tleb ia `bclgglgc ia tjb (DM_) lgjk`ltktlig kgd tjb ioourrbgob

ir git ia suoj lgjk`ltktlig eky `b oiggbotbd wltj tjb oiursb ia tjb DI (Okrdlue) trkgscrbs

slig. Lg tjb rlvbr krbk, akr arie ekrlgb lgahubgob, tjb Okrdlue trkgscrbsslig jks git ybt `bbg

" Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30, :3-::, <0-<4.

': Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30, <2 (Jiicmkrspbh)= ;<13, ;?4 (^wkkcdlnm = on. khsi @kmmbr & @rkg dt ;<11, ;3: kgd

@kmmbr & Ebtz ;<13, 0;4)= ;<1?, ;<; (itjbrs). _bb khsi Db Qrlbs & @krbgdsbg ;<2:, ;;4; (Criitb`ribm) kgd Sktbrìhm

;<14½, ;;4, ;0;.



?4 SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

ldbgtlalbd cbihiclokhhy, git bvbg lg tjb rbobgt kgd vbry dbtklhbd ekpplgc ia tjb rbclig `btwbbg

Kgdbhst, ^bttbg kgd Didbwkkrd `y Jkvlgck 3<. Tjb ighy ekrmbd strbke dlsphkobebgts ia tjb

itjbrwlsb oigsbrvktlvb rlvbr oiursbs jkvb tkmbg phkob tjbrb `btwbbg Jkvlgck's dbpislts ?

kgd 4 (O LQ kgd ihdbr) ig tjb igb jkgd, kgd 0 kgd ; (DL kgd hktbr) ig tjb itjbr. Tjbrb ls gi qubs

tlig ia k sbdlebgtktlig pjksb lg tjb pbrlid `btwbbg ? kgd 0. Tjls wks igob kcklg strlmlgchy

lhhustrktbd `y tjb bxokvktligs kt Didbwkkrd, wjbrb Q@@ kgd DM_ rbeklgs ioourrbd kt tjb

skeb hbvbh. Lg tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk (tjb "rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk"), tjbrb ls jkrdhy kgy trkob

ia dbpislts arie tjb D 6 trkgscrbsslig pjksb. Qbr`rkbom :6 gitbs ighy sieb tjlg kgd hiokh

ohky dbpislts, lgdloktlgc sieb ahiidlgc lg qulbt olrouestkgobs. Tjb skeb ploturb ls privldbd

`y tjb bxokvktlig kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, wjbrb kt kìut ;266 @.O. rbgbwbd ahiidlgc ioourrbd

tjriucj tjb khrbkdy jkha slhtbd-up `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh.

Gbkrbr ti tjb oikst, wltjlg tjb krbk ia tjb ekrlgb sbdlebgtktlig, dbpislts arie tjls

trkgscrbsslig pbrlid ioour eklghy lg Sbstarlslk kgd tjb LNssbhebbr dlstrlot. Tjb bkstbrg

pkrts ia Sbstarlslk wbrb ùlht up rbhktlvbhy jlcj kt tjb bgd ia tjb D I trkgscrbsslig kgd pritbo

tbd kcklgst aurtjbr ekrlgb lgahubgob, si tjkt rbgbwbd lgjk`ltktlig wks pissl`hb tjbrb siig katbr

tjb Sbstarlslkg LL sbdlebgtktlig jkd alglsjbd. Tjb `krriws ig tjbsb dbpislts hlb kt kheist

tjb skeb hbvbh ks tjb @bhh @bkmbr sbtthbebgt kt Iistwiud. Hktbr oiepkotlig jks, jiwbvbr,

strigchy lgahubgobd tjb irlclgkh jblcjt ia tjb `ksbs ia tjb `krriws :;.

Gbkr tjb wldb tldkh lghbts kgd lg tjb krbks wjbrb Dugmlrm I sbdlebgtktlig rbeklgbd

lgoiephbtb, suoj ks tjisb `bjlgd tjb lghbt kt Bceigd kgd tjb "Ibr \" :0, `bjlgd tjb Pjlgb

eiutj kgd kt tjb Ekks bstukry, ekrlgb lgahubgob pbrslstbd air k higcbr pbrlid. Cbgbrkhhy

D 6 dbpislts lg tjbsb rbcligs wbrb oivbrbd wltj pbkt, tjb `ksb ia wjloj usukhhy clvbs ;4O dktbs

ia ;;66-;666 @.O. Lg suoj, hbss jlcjhy ùlht up rbcligs, tjls `bclgglgc ia tjb criwtj ia pbkt

oilgoldbs wltj tjb oigtlguktlig ia tjb DM_ lgjk`ltktlig bhsbwjbrb.

Arie tjb kìvb kooiugt ia sbdlebgtktlig kgd lgjk`ltktlig tjb Dugmlrm I trkgscrbsslig

sbbes ti `b eklghy k oikstkh pjbgiebgig. Tjls oigtrksts wltj tjb O LQ ` trkgscrbsslig,

wjloj wks euoj eirb wldbsprbkd kgd ls khsi ohbkrhy rboicglzbd lg tjb rlvbr krbk. Tjls

wlhh `b dlsoussbd lg eirb dbtklh wjbg wb oieb ti dbkh wltj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbkerldcb lg Vkrt LL. Tjb ioourrbgob ia tjls O LQ ` trkgscrbsslig eust `b kttrlùtbd ti cbgbrkhhy ipbr

ktlvb ohlektihiclokh ojkgcbs. Tjb DI trkgscrbsslig pjksb elcjt `b okusbd `y k ohlektlo ojkgcb

ighy lg tjb oikstkh rbcligs (ks lgdloktbd lg tjb dugb lgvbstlcktligs) kgd git lg tjb oktojebgt

krbks ia Pjlgb kgd Ebusb.

;.4.2.4. Tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb

Lt ls dlaalouht ti dbtbrelgb wjbg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb lgjk`ltktlig (DM_ ir BHV) bgdbd,

bspbolkhhy slgob diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs arie tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb krb jkrdhy mgiwg lg tjls

oiugtry. Lg tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds tjb Bhp sbtthbebgt oigtlgubd ugtlh kìut :66 @.O., wltj

3< Jkvlgck ;<1<.:6 Qbr`rkbom ;<36.:; _bb p. 22.:0 Vigs & Slccbrs ;<16, alc. 03, ^kcwlng ;<3;.



@PIG^B KCB ?1

lg tjb hkst obgturlbs k oi-bxlstbgob ia hktb Møeebrmbrkelm kgd bkrhy urgalbhd ektbr lkh :? .

_iutj ia tjb rlvbr Ebusb Hktb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgts krb ugmgiwg. Lg cbgbrkh wb gitlob tjkt

tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb lg tjls oiugtry ls ighy rbprbsbgtbd `y tjb `rigzbs kgd tjb bkrhy urgalbhds,

wjlhb sbtthbebgts krb hkomlgc. @ut lg tjb hkst abw ybkrs gbw dlsoivbrlbs lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbr

hkgds jkvb tjriwg sieb hlcjt ig tjls pbrlid. Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk pu`hlsjbd rbobgthy tjrbb

algd criups arie Qbhsbg :4 (tjkt ls> arie tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs), dktbd ti tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb

pkrthy ig tjb bvldbgob ia tjb ioourrbgob ia `loiglokh pits. Lg Sbst Arlslk tjb bgd ia tjb iooupk

tlig akhhs lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Lrig Kcb. K wbhh rboicglzk`hb gbw typb ia pittbry ls dktbd

tjbrb kt Jiicmkrspbh sltb L kt kìut 366 @.O. :2. Lg iur iplglig lt ls, jiwbvbr, qultb pissl`hb

tjkt lt wks khrbkdy lg usb lg tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb, kgd tjkt lt aires tjb dlrbot oigtlguktlig

ia tjb "Elddhb @rigzb Kcb" algds. Lg tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk wb okg dlstlgculsj k obrtklg typb

ia pittbry tjkt air vkrlius rbksigs eust `b dktbd ti tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb. Lt ls mgiwg arie

aiur sltbs, wjloj ebkgs k sjkrp dborbksb ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig dbgslty. Lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

tjb iooupktlig oiebs ti kg bgd kìut :66 @.O. :1. Lg tjb Lrig Kcb tjb prbjlstirlo lgjk`ltkgts

bstk`hlsjbd tjblr sbtthbebgts akrtjbr ti tjb bkst, lg tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg. Tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

wlhh jkvb `bbg uglgjk`ltk` hb kt tjk t tleb dub ti tjb bxtbgslvb pbkt airektlig.

Bvldbgthy lt ls dlaalouht ti sueekrlzb tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb lgjk`ltktlig. Lt sbbes, jiwbvbr,

tjkt tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds wbrb git uglgjk`ltbd, ùt kt hbkst spkrsbhy ioouplbd kgd lg

vkrlius rbcligs. Eirbivbr wb prbsueb (khsi lg tjb hlcjt ia tjb bkrhlbst Lrig Kcb iooupktlig) k

`rbkm kt hbkst lg tjb eist vuhgbrk`hb krbks, kt tjb bgd ia tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb. Tjls wlhh `b

dlsoussbd aurtjbr lg sbotlig ;.2.

;.4.2.2. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig

Khtjiucj iur mgiwhbdcb ia JQ_ sbtthbebgts ls lgoiephbtb, tjb bxokvktligs kt Eigstbr,

Qbhsbg kgd Qicbhbgzkgc privldb suaalolbgt lgairektlig ti oigohudb ti k sbtthbd wky ia hlab.

Vhiucj ekrms ia tjb krd, k abw pistjihbs kgd rbeklgs ia shkucjtbrbd kglekhs suppirt tjls

oigohuslig.Sb jkvb rbobgthy `boieb euoj `bttbr lgairebd kìut tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb. Lg Sbst

Arlslk `krriws kgd ahkt crkvbs, kooueuhktligs ia diebstlo rbausb, phiucj ekrms kgd k abw jiusb

phkgs pilgt ugelstkmk`hy ti k wbhh sbtthbd akrelgc oieeuglty. Tjb bxtbgslvb pbrekgbgt

sbtthbebgts oigslstbd ia k abw wldbhy sbpkrktbd hkrcb akres ia tjb Bhp typb. Tjb rbobgt bxokvk

tligs kt ^lndbrvbhd kgd Didbwkkrd jkvb khsi tjriwg euoj hlcjt ig tjb lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb

rlvbr krbk. Tjb bxtbgslvb sbtthbebgt kt ^lndbrvbhd oigslstbd ia k hkrcb gue`br ia riugd juts

kgd guebrius abgobs. Kt Didbwkkrd Bhp jiusbs kgd riugd juts ioour ticbtjbr . @igbs kgd pihhbg

kgkhysbs wlhh clvb k ohbkr lgdloktlig ia tjb su`slstbgob boigiey.

;.4.2.1. Lsihktbd algds

@rigzb lephbebgts krb aklrhy rkrb lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds kgd krb eisthy hleltbd ti

:? Sktbrìhm ;<14".:4 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk lg Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36.:2 Pbhlk`hb "O-dktbs krb> CrG 262;,3?6 » 26 @.O., CrG 264:,366 » 42 @.O. (Qicbh & Sktbrì hm ;<30, <2-<1).:1 @ksbd ig, alrst, tjb pihhbgdlkcrke Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd tjb ;4O dktb CrG 2014, 316 l ?2 @.O. lg tj kt dlkcrke,

sboigd, tjb ;4O dktb CrG 1020, :12 » 22 @.O. lgdloktlgc tjb bgd ia tjb sbtth bebgt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd. Oa. p. ;;4 a.



?1 SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs. Khh pbrlids krb rbprbsbgtbd pripirtligkhhy, lgdloktlgc k oigtlgulty ia

lgjk`ltkt lig lg k cbgbrkh sbgsb tjkt wks git bksy ti dlstlgculsj arie tjb sbtthbebgt algds. Kg

bxphkgktlig ia tjb dlst rlùtlig hlbs lg tjb dlaalouhtlbs ia dlsoivbrlgc tjb algds kgd rboicglzlgc

tjbe> `rigzb lephbebgts krb ugelstkmk`hb, bvbg ti k hkyekg. Tidky tjb Ihdbr Dugbs ig tjb

oikstkh `krrlbrs krb lgtbgslvbhy bephiybd air ùlhdlgc, ùh` ouhtlvktlig kgd itjbr jirtlouhturb,wjbrbks tjb ebkdiws kgd irojkrds lg tjb rlvbr krbk kgd Sbst Arlslk krb euoj hbss akviurk`hb

ti tjb dlsoivbry ia krojkbihiclokh i`nbots. Tjb tjrbb `rigzbs aiugd lg Sbst Arlslk wbrb khh

aiugd lg jirtlouhturkh krbks lg tjb bkstbrg pkrt. Gitk`hb ls khsi tjb sekhh oigobgtrktlig ia

(hktb) `rigzbs, eisthy siombtbd kxbs, aiugd lg tjb bkstbrg pkrt ia tjb @btuwb.

Lg kddltlig ti tjb `rigzbs tjb jkeebr-kxbs pri`k`hy `bhigc ks k criup lg tjb pbrlid ;166-

366 @.O. Tjbsb kxbs, jiwbvbr, okg jkrdhy `b dktbd eirb koourktbhy, bxobpt air tjb _ln`bmkrspbh

typb tjkt eust `b phkobd lg tjb bgd ia tjls pbrlid.

;.4.1. RGPBHLK@HB KGD LG_RAALOLBGTH\ DKTBD ALGD_

Tjb criup ia algds wltj ugrbhlk`hb algd olrouestkgobs, kgd algds wjloj okggit `b dktbd

wbhh bgiucj air iur purpisb (wjloj wb ielttbd arie iur dlsousslig kìvb) di git privldb us

wltj kgy bssbgtlkh oiephbebgtkry lgairektlig. Tjb alrst criup oieprlsbs tjb algds skld ti `b

drbdcbd up arie tjb rlvbrs, bspbolkhhy tjb Ebusb kgd Skkh bkst ia Cirlgojbe, wjloj aiugd

tjblr wky ti tjb eusbues vlk kgtlqub dbkhbrs. Tjls criup oieprlsbs alrsthy kt hbkst 02 stigb

kgd ahlgt kxbs, 04 `rigzbs, 3 kgthbr lephbebgts kgd 0 "vkrlius" lephbebgts, lg kddltlig ti k

hkrcb criup ia algds arie tjb Skkh gbkr Glnebcbg. Tjbsb algds wrigchy tbgd ti strbss tjb

lepirtkgob ia tjb bkstbrg rlvbr krbk ig tjb dlstrlùtlig ekps.

Kpkrt arie tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd algds wb oihhbotbd kt hbkst 03 kgthbr lephbebgts arie

tjb wjihb krbk studlbd, git lgohudlgc tjisb aiugd kt _piihdb. _ieb algds drbdcbd up lg ^bbhkgd

kgd k abw plbobs aiugd kt Mrlepbg kkg db LNssbh krb lgtbrbstlgc. Ti sieb bxtbgt tjby alhh tjb

`hkgm pkrts ia tjb ekp. Keigc tjb eirb tjkg 02 stigb kxbs git rboirdbd ig tjb ekps k sekhh

kxb arie Hbleuldbg :3 dbsbrvbs spbolkh oieebgt ig kooiugt ia tjb hioktlig. Algkhhy, kìut tbg

tbrrklgs eky `b ebgtligbd wjbrb ighy k abw plbobs ia wirmbd ahlgt wbrb aiugd. Tjb dlstrlùtlig

ia tjls sboigd criup ia algds, kìut 16 lg gue`br, ks k wjihb ighy lgtbgslalbs tjb dlstrlùtlig

pkttbrgs, pkrtlouhkrhy tjisb clvbg ig tjb ekps kt alcs. 3 kgd :, wjbrb ti k hkrcb bxtbgt tjb algds

pri`k`hy `bhigc. Ighy katbr k spbolkh study ia tjb stigb kgd kgt hbr kxbs lg tjls oiugtry eky

lt `b pissl`hb lg tjb auturb ti lgsbrt tjbsb algds lgti igb ir eirb ia tjb ekps.

;.4.3. _IEB OIGOHR_LIG_

;.4.3.;. Tjb ojilob ia tjb tbrrklgs air sbtthbebgt

Sb okg sueekrlzb tjkt tjb sbtthbebgts krb rbstrlotbd ti tjb aihhiwlgc dbpislts>

:' PEI lgvbgtiry gi. j ;<14/;0. ;.



_IEB OIGOHR_LIG_ =23

— iutorips ia tjb Hktb Chkolkh/Bkrhy Jihiobgb su`silh (tjb digmbg)

— tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd tjb Ihdbr Dugbs ig tjbe

— tjb jlcjbst ekrlgb, bstukrlgb kgd ahuvlktlhb dbpislts, l.b.

k) gkturkh hbvbbs ia orbbms lg tjb ekrlgb tldkh dbpislts.

`) gkturkh hbvbbs ia bstukrlgb orbbms.

o) lgvbrslig hbvbbs kgd skgd alhhlgcs ia airebr rlvbr oiursbs (strbke rldcbs) lg tjb pbkt

krbk.

d) gkturkh hbvbbs lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk.

Lt ls ohbkr tjkt tjb prbjlstirlo lgjk`ltkgts lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds jkvb khwkys ojisbg

tjblr sbtthbebgt sltbs vbry okrbauhhy. Lg bkoj pbrlid tjbrb wbrb bxtbgslvb rbcligs wjloj wbrb

dlaalouht ia koobss ir bgtlrbhy lgkoobsl`hb, kcklgst rbcligs ia hleltbd bxtbgt oigstltutlgc tjb lg

jk`ltk`hb krbk. Sltjlg tjbsb hkst rbcligs hky tjb tbrrklgs wjloj wbrb sultk`hb ti bstk`hlsj

tjb sbtthbebgts.

Lg tjls rbspbot twi rbcligs eust `b ippisbd ti bkoj itjbr> tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs, kgd tjb

krbk `bjlgd tjbe wltj ekrlgb kgd ahuvlktlhb sbdlebgtktlig kgd pbkt airektlig. Tjb oikstkh

`krrlbrs iaabrbd ciid pissl`lhltlbs air iooupktlig wjbg vbcbtktlig alxbd tjb skgd. Tjbsb eustjkvb `bbg pbrlids wltj k rbhktlvbhy jlcj criugd wktbr tk`hb, wjloj ebkgs k siebwjkt jlcjbr

kggukh prbolpltktlig. Lg tjb sbdlebgtktlig krbk tjb eist lepir tkgt oigdltlig wks k rbstrlotbd

lgoigvbglbgob `y wktbr, wjloj ebkgt ciid drklgkcb kgd kdbquktb jblcjt. Ciid drklgkcb ls

gbobsskry ti cukrkgtbb k rbksigk`hb dbcrbb ia drygbss kgd prkotlok`lhlty, pkrtlouhkrhy katbr

rklgakhh ir ahiidlgc. _uaalolbgt jblcjt ls gbobsskry ti rbeklg arbb arie tii arbqubgt ahiidlgc.

Tjb hiokh Ebkg Jlcj Sktbr (EJS) wlhh jkvb `bbg tjb hiwbst hbvbh tjkt ebt tjls rbqulrbebgt.

Lg tjb surriugdlgcs ia tjb sbtthbebgts tjbrb wbrb iatbg krbks wjloj wbrb hbss sultk`hb air

pbrekgbgt sbtthbebgt (skht ekrsjbs, sjirb ahkts, tjb hiwbr pkrts ia strbke rldcbs kgd gkturkh

hbvbbs bto.) ùt usk`hb air tjb crkzlgc ia oktthb wjbg rbksigk`hy drklgbd. Tjblr prbsbgob obrtklg

hy phkybd k pkrt lg tjb ojilob ia tjb sbtthbebgt sltb. Tjb bxtbgslvb tldkh ahkts, tjb pbkty skht

ekrsjbs kgd tjb pbkt eiirs wlhh jkvb `bbg usbd ighy air jugtlgc kgd alsjlgc.La tjb kìvb-dlsoussbd rbqulrbebgts krb ebt tjb koobssl`hlhlty ir lsihktlig ia tjb itjbrwlsb

sultk`hb hkgd ls k aurtjbr lepirtkgt pilgt. Lt ls ohbkr tjkt lg oigsldbrlgc tjbsb abkturbs wb eust

tjlgm lg dlaabrbgt sokhbs> rbcligkh kgd hiokh. Lg tjb alrst oksb wb krb oigobrgbd wltj tjb koobss

l`lhlty ia wjihb hkgdsokpbs, suoj ks tjb oikstkh `krrlbr krbk (ir sbotligs ia lt) ir tjb digmbg rbclig.

Lg tjb sboigd oksb lt ls k ekttbr ia ojilob wltjlg suoj k rbclig> wjbtjbr ir git k pkrtlou

hkr dugb rldcb ir digm wks ojisbg air iooupktlig. Tjbg, kt tjb skeb tleb, itjbr, prbvliushy

gitbd akotirs phkybd k pkr t> suaalolbgt krk`hb hkgd kgd pksturb lg tjb vlolglty, bgiucj arbsj

wktbr, sjbhtbr kgd gkturkhhy khsi drklgkcb kgd jblcjt.

;.4.3.0. Dlstrlùtlig pkttbrgs

Tjb dlstrlùtlig ia algds (kgd tjbrbairb ia iooupktlig) sjiws k jlcj dbcrbb ia oigslstbgoyivbr tjb vkrlius pjksbs ia lgjk`ltktlig.

Tjb oigtlguius lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb Ihdbr Dugbs ls strlmlgchy sjiwg. Tjb rbhktlvbhy hkrcb

gue`br ia algds ls k oigsbqubgob ia tjb lgtbgslvb usb ekdb ia tjb criugd giwkdkys. Tjb ^bbhkgd

oikst kgd tjb oikstkh strlp girtj ia Bceigd wiuhd jkvb sjiwg k slelhkr ploturb, ùt gbkrhy

khh bvldbgob ls hist tjriucj brislig ir ls lgkoobssl`hb `y `blgc oivbrbd wltj tjb \iugcbr Dugbs.



?: SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

@bjlgd tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs hky lg tjb Kthkgtlo kgd tjb Bkrhy _u`ìrbkh k `rikd `bht ia

tldkh ahkts kgd skht ekrsjbs, ia wjloj lt ls obrtklg tjk t tjb skht ekrsjbs wbrb usbd air pksturb .

Ighy lg bxobptligkhhy akviurk`hb olrouestkgobs tjby wbrb lgjk`ltk`hb. Khigc tjb bkstbrg

ìrdbr ia tjbsb ekrsjbs k crbkt pbkt ìc wks sltuktbd bxtbgdlgc up ti tjb jlcj Vhblstiobgb

skgds. Vbrlidlokhhy tjls uglgjk`ltbd ìc strbtojbd iut ivbr tjb tldkh ekrsjbs. Lg tjls pbktkrbk tjb kotlvb rlvbr oiursbs kgd tjb hbvbbs ia airebr igbs sbrvbd ks wktbr kgd hkgd riutbs

ia oieeugloktlig `btwbbg tjb oikst kgd tjb jlcj skgdy jlgtbrhkgd. Tjbrb kgd ig tjb iutorip

plgc tips ia tjb Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs krb tjb phkobs wjbrb wb algd tjb sbtthbebgts. Tjls

pkttbrg wks prbsbrvbd `bst `btwbbg Pittbrdke kgd tjb @btuwb. @btwbbg tjb prbsbgt LNssbh

bstukry kgd tjb tldkh lghbt gbkr Bceigd gi oijbrbgt ploturb bxlsts `bokusb ia tjb sbvbrb hktbr

brislig. Khigc tjb rlvbr Ihd Pjlgb, wjloj wks kotlvb ugtlh jlstirlokh tlebs, tjb ojkgob ia algdlgc

trkobs ia bkrhy iooupktlig jks `bbg euoj rbduobd `y brislig kgd oivbrlgc `y hktbr sbdlebgts.

Lt ls ighy kg iooksligkh algd tjkt succbsts tjbrb tii k oieeugloktlig riutb, pbrjkps ia hbss

lepirtkgob. Lg tjb _ojbhdt rbclig tjbrb ls kheist gi bvldbgob kt khh, ks k rbsuht ia tjb hktbr

cbihiclokh bvbgts.

Tjbsb oieeugloktlig riutbs wbrb tjb hlgbs khigc wjloj ìtj tjb girtjbrg kgd tjb siutjbrgouhturbs oiuhd rbkoj tjb oikstkh rbcligs. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd, tjbsb krb khsi tjb riutbs khigc wjloj

tjb ivbrsbks ouhturkh oigtkots ia tjb oikstkh strlp oiuhd algd tjblr wky lghkgd.

;.4.3.?. Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig

Tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig, wjbrb lt okg `b dbtbrelgbd (l.b. arie tjb QH Ouhturb

igwkrd), ls tjkt ia pbrekgbgthy ioouplbd sbtthbebgts, cbgbrkhhy sekhh kgd oigslstlgc ia igb ir

sbvbrkh jiusbs. Lt ls ighy lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb tjkt tjb sbtthbebgts krb ia crbktbr bxtbgt=

tjls wlhh ighy `b pkrthy tjb rbsuht ia tjb higcbr durktlig ia tjb iooupktlig. Lt sbbes tjbrb wks

k rbkh lgorbksb lg pipuhktlig. Tjb su`slstbgob boigiey jks `bbg bstk`hlsjbd lg ighy k hleltbd

gue`br ia oksbs, kgd sbbes ti jkvb `bbg bxobhhbgthy kdkptbd ti tjb bgvlrigebgtkh pissl`lhltlbs.

Lg tjb bstukrlgb krbk jugtlgc kgd alsjlgc air elcrktiry alsj (obrtklghy sturcbig kgd pbrjkpsskheig) wjbrb eist oieeig. Keigc tjb arbsj-wktbr pbkt ìcs tjbrb wks suaalolbgt kcrlouhturkh

hkgd air tjb sekhh gue`br ia pbiphb hlvlgc tjbrb ti oigobgtrktb ig oktthb rklslgc kgd krk`hb

akrelgc. Tjb vbry sekhh keiugt ia jugtlgc wks oiepbgsktbd air `y alsjlgc lg tjb wbhh-stiombd

arbsj wktbr. Ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd skht ekrsjbs tjbrb wks hlmbwlsb k prbpigdbrkgob ia

oktthb rklslgc ivbr jugtlgc. Hkrcb krbks ia gkturkh pksturb hkgd wbrb kvklhk`hb tjbrb.

;.4.3.4. Tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs

K aurtjbr tjbeb air dlsousslig ls tjb rbhktligsjlp ia tjb algds lg tjb oikstkh `krr lbr krbk

ti tjb sbpkrktb oikstkh `krrlbr `bhts, kgd tjb bxtbgt ti wjloj tjbsb algds eky `b usbd ti dbtbr

elgb tjb kcb ia tjbsb `krrlbrs. Qkg dbr Ebbr kgd @bggbek :: jkvb studlbd tjls pri`hbe. Arie

tjb hktbr wirms ia Qkg _trkktbg kgd Nbhcbrsek, keigc itjbrs :<, lt kppbkrs tjkt lt ls git tjb

:: Qkg dbr Ebbr ;<20, @bggbek ;<24 bsp. 04-0<.:< Qkg _trkktbg ;<12, Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36. Lg tjb hktt br pu`hloktlig tjb `bst ekp ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs ls pu`

hlsjbd. Air kddltligkh ekps wb gkeb> @utthbr ;<1?o, Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13, Vkggbmibm (bd.) ;<21, Nbhcbrsek & Qkg

Pbclbrbg Khtbgk ;<1<.



_IEB OIGOHR_LIG_ ?<

oikstkh `krrlbrs tjbesbhvbs, ùt tjb Ihdbr Dugbs wjloj wbrb `hiwg up ig tjbe leebdlktbhy

katbr tjblr airektlig, tjkt krb ia rbhbvkgob jbrb. Tjbsb dugbs di, jiwbvbr, sbbe ti aihhiw tjb

pkttbrg ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs `bhiw tjbe.

K dktlgc `ksbd ig krojkbihiclokh algds, wjloj ls khwkys k tbrelgus kgtb qubrg, ls tjus hbss

koourktb tjkg wks airebrhy lekclgbd. Ighy tjb algds ekdb ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbr surakob ltsbha

kgd ugdbr tjb dugbs krb rbhlk`hb air dktlgc purpisbs. Qbry abw ia suoj algds krb, jiwbvbr,

mgiwg. Igb suoj k algd ls pbrjkps tjb stigb kxb ia Jbbestbdb, wjloj jks khrbkdy `bbg oieebgt

bd upig <6. Lg iur iplglig, jiwbvbr, tjb itjbr krojkbihiclokh ektbrlkh okg `b usbd ks wbhh

air dktlgc, la wb krb kwkrb ia tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd hleltktligs.

Kheist tjb bgtlrb oikstkh `krrlbr oiephbx, lg si akr ks lt jks rbeklgbd lgtkot, jks bbg dktbd

ks `bhigclgc ti tjb pjksbs Okhkls LLL kgd LQ <;, ks ls sjiwg `y tjb dbtklhbd lgvbstlcktligs ia tjb

dugbs okrrlbd iut lg rbobgt ybkrs. Leebdlktbhy katbr kgd bvbg durlgc tjb airektlig ia k oikstkh

`krrlbr tjb Ihdbr Dugbs wbrb airebd upig lt. Tjbrb krb rbpbktbd hy kbihlo dbpislts lg dry pbrlids

wltj k hiw criugd wktbr tk`hb, sbpkrktbd `y juelo ir pbkty vbcbtktlig hkybrs arie pbrlids

wltj k jlcj criugd wktbr tk`hb. Tjls, jiwbvbr, okg ighy tbepirkrlhy jkvb jlgdbrbd lgjk`ltk

tlig, ir ekdb lt dlaalouht. Bspbolkhhy wjbg tjb criwtj ia pbkt igob ioourrbd lg tjb sjirb ahkts

wbst ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr oigobrgbd (tjls ebkgs tjkt tjb gbxt oikstkh `krrlbr wks airebd kt

tjkt eiebgt), tjb supphy ia skgd wks hkrcbhy out iaa kgd okusbd tjb airektlig ia dugbs ti

`b ia ighy hiokh slcglalokgob.

Lt ls gitbwirtjy tjkt k cbgbrkh wbstwkrd sjlat ia algds lg tjb oiursb ia tleb okg `b dbtbr

elgbd arie tjb ploturbs privldbd `y tjb krojkbihiclokh ekps. Tjb bxphkgktlig ia tjls okg `b

tjkt tjb eirb wbstwkrd tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs ioour tjb eirb rbobgt tjby krb kgd tjb hktbr dld

tjb alrst airektlig ia tjb dugbs bgd. Kgitjbr akotir ls ia oiursb tjb rbhktlvbhy hiw pisltlig ia tjb

ihdbr oikstkh `krrlbrs. Lt ls bqukhhy rbekrmk`hb tjkt tjb ihdbst sbtthbebgts ig tjb vkrlius

oikstkh `krrlbr `bhts (l.b. sbrlbs ia Ihdbr Dugbs) krb cbgbrkhhy oigtbepirkry wltj tjb `bclgglgc

ia tjb criwtj ia pbkt lg tjb sjirb ahkts wbst ia tjbe.

Khtjiucj lt ls dlaalouht ti cbt k dlrbot k`sihutb dktb, lt sbbes, jiwbvbr, pissl`hb ti cbt

kg leprbsslig ia tjb rbhktlvb kcb ia tjb vkrlius oikstkh `krrlbr `bhts `y ebkgs ia tjb krojkbi

hiclokh algds.

Itjbr bvldbgob, suoj ks tjb jblcjt ia tjb sjirb ahkts kgd tjb `bclgglgc ia pbkt airektlig

tjbrb jkvb khsi `bbg usbd air dktlgcs. Ks tjb su`silh ia tjb sjirb ahkts oigslsts khsi ia dugb skgd,

ks Nbhcbrsek bt kh. sjiw, wb okggit usb tjb hbvbh ia tjb surakob ia tjb skgd lg suoj ahkts dlrbothy

air dktlgc purpisbs, `y oiepkrlgc lt wltj tjb ourvb ia tjb rbhktlvb rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh. \bt tjbrb

obrtklghy ioours k crkdukh rlsb lg hbvbh ia tjls skgd surakob lg k sbkwkrd dlrbotlig kgd, oig

sbqubgthy, k hktbr `bclgglgc ia tjb pbkt airektlig. Tjbrb ls k pissl`hb hlgm `btwbbg tjb jblcjt

ia tjb kbihlo skgd dbpislt lg tjbsb sjirb ahkts kgd tjb irlclgkh wktbr hbvbhs, wjloj jks hbd ti

<6 Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<1<= tjls pkpbr, gitb 2?.<; Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36. Ks higc ks gi oigvlgolgc priia ls clvbg air tjbsb dktlgcs, wb prbabr ti dbabgd tjb ihdbr

oigobptlig (vlz. tj kt ia Qkg dbr Ebbr kgd @bggbek), wjloj ls suppirtbd `y bgiucj dktk kgd tjbirbtlokh oigsldbrktligs.

@ut tjbrb krb twi ;4O dktbs tjkt clvb k dlrbot dktlgc ti tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs (sjbhhs lg hlab sltuktlig arie tjb tip ia

tjb oikstkh `krrlbr skgd). @itj oieb arie tjb Qbhsbg krbk kgd pilgt ti k shlcjthy ihdbr dktb tjkg ls pripisbd jbrb.

(½lg- ls pu`hlsjbd> Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;6< (gitb)> CrG 2:2?, ?:42 » 42 @.V. (;:<2 @.O.). Tjb itjbr dktbs tj b iutbr

eist oikstkh `krrlbr kt LNeuldbg ti Dugmlrm I (pbrs. oiee. Er N. V. vkg Pbclbrbg Khtbgk).



Alc. <. Tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs `btwbbg

Jiim ia Jihhkgd kgd Jkkrhbe, dla

abrbgtlktbd ks pripisbd lg tjb tbx t kgd

ks diouebgtbd lg tk`hb ?.

_okhb ;>266,666.

TK@HB ?

Oikstkh `krrlbrs

girtj kgd siutj ia tjb Pjlgb

Oirrbhktlig wltj trkgscrbsslig pjksbs

_bqubgob _ltuktlig Kroj, algds*

Vbkt lg tjb strkgd ahkt * *

«O dktb Dbptj

_uppisbd

oirrbhktlig

wltj trkgscr.

pjksb

Girtj ia tjb rlvbr Pjlgb

2 ugdbr tjb \iugcbr Dugbs

4 Hkgcbvbhd (B@K) DM_

?NGiirdwlnmbrjiut

]Db ^lhm

]Qiirjiut

(B@K)

0 L Hlssb

(Jkkrhbe

(QH) @@

; n_pkkrgwiudb

]Ibcstcbbst(prbQH) (QH)

6 gbkr tjb LN

;626

;266

0?66

i.si

-0.66/;.12

-0.16

D L

D I

O LQ½

O LQ½

O LLL

O LL9

_iutj ia tjb rlvbr Pjlgb

2 ugdbr tjb \iugcbr Dugbs D L

4 _ojbvbglgcbg 426 —6.26 D 6

? (Skssbgkkr]Mlnmdulg

DM_ ;026 —6.26 O L Q

0N Dbg Dblh

; Eigstbr(QH) @@ ;<26 —;.12 O L Q

;]Qiirsojitbg

]QiirùrcQH 0066/0666 —?.66/0.32 O LLL

6 Giitdirp O LL9

* _btthbebgts lg ltkhlos. Lsihktbd algds lg `rkombts .

* * Tjb `ksb ia tjb pbkt lg tjb strkgd ahkt ti tjb wbst ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr `bht oigobrgbd.



_IEB OIGOHR_LIG_ •LL

tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd baabot. Lg kgy oksb, wb krb jbrb oigobrgbd wltj k ohbkr ojrigiebtbr,

wjloj privldbs us kt tjb skeb tleb wltj kt hbkst k tbrelgus kgtb qube.

Tjb hbvbh ia tjb tips ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs tjbesbhvbs khsi tbhhs us siebtjlgc kìut tjblr

kcb. Air lg iur vlbw tjbrb eust `b k alxbd rbhktligsjlp ti k obrtklg sbk-hbvbh hylgc oigsldbrk`hy

kìvb EJS kgd pbrjkps oirrbspigdlgc kpprixlektbhy wltj Ebkg Jlcj Sktbr _prlgcs. Nbh-

cbrsek bt kh. sjiw lg akot tjk t tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs `bhiw tjb Ihdbr Dugbs `boieb suoobsslvbhy

jlcjbr sbkwkrd. Aiur oikstkh `krrlbrs, wltj tjblr jlcjbst pkrts kt —; e. GKV lg tjb bkst kgd

• a h e . GKV lg tjb wbst, wiuhd khh jkvb `bbg airebd durlgc Okhkls LQ. L t sbbes ti eb ti `b

eirb lg kooirdkgob wltj tjb dktk clvbg kìvb ti kttrlùtb tjb eirb wbstbrhy oikstkh `krrlbrs

ti tjb pjksbs D I kgd D L (k kgd `). Lt ls bvbg qubstligk`hb wjbtjbr tjb sboigd oikstkh `krrlbr

`bht eust `b dktbd ks O LLL kgd git ks O LQ k = air tjbrb krb gi priias, tjkt tjb oikst-hlgb

hky aurtjbr wbstwkrd durlgc tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb, bxobpt air tjb crlgdlgc stigb arie

Tjb Jkcub, kgd bvbg tjkt algd, lg iur vlbw, okggit `b ohisbhy dktbd.

Lg k sojbeb (tk`hb ?) wb jkvb kssbe`hbd tjb kvklhk`hb lgairektlig wjloj ls lepirtkgt air

dktlgc tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs siutj kgd girtj ia tjb Pjlgb, kgd lgdloktbd wjkt wb oigsldbr ti

`b tjb eist pri`k`hb kcbs air tjb lgdlvldukh oikstkh `krrlbr `bhts. Tjls ploturb oirrbspigds kt

tjb skeb tleb ohisbhy wltj @bggbek's oigohusligs <0. Jb prbsuebd tjkt tjb airektlig ia tjb

lgdlvldukh oikstkh `krrlbr `bhts ioourrbd prlekrlhy durlgc trkgscrbsslig pjksbs, kgd tjkt tjb

sjirb ahkts cbgbrkhhy irlclgktbd arie rbcrbsslig pjksbs. Jkcbekg <? ckvb kg bxphkgktlig air

tjb airektlig ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr oiephbx ks k wjihb. Jb skys tjbrb wbrb twi ipbrktlvb

akotirs> k dlelglsjlgc rktb ia rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh kgd kg lgorbkslgc rbslstkgob iaabrbd `y tjb skgd

kooueuhktlgc khigc tjb oikst.

Tjb turglgc pilgt, wjbg k hkgdwkrd wltjdrkwkh ia tjb oikst-hlgb ojkgcbs ti k sbkwkrd

kdvkgob, ioours `btwbbg ?666 kgd 0366 @.O., kt tjb bgd ia Okhkls LLL, kgd pbrjkps bvbg bkrhlbr

wjbg tjb airektlig ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs, rbeklgs ia wjloj wbrb aiugd gbkr Giitdirp kgd

gbkr tjb HL, krb tkmbg lgti kooiugt. Tjls eiebgt tjbrbairb ioours wbhh `bairb tjb `bgd lg iur

ourvb air tjb rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh (kt hbkst < obgturlbs bkrhlbr, oa. alc. ;4) <4. Tjls turglgc pilgt eust

tjbrbairb jkvb `bbg okusbd eklghy `y `khkgolgc kriugd kg bqulhl`rlue, ir k ojkgcb lg tjb

pkttbrg ia ourrbgts. Lt okggit `b kttrlùtbd ti k suddbg ojkgcb lg tjb rktb ia rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh.

\bt lt ls ohbkr tjkt tjb euoj sekhhbr rlsb katbr ;:66 @.O. wks lg akviur ia k wbstwkrd sjlat

ia tjb oiksthlgb.

Sjbg wb oigsldbr tjb pbrlid wltj k cbgbrkhhy sbkwkrd kdvkgolgc oikst-hlgb lt eust jkvb

`bbg prbolsbhy durlgc trkgscrbsslig pjksbs tjkt tjb sbpkrktb oikstkh `krrlbrs (ir -`bhts) wbrb

<0 @bggbek ;<24,0:-0<. Tjb iplglig ia Qkg dbr Ebbr tjk t tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs cit tjblr aire lg tjb "oigsihldktlig

pbrlid kt tjb `bclgglgc ia k rbcrbsslig", khsi oiebs ti tjb skeb tjlgc. Air tjb cbgbsls ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr oiephbx

ks k wjihb sbo Jkcbekg ;<1< kgd tjls pkpbr p. 3.<0 Jkcbekg ;<1<, ?:2 a.<4 Khsi kooirdlgc ti tjb ebgtligbd bqulhl`rlue ia Jkcbekg, tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs wiuhd jkvb `bbg airebd lg

trkgscrbsslig pjksbs. Tjb bqulhl`rlue wks sjlatbd tjbg lg akviur ia tjb hkgdwkrd oikst-hlgb dlsphkobebgt. Tjls slcglalbs

k pjksb wltj k stktligkry ir bvbg k shlcjthy wltjdrkwlgc oikst. Lg k rbcrbsslig pjksb wltj k stktligkry ir shlcjthy

rlslgc sbk-hbvbh, oikstkh koorbtlig ls pissl hb euoj eirb bksy. Sjbg, jiwbvbr, tjb cbgbrkh tbgdbgoy sjiws kg bkstwkrd

sjlat, ks lg tjb Kthkgtlo, lt wlhh jkvb `bbg nust tjb rbcrbsslig pjksbs tjkt wbrb ojkrkotbrlzbd `y k eirb stktligkry oikst.

_i tjb ihdbst `kg lbr rbeklgs (Giitdirp (_ojkgs & Qkg dbr Mgkkp, ;<21) kgd gbkr tjb LN-pihdbr s (Vigs & Slccbrs

;<2</'16, alcs. ;3, 03)) eust `b dktbd O LL/LLL rktjbr tjkg O LL.



40 SB_TBBG GBTJBPHKGD_

airebd, kooirdlgc ti tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd bqulhl`rlue succbstbd `y Jkcbekg. Air lt wks tjbg

tjkt tjb rbhktlvbhy rkpld rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh (ir kt hbkst tjb crbktbr dbstruotlvb okpkolty ia tjb

sbk) wlhh jkvb okusbd k rbt krdktlig ir bvbg k stip ia tjb sbkwkrd oikst-hlgb dlsphkobebgt.

Ig tjb itjbr jkgd, lt wks durlgc k rbcrbsslig pjksb, durlgc k stktligkry ir shlcjthy rlslgc sbk-

hbvbh, tjkt oikstkh sbdlebgtktlig crbw kgd k `rikd oikstkh phklg wks airebd.

Kpkrt arie tjb qubstlig ia tjb k`sihutb dktlgc, tjb oiepkrlsig ia tjb dktk clvbg lg tk`hb

? rbvbkhs k oirrbhktlig ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb Pjlgb bstukry. Tjls ploturb

(alc. <) kcrbbs wbhh wltj tjb oirrbhktligs `y Qkg dbr Ebbr kgd @bggbek. Tjb sjlat kt tjb Pjlgb

bstukry jks khrbkdy `bbg rboicglzbd kgd bxphklgbd `y Qkg _trkktbg <2.

;.2. KG IRTHLGB IA LGJK@LTKTLIG LG TJB LPIG KCB KGD HKTBP

Khtjiucj iur eklg lgtbrbst hlbs lg tjb @rigzb Kcb kgd Gbihltjlo, lt ls usbauh ti clvb kg

iuthlgb ia iur mgiwhbdcb ig tjb hktbr iooupktlig sbqubgob kgd lts rbhktlig ti tjb cbihiclokh

bvbgts <6. Tjb wldbr pbrspbotlvb oigtrlùtbs ti k `bttbr ugdbrstkgdlgc ia tjb ihdbr dktk kgd

bvbgts, slgob gi augdkebgtkh ojkgcbs lg tjb rbhktlig ebg-gkturkh bgvlrigebgt ioourrbd `bairb

o. K.D. ;666, tjb stkrt ia tjb be`kgmebgts.

;.2.;. TJB TPKG_LTLIG @PIG^B KCB/LPIG KCB

Lgjk`ltktlig arie tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Lrig Kcb kppbkrs ti ioour ig wldbhy dlspbrsbd

pilgts lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, ùt lt rbeklgs i`sourb wjbtjbr tjls ls k oigtlguktlig ia tjb

prbvlius @rigzb Kcb lgjk`ltktlig, ir wjbtjbr ìtj wbrb sbpkrktbd `y kg lgjk`ltktlig ckp.

Oigt lgul ty eky `b kssuebd air sltbs hlmb Hkgcbvbhd gbkr Giird wln mbrjiut (oikstkh `kr

rlbrs) <3, Jiicmkrspbh (Sbst Arlslk)<_ kgd Giirdbhiis (wbstbrg rlvbr krbk) ". Lt ls git surprlslgc

tjkt tjb lgjk`ltktlig ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs wks oigtlguius= tjls jks khrbkdy `bbg succbstbd

`y tjb lsihktbd `rigzbs. Tjb lgtbrruptlig ia lgjk`ltktlig lg ìtj hiw-hylgc krbks sbbes ti `b

dub ti tii arbqubgt ahiidlgc kgd/ir pbkt criwtj, wjlhb lg tjb ebkgtleb gi dbpislts jlcj bgiucj

ti bstk`hlsj tjb sbtthbebgts wbrb airebd ;6¶.

Ig tjb itjbr jkgd sltbs krb mgiwg wjbrb gbw sbtthbebgts wbrb bstk`hlsjbd, ks kt Jihy

Vihdbr lg tjb bstukr lgb krbk, Ouhbeìrc lg tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk, kgd k t gbkr`y ^lndbrvbhd,

wjbrb tjb Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgt wks sbpkrktbd arie tjb prbvlius Elddhb @rigzb Kcb iooupktlig

`y k jlktus ;6;.

«2 Qkg _trkktbg ;<12, 44.<6 Jbrb ighy k smbtojy iuthlgb ls clvbg, `ksbd ig oieprbjbgslvb hltbrkturb, bspbolkhhy> Bdbhekg ;<2?, Qkg Claabg

;<24", @bggbek ;<24, Eiddbrekg ;<22d, Vigs ;<23, N. V. @kmmbr ;<24, ;<2:, Qkg Jiirg ;<13, Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk

lg> Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36. _bb khsi gitbs < kgd ;1 air aurtjbr hltbrkturb.< ' Db Pkka ;<2<, ;<11.<: @kmmbr ;<2<, ;<11«, ;<11", — & @rkgdt ;<11, — & Ebtz ;<13, — bt kh. ;<1:. Oa. khsi gitb :2.<< Rgpu`hlsjbd, sbb Kpp. L, gi. LQ-06= Kpp. Lh h , gi. ;1.;6 6 _bb p. ?2 kgd p. ;;1.;6 ; Jihy Vihdbr> Jkvbhkkr ;<36 kgd pbrs. oiee. ia Er N. A. vkg Pbctbrbg Kht bgk= ^lndbrvbhd> N. db Nigc ;<36/'3;,



LPIG KCB KGD HKTBP 4:

Lg tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb skht ekrsjbs tiim

phkob lg tjb skeb pbrlid (kìut 166 @.O.) durlgc tjb ^ln bg Ouhturb ojkrkotbrlzbd `y tjb Pulgbg-

Sieebhs L pittbry ;60.

Cbgbrkhlzlgc tjb kìvb dktk, tjbrb kppbkr ti `b bgiucj krcuebgts ti koobpt kg lgtbrruptlig

ia tjb iooupktlig lg tjb rbcligs iutsldb tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs `btwbbg <66 kgd 166 @.O. oilgoldlgc

wltj k trkgscrbsslig pjksb (sbdlebgtktlig pjksb) tjkt okggit `b kgitjbr tjkg tjb pjksb Dug

mlrm Lk. Ighy lg Sbst Arlslk kgd lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd tjbrb sbbe ti jkvb `bbg kt hbkst hiokhhy

pissl`lhltlbs air k oigtlguius iooupktlig. Euoj study ia tjb pbrlid ;666-266 @.O. jks ti `b digb,

jiwbvbr, `bairb k eirb koourktb stktbebgt okg `b ekdb.

;.2.0. TJB LPIG KCB ;6?

Iur mgiwhbdcb ia Lrig Kcb lgjk`ltktlig khhiws ighy k riucj ir lgoiephbtb iuthlgb.

K eirb dbtklhbd kooiugt eust wklt ugtlh eirb dktk, bspbolkhhy arie tjb pbrlid 266-066

@.O. krb kvklhk`hb.

Durlgc tjb Lrig Kcb tjb Dugmlrm L trkgscrbsslig pjksb ioourrbd. Lt ls dktbd `btwbbg

166 kgd 066 @.O., tjiucj lt elcjt jkvb stkrtbd bkrhlbr. Vigs kgd Slccbrs ;64 dlstlgculsjbd

twi su`pjksbs> tjb prb-Piekg trkgscrbssligs L kgd LL, gkebd jbrb Dugmlrm L k kgd L ` .

Pbobgt lgvbstlcktligs ia tjb Ihdbr Dugbs rbvbkhbd tjkt tjrbb vbcbtktlig hbvbhs (pbkt hkybrs

ir silh prialhbs) wbrb airebd tjbrb durlgc tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb Dugmlrm ; ;6 2. Tjb ihdbst

hbvbh (@h, 326-166 @.O.) rbprbsbgts Dugmlrm L*. Tjb sboigd hbvbh (@0) ls dktbd 266-?66 @.O., tjb

tjlrd kgd jlcjbst hbvbh (@?, ?66-;26) okg `b hlgmbd wltj Dugmlrm LD. Tjb bxlstbgob ia tjrbb

vbcbtktlig hbvbhs ls k alrst lgdloktlig tjkt tjb Dugmlrm L trkgscrbsslig elcjt sjiw k trlpkrtltlig,

kgd tjkt bltjbr tjb pjksb L k ir LD elcjt `b dlvldbd lg twi su`pjksbs lg tjb auturb.

Arie tjb Bkrhy Lrig Kcb dktb sieb sltbs wltj Pulgbg-Sieebhs L pittbry, khh lg Girtj

Jihhkgd kgd tjrbb ia tjbe ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs (^kgdviirt, Qbhsbg, Hleebg, Dbg @urc-

Tbxbh) ;61. Tjb _pkgnkkrds`brcnb gbkr _kgtpiirt wks ioouplbd arie PS LL tlebs igwkrd ;63.

@bjlgd tjb oiksthlgb tjb surakob ia tjb pbkt kgd tjb hbvbbs ia orbbms wbrb sbtthbd lg tjb ^kkg

strbbm gbkr Kssbgdbhat kgd lg tjb Sbsthkgd gbkr Qhkkrdlgcbg (Jihy Vihdbr) lg Jk O/D

tlebs ;6:. Itjbr sbtthbebgts ks @isoj bg Ckstjulspihdbr gbkr Hbldbg (ig sekhh orbbm hbvbbs)

kgd Bsokep Vihdbr gbkr Hiisdulgbg (ig rbeklgs ia oikstkh `krrlbrs) krb shlcjthy hktbr. Tjb

P. _. Juhst ;<11 kgd pbrs. oirke.= Ouhbeìrc> bxokvktlig `y tjb kutjir (Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<11 `) =L4O dktbs> Qicbh

& Sktbrìhm ;<30, tjls pkpbr Kppbgdlx LQ.

l½0 Sktbrìhm ;<10, ;<36, @ibrsek (bd.) ;<36.;6 ? Euoj ia ey lgslcjt lgti tjls pbrlid jks `bbg airebd durlgc tjb vkrlius tlebs L bxojkgcbd vlbws wltj Er

N. A. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk, Kebrsaiirt, air wjloj L ke crbkthy lgdb`tbd ti jle.;6 4 Vigs & Slccbrs ;<16, ?4-?:. Oa. khsi Vigs lg> _tlojtlgc viir @idbemkrtbrlgc (bd.) ;<12, kgd @bggbek ;<24,

30, alc. ;3.;6 2 Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, bsp. alc. 1 kgd ? 0= Nbhcbrsek & Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk ;<1<.

;61 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk lg> Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36= Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk ;<1<.;63 Eiddbrekg ;<16/'1;.;6 : Jihy Vihdbr> Jkvbhkkr ;<36 kgd pbrs. oiee. Er N. A. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk= Kssbgdbhat> Jkhhiwks ;<3;,

Jbhdbrekg ;<3;.



;; SB_TBBG GBTJBPHKGD_

Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgt kt Qhkkrdlgcbg @ribmpihdbr jks k ;4O-dktb> CrG ;<2; ?36 l 36 @.O. ;6<

Lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb rlvbr ohky krbk wb jkvb ekppbd k wldbsprbkd Lrig Kcb iooupktlig

(Oa. alc. ?;). Igb ia tjb sltbs kt Ouhbeìrc ls ;4O-dktbd arie o. 326 ti o. 066 @.O. kgd elcjt

jkvb `bbg ioouplbd wltjiut lgtbrruptligs. Kgitjbr sltb (^lndbrvbhd) ls oigtbepirkgbius kgd

khsi eist ia tjb itjbr (git bxokvktbd) sltbs elcjt dktb arie tjb skeb pbrlid ;;6. Lg tjb rlvbr

ohky krbk pripbr, akrtjbr ti tjb bkst, bvldbgob ia tjb Bkrhy Lrig Kcb jks git ybt oieb ti hlcjt,

ùt keigc tjb algds ia tjb ihd bxokvktlig kt @bssbg k criup ia Bkrhy Hk Têgb "Ekrgb" pittbry

jks `bbg rboicglzbd rbobgthy h u .

K spkrsbhy ùt wldbhy dlstrlùtbd Bkrhy Lrig Kcb lgjk`ltktlig sbbes ti `b tjb `bst oigohu

slig. Lt aihhiws katbr tjb bkrhy pjksb ia tjb Dugmlrm L trkgscrbsslig pjksb, wjbg sieb ia tjb

lgjk`ltbd orbbm hbvbbs wlhh jkvb `bbg airebd.

K sboigd wbhh dbalgbd pbrlid wltj wldbsprbkd lgjk`ltktlig stkrtbd lg tjb hkst obgtury

`bairb Ojrlst, kt tjb bgd ia tjb Dugmlrm L ` pjksb. Lg tjls pbrlid twi typbs ia pittbry wbrb lg

usb. Igb ls k rlojhy dboirktbd wkrb, iatbg okhhbd "Obhtlo", sjiwlgc siutjbrg rbhktligs wltj tjb

@bhclkg Hktb Hk Vkggb pittbry. Tjb itjbr, tjb strbbp`kgd pittbry, ls ia Arlslkg irlclg kgd elcjt

rbahbot kg bxpkgslig ia tjb Arlslkgs ti tjb Sbst. _trbbp`kgd pittbry ls aiugd ks akr siutj ks

tjb Jkcub, tjb "Obhtlo" pittbry ks akr girtj ks tjb ^kkgstrbbm ;;0.

Tjb "gktlvb" wkrb ia tjb wibrdbg ;;? lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk sjiws k rbhktligsjlp ti tjb

"Obhtlo" pitt bry kgd elcjt `bhigc pkr thy ti k prb-Piekg iooupktlig. Tjls suppisltlig ls

suppirtbd `y tjb rbhktlvbhy hkrcb gue`br ia Hk Têgb chkss kre rlgc arkcebgts, khh ia tjb hktbr

typbs arie tjb hkst obgtury @.O. aiugd ig tjbsb sltbs ;;4. Vbrjkps wb jkvb jbrb kg krojkbihiclokh

priia ia tjb wbhh-mgiwg stiry tjkt tjb @ktkvl ioouplbd tjb Lgsuhk @ktkvirue sjirthy `bairb

tjb krrlvkh ia tjb Piekgs, oielgc diwg tjb rlvbr Pjlgb ;;2. K vbry lgstruotlvb sbqubgob

jks `bbg aiugd kt Jkrbg (priv. Girtj @rk`kgt) wjbrb k `kom swkep ohky dbpislt wks lgtbr

okhktbd `btwbbg twi krojkbihiclokh rbausb hkybrs, tjb hiwbr wltj Ekrgb pittbry, tjb uppbr

wltj sieb hktb Hk Têgb chkss kre rlgc arkcebgts. Tjb ohky hkybr ls tjus dktbd `btwbbg 466

kgd ;66 @.O. ir Dugmlrm L ` ;;1.

Lg tjb tbrpbg dlstrlot tjb lgjk`ltkgts wbrb triu`hbd `y rbgbwbd ahiidlgc siig katbr tjbalrst sbtthbebgts (tjb Ahkojslbdhugcbg) wbrb bstk`hlsjbd. Lt wks tjbrb tjkt air tjb alrst tleb

tjb pbiphb dld git rbtrbkt `bokusb ia dbtbrlirktlgc oigdltligs, ùt dbabgdbd tjbesbhvbs `y

tjb rklslgc ia krtlalolkh jlhhs. Tjbsb alrst tbrpbg ir wlbrdbg wbrb tjriwg up kìut 266 @.O. ;;3.

Eirb akviurk`hb oigdltligs sbbe ti jkvb rbturgbd kìut 066 @.O. kgd sbbe ti jkvb hkstbd

;6< Eiddbrekg ;<20, @bggbek ;<24, 42 a. (Hbldbg, Hiisdulgbg). Er N. V. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk lgairebd eb tjkt

jb ldbgtlalbd PS LL kgd LLL sjbrds keigc tjb ektbrlkh ia tjbsb sltbs= Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<1?, ;<? (Qhkkrdlgcbg).

gi Tjb «O dktbs ia ^lndbrvbhd rkgcb arie 3;2 ti 066 @. O. (Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30, <0-<?). Tjb «O dk tbs ia

Ouhbeìrc krb hlstbd lg Kppbgdlx LQ.;; ; @rkkt ;<4<, pbrs. oiee. ia Er N. J. A. @hibebrs kgd Er P. _. Juhst, Kebrsaiirt, wji stud y tjbsb algds kgbw.

;;0 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk lg Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, _kraktln ;<3;, ?: a., Jbhdbrekg ;<3;.;; ?

Sibrdbg krb Piekg sbtthbebgt silhs, up ti ; e. tjlom, cbgbrkhhy airelgc kg bxtbgslvb kgd ekrmbd hiw jlhh

lg tjb ahkt rlvbr ohky krbk.;; 4 Vbddbeirs ;<3;. Tjb kre rlgc arkcebgts krb dktbd bxpbolkhhy ti tjb sboigd jkha ia tjls obgtury.

hls @yvkgom ;<4?, 4<, oltlgc Tkoltus, Cbrekglk 0<, Jlstirlkb LQ ;0 kgd ;2.

hlb Vbrs. oiee. Dr C. N. Qbrwbrs, Hbldbg.

L " Oa. gitb ;60.



LPIG KCB KGD HKTBP 42

ugtlh tjb bgd ia Piekg tlebs. _i tjb wbstbrg kgd tjb girtjbrg sbqubgobs kppbkr ti oirrbspigd

lg `rikd iuthlgb, dlaabrlgc eklghy lg tjb shlcjthy bkrhlbr stkrt ia D L ` lg tjb girtj. Sb eust,

jiwbvbr, `b kwkrb tjkt iur eidbh ia tjb oiursb ia bvbgts elcjt `b tii riucj kgd elcjt

i`sourb algbr dbtklhs, ks air lgstkgob pissl`hy k algbr su`dlvlslig ia Dugmlrm L.

;.2.?. TJB PIEKG VBPLID

Pbekrmk`hy akviurk`hb oigdltligs air lgjk`ltktlig wbrb kvklhk`hb durlgc Piekg tlebs,

ks ls sbbg `y tjb wldbsprbkd sbtthbebgt, wjloj wks ighy bgdbd `y tjb oihhkpsb ia Piekg piwbr

lg tjls oiugtry jkha wky tjriucj tjb tjlrd obgtury. Lt wks kt tjb skeb tleb k pbrlid wjbg lgjk`

ltktlig oigdltligs dbtbrlirktbd ks k rbsuht ia rbgbwbd trkgscrbssligkh kotlvlty. Khtjiucj lg iur

iplglig tjbrb ls gi gbbd ti diu`t tjb bxlstbgob ia tjls trkgscrbsslig pjksb, rbobgthy, `bokusb ia

k eirb orltlokh kttltudb tiwkrds tjb dktlgcs kgd `bokusb ia k gue`br ia gbw algds, sieb

ugobrtklgty jks krlsbg ks ti wjbtjbr tjls D LL trkgscrbsslig wks lg akot si wldbsprbkd ks wks

kt alrst kssuebd. Lt ls surb tjkt k gue`br ia pjbgiebgk dktbd ks D LL eust `b ksslcgbd ti khktbr pbrlid ;;:.

;.2.4. TJB EBPIQLGCLKG VBPLID

Lg Ebrivlgclkg tlebs (2tj - 3tj obgtury) ighy k abw iooupktlig obgtrbs krb mgiwg ig

tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs, gkebhy lg ^bbhkgd gbkr Dieùrc kgd kt Plngsùrc sltuktbd ig tjb bstukry

ia tjb Pjlgb. Tjb alatj kgd slxtj obgturlbs aire k ekrmbd lgtbrruptlig ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig,

bvbg ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs R <. Lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk (tjb @btuwb) ighy k rbhktlvbhy sekhh

gue`br ia sbtthbebgts ia tjls pbrlid jkvb `bbg ekppbd. Eist ia tjb sltbs krb eirbivbr ighy

`ksbd ig k abw lhh-dbalgbd sjbrds keigc tjb euoj crbktbr qukgtl ty ia Piekg kgd ebdlkbvkhsjbrds. _ieb diu`thbss Arkgmlsj algds krb, jiwbvbr, mgiwg, lgdloktlgc kt hbkst k sokgty

pipuhktlig. Tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk, tjb bstukrlgb krbk kgd sbha-bvldbgthy tjb pbkt krbks tii

jkvb ylbhdbd gi algds wjktsibvbr. Bspbolkhhy air tjls pbrlid wb eust, jiwbvbr, rbkhlzb tj kt

dktbs krb `ksbd ig lepirtbd ektbrlkh ighy kgd tjkt rbkh iooupktlig okg bsokpb iur i`sbrvk

tlig `y tjb hkom ia lepirts lg k obrtklg pbrlid. Lg tjb tbrpbg dlstrlot tjb obgturlbs katbr K.D.

066 krb ekrmbd `y lgorbksbd ahiidlgc, tjb aurtjbr bxtbgslig ia tjb skht ekrsjbs kgd tjb k`kg

dig ebgt kgd su`sbqubgt oivbrlgc wltj ohky ia k sbrlbs ia sbtthbebgts.

Lg cbgbrkh bvbrywjbrb lg tjb Jihiobgb sbdlebgtktlig krbk tjbrb ls k ekrmbd iooupktlig

jlktus lg Ebrivlgclkg tlebs, bxkothy oirrbspigdlgc wltj tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb D LL. Tjb

`bclgglgc ia tjls lgtbrrupt lig eky jkvb k pihltlokh okusb, tjb bvldbgob eky `b sbrliushy lgahubg

obd `y tjb hkom ia lepirts= tjls okg ighy eidlalb iur stktbebgt lg dbcrbb, git lg bssbgob.

;;: _kraktln ;<3;, ;3; a.= Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;44.;; < _kraktln ;<3;= Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;44.





LGJK@LTKTLIG KGD TPKG_CPB__LIG VJK_B_ LT

ourrbgthy usbd dlvlslig ia tjb cbihiclokhhy dbtbrelgbd trkgscrbsslig kgd rbcrbsslig pjksbs.

Tjb sojbeb aires k supphbebgt ti slelhkr dlkcrkes ekdb bkrhlbr `y @bggbek kgd Vigs ;04

ti sjiw tjb pbrlidlolty ia tjb trkgscrbsslig oyohbs lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds.

Tjb dlkcrke privldbs k tjrbb-dlebgsligkh ploturb (dlstrlùtlig kgd tleb) ia tjb lgairektlig

kìut lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjb ekps (alcs. 0, 2, 3, :) eky `b vlbwbd kssbotligs ia k hleltbd durktlig, sjiwlgc dlstrlùtlig lg eirb dbtklh.

Lgairektlig kìut tjb pbrlid `bairb tjb QH Ouhturb ls lgoldbgtkh ighy. Tjb pbkt rbclig

`btwbbg tjb ekrlgb tldkh krbks kgd tjb jlcj skgd krbk sbbes, jiwbvbr, ti jkvb `bbg rbcuhkrhy

lgjk`ltbd. Mgiwhbdcb rbsts kheist bgtlrbhy upig algds ig tjb (pkrthy oivbrbd) tips ia dugbs.

Tjb ojkgobs ia dlsoivbrlgc sbtthbebgts ig strbke rldcbs krb vbry sekhh slgob tjby krb oivbrbd

`y kg kpprbolk`hb keiugt ia yiugcbr dbpislts. Tjb hleltbd gue`br ia algd phkobs kgd algds

dibs git pbrelt ia kgy oieebgt ig tjb pbrlidlolty ia lgjk`ltktlig. Tjb rbcuhkr dlvlslig ivbr

tjb tleb-sokhb ls eirb gitlobk`hb tjkg oigobgtrktligs lg pkrtlouhkr pbrlids. La lt ls pissl`hb

ti spbkm ia kgy rbhktligsjlp, lt ls tjkt ia lgjk`ltktlig ti tjb rbcrbsslig pjksbs `btwbbg O L

kgd O LL , O LL kgd O LL L, O LL L kgd O LQk. Tjls wiuhd hlgm up wltj tjb ploturb ia tjb hktbr lg

jk`ltktlig. Auturb bvldbgob wlhh sjiw wjbtjbr tjls rbhktligsjlp ls kppkrbgt ir rbkh.Tjb turglgc pilgt lg tjb cbihiclokh dbvbhipebgt ia tjb oikst, ks gbw oikstkh `krrlbrs

wbrb airebd sbkwkrds ia tjb bkrhlbr igbs kgd tjb `krrlbrs `bokeb eirb kgd eirb ohisbd, ls

kt tjb skeb tleb k turglgc pilgt lg iur mgiwhbdcb ia lts lgjk`ltk tlig. Tjb prbsbrvbd oikstkh

`krrlbrs ks k wjihb wbrb oigtlguiushy lgjk`ltbd bvbr slgob tjb QH Ouhturb. Lg tjb bstukrlgb

krbk `bjlgd, kg lgjk`ltktlig pbrlidlolty jks `bbg dbtbrelgbd wjloj wks dielgktbd `y

tjb trkgscrbsslig kgd rbcrbsslig pjksbs> O LQ k, QH lgjk`ltktlig, O LQD, Q@@/@S@ lgjk`ltk

tlig, DI, DM_ lgjk`ltktlig.

_iebtjlgc ia tjls pbrlidlolty okg khsi `b trkobd lg tjb lgjk`l tktlig ia tjb oikstkh `krr lbrs. -

Lg tjb QH sbtt hbebgts iooupktlig ls khsi `rimbg iaa, la siebwjkt hktbr tjkg lg tjb bstukrlgb

rbclig. Tjb Q@@/@S@ sbtthbebgts jkvb khwkys `bbg aiugd tjbrb upig itjbr tbrrklgs, ig

hktbr oikstkh `krrlbrs sltuktbd eirb wbstwkrd. _btthbebgts ia tjls pjksb ia lgjk`ltktlig lg tjblr

turg krb slelhkrhy k`kgdigbd lg tjb hiw krbks (tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk kgd Sbst Arlslk) wjlhb

ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs iooupktlig ls mgiwg ti jkvb oigtlgubd kt vkrlius phkobs durlgc tjb

JQ_ kgd DM_ pjksbs. Iutsldb tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs tjbrb ls gi bvldbgob kt khh ia tjb prbsbgob

ia JQ_ rbeklgs.

Tjb ploturb ia tjb DM_ lgjk`ltktlig prbsbgts k strigc oigtrkst ti tjkt ia tjb JQ_ pjksb.

Hkrcb pk rts ia prbvliushy uglgjk`ltbd rbcligs wbrb rbsbtthbd, bspbolkhhy lg tjb rlvbr krbk. Dbpis

lts wjloj jkd `bbg airebd sjirthy `bairb, suoj ks tjisb lg Sbst Arlslk, wbrb bxtbgslvbhy

oihiglzbd. Tjbrb kppbkrs ti `b k ohbkr kssiolktlig `btwbbg tjb oiursb ia tjb D I ("Okrdlue")

trkgscrbsslig lg tjb vkrlius rbcligs kgd tjb oiursb ia iooupktlig.

Air tjb hktbr tlebs, `bclgglgc wltj tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb, tjb sbqubgob ls> D L k, Bkrhy Lrig

Kcb iooupktlig, D L`, strbbp`kgd, "Obhtlo" kgd Piekg iooupktlig, D LL (9), Ebdlkbvkh oihi

glzktlig kgd rbohkektlig, ks pilgtbd iut bkrhlbr. Tjls ls tjb eidbh tjkt alts `bst tjb kvklhk`hb

dktk. Sb krb, jiwbvbr, surb tjkt tjbrb krb pissl`lhltlbs ti rbalgb tjls eidbh `y ebkgs ia auturb

rbsbkroj ig krojkbihiclokh sltbs.

;04 @bggbek ;<24, 30, alc. ;3= Vigs ;<23, ?1 kgd ?:, alcs. 01 kgd 03.



L_ SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

Sb krb kwkrb tjkt k pjkslgc ia lgjk`ltktlig ks dbsorl`bd kìvb elcjt ti k obrtklg dbcrbb

`b tjb rbsuht ia ouhturkh dlsoigtlgultlbs ir tjb "hlmb" ir "dlshlmb", wjloj k ouhturb okg sjiw

air k ekrsjy bgvlrigebgt. Sb wlhh, jiwbvbr, git dlsouss tjbsb qubstligs jbrb, ùt ighy stktb,

tjkt tjb pissl`lhltlbs air iooupktlig prbsbgtbd `y tjb rbclig ltsbha, eust jkvb `bbg tjb ojlba

okusb lg tjb pjkslgc ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig. Ti k obrtklg bxtbgt tjb rbhktligsjlp `btwbbg rbcrbssligpjksbs kgd iooupktlig pjksbs, ks sjiwg lg alc. ;6, ls khrbkdy k priia lg ltsbha.

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Alc. ;6. _ojbektlo rbprbsbgtktlig ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, `btwbbg 4666 @.O. kgd K.D. ;266.

Oiepisbd wltj tjb dktk, ebgtligbd lg tjb tbxt kgd lg tjb oltbd hltbrkturb.

Trkgscrbsslig pjksbs katbr Jkcbekg ;<1<, dlvlslig lg su`pjksbs (k, `) `y tjb prbsbgt kutjir.

Hbcbgd >

SKiooupktlig, wbhh-bstk`hlsjbd.

Z iooupk tlig, sokrob bvldbgob.

airektlig ia k pbkty hkybr ir silh prialhb lg tjb Ihdbr Dugbs, kooirdlgc ti Nbhcbrsek bh kh. ;<36.

W • W sbdlebgt ia trkgscrbsslig pjksb bstk`hlsjbd (lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk katbr Jkvlgck ;<1<).

_ sbdlebgtktlig pbrlids lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk, katbr Vigs ;<23.

Q lgjk`ltktlig prbvbgtbd `y cbgbrkh pbkt airektlig.



LGJK@LTKTLIG KGD TPKG_CPB__LIG VJK_B_ L'.)

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r,g SB_TBBG GBTJBPHKGD_

;.3. _BK-HBQBH OJKGCB_

Lg k shiwhy su`sldlgc rbclig suoj ks tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds lgjk`ltktlig ls k ciid gk turk h

ckucb air ebksurlgc airebr wktbr hbvbhs. Krojkbihiclokh dktk stlhh jkvb spbolkh vkhub `bokusb

ia tjb sjkrp, iatbg euhtlphb dktlgcs wjloj okggit ybt `b surpkssbd `y k sbpkrktb ;4O dktb,

obrtklghy git la krojkbihiclokh kgd ;4O dktbs okg `b dlrbothy oie`lgbd. Eirbivbr kt krojkbihi

clokh bxokvktligs ciid kpprixlektligs ia wktbr hbvbhs bxlstlgc durlgc tjb pbrlid ia lgjk`ltk

tlig okg iatbg `b dbtbrelgbd.

;.3.;. BKPHLBP LGQB_TLCKTLIG_

Tjb rbhktlvb rlsb ia tjb sbk-hbvbh ir tjb rbhktlvb su`sldbgob ia tjb hkgd jks `bbg tjb su`nbot

ia study air higc tlebs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjls ls vbry bksy ti ugdbrstkgd, wjbg wb rbkhlzb

tjb oigsbqubgobs ia tjbsb eivbebgts ig dklhy hlab kgd tjb dbslrk`lhlty ti mgiw tjb rktb kgd

tjb gkturb ia tjbsb eivbebgts. Lg tjb alrst lgstkgob igb wks lgtbrbstbd lg tjb rktb ia rbhktlvb

su`sldbgob pbr obgtury ir tjb ebkg sbouhkr su`sldbgob, bspbolkhhy durlgc tjb eist rbobgt

(jlstirlokh) tlebs ;02.

Igb ia tjb alrst pu`hloktligs `y Qkg Claabg dbkhs wltj tjls su`nbot. Jb sueekrlzbs

tjb algdlgcs ia k hkrcb gue`br ia kutjirs wji jkd bkrhlbr dbkht wltj tjb pri`hbe ia

ojkgcbs lg sbk-hbvbh. Jb lgtriduobs k eidbrg ebtjid ia rbksiglgc, wjloj jks su`sbqubgthy

ojkgcbd hltthb, `y uslgc wbhh-bstk`hlsjbd hbvbhs kgd krojkbihiclokh dktbs. Arie tjb jblcjt ia tjb

`ksb hbvbhs ia tjb tbrpbg lt kppbkrbd ohbkrhy tjkt tjb rbhktlvb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh slgob Piekg tlebs

okg jkvb `bbg kt eist ;6 oe. pbr obgtury kgd tjkt tjls vbry pri`k`hy wks 1 ti 3 oe., kgd tjkt

tjbrb ls gi bvldbgob ia kgy drip lg sbk-hbvbh lg tjb _u`ìrbkh. Nudclgc `y jls hktbr pu`hloktligs

tjb pri`hbe oigtlgubd ti iooupy jle ;01.

Lg tjb alrst jkha ia tjls obgtury tjb mgiwhbdcb ia ìtj tjb cbihiclokh struoturb ia tjb Pjlgb/Ebusb dbhtk kgd ia tjb airobs lgvihvbd lg tjb rbhktlvb eivbebgts ia hkgd kgd sbk `bokeb mgiwg

lg dbtklh. K rbvlbw ia tjb stktb ia rbsbkroj ig sbk-hbvbh ojkgcbs wks clvbg `y Bsojbr lg ;<?< ;^3.

Lg tjb aihhiwlgc ybkrs tjb alrst ktt bepts wbrb ekdb ti clvb k rbprbsbgtktlig lg k crkpj, rbkhlzlgc

tjkt tjb rlsb ia tjb sbk-hbvbh ls k vkrlk`hb pjbgiebgig. Tjb alrst ourvbs ia Re`crivb kgd

;02 Tjls ckvb rlsb ti twi dlaabrbgt kpprikojbs ia tjb sbk-hbvbh pri`hbe. Tjb igb kpprikoj ls tjb ktt bept ti ebks

urb tjb prbsbgt ojkgcbs `y ebkgs ia tjb higc tbre rbclst rktligs ia tldb ckucbs kgd `y oiepkrlsig ia prbolslig-hbvbh-

hlgcs. _ieb sbrlius dlaalouhtlbs krb ebt lg tjb lgtbrprbtktlig ia tjb ihd ebksurbebgts , `bokusb ia tjb dlsphkobebgts

kgd "oirrbotligs" ia tjb ckucbs, kgd tjb su`sldbgob ia hbvbh-ekrms okusbd `y oiepkotlig. @ut lt sbbes giw ti `b wbhh-

bstk`hlsjbd tjkt tjb sbk-hbvbh jks rlsbg slgob kìut ;:?6 K.D. wltj k rktb ia kìut ;0-;4 oe. pbr obgtury, wjlhb `btwbbg

;366 kgd ;:?6 tjb rbhkt lvb sbk-hbvbh wks eirb ir hbss stk`hb. Tjb ebkg rbh ktlvb rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh ivbr tjb wjihb pbrlidls kìut 2-1 oe. pbr obgtury. Oa. Qkg Qbbg ;<42, ;<24, Mubgbg ;<4;, ;<24, T. Bdbhekg ;<24.

Tjb sboigd kpprikoj ls tjb igb, aihhiwbd lg tjls pkpbr> tjb bvkhuktlig ia tjb dktk tjkt krb alxbd `y gkturb lg tjb

hbvbh, akolbs, sbqubgob kgd juekg iooupktlig ia tjb Jihiobgb dbpislts.

;01 Qkg Claabg ;<;6,;<;1,;<?6 ` , ;<24k . @y jls bxokvktligs, bspbolkhhy lg Sbst Arlslk, Qkg Claabg ekdb kvklhk`hb

ekgy gbw dktk> Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, ;16 kgd Tka. ;; 3= ;<44, ;<2?, ;<1; .

l 0 ' Bsojbr ;<?<.



_BK-HBQBH OJKGCB_ a) L

^wkrt;0 : krb ìtj stlhh dielgktbd `y tjb prbsuebd _u`ìrbkh akhh ia tjb sbk-hbvbh kgd jkgdlokp

pbd `y tjb hkom ia ciid dktlgcs. K elhb-stigb wks rbkojbd lg ;<24 wjbg Qkg _trkktbg ekdb

usb ia sieb ;4O dktbs arie Qbhsbg kgd @bggbek kt tjb skeb tleb kssbe`hbd tjb kvklhk`hb

cbihiclokh kgd krojkbihiclokh bvldbgob ;0<. @itj rbsuhtlgc ourvbs (air E_H) dlaabrbd ighy lg

dbtklh. Khtjiucj itjbrs ;?6 jkd git aircittbg tjb krojkbihiclokh dktk, @bggbek ekdb usb ia

tjbe lg k vbry lgtbgslvb kgd systbektlo wky. Lt wks ojlbahy air tjb eist rbobgt tlebs (Piekg

kgd hktbr) tjkt tjby oiuhd `b usbd. Air tjb ihdbr tlebs @bggbek jkd kvklhk`hb tjb i`sbrvktligs

Qkg Claabg jkd ekdb lg Sbst Arlslk kgd tjb rbsuhts ia tjb lgvbstlcktlig kt Jbmbhlgcbg.

Ebgtlig sjiuhd khsi `b ekdb ia Nbhcbrsek's lepirtkgt study ia sbk-hbvbh ojkgcbs lg tjb

Gbtjbrhkgds oikstkh krbk e . Jbr ourvb ls bxohuslvbhy `ksbd ig ;4O dktbs ia oiepkotlig-arbb

pbkt skephbs kgd ks suoj elcjt `b sbbg ks tjb wirmbd-iut vbrslig ia Qkg _trkktbg's ourvb.

_jb bxphklgs tjkt jbr ourvb ls rbhktbd git ti tjb E_H ùt ti tjb EJS hbvbh. @itj @bggbek

kgd Nbhcbrsek clvb k rbvlbw ia tjb wirm ia bkrhlbr kutjirs. Tjblr ourvbs dlaabr lg si akr tjkt

@bggbek's ourvb privldbs rbhlk`hb lgairektlig oigobrglgc tjb eist rbobgt tlebs, katbr kìut

266 @.O., kgd Nbhcbrsek's ourvb dibs tjb skeb prbolsbhy air tjb pbrlid `bairb tjkt. Ks suoj

ìtj studlbs krb oiephbebgtkry.

Lt ls gitbwirtjy tjkt tjb lepirtkgob ia bxkot i`sbrvktligs ia tjb hbvbh ia krojkbihiclokh

algds jks `bbg rbkhlzbd air k higc tleb. Ks bkrhy ks ;::6 k stigb kxb wks rbpirtbd arie Clbssbg

ks jkvlgc `bbg aiugd ugdbr k 0.0 e. tjlom hkybr ia ohky kgd skgd, kt —4.26 e. GKV. Lg ;<6?

k ahlgt kxb wks aiugd lg Tbrgbuzbg lg k pbkt hkybr, kt —0.26 e. GKV ;?0. Lt ls ighy giw tjkt

bgiucj ektbrlkh sbbes ti `b kvklhk`hb ti vbgturb ti clvb k systbektlo rbprbsbgtktlig lg k

crkpj.

;.3.0. TJB TLEB-DBVTJ CPKVJ IA TJB KPOJKBIHICLOKH _LTB_

;.3.0.;. Tjb dbpisltligkh hbvbh lg rbhktlig ti sbk-hbvbh

Lt eky `b stktbd lg cbgbrkh tjkt lgjk`ltktlig ugdbr gkturkh (l.b. git krtlalolkhhy kaabotbd)oigdltligs khwkys tiim phkob kìvb hiokh EJS ;??. Tjls hbvbh okg kgd dibs cbgbrkhhy dlaabr

ti sieb bxtbgt arie tjb kvbrkcb EJS lg ipbg wktbr gbkr tjb oikst, air sbtthbebgts wbrb

ekdb ig rbhktlvbhy sjbhtbrbd phkobs kgd git dlrbothy gbkr tjb ipbg sbk. Air tjls rbksig lt ls

pissl`hb ti algd iooupktlig ig k hbvbh hylgc nust `bhiw tjb oikstkh EJS hbvbh. Lg tjb Sbstbrg

Gbtjbrhkgds iooupktlig okg khsi `b aiugd kpprbolk`hy kìvb EJS, gkebhy ig iutorips,

oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd skht ekrsj rldcbs.

;0 ? TNe`crivb ;<43, ^wkr t ;<2;.

;0< Qkg _trkktbg ;<24, @bggbek ;<24, ;<24 k = @bggbek wks sbrliushy jkgdlokppbd `y tjb k`sbgob ia kg bxkot

dktl gc ebtji d. Kt tjk t tleb tjb Okrdlue trkgscrbssl ig wks dkt bd tii bkrhy (ir tii ihd dbpislts wbrb gke bd "Okr dlu e") .

Tj b Vlgcsdira pit tbr y wks dkt bd k abw obgturlbs tii ihd (Okrihlgclkg lgstbkd ia hh -; 0t j obgt ury).;? 6 Ks air lgstkgob Tbsoj ;<43, N. V. @kmmbr ;<2:.;? ; Nbhcbrsek ;<1;= dk tk oirrbotbd ti _ubss-baabot> Nbhcbrsek ;<11 kgd Jkcbekg ;<1<.;? 0 Clbssbg, lg tjb "Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk", _. B. ia Cirlgojbe. PEI, lgvbgtiry gi> Ccg. Tbrgbuzbg>

Qkg dbr Abbg ;<20, dioue. PEI, Hbldbg.

LE U8X )r k cbgbrkh dbsorlptlig ia tjb hkgdsokpb lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds `bairb tjb be`kgmebgt sbb Vigs lg

Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?, ;<1?, <3-;;;.







2; SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

Oigvbgtligkh O;4 dktbs

-2 666 -4 66 6 -?6 66 -06 66 -;666 @O 6 KD +;666 +0666

Alc. ;;. Tleb-dbptj dl kcrke wltj tj b eist lepirtkg t wbhh-aiugdbd krojkbihiclokh algds kgd sltbs lg tjb

Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Kddbd krb sieb trkdltligkhhy usbd sltbs tjkt krb git oiepkotlig-arbb kgd tjb ;4O dktbs

ia pbkt arie tjb sltbs @rkgdwlnm kgd @krbgdrbojt (Nbhcbrsek ;<1; kgd ;<11).

Air tjb diouebgtktlig ia tjb dktk usbd, sbb Kpp. LL.

Air tjb bxphkgktlig ia tjb syeìhs usbd, sbb alc. ;0.

ourvb K — hiwbr hlelt ia tjb dk tbd EJS hbvbhs.

ourvb @h — uppbr hlelt ia tjb dktbd EJS hbvbhs.

ourvb @0 — ks @h, ùt sieb bxtrbeb ir hbss rbprbsbgtktlvb sltbs bxohudbd.











_BK-HBQBH OJKGCB_ 2<

— tjb dlstkgob ti tjb ipbg sbk,

— tjb jblcjt ia EJS lg rbhktlig ti ebkg sbk-hbvbh,

— tjb lgahubgob ia tjb crkdlbgt lg tjb rlvbr krbk,

— kgy sekhh keiugt ia oiepkotlig.

Lg alc. ;? tjb ourvbs O;-O1 clvb tjb ojkgcbs ia EJS air _wlatbr`kgt, Qhkkrdlgcbg, Jbmbhlgcbg,

Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd surriugdlgcs, Sbst Arlslk kgd ^lndbrvbhd. Tjb ourvbs krb tjbrbairb vkhld

air k gue`br ia sbhbotbd sltbs ir krbks jkvlgc k rbhktlvbhy jlcj sbdlebgtktlig hbvbh kgd su`sb

qubgthy k rbhktlvbhy hiw EJS hbvbh, oilgoldlgc wltj k trkgscrbsslig pjksb aihhiwbd `y k rbcrbs

slig pjksb ;42. Lg cbgbrkh k ohbkr hiwbrlgc ia tjb hiokh EJS hbvbh `btwbbg dbpisltlig kgd lgjk`

ltkt lig kpphlbs ti tjbsb tbrrklgs . Tjls, jiwbvbr, dibs git gbobsskrlhy lephy kgy rbkh hiwbrlgc

ia tjb EJS kt tjb ipbg oikst. Rsukhhy lt wks tjb rbsuht ia k dborbkslgc jydrkuhlo oigtkot

wltj tjb ipbg wktbr kgd tjb dbvbhipebgt ia krbks wltj "ahiid dbprbsslig".

_uoj k "ahiid dbprbsslig" (dborbksb ia tldkh kephltudb) ioours lg kg bstukrlgb krbk la tjb

pissl`lhlty bxlsts ia oihhktbrkh ahiwlgc iaa ia tjb lghkgd ahiwlgc ahiid ir dkeebd-up rlvbr wktbr.

Tjls ls tjb oksb lg tjb eknirlty ia tjb auroktlgc bstukrlgb orbbm systbes, wjloj eisthy jkvb

tjb aire ia k rbhktlvbhy gkrriw eiutj wltj k wldbr drklgkcb `kslg `bjlgd. Tjb k`sbgob iadlsojkrclgc rlvbrs, khigc tjb crkdlbgt ia wjloj tjb ahiid okg rug up, ls akviurk`hb ti ahiid

dbprbsslig. îggbvbhd ;41 ekdb k dbtklhbd survby ia tjls pjbgiebgig, dbeigstrktlgc tjb ioour

rbgob ia ahiid dbprbsslig lg k prbsbgt arbsj-wktbr tldkh krbk, db @lbsìsoj, `y ebkgs ia ebksurb

ebgts tkmbg lg tjb ybkrs ;<?6-;<?<. Jls dlkcrkes krb ia crbkt lepirtkgob ti us. Alrst, tjb

EJS hbvbh lg tjb eklg orbbms ia tjb @lbsìsoj rlsbs arie ?6 oe. lg tjb wbst ti 26 oe. lg

tjb bkst kìvb EJS hbvbh kt tjb oikst. Lg tjb sekhhbr orbbms tjls baabot ls hkrcbhy oiepbgsktbd

air `y k ahiid dbprbsslig ia ;6-46 oe. dbpbgdbgt upig tjb pisltlig kgd dlebgsligs ia tjb orbbm.

Lg iur iplglig tjb ahiid dbprbsslig okg obrtklghy rbkoj tjbsb pripirtligs lg k gkturkh hkgd

sokpb wjbg k gue`br ia akotirs oilgoldb. Sb rbabr pkrtlouhkrhy ti sltuktligs iatbg ioourrlgc ig

pilgts wjbrb prbjlstirlo lgjk`ltktlig tiim phkob. Alrst, k dbpislt lg ir gbkr k hkrcb wktbr oiursb

arie tjb bgd ia k trkgscrbsslig pjksb. Gbxt tjb ohislgc ia tjb oikst-hlgb kgd/ir tjb gkrriwlgcia tjb orbbms. Tjb alrst priobss hlelts tjb bgtrkgob ia tjb tldb, kgd tjb sboigd ls hlmbhy ti rbsuht

lg k oigtlgukhhy eirb dlstkgt oigtkot wltj tjb ipbg wktbr, wjloj, dbpbgdlgc upig tjb dlstkgob

ti lt, ebkgs k eirb ir hbss kpprbolk`hb ahiid dbprbsslig. Lg tjls wky k hiwbrlgc ia tjb hiokh

EJS okg ioour kt kg lghkgd pilgt, bvbg wjbg tjb sbk-hbvbh kt tjb oikst ls stktligkry ir shiwhy

rlslgc, si tjkt kg ippirtuglty air lgjk`ltktlig ls orbktbd.

Lg tjb ourvbs O0-O1 tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs OLQk, OLQ` kgd D 6 krb ohbkrhy sjiwg ks

pbrlids ia jlcj EJS hbvbhs, sbpkrktbd `y pbrlids ia k euoj hiwbr EJS. Tjb systbektlo

dlaabrbgobs `btwbbg tjb sltbs eky `b bxphklgbd `y tjb kìvb-gkebd rbcligkhhy vkrlk`hb akotirs.

;4 2 Tjbirbtlokhhy k trkgscrbsslig pjksb ls k pbrlid wltj k hkgdwkrd sjlatlgc oikst-hlgb, wjlhb durlgc k rbcrbsslig

pjksb tjbrb ls k sbkwkrd sjlat. _i akotukhhy tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb ls ighy tjb pbrlid ia brislig, wjlhb tjb pbrlid ia

sbdlebgtktlig `bhigcs ti tjb rbcrbsslig pjksb. Lt ls, jiwbvbr, oieeig prkotlob ti lgohudb tjb pbrlid ia dbpisltlig ia

elgbrkh sbdlebgts lg tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb kgd ti rbstrlot tjb rbcrbsslig pjksb ti tjb pbrlid ia pbkt dbvbhipebgt.

Jiwbvbr tjk t eky `b, lg tjb dbalgltlig gitjlgc ls skld kìut tjb okusbs ia tjb pjksbs, kgd k rbhktlvb jlcj ir hiw EJS

ls git pkrt ia tjb dbalgltlig. Lg tjb airbcilgc pkcbs, bsp. alc. ;6, wb dbeigstrktbd tjkt lgjk`ltktlig oigobgtrktbd lg

tjb rbcrbsslig pjksbs, si wb okg sky jbrb tjkt tjb dktk arie sbtthbebgt sltbs rbhktb ti rbcrbsslig pjksbs.;41 îggbvbhd ;<16, Vk rt K, ;1-;3, alc. ;:-06. _bb khsi Nbhcbrsek ;<1;, 0;.




krojkbihiclokh pbrlids

pkhygihiclokl pbrlids

oigvbgtligkh EO dktbs

jlstirlokh dktbs(sihkr ybkrs)

oikstkh `krrlbrs

trkgscrbsslig

pjksbs

lgjk`ltktlig

pjksbs

Alc. ;4. Tleb-dbptj dlkcrke wltj iur ourvbs air ojkgcbs lg EJS hbvbh lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds

kgd vkrlius ourvbs ia @bggbek kgd Nbhcbrsek air oiepkrlsig.



_BK-HBQBH OJKGCB_ 1;

Lg Qhkkrdlgcbg k jlcj EJS kt tjb tleb ia dbpisltlig kgd sieb oiepkotlig, lg Eihbgkkrscrkka

gi oiepkotlig, gi jlcj EJS ùt obrtklghy k sekhh "rlvbr crkdlbgt baabot" ;43 , wjloj dielgktbs

tjb wjihb ploturb siebwjkt aurtjbr upstrbke (^lndbrvbhd). Lg Sbst Arlslk k siurob ia brrir

ioours tjriucj tjb kpphloktlig ia k uglaire oirrbotlig ia :6 oe. air oiepkotlig lg tjb su`silh.

Tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg Jbmbhlgcbg kgd Qhkkrdlgcbg, algkhhy, sjiws strlmlgchy tjkt hiokh olr

ouestkgobs kgd oiepkrktlvbhy sekhh vkrlktligs lg elhlbu eky `b ia crbkt lgahubgob.

Tjb ourvbs O3-O< clvb tjb oiursb ia EJS ig krojkbihiclokh sltbs air tjb pbrlid katbr tjb

@rigzb Kcb. O3 kgd O: dbpbgd lg tjb alrst phkob upig tjb clvbg dktk. O< ls kg bxtrkpihkt lig ti

tjls, irclgktlgc arie tjb bqukhlzktlig ia pbrlids ia arbqubgt dlmb-`rbkojbs wltj trkgscrbsslig

pjksbs, wjbrb`y k rbhktlvbhy jlcj hiokh EJS ls kttrlùtbd ti tjbsb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs.

Air tjbsb pbrlids ia sekhh rlsbs lg sbk-hbvbh tjb lgahubgob ia sekhh brrirs lg ebksurbebgt

kgd hiokh vkrlktligs ls oigsldbrk`hb. Juekg lgtbrvbgtlig lg gkturb jks, eirbivbr, lgorbksbd

hiokh dlaabrbgobs. Ks higc ks gi oieprbjbgslvb oirpus ia rbhlk`hb ektbr lkh arie tjls pbrlid jks

`bbg kssbe`hbd tjls kpprixlektlig sbbes ti hbkd ti k rbksigk`hb prbsbgtktlig ia tjb rbkhlty.

Air tjb oigstruotlig ia ourvb O< usb wks ekdb kcklg eisthy ia dktk clvbg `y Qkg Claabg,

@kmmbr, @bggbek kgd Qkg Jiirg kgd tjb itjbr siurobs air tjbsb hktbr tlebs ebgtligbd

bkrhlbr ;4_.

;.3.?.?. Tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb ourvb

_tkrtlgc arie tjb ourvbs O;-O< wb okg ekmb k sboigd kpprixlektlig ia tjb rbkh rbhktlvb

rlsb ia EJS. Tjb ourvbs Dh kgd D0 lg alc. ;4 clvb tjb hiwbr kgd uppbr hlelts rbspbotlvbhy ia

tjb zigb wltjlg wjloj tjb ahuotuktligs ia O;-O: tkmb phkob. Lgsldb tjls zigb hlbs tjb ourvb ia tjb

rbkh rlsb ia tjb oikstkh EJS hbvbh. @bokusb ia k hkom ia dktk tjb ihdbst pkrt ia tjls zigb okg

ighy `b rbprbsbgtbd ks k slephb hlgb. Air tjb eist rbobgt pkrt wb jkvb tkmbg tjb ourvb O<.

Lg rbkhlty, jiwbvbr, lg ìtj tjbsb sbotligs khsi, ks lg tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb ourvbs K kgd @,

tjb dktk krb sprbkd lg k zigb kgd git ig k hlgb.

@bairb wb okg krrlvb kt k ourvb clvlgc tjb rbkh rlsb kgd ahuotuktligs ia oikstkh EJS twi

baabots eust `b bvkhuktbd> k hiokh baabot, bxprbssbd lg tjb sjkrp ahuotuktligs ia tjb ourvbs

O;-O<, kgd k rbcligkh baabot tjkt ls kppkrbgt arie tjb dlaabrbgobs lg hbvbh `btwbbg tjbsb ourvbs.

Ks akr ks tjb alrst ls oigobrgbd wb stkrt arie tjb akot tjkt lg rbcrbsslig pjksbs tjbrb ls

gi qubstlig ia kgy cbgbrkh akhh lg Ebkg _bk Hbvbh ia kgy lepirtkgob. Cbihiclokhhy kt hbkst gi

lgdloktligs ia tjls bxlst;4 <. Tjb bxtbgt ia tjb dbvlktligs arie tjb cbgbrkh kvbrkcb, wjloj wb

okg kssueb air iur sbhbotbd sltbs, khsi khhiws k slelhkr ahkttbglgc ia tjb sjkrp hiokh ojkgcbs>

tjbsb okg `b bxphklgbd bgtlrbhy `y tjb dlelglsjlgc ir bxtlgotlig ia tjb tldkh kephltudb (ahiid

dbprbsslig) ig tjbsb pilgts, durlgc tjb iooupktlig tjbrb ;26.

;43 @y "rlvbr crkdlbgt baabot" ls ebkgt tjb rklslgc ia tjb EJS hbvbh (kgd khh itjbr wktbr hbvbhs) cilgc up-strbke

wltjlg tjb rbkoj ia tjb rlvbr oiursbs= `y itjbr wirds tjb baabot ia tjb rlvbr crkdlbgt ig tjb wktbr hbvbhs (oa. p. <2 kgd

alc. 0?).l « Qkg Claabg ;<24% N. V. @kmmbr ;<2:, @bggbek ;<24, Qkg Jiirg ;<13, tjl s pkpbr gitb <1.;4 < @bggbek ;<24, ?6-?0 koobpts k t eist sjirt-hlvbd hiwbrlgc wltj k ekxleue ia 26 oe. Pbabrbgob ls ekdb lg

tjls oksb ti E_H kgd git ti EJS. Sb krb kwkrb tj kt EJS ahuotuktlig eky `b okusbd `y ahuotuktligs lg tj b ebkg

tldkh kephltudb kgd lg tjkt oksb wlhh git `b rbahbotbd lg k E_H ourvb. Tjls qubstlig wlhh `b dlsoussbd `bhiw.;2 6

Ca' Q- 2<- Mktjbr jlcj vkhubs air ìtj tjb "plhlgc up" ia tjb ahiid lg tjb sbdlebgtkt lig pjksbs kgd tjb ahiid

dbprbsslig lg tjb iooupktlig pjksbs krb gbbdbd ti bxphklg tjb ahuotuktligs bgtlrbhy `y tjbsb baabots. Tjb @lbsìsoj





_BK-HBQBH OJKGCB_ 1?

wb kssueb tjkt tjb trkgscrbsslig/rbcrbsslig oyohlolty ls eklghy ir bxohuslvbhy tjb rbsuht ia

ebtbirihiclokh (ohlektlo) ojkgcbs, kgd tjkt k trkgscrbsslig pjksb ls ojkrkotbrlzbd `y k jlcjbr

prbolpltktlig kgd eirb arbqubgt kgd jbkvlbr wbstbrhy wlgds (jlcjbr ckhb arbqubgoy);2? , tjbg tjb

EJS okg rlsb lg tjbsb pjksbs. Tjls elcjt `b okusbd `y> k eirb arbqubgt ioourrbgob ia bxtrbeb

jlcj wktbrs, k cbgbrkh stiwlgc ia tjb sbk-wktbr tiwkrds tjb Dutoj oikst (git vkhld air itjbr

oiksts kriugd tjb Girtj _bk !), k eirb arbqubgt dkeelgc-up ia tjb rlvbr wktbr, ir (jypitjbtlokh)

k cbgbrkh lgorbksb ia tjb tldkh kephltudb. Sjbg tjb sue ia tjbsb baabots rbsuhts lg kg kephltudb

ia tjb isolhhktlig lg tjb irdbr ia ;6 oe. ir eirb, tjbg tjls isolhhktlig wlhh `b vlsl`hb lg tjb sbk-

hbvbh ourvb. Kg kephltudb ia ;6 oe. clvbs kg kvbrkcb air tjb rlsb ir akhh ia sbk-hbvbh ia 4 oe. pbr

obgtury wjbg wb kssueb kg kvbrkcb ia 266 ybkrs air tjb trkgscrbsslig/rbcrbsslig oyohb. Sjbg

tjb kephltudb ls hbss, lt wlhh `b rbahbotbd ighy lg tjb eirb rbobgt, hbss stbbphy shiplgc pkrt ia

tjb ourvb.

@ut tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs gbbd git gbobsskrlhy ti `b rbahbotbd lg tjb sbk-hbvbh ourvb,

tjkt ls ti sky tjb kephltudb ia tjb isolhhktlig elcjt `b vbry sekhh ir bvbg zbri. Tjb trkgscrbs

slig pjksbs elcjt `b pbrlids wjbg ighy tjb bxtrbeb sltuktligs (l.b. tjb stire ahiids) wbrb rbh

ktlvbhy wirsb. Lt ls nust durlgc suoj bxtrbeb sltuktligs tjkt tjb eknir pkrt ia tjb eirpjihiclokh

ojkgcbs lg tjb oikstkh rbcligs ioour, kgd k trkgscrbsslig pjksb ls dbalgbd `y suoj ojkgcbs>

tjb dbstruotlig ia hkgd kgd tjb bxtbgslig ia drklgkcb orbbm systbes. K abw bxtrk jlcj stire

ahiids k ybkr wlhh git lgahubgob tjb EJS hbvbh vbry euoj. Tkmlgc tjls lgti kooiugt igb okg

air lgstkgob bxphklg tjb sbqubgob ia tjb airektlig ia oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd strkgd ahkts wltjiut

tjb kssueptlig ia ekrmbd ahuotuktligs lg tjb EJS ourvb.

@ut lg drkwlgc iur ourvb B, wb jkvb ojisbg air kg kephltudb ia kìut ;6 oe. kgd air k

stbppbd ourvb, ks wb skld eklghy ti di nustlob ti tjb isolhhktligs ia tjb ourvbs Oh-< kgd Dh-0.

Auturb rbsbkroj eky rbvbkh wjbtjbr tjb stbps eust `b koobgtuktbd ir seiitjbgktbd ir t jk t

tjby bvbg eust dlskppbkr.

;.3.?.4. Tjb ourvbs ia @bggbek (;<24) kgd Nbhcbrsek (;<1;, ;<11)

K oiepkrlsig ia tjb prbsbgt ourvb(s) wltj tjisb ia @bggbek kgd Nbhcbrsek ;24 sjiws ks

tjb eist lepirtkgt dlaabrbgob k hbss seiitj hlgb lg tjb prbsbgt ourvbs, wltj k ohbkr `bgd lg

tjb obgturlbs kriugd 0666 @.O. K pbrlid ia k rkpldhy rlslgc sbk-hbvbh tjbg ojkgcbs ti k euoj

shiwbr rlsb, wltj eirb i`vlius ahuotuktligs ;22. Tjb trkgsltlig pbrlid (kìut 0266-;266 @.O.)

sbbes ti jkvb `bbg k pbrlid wjbg k rbhktlvbhy jlcj EJS hbvbh ioourrbd hiokhhy. Tjls wks tjb

;2 ? Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;46;2 4 @bggbek ;<24, 21, alc. ;?, hiwbr ourvb = Nbhcbrsek ;<1;, alc. 00.

Sb tjlgm tjb ourvb ia ^wkrt (;<2;) gbbds gi aurtjbr dlsousslig katbr tjb oieebgts clvbg `y @bggbek kgd Nbhcbrs

ek. Sb mgiw giw tjkt sieb ia ^wkrt's dktlgcs wbrb sbrliushy wrigc. Eirbivbr jb gbchbotbd tjb ekrclg ia brrir lg

jls okhouhktligs (ks air lgstkgob lg tjb rktb ia tjb bplricbgbt lo/lsistktlo su`sldbgob, wjloj jb bstlektbd kt < oe. pbrobgtury).

;22 D r E. K. Cbyj, Jk ggiv br, pil gtbd iu t ti eb, tj kt k tii sekhh gue`b r ia dkt k okg bkslhy sjiw akhsb a huotuk tligs

tjkt krb bhlelgktbd wjbg tjb gue`br ia dktk criws. _lgob wb eust rbomig khsi wltj tjb trkgscrbsslig pbrlidlolty kgd

tjb lgjk `ltk tlig pj ksbs kgd usb tjls mgiwhbdcb wjbg oigstruotl gc tjb ourvbs, tjls pissl`lhlty okg `b bxohudbd lg tjb

prbsbgt oksb. Sb tjkgm Dr Cbyj air tjls oieebgts ig tjls pkrt ia tjb wirm kgd air sbgdlgc us k ekgusorlpt ia jls

;<3; pkpbr `bairb lts pu`hloktlig.




oksb `bjlgd tjb wldb tldkh lghbts tjriucj tjb stlhh gkrriw `bht ia oikstkh `krrlbrs, wjbrb tjb jblcjt

ia tjb tldb wks lgorbksbd `y tjb dkeelgc up ia tjb ahiid wkvb.

Tjbrb ls gi i`vlius bxphkgktlig lg iur ourvb air tjb airektlig ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs

tjbesbhvbs, bspbolkhhy git air tjb ojkgcb kìut ?666 @.O. arie k rbtrbktlgc ti kg kdvkgolgc

oikst-hlgb. Tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd ahkttbglgc ia tjb ourvb kppbkrs kt hbkst ;666 ybkrs tii hktb ti

`b ia kgy rbhbvkgob jbrb.

Iur ourvb K, `blgc tjb hiwbst hlelt ia khh EJS dktk, okg `b ohisbhy oiepkrbd wltj ourvb

L ia Nbhcbrsek. Iur ourvb hlbs kt eist 32 oe. jlcjbr, gkebhy lg tjb pbrlid 0666-;666 @.O.

Tjb oirrbspigdbgob `btwbbg ìtj ourvbs ls itjbrwlsb si ekrmbd tjkt wb sbb lg tjls akot k oig

alrektlig ia tjb suppisltlig tjkt lgjk`ltktlig khwkys tiim phkob kìvb EJS hbvbh. Kt tjb

skeb tleb lt kppbkrs tjkt Nbhcbrsek's ourvb L eust jkvb rbabrbgob ti dktk ia rbcrbsslig pjksbs.

Tjb criwtj ia pbkt ig kg bkrhlbr airebd sbdlebgt dibs lgdbbd khwkys ojkrkotbrlzb k rbcrbsslig

pjksb.

Tjb zigb hleltbd `y K kgd @0 (alc. ;;), lg eirb dbtklh tjb zigb `btwbbg Dh kgd D0 (alc. ;4)

kgd ks tjb `bst kpprixlektlig ourvb B, clvb tjb trub rlsb ia oikstkh EJS. Nbhcbrsek oigsldbrbd

jbr ourvb LL air tjb digmbg krbk ks tjb eist rbhlk`hb air tjls.

@bggbek's ourvb rbabrs ti E_H kgd eust tjbrbairb `b rklsbd `y kìut :6 oe. ti `b oiepkr

k`hb. Tjb bxphkgktlig ia tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg iur ourvb kgd @bggbek's lg tjb pbrlid ?666-266

@.O. eust lg tjb alrst phkob `b siucjt lg tjb dktk usbd `y @bggbek. Lt oigobrgs tjb `ksbs

ia tjb `krriws lg Sbst Arlslk kgd Jbmbhlgcbg, wltj k dktlgc ia kìut ;366 @.O. (kìut 266

ybkrs tii hktb kooirdlgc ti tjb hktbr ;4O dktbs) kgd tjb dbpislts kt Jiiaddirp, wjloj wltj

kg kcb ia kìut 0?66 @.O. jkvb khsi `bbg phkobd akr tii hktb, `y kìut ;666 ybkrs ;21.

@itj Nbhcbrsek's ourvb LL kgd tjb prbsbgt ourvb, krb `ksbd ig oiepkotlig-arbb sltbs,

kgd ig ;4O kcbs. Tjus dlaabrbgobs `btwbbg tjb twi ourvbs krb eklghy dub ti tjb gkturb kgd tjb

lgtbrprbtktlig ia tjb ektbrlkh usbd> iurs wks lgdbbd vbry dbtklhbd ùt oiepkrktlvbhy hkomlgc

lg uglairelty. Nbhcbrsek's dktk krb eirb uglaire ùt jkvb k rktjbr wldb ekrclg ia brrir.

Tjb ahuotuktligs lg iur ourvb jkvb aurtjbr suoj k sekhh rkgcb, tjkt tjby oiuhd git pissl`hy

jkvb `bbg bstk`hlsjbd ig kooiugt ia Nbhcbrsek's dktk. Tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg jbr ourvb LLkgd iur ourvb B sjiws k ekxleue ia 32 oe. kìut ;:66 @.O., wjlhb tjbrb ls gi dlaabrbgob kt

khh arie iur ourvb K kt tjls pilgt. Sb di git tjlgm tjkt tjbsb vkrlktligs lgdloktb kgy oigtrk

dlotlig, ùt tjkt Nbhcbrsek's dktk khhiw iur ourvb B ti `b rbckrdbd ks k rbalgbebgt ia jbr

ourvb LL.

;.3.?.2. Bustktlo, tbotiglo kgd lsistktlo oiepigbgts

Khtjiucj wb krb giw cilgc siebwjkt `byigd tjb ìugdkrlbs ia iur su`nbot, wb okggit

ielt k abw rbekrms ti tjb pissl`hb rihb tjkt eky `b kttrlùtbd ti tjb vkrlius okusbs ia tjb

rbhktlvb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh.

Tjb eist lepirtkgt oiepigbgts ia tjb rbhktlvb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh lg tjls oiugtry kgd air tjb

pbrlid lg qubstlig krb>

— kg kotukh rlsb ia tjb wktbr ks k rbsuht ia tjb wkglgc ia oigt lgbgtkh lob okps> tjb chkoli-

bustktlo rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh.

;21 Pbggbek ;<24, 22 = lg eirb dbtkl h> 01, ?< kgd 46 a.









1: SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

MM76 4666 ?666 0666 ;666 @O 6 KD +;666 +0O 66

+; + ;e

GKV

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-2

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Alc. ;1. Tjb ourvbs, oigstruotbd wltj k sokhb ia sihkr ybkrs ig tjb Z-kxls.



GIPTJBPG CBPEKG\ KGD BK_T BGCHKGD 1<

sbqubgobs kriugd tjb Girtj _bk, suoj ks tjisb ia Nbhcbrsek bt kh. kgd Cbyj ;14, lt ls ohbkr tjkt

eist ia tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs dlstlgculsjbd kt prbsbgt lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds okg `b

dlvldbd up lg eirb pjksbs tjkg sjiwg `y us. Kt kgy rk tb tjls wlhh obrtklghy `b pissl hb katbr

auturb rbsbkroj. _i lt eky `b pissl`hb ti dlvldb O LQ lgti tjrbb su`-stkcbs (lgstbkd ia twi), D 6

lgti twi su`-stkcbs kgd D L lgti tjrbb (lgstbkd ia twi). Tjbsb su`dlvlsligs wlhh jkvb oigsldbr

k`hb lgahubgob ig tjb bstk`hlsjebgt ia pbrlidlolty kgd tjb ebkg durktlig ia igb "trkgscrbsslig-

rbcrbsslig-oyohb". Kooirdlgc ti Cbyj;12 ;; oyohbs bxlstbd slgob 0<66 @.O. (lg ;4O ybkrs) ir

?366 @.O. (lg sihkr ybkrs), wjlhb igb oyohb jks k durktlig ia 026-426 ;4O ybkrs, ir ig kg kvbrkcb

kìut 266 sihkr ybkrs. Kppkrbgthy iur dktk di git rbahbot khh tjbsb ahuotuktligs.

;.:. GIPTJBPG CBPEKG\ KGD BK_T BGCHKGD

Tjb kìvb-dlsoussbd krbk `btwbbg ^bbhkgd Ahkgdbrs kgd Tbxbh ioouplbs, ks tjb bstukrlgb

rbclig ia tjb Ebusb kgd Pjlgb, tjb _ojbhdt kgd tjb Ivbrlnssbh Qbojt wltj tjblr vkrlius trlùt

krlbs, k spbolkh phkob wltjlg tjb sbrlbs ia Jihiobgb oikstkh dbpislts ia tjb siutjbrg Girtj _bk.

Tjb dlsojkrclgc rlvbrs jkvb bxbrtbd k strigc lgahubgob ig tjb cbihiclokh jlstiry ia tjls krbk kgdig lts prbsbgt-dky abkturbs. Ia gi hbss lepirtkgob ls tjb eirpjihicy ia tjb Hk tb Chkolkh su`silh

wltj tjb wldb rlvbr vkhhbys ks obgtrkh bhbebgts. K oiepkrlsig wltj tjb itjbr oikstkh phklgs

kriugd tjb siutjbrg Girtj _bk wlhh tjbrbairb ighy `b pissl`hb ti k hleltbd bxtbgt.

;.:.;. GIPTJBPG CBPEKG\

Tjb skht ekrsj krbk ia Arlbshkgd kgd Criglgcbg aires, ticbtjbr wltj tjb oikstkh rbclig

ia Glbdbrskojsbg (Istarlbshkgd, Sbsbr/Nkdb rbclig) kgd tjb wbst oikst ia _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg

(Dltjekrsojbg, Girtj Arlbshkgd) k wjihb wltj dlstlgot dlaabrbgobs arie tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbr

hkgds. Gbkrhy khh ihdbr dbpislts lgohudlgc pissl`hb airebr oikstkh `krrlbrs wbrb hkrcbhy dbstriybdtjbrb durlgc tjb eist rbobgt trkgscrbsslig pjksbs (Dugmlrm L kgd hktbr) kgd rbphkobd `y gbw

dbpislts ir lg itjbr phkobs oivbrbd ivbr. Tjb dbpislts ig wjloj tjb eist kgolbgt trkobs ia

lgjk`ltktlig jkvb `bbg aiugd lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds (tips ia Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs,

oikstkh `krrlbrs, orbbm systbes ia bkrhlbr trkgscrbsslig pjksbs, airebr rlvbr oiursbs) krb kheist

bgtlrbhy hkomlgc jbrb. Pbobgt cbihiclokh dktk sjiw, jiwbvbr, tjkt lg tjb wjihb rbclig k slelhkr

oyohlolty ia trkgscrbsslig kgd rbcrbsslig pjksbs tiim phkob hb1. Ig sultk`hb sltbs lgjk`ltktlig

wks pri`k`hy pissl`hb khsi lg tjbsb rbcligs durlgc tjb Gbihltjlo kgd tjb @rigzb Kcb. K euoj

sekhhbr strlp ia hkgd wks, jiwbvbr, lgvihvbd, wltj abwbr pissl`lhltlbs air lgjk`ltktlig tjkg lg

tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, ùt k gue`br ia algds privldb us wltj sieb lgdloktligs ia tjls bkrhy

prbsbgob ia ebg ;13. Tjb dlstrlùt lig ia tjbsb algds ls, lg iur vlbw, lg tjb alrst phkob dbpbgdbgt

l«4 Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, Cbyj ;<1<, ;<3;, khsi Eøhhbr ;<10, D. Jiaaekgg ;<1<.

E½ Cbyj ;<3;, alc. ;-4.

«: @rkgd bt kh. ;<11, Cbyj ;<1<, ;<3;.;13 Ig tjbsb algds sbb bspbolkhhy> @kgtbhekgg ;<4<, ;<13, ;:-06= _ojlgdhbr ;<2?/'22, Jkkrgkcbh ;<26, Vrkgcb

;<1?, 10-14= ;<13, 2?-21.



Ti SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

K` 5 Krbgt sù rc= @w 5 @irgwlr d= B 5 Bom hkm= Bz 5 Bzlgcb= Jb 5 Jbmbhlgcbg= Jm 5 Jiicmkr spbh=

Ec 5 Eihbgkkrscrkka= Iw 5 Iistwiud= _E 5 _t. Ekrckrbt jbg= _w 5 _wlatbr`kg t= Q` 5 Qkhmb gùrc =

QL 5 Qhkkrdlgcbg= Ss 5 Slhhbestkd= ^w 5 ^kgdwbrvbg.

Alc. ;3. Tjb siutjbrg pkrt ia tjb Girtj _bk wltj tjb eist lepirtkgt rbabrbgob sltbs ebgtligbd lg tjb tbxt.

upig tjb ojkgob ia dlsoivbry kgd pkrtlouhkrhy upig tjblr ojkgob ia prbsbrvktlig durlgc hktbr

trkgscrbssligs.

Algds arie tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo krb mgiwg arie tjb bstukrlgb rbclig ia tjb Bh`b> k rbekrm

k`hy oiephbtb _pltzìdbgcbaäss arie Bomhkm lg tjb Slhstbrekrsoj kgd diebstlo rbausb ig tjb

tips ia hkrcbhy oivbrbd Bkrhy Jihiobgb rlvbr dugbs gbkr Jkeùrc-@i`brc ;1:. Bvbg bkrhlbr

lgjk`ltktlig sbbes ti jkvb ioourrbd, nudclgc `y tjb Bkrhy EbsiJtjlo `kr`bd pilgt aiugd ig

tjb lshkgd ia Añjr, kt k dbptj ia kìut 4.2 e. lg k pbkt hkybr ugdbr tjb Ekrsoj dbpislts, girtj

ia tjb jkehbt Sym ;1:.

Arie tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo dktb pbrjkps k abw stigb kgd ahlgt kxbs arie tjb Jihiobgb

dbpislts khigc tjb wbst oikst ia _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg ;3¶. Aurtjbr dktk kìut tjb dbptj ia tjbsb

;1 : Bomhkm> @kgtbhekgg ;<4<, 33, Tka. Lhh> 0= @i`brc> _ojlgdhbr ;<2?/'22, ;<1;, ;<16, :?-:2. Ig tjb dugb

tips kìut ?6 sltbs wbrb dlsoivbrbd, alvb ia tjbe ia prlekry lepirtkgob `bokusb ia tjblr bxtbgt kgd algds. Tjb algds

oieprlsb> sieb Kjrbgsùrc Ouhturb krtlakots, elorihltjs (kt 2 sltbs), trkgojbt kxbs ia tjb Ihdbshib Ouhturb, pittbry arie

tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo igwkrd bgdlgc wltj tjb @@ Ouhturb.;1 : @kgtbhekgg ;<4<, 33, Tka. Lhh> ;. Kgitjbr `kr`bd pilgt wks aiugd gbkr`y kt Kerue (oa. Ohkrm ;<?1,0?3).

" ¶ @kgtbhek gg ;<4<. 33.



GIPTJBPG CBPEKG\ KGD BK_T BGCHKGD 3;

algds krb hkomlgc, wjlhb tjb dktlgcs ia suoj kxbs krb git wltjiut pri`hbes. Vätzihd ;3; dbsorl`bs

kg lgtbrbstlgc algd ia k TP@ sbtthbebgt `bhiw GG gbkr Cbhhbrgdbloj kt tjb bgd ia tjb vkhhby

ia tjb Jugtb rlvbr. Tjb algds (kt kgy rktb tjb Driuwbg pjksb kgd ks lt sbbes khsi tjb Hktb

Jkvbhtb pjksb krb rbprbsbgtbd) wbrb hylgc kt k dbptj ia `btwbbg —;.6 kgd —;.4 e. GG ;30,

oiepkotlig-arbb ig k skgdy ugdbrcriugd, kgd tjby wbrb oivbrbd wltj pbkt. Tjls dbptj oirrbs

pigds wltj tjkt ia tjb kpprixlektbhy bqukhhy ihd algds ia @irg wlrd ;3? kgd aires kg uppbr

hlelt air tjb airebr EJS hbvbh.

Git `bttbr rbprbsbgtbd ls tjb _tblg LMupabrzblt, oirrbspigdlgc ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr

Ouhturb kgd tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Lt ls ighy kt Jkeùrc-@i`brc ;34 tjkt

tjbrb ls qubstlig ia sbtthbebgt rbeklgs. Kddltligkhhy tjbrb krb ighy lsihktbd algds ia ahlgt

dkccbrs kgd slomhbs. Tjbsb hkttbr, jiwbvbr, di git gbobsskrlhy khh `bhigc ti tjls pbrlid. Ia lepir

tkgob ls tjb jikrd ia tjrbb ahlgt dkccbrs kt Mujhbg gbkr _t. Ekrckrbtjbg lg tjb Slhstbrekrsoj

(gbkr tjb bstukry ia tjb Bh`b) ;32. Tjb dkccbrs hky k t k dbp tj ia <6 oe. kgd ig tjb airebr surakob.

Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt k sekhh oigobgtrktlig ia ahlgt ahkmbs kgd k sorkpbr arie Crñdb-Kpbhhkgd ;31

irlclgktb arie tjb skeb tleb. Tjb algds hky ig tjb girtj-bkst shipb ia k "aisslh skgd`kgm", ia

wjloj tjb tip rbkojbd ti —;.6: e. GG. Tjb skgd hkybr, wltj k ekxleue tjlomgbss ia ;.06 e.,

hky ig k ohky dbpislt, si tjkt lt ls ohbkr tjkt wb krb git oigobrgbd jbrb wltj kg bkrhlbr iutorip.Lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb lgjk`ltk`hb rbclig ti tjb girtj ia Bldbrstbdt bxtbgdbd akr eirb wbstwkrd

tjkg wks tjb oksb eirb tiwkrds tjb siutj ;33.

Lg tjb wjihb girtjbrg ohky krbk tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb Dugmlrm L k ls ia prleb slcglalokgob.

_kht ekroj dbpislts ia tjls pbrlid wbrb lgjk`ltbd lg tjb Bkrhy Lrig Kcb lg Arlbshkgd, Criglgcbg

kgd Glbdbrskojsbg. Tjb rbkotlig ia tjb lgjk`ltkgts durlgc tjb gbxt trkgscrbsslig pjksb

(Dugmlrm L`) wks git bvbrywjbrb tjb skeb> lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds tjb alrst tbrpbg wbrb tjriwg up

(keigc itjbrs tjb lgltlkh tbrp ia Bzlgcb) ig wjloj tjb lgjk`ltkgts oiuhd eklgtklg tjbesbhvbs,

wjlhb lg Girtjbrg Cbrekgy tjb sbtthbebgts wbrb k`kgdigbd kgd tjb pbiphb wltjdrbw ti tjb

siutj ig tjb jlcj, skgdy Cbbst silhs.

Lg tjb alrst obgtury @.O. tjb pbiphb rbturgbd kcklg ti tjb skht ekrsjbs= lg Dltjekrsojbg

tjb hiw hkgd wks lgjk`ltbd hktbr> arie tjb alrst obgtury K.D. Durlgc tjb Ebrivlgclkg trkgscrbsslig pbrlid (Dugmlrm LL) tjb tkhb ls rbpbktbd> tjb tbrpbg ia tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds oigtlgubd

ti `b lgjk`l tbd, wjlhb tjb skht ekrsjbs ia Istarlbshkgd wbrb k`kgdigbd. Algkhhy, arie kìut

K.D. :66, tjb wjihb skht ekrsj krbk arie tjb rlvbr Bes ti Girtj Arlbshkgd wks sbtthbd

igob kcklg kgd air ciid ;3: .

Jkkrgkcbh clvbs tjb aihhiwlgc dktk kìut hbvbhs lg Nbecue. Kt k hbvbh ia —6.2 e. GG tjb

iooupktlig tiim phkob lg tjb 3tj obgtury @.O., kt +6.0 e. lg tjb hst-4tj obgturlbs K.D. kgd

;3 ; Vätzihd ;<22.;3 0 Sb krb lgairebd `y tjb Dutoj Irdgkgob _urvby, Dbhat tjkt tjb Girekh Guh hbvbh (GG) ls bqukh ti —6.60 e.

GKV.;3 ? _bb Kpp. LL gi. ;0. Sb tjkgm Vria Dr N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs air tjb lgairektlig jb mlgdhy privldbd.;3 4

Oa. gitb ;1:.;3 2 @kgtbhekgg ;<4<, 33= ;<13, ;<.

½ • @kgtbhekgg ;<?:, ;<13, 06-04= Jkkrgkcbh ;<26, ?<-4< kgd K``. ;0.;3 3 @kgtbhekgg ;<13, ;?.;3 : _bb Jkkrgkcbh ;<1<, bsp. 0;-03= @kgtbhekgg ;<13, bsp. 06-04.





GIPTJBPG CBPEKG\ KGD BK_T BGCHKGD 3?

gbkr _jlppbk Jlhh) tjb trkgscrbsslig wks gitlobk`hb siebwjkt bkrhlbr, kìut ?666 @.O. ;_;. Arie

tjbsb dktbs lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb Abg Ohky oirrbspigds wltj tjb Dutoj Okhkls LQ dbpislts ;:0.

Tjb krojkbihiclokh dktk oirrbspigd ohisbhy wltj tjbsb dktlgcs.

Tjb lgvbstlcktlig `y Ohkrm kgd Cidwlg kt Vbkoiom's Akre kgd Vhkgtktlig Akre ;:? krb

ia spbolkh lgtbrbst ti us, slgob tjby jkvb euoj lg oieeig wltj iur dlsoivbrlbs ig tjb Jkzbgdigm

kgd iaabrbd oiepkrk`hb rbsuhts. Ig sekhh, skgdy iutorips wltj vbry stbbp shipbs (lg iur vlbw

vbry pri`k`hy dugbs), hylgc gbkr tjb "riddig" ia tjb rlvbr Hltthb Iusb ;:4, tjb rbeklgs ia sbtthb

ebgts arie tjb Hktb Ebsihltjlo, tjb @rltlsj Bkrhy Gbihltjlo kgd tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb wbrb

aiugd. Algds wbrb khsi ekdb ig tjb oivbrbd shipb ia tjb iutorips kgd be`bddbd lg tjb kdnkobgt

ohky kgd pbkt hkybrs oivbrlgc tjb shipbs. Tjb Ebsihltjlo hbvbh ls k `hkom, skgdy hkybr, "stlgmlgc"

kgd dktbd `y pihhbg kgkhysls kt tjb bgd ia tjb @irbkh. Tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo hbvbh (Slgdelhh

Jlhh, Gbihltjlo K) ls shlcjthy skgdy kgd jkrdhy rboicglzk`hb lg tjb sbotligs. @itj hbvbhs hlb ugdbr

tjb Abg Ohky. Tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb hbvbh hlbs nust kìvb tjls ohky kgd ls dktbd Bkrhy _u`-

ìrbkh ;:2.

Ig ìtj sltbs aklrhy oikrsb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb pitt bry wltj jbkvy rles, oirdigs kgd dboirk

tlig ia oird leprbssligs wks aiugd. Igb sjbrd kt V hkgtktlig Akre bvbg sjiws @S dboirktlig;:1.

_jbrds ia Hktb @bkmbr pittbry (Higc Gbombd @bkmbr, K @bkmbr) wbrb khsi aiugd tjbrb. Lggbltjbr oksb wks ojkrkotbrlstlo pittbry aiugd lg tjb pbkt. Tjb kppriprlktb hbvbh oiuhd, jiwbvbr,

`b rbhlk`hy dbtbrelgbd `y k gue`br ia algds ia plc kgd ix ìgbs.

K sbrlbs ia ;4O dktbs ;:3 wltj aklrhy hkrcb ekrclgs ia brrir sjiws k ciid eutukh kcrbbebgt,

bxobpt air twi ojkroikh dktlgcs ia tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo hbvbh (ìtj kcrbblgc wbhh wltj bkoj itjbr)

wjloj lg rbhktlig ti tjb pbkt dktlgcs turg iut ti `b 266-?66 ybkrs tii yiugc. Lt ls git pissl`hb

ti algd k sktlakotiry bxphkgktlig air tjls ;::. Lg tjb Ebsihltjlo hbvbh twi ;4O dktbs hylgc dlrbothy

kìvb bkoj itjbr dlaabr `y gbkrhy ;666 ybkrs (2126 » ;26 kgd 43?? » ;26 @.O.) Tjls ls dub bltjbr

ti k stktligkry pjksb lg tjb criwtj ia pbkt ir ti wkstkcb ia tjb pbkt okusbd `y lgjk`ltktlig.

Tjb wjihb pbkt hkybr ugdbr tjb ohky wbdcb ls ;46 oe. tjlom kgd wks airebd `btwbbg kìut

1166 kgd 0:46 @.O.

Tjb dktk kìut tjb jblcjt ia tjb vkrlius hbvbhs jkvb `bbg sueekrlzbd lg tk`hb 4. Lgoiepkrlsig wltj tjb dktk ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbr hkgds ìtj tjb yiugcbst hbvbhs krb slcglalokgt

hy jlcjbr. Tjb dlaabrbgob wltj tjb twi ihdbst dktk ls, jiwbvbr, rbekrmk`hy hkrcb. Tjb vkrlk

tligs elcjt `b bxphklgbd `y kssuelgc tjkt kg kotukh rlsb tiim phkob lg tjb Abghkgd `bairb ?666

;: ; Ig tjb cbihicy ia tjb Abg hkgd sbb> Slhhls ;<1;, Cidwlg & Ohlaaird ;<?<, bsp. 46; kgd tjb dlkcrke tj br b=

Cidwlg ;<?</'4;, Cidwlg & Bdeugds ;<??, Nbhcbrsek ;<1;, 20-2?.;: 0 @bggbek ;<24, ?0-?? skys tjkt tjb Abg Ohky oirrbspigds wltj tjb Okrdlue dbpislts, ùt kt t jkt tleb Okrdlue

wks dktbd tii ihd (oa. gitb ;0<).

L:: Vhkgtktlig Akre> Ohkrm ;<??= Vbkoiom's Akre> Ohkrm bt kh. ;<?2, Ohkrm ;<22, Ohkrm & Cidwlg ;<10.

;: 4 _bb bsp. tjb kbrlkh pjiticrkpj lg Ohkrm ;<22. Air "riddigs" sbb p. 32.es Cidwlg ;<?</'4;, alc. 00= Ohkrm bt kh. ;<?2, alc. ;:.;:1 Ohkrm ;<??, VH. ZHQ, ;?.

ls9 Ohkrm & Cidwlg ;<10.;: : Bltjbr t jb dktbs ia tjb pbkt skephbs krb tii yiugc `y sieb obgturlbs, dub ti bgrlojebgt wltj rbobgt ju eus,

ir tjb brrir ls lg tjb ojkroikh skephb. Tjb dktbs krb git _ubss-oirrbotbd. Tjb dlaabrbgobs lg tjb oirrbotligs krb pbrjkps

tjb okusb ia tjb kgiekhlbs.



34 SB_TBPG GBTJB@HKGD_

@.O., oiepbgsktlgc kheist bgtlrbhy, ùt git khticbtjbr, air tjb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh. Kgitjbr lgtbr

prbtktlig, wjloj kppbkrs eirb pri`k`hb ti us, tkmbs lgti kooiugt tjb "crkdlbgt baabot" ;:<.

Lg tjb tleb ia tjb alrst pbkt criwtj tjb oikst wks akr dlstkgt kgd tjb pbkt airektlig stkr tbd

eklghy `bokusb ia stkcgkgt criugd wktbr. Kooirdlgc ti tjls jypitjbsls tjb wktbr hbvbh gbkr

Vbkoiom's Akre alrst okeb ugdbr tjb dlrbot lgahubgob ia sbk-hbvbh eivbebgts kìut ?666 @.O.,

wjlhb lt jkd prbvliushy `bbg ùt hltthb lgahubgobd lg tjls wky. Tjb systbektlo dlaabrbgob lg jblcjt

ia tjb hktbr hbvbhs kt tjb Jkzbgdigm kgd Vbkoiom's Akre okg `b ksorl`bd ti tjb "crkdlbgt

baabot".

TK@HB 4

Vbkoiom's Akre, Abghkgd. Dbptjs lg oes kgd dktbs ia hbvbhs wltj ouhturb rbeklgs

Krojkbih.

dktb

;*6 dktb (@.O.)

Dbptj kìvb (+)

ir `bhiw (—) tjb

Abg Ohky

Dbptj `bhiw ID

ia tjb git

"aiugdbd" hbvbh

Dbptj ia

"nugoturb"

( - EJS)

Oiepkotlig

B@K

Gbih. K.

Ebsihltjlo

Ebsihltjlo

katbr ;<46 pbk t

0<;6/0<<6 » ;06 ojkrb.

2126 » ;26 pbk t

1116 » ;16 pbk t

+ 2/ ;2

— 26/ 36

— <6/;;6

— ;?6

— ;;6/;?6

— ?:6/466

— 446/416

— 4:6

— ?6

— ?;6

— ?46/?16

:6/;66

36/ <6

;66

Dktk ia Ohkrm ;<?2 (bsp. alc. 0) kgd Ohkrm & Cidwlg ;<10 (bsp. alcs. ? kgd 4 kgd gitb ;).

Tjb sbqubgob ia iooupktlig kgd sbdlebgtktlig kt Vbkoiom's Akre kgd tjb Jkzbgdigm

sjiws k strlmlgc oigairelty, wjloj ls ia crbkt lepirtkgob air tjb oirrbhktlig ia tjb Jihiobgbtrkgscrbsslig sbqubgobs kriugd tjb siutjbrg pkrt ia tjb Girtj _bk.

K gue`br ia Gbihltjlo kxbs, aiugd ugdbr tjb Abg Ohky kt vkrlius phkobs lg tjb Abghkgd,

sjiw tjkt igb okg bgvlskcb cbgbrkh lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb Bkrhy kgd/ir Elddhb Gbihltjlo. @rigzb

Kcb algds, gkebhy k gue`br ia spbkr jbkds, krb khwkys aiugd ig tjb Abg Ohky= kg Bkrhy

@rigzb Kcb smbhbtig wks khsi aiugd kt tjkt dbptj ;<6. @rldcbt Truep ;<; rbabrs ti gi hbss tjkg

12 Elddhb @rigzb Kcb swirds, aiugd lg tjb Abg Dlstrlot. Sltj abw bxobptligs tjb algd phkobs

hlb khigc tjb bdcbs ia tjb pbkt krbks ir lg tjb dlrbot vlolglty ia tjb "lshkgds" ia iutoripplgc ìuh

dbr ohky. Sb sjiuhd git lgtbrprbt tjbsb swirds ks k priia ia lgtbgslvb lgjk`ltktlig. Lt ls euoj

eirb hlmbhy tjkt tjby wbrb usbd air k mlgd ia rltukh iaabrlgc, ùrlbd lg tjb pbkt `y pbiphb wji

jkd oieb arie dlaabrbgt dlrbotligs, kgd pissl`hy wltj tjls purpisb lg elgd, ti tjb Abg Dlstrlot.

;: < Lg Ohkrm bt kh. ;<?2 tjb surakob ia tjb Abg Ohky ls drkwg 6.: e. tii hiw ! Oa. gitb ; lg Ohkrm kgd Cidwlg ;<10.;< 6 Ks ti tjb algds sbb> Cidwlg ;<?</'4;, bsp. tjb sojbeb kt p. 0:;. Ks ti tjb smbhbtig> Ohkrm ;<??, bsp. 03:-03<.

Tjb smbhbtig wks aiugd lg tjb pbkt kt ;6 oe. kìvb tjb Abg Ohky.

M½; Truep ;<1:.



GIPTJBPG CBPEKG\ KGD BK_T BGCHKGD 32

Gir hlks lgjk`ltktlig `bbg ohbkrhy privbd durlgc tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb. Tjb dbpit ia k hkrcb

gue`br ia siombtbd kxbs gbkr _tutgby, Lshb ia Bhy, sjiws tjkt tjb oirrbspigdlgc hbvbh eust

hlb sieb wky lg tjb "Rppbr Vbkt" ;<0.

K sboigd, lepirtkgt trkgscrbsslig pjksb rbkojbd hbss akr lghkgd tjkg tjb Abg Ohky.

Tjb "Rppbr _lht" wks dbpisltbd kriugd tjb Sksj kgd lg kgd khigc tjb rlvbr `bds lg tjb pbkt-

rbclig. Katbr k "gktlvb" lgjk`ltktlig, kg lgtbgslvb Piekg iooupktlig wltj ciid wktbr oigtrih

ioourrbd. Tjb k`kgdigebgt ia tjb Piekg sbtthbebgts, oiephbtbd kìut 402 K.D., oilgoldbs

wltj tjb `bclgglgc ia k gbw trkgscrbsslig pjksb, bgdlgc lg tjb 3tj/:tj obgtury K.D. _u`

sbqubgt lgjk`ltktlig wks hleltbd ojlbahy ti tjb dbpislts ia tjls pist-Piekg trkgscrbsslig kgd

wks oigobgtrktbd kriugd tjb Sksj. Katbr kg lgjk`ltktlig pbkm lg tjb <tj-hhtj obgturlbs

k crkdukh dbohlgb ioourrbd, pkrtlouhkrhy katbr tjb ;?tj obgtury ;<?. Sltj tjb `bclgglgc ia dlmb

oigstruotlig, tjb krtlalolkh drklgkcb kgd tjb ekmlgc ia pihdbrs, bspbolkhhy katbr kìut ;1?6,

k gbw pbrlid ia lgjk`ltktlig `bckg. @bokusb ia oigsldbrk`hb oiepkotlig tjb ihd orbbm alhhlgcs

crkdukhhy `bokeb vlsl`hb ks rldcbs ("riddigs") katbr tjkt tleb ;<4.

Tjb bgtlrb jlstiry ia sbdlebgtktlig kgd lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb Abghkgd oirrbspigds lg lts ivbr

khh ploturb wltj tjkt ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Git ighy tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksbs Okhkls

LQ kgd Dugmlrm L, ùt khsi Dugmlrm LL kgd LLL krb ohbkrhy rboicglzbd. Tjb k`sbgob ia Dugmlrm

I eky `b bxphklgbd `y tjb wldb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb Abg Ohky (Okhkls LQ) sbdlebgts kgd tjb rbsls

tkgob iaabrbd `y tjbsb. Eirbivbr, lt ls pissl`hb tjkt k pkr t ia wjkt ls okhhbd Abg Ohky ls ia hktbr

kcb kgd lg akot okg `b dktbd ks Dugmlrm 6.

Dktk kìut phkobs iutsldb tjb Abghkgd krb eirb spkrsb. Ti tjb girtj ia lt, gbkr Lgcihdebhhs

kgd kt tjb bstukry ia tjb Jue`br, ighy tjb yiugcbr (Dugmlrm L, Dugmlrm LL) trkgscrbsslig pjk

sbs jkvb `bbg ldbgtlalbd. Aurtjbr girtj wb oieb ti tjb rbclig ia hkgd-upjbkvkh kgd oikstkh

tbrrkobs ;<2.

_iutj ia tjb Abg Dlstrlot dktk krb kvklhk`hb kìut tjb Giraihm @rikdhkgds ;<8l. Twi trkgs

crbsslig pjksbs krb mgiwg tjbrb, rbprbsbgtbd `y k Hiwbr Ohky (`btwbbg —;;.2 kgd —<.2 e.

ID);< 3 kgd kg Rppbr Ohky (`btwbbg —2.2 kgd —;.2 e. ID). Tjb alrst, hylgc ig ; e. pbkt , ls

Bkrhy Kthkgtlo, tjb sboigd ls Hktb _u`ìrbkh kgd/ir _u`kthkgtlo. Tjb ihdbst ohky sbbes ti `bclg

obrtklghy bkrhlbr tjkg tjb Abg Ohky, lg vlbw ia lts dbptj, ùt tjb bgd ia ìtj ioourrbd kt kìut

tjb skeb tleb. Tjb Rppbr Ohky oirrbspigds wltj tjb Rppbr _lht ia tjb Abg Dlstrlot. Tjb

oigsldbrk`hb dlaabrbgobs lg jblcjt krb obrtklghy kttrlùtk`hb pkrthy ti oiepkotlig, kgd pkrthy

pbrjkps ti k dbbpbr rbkh su`sldbgob lg tjb @rikdhkgds. Gi krojkbihiclokh dkt k kìut Gbihltjlo

ir @rigzb Kcb lgjk`ltktlig bxlst.

l«0 Ohkrm ;<46.;< ? _bb Jkhhke ;<1;, khsi Crbbg ;<1;. Katbr oiephbtltlig ia tjb ekgusorlp t k dbtklhbd eigicrkpj ig tjb Piekg

iooupktlig ia tjb Abghkgd okeb iut (Vjlhhlps (bd.) ;<3;). Elss Jkhhke clvbs tjbrblg k auhh kooiugt ia jbr i`sbrvktligs

(p. 00-;01).

" * Aiwhbr ;<?;/'?0 ,;<?0, ;<??/' ?4,;<? 4= Cidwlg ;<?:. Ks ti oiepkotlig> Aiwhbr ;<??. Tjb riddig kt Vbkoiom's

Akre jks k jblcjt ia 0 e ! Tjb "sjrlgmk cb" ia tjb pbk t tjbrb keiug ts ti 42 oe. `btwbbg ;<?2 kgd ;<10. _lgob ;116

tjb pbkt surakob jks `bbg hiwbrbd hiokhhy 2 e., ia wjloj kt hbkst ? e. lg tjb hkst obgtury.

l!72 _wlggbrtig ;<?;, K.C. _el tj ;<2:k, ;<2:".;< 1 Hke`brt bt kh. ;<16, L. _. îggbvbhd ;<16`.;< 3 @y ID wb ebkg Gbwhygg IDG. Tjb Duroj Irdgkgob _urvby, Dbhat, lgairebd us tjkt tjls hbvbh ls sltuktbd

kt -6.0? oe. GKV.



3(; SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_

Tjb trkgscrbsslig ivbr tjb wbhh-mgiwg Hyigbssb surakob khigc tjb bkst oikst ia Bssbx

jks `bbg dktbd ohisbhy katbr tjb @S@ pittbry arie tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb @rigzb Kcb ;<:.

@beklgs ia lgjk`ltktlig ig tjb surakob akhh lgti tjrbb criups> kg lgjk`ltktlig pjksb lg tjb `bclg

glgc ia tjb Gbihltjlo wltj (bkrhy) Slgdelhh Jlhh pittbry, k pjksb wltj Vbtbrìriucj wkrb

kgd algkhhy lgjk`l tktlig `y pbiphb uslgc `bkmbr pit tbry . Tjb `bkmbr sjbrds wbrb aiugd ks akr

ks hiw tldb hbvbh. Tjby wbrb oivbrbd `y k tjlg hkybr ia pbkt kgd `y kìut ? e. ia _ori`louhkrlk

ohky, ia wjloj tjb uppbr surakob hky kìut ; e. `bgbktj tjb prbsbgt EJS hbvbh. Khh tjls lephlbs

lg iur vlbw kg ioourrbgob ia @bkmbr pittbry ti kt hbkst —; e. ID. Lgjk`ltktlig dld git tkmb

phkob khigc tjb ipbg sbkìkrd, ùt ig tjb `kgms ia tjb orbbms `bjlgd. Tjb oikst-hlgb ltsbha

wks pissl`hy airebd `y k skgd splt ir k oikstkh `krrlbr. Tjb algds lgohudb wiidbg i`nbots>

k okgib, pkddhbs kgd bvbg tjb rbeklgs ia wiidbg struoturbs (juts). Tjbsb okg ighy jkvb

`bbg prbsbrvbd `y k vbry sjirt lgtbrvkh ia tleb `btwbbg lgjk`ltktlig kgd suèbrcbgob.

Tjb suèbrcbgob sbbes tjbrbairb ti jkvb jkppbgbd durlgc tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb Dugmlrm 6,

wjloj wb wbrb git k`hb ti ldbgtlay lg tjb Abghkgd.

Tjb lgjk`ltktlig rbeklgs sjiw k ohisb oirrbspigdbgob lg tjblr dktlgc wltj tjb Abghkgd

ig tjb igb jkgd kgd wltj tjls oiugtry ig tjb itjbr jkgd. Lg Bkst Bgchkgd khsi k sbqubgob ia

trkgcrbsslig kgd lgjk`ltktlig pjksbs, suoj ks wb wbrb k`hb ti dbtbrelgb lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds

sbbes ti `b kpphlok`hb, bspbolkhhy durlgc tjb eist rbobgt tlebs, ùt pbrjkps khsi durlgc tjb

@rigzb Kcb kgd tjb Gbihltjlo.

;.:.?. OIGOHR_LIG

Tjb dktk wjloj wb oihhbotbd ig tjb lgjk`ltktlig jlstiry ia tjb Jihiobgb rbcligs kriugd

tjb siutjbrg pkrts ia tjb Girtj _bk, gkebhy tjb krbk lgdloktbd `y Slhhls ;<< ks k su`sldlgc

rbclig, sbbe ti sjiw k hkrcb ebksurb ia eutukh kcrbbebgt. Tjls ls pri`k`hy ti kg lepirtkgt

dbcrbb tjb rbsuht ia tjb oigsldbrk`hb slelhkrlty lg tjb jlstiry ia tjb dbvbhipebgt ia tjb vkrlius

rbcligs. Tjb suoobsslig ia trkgscrbsslig kgd lgjk`ltktlig pjksbs dbtbrelgbd air tjb SbstbrgGbtjbrhkgds, kppbkrs ti kpphy git ighy ti Girtjbrg Cbrekgy ùt khsi ti tjb Bkst Bgchkgd

oikstkh rbcligs, ks akr ks tjb hktbr tlebs krb oigobrgbd. @ut air prb-Piekg tlebs lg Bgchkgd,

kgd tjb Gbihltjlo kgd @rigzb Kcb lg Cbrekgy tjb lgairektlig ls stlhh tii vkcub ti khhiw kgy

dbtklhbd oiepkrlsig wltj tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.

Tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds stkgd iut ks k uglqub rbclig jkvlgc oiephbx irlclgs. Aurtjbr,

tjb lgjk`ltktlig ia tjls rbhktlvbhy hkrcb rbclig sjiws k rbekrmk`hy vkrlbd ploturb `bokusb ia

tjb dlaabrbgt pissl`lhltlbs lt prbsbgtbd. Air oikstkh `krrlbrs kgd airebr rlvbr oiursbs wbrb

bgtlrbhy hkomlgc bhsbwjbrb. @bokusb cbihiclokh kgd krojkbihiclokh lgvbstlcktligs lg tjb Pjlgb/

Ebusb dbhtk krb rbhktlvbhy akr kdvkgobd air vkrlius rbksigs, lt wks pissl`hb ti ekmb lg tjls

rbclig k dbtklhbd ploturb ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig jlstiry lg rbhktlig ti tjb dbvbhipebgt ia tjb

hkgdsokpb.

;_7: L. A. _eltj ;<22= sbb khsi ^bugbr ;<2:, <3-<<= Skrrbg bt kh. ;<?1, Skrrbg kgd _eltj ;<24.;< < Slhhls ;<1;.









:6 PLQBM OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

Alc. ;:. Ekp ia tjb V rbjlstirlo kgd Piek g iooupktlig ia tjb rlvbr ohky /wiid pbkt k rbk, lg rbhktlig ti cbihicy.

Tjb tjlg pist- Pie kg ohky, wjloj oivbrs khei st tjb bgtlrb krb k ls hbat iut ia oigsld brktl ig. _okhb ;>;66.666,

Tjb cbihiclokh ekp jks `bbg oiepisbd `y tjb kutjir wltj tjb kld ia tjb aihhiwlgc ugpu`hlsjbd ekps ia tjb _ilh _urvby

Lgstltutb >

Kh`hkssbrwkkrd sokhb ;>;6,666 `y N. vkg dbr Hlgdb ;<2?/22

Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg sokhb ;>06,666 `y H. N. Vigs ;<26/2;

"Hbm bg Hlgcb " dlstrlot sokhb ;>02,666 `y N. G. @. Vibhekg ;<12

Tlbhbrwkkrd sokhb ;>06,666 `y V. vkg dbr _hulns ;<22/21

ia tjb cbihiclokh ekp sokhb ;>26,666, sjbbt Cirlgojbe Iist (?: 6) `y K. Qbr`rk bom ;<36, kgd ia sieb d kt k `y t jb

kutjir.

Tjb krojkbihiclokh dktk krb khh kssbe`hbd `y tjb kutjir. Tjb gue`brs rbabr ti Kppbgdlx LLL.

Hbcbgd, crby > cbihicy

;. orbvkssb dbpislts (dlmb `rbkoj dbpislts), katbr K.D. ;066

0. ahuvlktlhb hbvbb dbpislts, pist-Piekg

?. `kom swkep ohky `bhigclgc ti tjb skeb systbe ks 04. hbvbb dbpislts wltj Piekg iooupktlig (prb-Piekg sbgsu strloti) • ihd strbke ojkggbhs lg `hkom

2. `kom swkep ohky `bhigclgc ti tjb skeb systbe ks 4

1. prb-Piekg hbvbb kgd `kom swkep dbpislts lg tjb bkst ia tjb Tlbhbrwkkrd, pri`k`hy ihdbr tjkg tjb systbe 4-2

3. bstukrlgb orbbm hbvbb dbpislts wltj sekhh `rkgojbs, pist-Piekg

:. bstukrlgb orbbm hbvbb dbpislts wltj sekhh `rkgojbs, wltj Piekg iooupktlig (prb-Piekg sbgsu strloti)

<. strbke rldcbs, Hktb Kthkgtlo kgd Bkrhy _u`ìrbkh= ihd strbke ojkggbhs, la ohbkrhy prbsbgt, lg wjltb

;6. ks <, ùt oivbrbd wltj pbkt

;;. digmbg, tips ia Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs

;0. pbkt

;?. gkturkh wktbr-biursbs lg tjb pbkt-dlstrlot, tjb eklg drklgkcb hlgbs `bairb tjb be`kgmebgt

;4. `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs tjriucj tjb _u`ìrbkh strbke rldcbs >

k. Eihbgkkrscrkka, d. Jiic @himhk gd,

`. Ittihkgd-D b Vut , b. Ouhbeìrc-Dbg Jbuvbh.

b. Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic,

Hbcbgd, rbd > krojkbihicy

;. vkrliu s kxbs 3. Lrig Kcb

0. ihdbr tjk g QH Ouhturb :. Piek g > sbtthbe bgt

?. QH Ouhturb <. Piek g > ugrbhlk`hb

4. Q@@ kgd/i r @S@ Ouhturb ;6. Piek g > oilg

2. Elddhb @rigzb Kcb (DM_) ;;. Vrbj lstir lo, lgdbalgltb

1. Hktb @rigzb Kcb



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8`W 4 •

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;; . W L ;; •

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Vkpbgdrbojt'

T ; ;

Alc. ;:. Ekp ia tjb Vrbjlstirlo kgd Piekg iooupktl ig ia tjb rlvbr ohky /wiid pbkt krbk, lg rbhktlig ti cbihicy;62 ;26







CBIHICLOKH _TPROTRPB : ?

drbw tjblr kttbgtlig kgd ugdbr tjb dlrbotlig ia Er J. K. db Mim k systbektlo survby wks

ekdb ia tjb digmbg kgd tjb strbke rldcbs. K hkrcb gue`br ia gbw prbjlstirlo sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs

wbrb dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb dlcclgc ia guebrius sekhh tbst plts tjriucj tjb ohky hkybr wjloj

oivbrs tjb ihd dbpislts. Tjb wirm-criup okg nusthy ohkle tjb jigiur ia jkvlgc dbeigstrktbd

tjb bxtbgslvb prbjlstirlo lgjk`ltktlig ia tjls pkrt ia tjb pbkt krbk ;?. Hktbr, katbr oi-ipbrktlig

wltj tjb kutjir, k gue`br ia algd phkobs wbrb dlsoivbrbd girtj ia tjb Hbm lg tjb Hiplmbrwkkrd

kgd siutj ia tjb Ebrwbdb lg tjb Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk ;4. Aurtj br bkst, lg tjb rlvbr ohky

krbk, lgdbpbgdbgthy ia tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd lgvbstlcktligs, k hkrcb gue`br ia Elddhb @rigzb

Kcb sbtthbebgt sltbs wbrb dlsoivbrbd lg rbobgt ybkrs durlgc tjb silh ekpplgcs oigduotbd `y

Jkvlgck ;2. Lg k abw ybkrs k hkrcb krbk tjkt jkd prbvliushy `bbg `hkgm lg tjb prbjlstirlo

dlstrlùtlig ekps jks tjkgms ti tjls wirm `boieb alhhbd up.

Lg k prbhlelgkry aire tjb prbjlstirlo kgd Piekg sltbs lg tjb wbstbrg rlvbr dlstrlot krb

diouebgtbd lg Kppbgdlx LLL kgd ekppbd lg tjb ekps alc. ;: kgd ;< lg rbhktlig ti tjb cbi

hiclokh struoturb ia tjb krbk ;1.

0.0. TJB CBIHICLOKH _TPROTRPB

Tjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt hkgdsokpb ir tjb "wbstbrg rlvbr krbk" ir "siutjbrg pbkt krbk",

ks wb eky okhh tjb rbclig jbrb ugdbr dlsousslig, oilgoldbs wltj tj b rbclig gkebd `y Vigs> LQO —

"ahuvlktlhb dbpislts lg wiid pbkt hkgdsokpb", hylgc `btwbbg tjb rbclig wltj arbsj wktbr tldkh

dbpislts kt tjb sbkwkrd sldb kgd tjb purbhy ahuvlktlhb krbk ia tjb Pjlgb kgd Ebusb uppbr oiursbs.

Lt ls tjb wbstbrg pkr t ia tjb krbk dbalgbd `y Jkcbe kg ks "pbrle krlgb" ;T . Tjb cbihiclokh dbvbhip

ebg t ia suoj k rbclig ioours lg k arbsj-wktbr bgvlri gebgt ù t ls gbvbrtjb hbss dielgktbd

`y tjb rlsb lg sbk-hbvbh kgd lts vkrlktligs. Tjb rbclig hky durlgc tjb wjihb sbqubgob ia Jihiobgb

dbpisltlig `btwbbg tjb zigb ia lgahubgob ia tjb ekrlgb trkgscrbssligs (tjb sbk ohky krbk) lg

tjb wbst kgd tjkt ia tjb ahuvlktlhb sbdlebgtktlig (tjb rlvbr ohky krbk) lg tjb bkst. Lt rbeklgbd

ugkaabotbd `y lgahubgobs arie bltjbr sldb si tjkt ihd dbpislts (wltj tjb krojkbihiclokh rbeklgs

ig tjbe) jkvb `bbg prbsbrvbd. Sb krb nustlalbd lg rbckrdlgc tjls rbclig, hlmb k abw sekhhbr rbcligs

;? Pbpirts ig tjb dlsoivbrlbs> Db Mim ;<12, ;<11.;4 Girtj ia tjb Hbm k Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbe bgt w ks dlsoivbrbd k t @ bgsojip (Kpp. LL , gi. ;2). Tjb

iooupktlig kgd tjb ;4O dktb (oa. Kppbgdlx LQ) clvb k tbrelgus kgtb qubrg ia tjb G-_ rugglgc @ himhkgd strbke rldcb,

ekppbd khrbkdy `y Qlgm (;<01). _iutj ia tjb Ebrwbdb, lg tjb Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk, k sltb gbkr @lbsjbuvbh,

eug. Slnm bg Kkhùrc (Kpp. LL, gi ;3) clvbs eist lgairek tlig. Jbrb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb iooupk tlig jks `bbg oigalre

bd `y k ;4O dktb {oa. Kppbgdlx LQ). _ieb ahlgt, wjloj okg `b kttrlùtbd ti tjb @@ Ouhturb clvbs k tbrelgus

kllhl' qul e ia tjb @k`yhiglíg`ribm strbke rldcb. Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<13o, ;<1:;2, _iggbvbhd ;<2:.

" Oa. Ju hst ;<13, Jkvlg ck ;<1<= ks ti tj b ihdbr algds> Eiddb rekg ;<22* kgd Vi gs ;<23, ?2-40.;1 Sb tjkgm tjb _ilh _urvby Lgstltutb (_tlìmk) air tjblr mlgd pbrelsslig ti ekmb usb ia tjb ugpu`hlsjbd ekps

kgd ti pu`hlsj tjb ekp kt alc. ;:.;3 Vigs lg Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?, ;<1?, alc. ?2. Bkrhlbr Vigs gke bd tj b krbk "rlvbr ohky/pbkt lgvbr

slig hkgdsokpb" (L)b @ibr & Vigs ;<16, Vigs ;<2;), k gkeb beìdylgc tjb tjrbb eist lepirtkgt abkturbs ia tjb hkgdsokpb

kgd tjb rbvbrskh ia tjb rbhlba, okusbd `y tjb krtlalolkh drklgkcb lg jlstirlo tlebs. Air tjb dbalgltlig ia tjb pbrlekrlgb krbk>

Jkcbekg ;<1<, Qbr`rkbom ;<36, 2;-20.





DIGMBG :2

tjby wbrb alrst su`nbotbd ti k oieprbjbgslvb lgvbstlcktlig `y Qlgm 04. Jb oigsldbrbd tjbe ti

`b tjb hkst brislig rbegkgts ia tjb Hiwbr Tbrrkob, kcklgst wjloj _tbbgjuls 02 kdduobd ks kg

krcuebgt tjb akot tjkt ugdbr k gue`br ia digmbg k ohky hkybr ioours wjloj obrtklghy okggit

jkvb `bbg airebd `bairb tjb Hiwbr Tbrrkob. Orieebhlg oigduotbd k abw kgkhysbs ia jbkvy

elgbrkhs lg ;<?:

01

. Tjb ahirk ia tjb digmbg

jkd khrbkdy `bbg tjb su`nbot ia k spbolkh study lg;<03 03. Lg ;<41 Bdbhekg kgd Qlgm 0: kppbkhbd air tjb prbsbrvktlig ia tjb digmbg ig kooiugt

ia tjblr vkhub arie k sobglo, cbihiclokh kgd ìtkglokh pilgt ia vlbw. Sb eky kdd jbrb tjblr

krojkbihiclokh vkhub.

0.?.0. IPLCLG KGD DKTLGC

Lt wks tjb studlbs ia Vigs tjkt alrst ekdb lt kppkrbgt tjkt wb krb oigobrgbd wltj hkrcbhy

oivbrbd dugbs 0<. Tjblr kbihlo ojkrkotbr wks bstk`hlsjbd `y tjb skgd kgkhysbs ia Ak`br ?6.

@bggbek kgd Vigs ?; dbsorl`bd tjb skgd ks "jieicbgbius, git ohkyby, aklrhy oikrsb wlgd

`hiwg skgd" wltj eirb tjkg 26% `y wblcjt hkrcbr tjkg 066-?66|R. Lt ls rbekrmk`hb tjkt tjls

ldbk wks mgiwg ti Nkgssbg ?0 ks bkrhy ks ;:41. Jb rbnbotbd lt, jiwbvbr, ks `blgc tii akgtkstlo,

kgd prbabrrbd ti `bhlbvb tjkt jb wks dbkhlgc wltj bhbvktligs rklsbd `y juekg jkgds, kgkhicius

wltj tjb "tbrpbg, wibrdbg k gd vhlbt`brcbg" (rbaucb eiugds) lg Criglgcbg kgd Arlbshkgd, tjb

@btuwb kgd ^bbhkgd rbspbotlvbhy.

Ia spbolkh lepirtkgob air dktlgc kgd ugdbrstkgdlgc tjb irlclg ia tjb digmbg krb tjb

ekpplg c kgd studlbs ia tjb Hiwbr Tbrrkob, wjbrb tjls ioours kt tj b surakob akrtjbr upst rbk e,

bkstwkrds ia Glnebcbg ??. Khigc tjb Ebusb tjb elddhb tjrbb iut ia tjb alvb su`-hbvbhs krb

dktbd ti tjb Khhbrid pbrlid, ks ls tjb algkh stkcb ia tjb `rkldbd rlvbr systbe `btwbbg Slnojbg

kgd Glnebcbg ?4. Tjbrb tjb systbe ls oivbrbd `y k ekxleue ia ;.2 e. rlvbr ohky ("rlvbr

hike") wjloj ls oiepkrk`hb ti tjb Cbrekg Jiojahuthbje. Tjb tbrrkob wks lgtbrsbotbd durlgc

tjb Khhbrid. Tjls ihd rlvbr vkhhby ls ig tjb bkst sldb kooiepkglbd `y k sbrlbs ia rlvbr dugbs,

wjloj pkrthy hlb ig tjb ihdbr su`-hbvbhs kgd wjloj krb dktbd ti tjb \iugcbr Dryks pbrlid `y

pihhbg kgkhysls kgd `y tjblr dlrbotlig ?2. Tjby oigslst ia skgd `hiwg iut ia tjb arbqubgthy

drlbd-iut rlvbr `bds. Lg Obgtrkh Hleùrc tjls rlvbr `bd ls ekppbd ks Tbrrkob Z, hbvbh ia

04 Qlgm ;<01, ;<24.02 _tbbgjuls ;<4;.01 Orieebhlg ;<?:.03 Qkg _tbbgls ;<03. Kt prbsbgt g it euoj ls hbat ia tjb ojkrk otbrlst lo ahirk, `bokusb ia tjb kù gdk gt usb ia krt l

alolkh abrtlhlzbrs.0: Bdbh ekg & Qlgm ;<41.0< Vigs ;<24, @bggbe k & Vigs ;<20, Vig s & Slccbrs ;<2:.

?¶ Ak`br ;<16, 216.?; @bggbe k & Vigs ;<20.?0 Nkg ssb g ;:41, 8•Ɛ. tjb quit ktlig kt p . 3<, gitb ;.?? Mibglcs ;<41, _ojbhhlgc ;<2;, Vigs & _ojbhhlgc ;<2;, Vigs ;<23, ;<11, [ultziw ;<21, bsp. ?3 4= [ultziw &

îggbvbhd ;<21, 40:.?4 Qkg dbg @ribm & Ekkrhbvbhd ;<1?, Tbuglssbg & Qkg Iirsojit ;<1:.?2 Durlgc tjb Khhbrid pbrlid wlgds wbrb eklghy girtj-w bstbrhy= durlgc tjb \iugcbr Dryks pbrlid tjby wbrb

prbd ielg kgthy siutj -wbstb rhy. Ekkrhbvbhd & Qkg dbr _ojkgs ;<1;, Qkg dbr _hulns & Ekkrhbvbhd ;<16, Ekkrhbvbhd ;<16,

Vigs & @bggbek ;<2:.





DIGMBG :3

0.?.4. VPBJL_TIPLO IOORVKTLIG

0.?.4.;. Tjb Algds

Tjb ihdbst trkobs ia lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb dlstrlot krb ti `b bxpbotbd ig tjb digmbg. Tjbyoiuhd, jiwbvbr, ighy jkvb `boieb kttrkotlvb air iooupktlig wjbg tjb hkgd kriugd tjbe, kt

kìut 2666 @.O., ojkgcbd ti k pbkt ekrsj, lgsldb wjloj tjbsb dugbs airebd dry lshkgds. Ig

tjb itjbr jkgd tjb dugbs rbeklgbd kvklhk`hb air sbtthbebgt ugtlh tjby wbrb oivbrbd `y pbkt.

Sb eky tjbrbairb bxpbot ti ekmb algds arie tjb Hktb Ebsihltjlo kgd hktbr pbrlids ig tjb

ugoivbrbd dugb tips.

Tjriucjiut prbjlstirlo kgd jlstirlo tlebs tjb digmbg wbrb bkslhy rboicglzk`hb, git si euoj

`bokusb ia tjblr jblcjt ks `bokusb ia tjblr dlvbrcbgt tkhh criwlgc airbst vbcbtktlig ia ikm,

bhe, hleb kgd ksj (sbb p. ;?3).

GKVg

i 06e

Alc. 0;. S-B sbotlig koriss k vbry sekhh digm gbkr Jiic @himhkgd (sltb gi. 16). Kt tjb hbat

tjb ohky wbdcb ia tjb _ojklm strbk e rldcb `btwbbg —? kg d— 4 e. Ig tjb tip ia tjb digaoQH

Ouhturb kgd Hktb @bkmbr sjbrds wbrb aiugd. Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>;666, vbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig >

;6 Z . Hbcbgd ks alc. ?4.

Eist digmbg jkvb `bbg lgvbst lcktbd `y ebkgs ia ìrlgcs, tbst-plts kgd albhd i`sbrv ktligs

lg skgd bxokvktligs. Lg tjls wky algds jkvb `bbg ekdb ig k gue`br ia tjbe. Lt ls gitb

wirtjy tjkt tjbsb jkvb `bbg prbpigdbrkgthy tjb aklrhy sekhh digmbg lg lsihktbd sltuktligs, kgd

tjkt tjb hkrcb digmbg kgd criups ia tjbsb (suoj ks tjisb gbkr Glbuw Hbmmbrhkgd kgd Jiic

@himhkgd kgd tjb @rkgdwlnm Digm) ylbhdbd jkrdhy kgy algds, bxobpt kg iooksligkh sjbrd

ir ahlgt ojlp (gis. 23, 2:, 1?, 12, 11, 13). Kg bxphkgktlig ia tjls eky `b tjkt tjb ojkgob ia

algdlgc siebtjlgc ig k sekhh digm ls euoj crbktbr, kgd tjkt tjby jkvb usukhhy git `bbg

sbrliushy dlstur`bd (ks jkvb tjb hkrcb digmbg) `y jiusb ùlhdlgc kgd skgd dlcclgc.

Tjb ihdbst algds, ekdb durlgc tjb prbhlelgkry lgvbstlcktligs, `bhigc ti tjb QH Ouhturb.

Ig alvb iooksligs obrtklghy, kgd igob pbrjkps, tjb prbsbgob ia QH iooupktlig wks ksobrtklgbd>



:: PLQBP OHK\/SII D VBKT KPBK

M-v.N•0

Alc. 00. Twi stigb kxbs arie tjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk. _okhb ;>0.

k) Ahlgt kxb, Glbuw Hbmmbrhkgd (alc. 2, gi. ?:= alc. ;:, sltb gi. 23)

`) pbrairktbd @rbltmblh, _plnm (alc. 0, gi. 02 = alc. ;:, sltb gi. ;;1)





«.)(½ PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

air tjb sbtthbebgts ia tjisb tlebs krb git piir lg algds kgd sjiuhd `b nust ks bksy ti dlsoivbr ks

tjb QH Ouhturb rbeklgs. Air tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs, jiwbvbr, tjls dibs git kppbkr ti `b oirrbot.

@bkmbr sjbrds jkvb khwkys `bbg aiugd ig tjb digmbg lg aklrhy akviurk`hb algd olrouestkgobs,

l.b. rbobgt dlcclgcs ia sieb bxtbgt (k hkrcb tbst-plt, kg bxokvktlig, k gbw dltoj)= tjbg tjby ioour

lg vbry lgkdbquktb qukgtltlbs khigcsldb euoj eirb rlojhy rbprbsbgtbd criups (pkrtlouhkrhy QH

Ouhturb). Tjb gitirlius pivbrty ia algds ig @bkmbr sltbs kppbkrs, tjbrbairb, ti `b jbrb ia pkrk

eiugt lgahubgob. Tjb dbgsb oigobgtrktlig ia algds bhsbwjbrb (_ojiigrbwibrd rldcb) ls ighy dub

ti tjb vbry lgtbgsb bxphirktligs okrrlbd iut tjbrb. Tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd kssueptlig eust khsi

`b eidlalbd air tjb Lrig Kcb> lg akot ìtj digmbg hylgc wltjlg tjb lgjk`ltbd krbk wbrb usbd.

Piekg tlebs krb ighy rbprbsbgtbd `y k oilg kgd k sjbrd (sltbs gis. 14, 12). Lg rbohkektligs

katbr tjb ;;tj obgtury K. D. crktbauh usb wks ekdb, jiwbvbr, ia tjbsb gkturkh skgdjlhhs, wjloj

wbrb ti privb ia usb ks skabty zigbs durlgc ahiid dlskstbrs.

0.?.4.?. Oigohuslig

Ti sue up, wb eky sky tjkt tjb digmbg wbrb ojisbg air lgjk`ltktlig durlgc tjb wjihb

prbjlstirlo pbrlid. Vbrjkps lg tjb Ebsihltjlo, siebtlebs lg tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo kgd cbgbrkhhydurlgc tjb QH Ouhturb, tjblr tips sbrvbd ks phkobs ia sbtthbebgt. Lg hktbr tlebs, bspbolkhhy lg tjb

Elddhb @rigzb Kcb, prbabrbgob wks clvbg, jiwbvbr, ti tjb strbke rldcbs. Lg kddltlig ti tjls

prbabrbgob, tjb koobssl`lhlty ia tjb digm khsi phkybd k rihb> tjb digmbg wbrb k`kgdigbd wjbg

tjblr koobssl`lhlty wks sbrliushy jlgdbrbd `y tjb cbgbrkh criwtj ia pbkt. Lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

algds arie tj b Bkr hy @rigzb Kcb krb tjb yiugcbst, akr tjbr ti tjb bks t, lg tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg,

lgjk`ltktlig oigtlgubd (ks ig tjb strbke rldcbs) ugtlh tjb Lrig Kcb.

Rslgc tjb dktk ia tjb kìvb pkrkcrkpj kgd tjisb ia Vkrt LLL, bspbolkhhy tjb Jkzbgdigm

pihhbg dlkcrke , wb dbe igstr ktbd bkrhlbr (Vkr t L, p. 4<) tj kt t jb ioou pktlig tiim phkob bspbolkhhy

durlgc tjb rbcrbsslig pjksbs.

Lt sbbes tjkt k supbralolkh lgvbstlcktlig ls git bgiucj ti dbtbrelgb tjb iooupktlig sb

qubgob ig k digm> air tjls k euoj eirb tjiriucj bxkelgktlig, suoj ks tjkt `bcug ig tjbJkzbgdigm, ls gbobsskry.

0.4. TJB _TPBKE PLDCB_

0.4.;. CBGBPKH OJKPKOTBPL_TLO_

Tjb pbkt strbke rldcbs krb usukhhy gkrriw ìdlbs ia skgd, igb ti sieb jugdrbds ia ebtbrs

wldb, wjloj rbkoj ks dbbp ks tjb Hktb Chkolkh su`silh lg tjb eist lepirtkgt rldcbs, ùt wjloj

krb git "aiugdbd" 4; lg tjb sekhhbr igbs. Tjb skgd ìdy ls surriugdbd `y k ohky ekgthb wjloj

dbvbhips hktbrkhhy lgti k ohky hkybr, strbtojlgc iut akr lgti tjb pbkt kgd wbdclgc iut tjbrb.Lgoirpirktbd lg tjbsb ohkys wb algd skgd hbgsbs kgd tjb alhhlgcs ia sekhh orbbms. @bokusb ia

4; @y "aiu gdb d" ls ebkgt tjb k`sbgob ia siat sbdlebgts (bsp. ohky kgd pbkt hkybrs) `bhiw tjb ebg tligbd dbpislt.

Si okg oiepkrb suoj k dbpislt wltj k ùlhdlgc ig k ciid aiugdktlig, suoj ks, air lgstkgob, wiidbg ir oigorbtb plhbs

lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds.





<0 P L Q BP O HK \ / S IID V B K T K P B K

TK@HB 2

Kh`hkssbrwkkrd kgd Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg. Dktlgcs ia tjb strbke rldcbs

Vihhbgkgkhytlokh

t-' w

_I k Jblcjt tipG k e b ; dktb 0

T r k r

p j k Iooupktlig 4 skgdìdy 2 _bqubgob

Hbm gkturkh hbvbbs rbobgt D LLL Hktb Ebdlkbvkh 1

K Jkcbstblg strbke rldcb _u`kt hkgtlo D L/LL Piekg, Okrihlgclkg 2

@ Tlbgjivbg strbke rldcb Hktb Kthkgtlo O LL — — 0.3 — ;.6 ;

O ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb Hktb Kthkgtlo —

Bkrhy _u`ìrbkh

O LLL Elddhb Gbihltjlo, QH,

Elddhb @rigzb Kcb,

Lrig Kcb

— ;.3 + 6.3 0

D _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb Bkrhy _u`ìrbkh O LQ" Q@@L@S@, Elddhb

kgd Hktb @rigzb Kcb,

Lrig Kcb

+ 6.4 + ;.; 4

B _ojklm strbke rldcb _u`ìrbkh O LQ Q@ @, Hktb @rigzb K cb — 6.: —6.; ?

A _plnm strbke rldcb _u`kthkgtlo D L Piek g (gktlvb) 2

Cirmue strbke rldcb O LL Bkrhy Gbihltjlo ;

Hlgcb gkturk h hbvbbs rbobgt D L/LLL Piekg 2

; _trbke rldcbs arie tj b girtj ti tjb siutj. Okpltkhs rbabr ti tjb e kp kt alc. ;:.0 Oa. Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16. Dlrbo t dktl gcs lg ltkhlos.

? Oa. tjb tbxt.

4 Dktk `y tjb kutjir. _btthbebgts lg ltkhlos. Tjb itjbr dktk krb prbdielgkgthy lsihktbd algds.2 Kt tjb Dlbadlnm (hbat vkhub) kgd kt tjb îuwbdlnm (rlcjt vkhub). Lg tjls s trbtoj tjb rldcbs krb "a iugdbd ". Dbptjs

lg e. `bhiw ir kìvb GKV.

— tjb kcb ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig ig tjb rldcbs

— k oiepkrlsig ia tjb rbhktlvb jblcjt ia tjb vkrlius ohky wbdcbs

— k oiepkrlsig ia tjb k`sihutb jblcjt ia tjb uppbr sldb ia tjb ohky ekgthbs ia tjb wbhh-

aiugdbd rldcbs

— pihhbg kgkhysls ia pbkt lg wjloj tjb ohky wbdcbs krb be`bddbd.

Jls dktbs kppbkr ti `b air tjb eist pkrt oirrbot kgd krb ebrbhy alxbd k hltthb eirb ohisbhy `y

iur lgvbstlcktlig, air wb jkvb eirb lgairektlig kìut prbjlstirlo lgjk`ltktlig kgd k gue`br

ia ;4O dktbs kt iur dlspiskh. Tjb strbkes di git kppbkr ti jkvb `bbg kotlvb sleuhtkgbiushy

ùt ti jkvb irlclgktbd kt dlaabrbgt tlebs lg tjb Hktb Kthkgtlo kgd tjb _u`ìrbkh. Tjb eirpjihiclokh vkrlktligs khsi lgdloktb tjkt tjby `bhigc ti dlaabrbgt tlebs.

Tjb lgairektlig kìut tjb rldcbs ls sueekrlzbd lg tjb tk`hbs 2 kgd 1. Pldcbs ia kpprix

lektbhy tjb skeb kcb jkvb khsi `bbg hioktbd lg iur lgvbstlcktlig ti tjb girtj ia tjb Hbm (gbkr

@bgsojip) kgd siutj ia tjb Ebrwbdb (gbkr Slnm kgd Kkhùrc kgd @k`yhiglíg`ribm). Bqukhhy

ihd dbpislts krb mgiwg lg tjb Rtrbojt rlvbr krbk kgd tjb @btuwb 43 .



_TPBKE PLDCB _ < ?

TK@HB 1

Kh`hkssbrwkkrd kgd Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg. Vjksbs ia tjb Hktb Jihiobgb dbvbhipebgt

_bqubgob Dbpislts Dktlgcs Trkgscrbssligpjksbs

< Dlmb `rbkoj dbpislts katbr K.D. ;?66 D LLL`-o

:Hbm kgd Skkh rlvbrs

KN`hkl bstukrlgb orbbm (9)

Hlgcb= Jkcbstblg kgd _plnm strbke rldcb=

katbr K.D. :66 D LLL½«

3 bstukrlgb orbbm rldcbs ia Kh`hkssbrdke

kgd Vkpbgdrbojt

prb-/bkrhy Piekg `bairb K.D. ;66 D L L L

1 0gd pjksb `rbkm -tjri ucj ojkggbhs Elddhb @rigzb Kcb o. ;266 @.O. D 6

2 `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs Q@@/@ S@ o. ;:66 @.O. O LQ7

4_ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb (0gd "wlhd"

pjksb)_u` ìr bkh= `bairb QJJ 0;66-;:26 @.O. O LQ½

?m_ojklm strbke rldcb= ;st pjksb ia _ojiig

rbwibrd str bke rldcb 9_u`ìrbkh= `bairb Q@@ `bairb ;<66 @.O. O LQ½

0 ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcbHktb Kthkgtlo/

Bkrhy _u`ìrbkh`bairb ?666 @.O. O LLL

; Tlbgjivbg kgd Cirmue strbke rldcbsHktb Kthkgtlo/

Bkrhy Gbihltjlo`bairb ?666 @.O. O LL

0.4.?. TJB CPKDLBGT HLGB_

Tjb pisltlig ia k gue`br ia lepirtkgt strbke rldcbs lg tjb pbkt krbk, wjloj wb wlhh

dlsouss jbrb kt crbktbr hbgctj, ls lhhustrktbd `y ebkgs ia k sojbektlo sbotlig ia tjb rlvbr krbk

kgd lts bxtbgslig arie Hi`ltj ti Dbg @rlbh (alc. 0?). Alrst, tjb pisltlig ia tjb pbkt krbk ltsbha,

`btwbbg tjb rlvbr ohky kgd tjb sbk ohky krbks, ls ohbkrhy sjiwg tjbrblg. Lts hiw pisltlig ls tjb

oigsbqubgob ia oiepkotlig, kt kg kvbrkcb ia <6 oe., okusbd `y krtlalolkh drklgkcb lg rbobgt

obgturlbs. Lg ìtj ohky dlstrlots k abw "krojkbihiclokh wlgdiws" krb sjiwg sojbektlokhhy.

Air tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb crkdlbgt hlgbs ia tjb pbkt strbke rldcbs tjb kvbrkcb jblcjt ia

tjb tip ia tjb skgd ìdlbs jks `bbg ojisbg, ivbr tjb strbtoj wjbrb tjbsb skgd ìdlbs jkvb git

43 Oa. gitb ;4 kgd Qkg db Qiirdb ;<1?. Tjb "Jiutbg systbe" ls dktbd `y k "O dktb ti Dugmlrm 6> CrG ;6;6-

?446 » 16 @.V. (;4<6 @.O.), Db Qrlbs & Sktbr` ihm ;<2:, ;220, oirrbotbd kooirdlgc ti Qicbh & Sktbrì hm ;<1?, ;14

wltj 046 » ;6.



«th PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

Alc. 0?. _ojbektlo wbst-bkst sbotlig tjriucj tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, arie tjb oikst kt Dbg @rlbh

tjriucj tjb rlvbr ohky krbk ti tjb Cbrekg ìrdbr kt Hi`ltj.

Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>;666,666. Qbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > 4666 Z.

Lgdloktbd krb >

— prbjlstirlo sbtthbebgts.

— dktbd airebr EJS-Lbvbhs.

— tjb tip ia tjb eist lepirtkgt pbkt strbke rldcbs, ks akr ks tjby krb "aiugdbd".

— k gue`br ia "krojkbihiclokh wlgdiws".

Tjb gue`brs krb ;4O dktbs lg obgturlbs @.O. Tjb strbke rldcbs krb lgdloktbd wltj okpltkhs (sbb tk`hb 2 kgd alc. ;:).

Tjb alcurb jks `bbg oigstruotbd wltj tjb kld ia dktk `y tjb aihhiwlgc kutjirs >

— Vigs ;<24, ;<23, — & @bggbek ;<2: > dbptj Hktb Chkolkh su`silh.

— Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16, oigtiur ekps ia tjb Ouhtuurtbojglsojb Dlbgst, silh ekps ia _tlìmk> tip ia tjb strbke rldcbs.

— Tipicrkpjlo sjbbts ;>26,666 > jblcjt ia prbsbgt surakob.

— Nohcbrsek ;<1; > EJS-hbvbhs kt tjb oikst kgd k t sieb hiokhltlbs aurtjbr lghkgd.

— Tjb rbhbvkgt bxokvktlig-rbpirts, pbrsigkh oieeugloktlig kgd dktk `y tjb kutjir> hbvbhs ia tjb krojkbihiclokh sltbs

(sbb Kppbgdlx LL).



IHDB_T _TPBKE PLDCB_ <2

`bbg hlk`hb ti oiepkotlig 4:. @itj ig tjb ekp (alc. ;:) kgd lg tjb sojbektlo sbotlig (alc. 0?)

strlmlgc vkrlktligs kppbkr ti bxlst `btwbbg tjb strbke rldcbs, gkebhy tjisb ia ^lndbrvbhd

kgd _ojiigrbwiigh, wjloj krb tjb eist lepirtkgt lg iur lgvbstlcktlig. Sjbg wb dlsouss tjbsb

strbke rldcbs, tjbsb vkrlktligs wlhh `b dbkht wltj lg sieb dbtklh.

K sboigd kspbot, ia wjloj tjb dlkcrke clvbs us kg ldbk, ls tjb bxtbgt ia tjb "crkdlbgtbaabot" (sbb p. 1;) ig tjb dbtbrelgbd jblcjt ia airebr wktbr-hbvbhs. Air tjls purpisb, crkdlbgt

hlgbs jkvb `bbg drkwg ks wbhh ks pissl`hb wltj tjb jbhp ia tjb phittbd dktk, wltj ;666 ybkr

lgtbrvkhs. Khtjiucj tjb keiugt ia lgairektlig ls stlhh hleltbd, lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb "crkdlbgt

baabot" ls khrbkdy shlcjthy pbrobptl`hb kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vkrtlouhkrhy lg tjb ihdbst tlebs

(`bairb ?666 @.O.) tjb baabot ls oigsldbrk`hb. Tjb ahiid dbprbsslig ti wjloj tjb jlcj wktbrs lg

tjb pbk t krbk wbrb su`nbotbd wlhh jkvb hkrcbhy oiepbgsk tbd air tjls baabot, kt hbks t lg tjb vlolglty

ia Eihbgkkrscrkka, si tj kt tjb dk tk arie tjb obg trb ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd eky `b tkmb g ks

`blgc vbry rbprbsbgtktlvb.

Algkhhy alc. ;? sbbes ti lephy tjkt tjb tbrrkob-orisslgcs lg tjb rlvbr krbk lgdloktbd `y

Vigs 4<, hlb euoj hiwbr tjkg elcjt `b tjiucjt arie tjb crkdlbgt hlgbs. Tjb dktbd pbkt wks

pbrjkps airebd kt phkobs hylgc akr arie tjb ipbg wktbr.

0.4.4. TJB IHDB_T _TPBKE PLDCB_> OKHKL_ L L KGD LLL

0.4.4.;. Okhkls L L

Tjkgms ti tjb ourrbgt cbihiclokh ekpplgc gbw lgairektlig jks `bbg oieb kvklhk`hb,

pkrtlouhkrhy kìut tjb ihdbst Jihiobgb wktbr oiursbs lg tjb rbclig, oivbrbd wltj sieb ebtbrs

ia yiugcbr dbpislts kgd dktbd lg tjb pjksbs Cirmue LLL kgd ihdbr 26.

Keigc tjbsb ls tjb Tlbgjivbg strbke rldcb, wjloj sbbes ti `b k pkrt ia tjb bxtbgslvb

systbe ia tjb @bgsojip strbke. Kooirdlgc ti Vigs 2; tjls Tlbgjivbg rldcb wks khrbkdy ivbr

criwg wltj pbkt `bairb tjb bgd ia tjb Kthkgtlo si tj kt Cirmue LL (55 Okhkls LL) ls tjb eist hlmbhydktlgc.

K sboigd systbe, tjb Elddbhmiip strbke, hlbs lg tjb jbkrt ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd. Dbpislts

ia tjls strbke wbrb aiugd lg tjb Ciudrlkkg ìrlgc `bgbktj —4.26 e. GKV, dktbd tjbrb ks

Cirmue LL kgd LLL 2 0 . Tjbsb krb pbrjkps tjb skeb dbpislts ks wb aiugd lg tjb su`silh kt Eihb

gkkrscrkka kgd gbkr tjb Jkzbgdigm `bhiw —3 e. GKV 2?.

4: Er K. Qbr`rkoom, Cbihiclokh _urvby Jkkrhbe, mlgdhy ckvb us euoj lgairektlig kìut tjb strbtojbs wjbrb

tjb v krlius rldcbs jkvb sihld aiug dktligs . Slt j tjb Tlbgjivbg kgd ^lndbrvbhd rldc bs tjls ls tjb oksb lg tjb Qlnajbbrbg-

hkgdbg ighy. Sltj tjb _ojklm rldcb ighy bkst ia Hbbrdke, ùt wltj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb kt hbkst wbstwkrd ks akr

ks tjb bxokvktlig "Eihbgkkrscrkka". _iebtlebs jiwbvbr tjbrb ioours sieb pbkt `bhiw tjb skgd hiokhhy, wjloj eky

`b igb ia tjb okusbs ia tjb ùepy ojkrkotbr ia sieb strbtojbs. @ut tjb jlcjbst pilgts wlhh git jkvb `bbg su`nbot ti

oiepkotlig.4< Vigs ;<23, ?;, alc. 0; .26 Qbr`rkbom ;<36, :4.2; Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16, 01.20 Qbr`rkbom ;<36, alc. 44.2? _bb alcs. 06, ?4, 1;.



<1 PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

K tjlrd strbke systbe ls tjb C irmue strbke. Air tjls dbpislt wb jkvb, `y k huomy kooldbgt,

kg krojkbihiclokh dktlgc, wjloj eky, jiwbvbr, git `b khticbtjbr rbhlk`hb. Durlgc k hkrcb-

sokhb skgd drbdclgc lg tjb _plnm Vihdbr (Tlbhbrwkkrd), wjbrb tjls strbke rldcb ls orissbd `y

tj b euoj yiugcbr _plnm rldcb, k sekhh pbrairktbd @rbltmblh wks aiugd lg ;<14 (alc. 00 ) 2 4 =

tjls lephbebgt ls ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb pbrlid `btwbbg 4666 kgd ?466 @.O. Khtjiucj tjb kxb

wks aiugd durlgc tjb rbeivkh ia tjb tip-silh (wjloj siebtlebs okg tkmb phkob ti k oigsldbrk`hb

dbptj), lt ls kheist lepissl`hb lg vlbw ia lts dktlgc tjkt lt okeb arie kgy itjbr hbvbh tjkg

tjb surakob ia tjb Cirmue strbke. Tjls strbke rldcb eust tjbrbairb `b dktbd Cirmue LL.

0.4.4.0. Okhkls LLL> tjb Kspbrbg kgd ^lndbrvbhd rldcbs

Tjb dbpislts arie tjrbb airebr rlvbr oiursbs wbrb dktbd ks k criup `y Qbr`rkbom hktbr

tjkg tjb kìvb-gkebd strbkes. Tjby krb tjb Kspbrbg, tjb _ojklm kgd tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbkes.

Air tjb dktlgc ia tjb alrst tjbrb krb gi dbtklhs kvklhk`hb, ùt lg vlbw ia tjb akot tjkt lt outs

koriss tjb Cirmue strbke lt okggit `b ihdbr tjkg Cirmue LLL. Tjb _ojklm strbke wlhh `b

rbabrrbd ti hktbr wjbg wb dlsouss tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb= k aklrhy hktb dktb (OLQ) wlhh tjbg `b

pripisbd air lt.Tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb outs koriss tjb Tlbgjivbg rldcb (O LL) kgd wks dktbd Hktb

Kthkgtlo ir Bkrhy _u`ìrbkh, l.b. Cirmue LLL, `y tjb bxokvktligs kt ^lndbrvbhd, lg kcrbbebgt

wltj dktk supphlbd `y Vigs. Lt ls k wldb, ebkgdbrlgc rlvbr oiursb. Kg bkslhy ekdb iut ihd

strbke ojkggbh aihhiws tjb iutbr `bgds ia tjb gkturkh hbvbbs 12. Lg tjb bkst tjb rldcb ls `rikd kgd

skgdy, ti tjb wbst lt `boiebs gkrriw br kgd eirb ohkyby. Algk hhy tjb rlvbr oiursb okg jk rdhy

`b ekdb iut, `bokusb ia lts auroktligs lg tjb pbkt rbclig kgd `bokusb lt `boiebs oivbrbd wltj

pbkt. Tjb ihd strbke ojkggbh khsi sbbes ti sphlt up lg tjls dlrbotlig. Tjb lgahiwlgc rlvbr wktbr

jkd khrbkdy hist eist ia lts sbdlebgt hikd, bspbolkhhy tjb oikrsbr arkotlig, lg tjb bkstbrg pkrt

ia tjb krbk. Lg tjb wbst tjbrb rbeklgbd ighy tjb algb sbdlebgt, wjloj oiuhd tjbg `b dbpisltbd

`bokusb ia tjb shlcjt ourrbgt vbhiolty,

0.4.4.?. Tjb ihdbst prbjlstirlo iooupktlig ia tjb Okhkls LL kgd LLL dbpislts

Tjb dktk ia tjb prbjlstirlo iooupktlig ia tjb Okhkls LL dbpislts krb hleltbd ti tjb kìvb-

ebgtligbd pbrairktbd @rbltmblh arie tjb _plnm Vihdbr (gi. ;;1).

Ig tjb rbhktlvbhy jlcj ^lndbrvbhd rldcb, oivbrbd ighy `y tjb tjlg (ekx. 26 oe.) "Kh`hkssbr-

wkkrd oivbr" k gue`br ia sbtthbebgts kgd algds jkvb, jiwbvbr, `bbg dlsoivbrbd. Tjb ihdbst

dktk clvb k tbrelgus kgtb qubrg air tjb strbke rldcb> tjb pihhbg dlkcrke ia tjb airebr strbk e

ojkggbh kt ^lndbrvbhd, lg wjloj ìtj `bhiw kgd kìvb tjb ;4O dktb CrG 200;, 0136»:6 @.O.

tjb lgahubgob ia juekg iooupktlig okg `b dlstlgculsjbd 21. Tjb ihdbst irlclgktbs pissl`hy

arie tjb tleb ia tjb "Jkzbgdigm" pittbry, wjlhb tjb eist rbobgt eky `b khhiobtbd ti tjb QH

Ouhturb. K abw QH algds arie t jb vlolglty oigalre tj b prbsbgob ia tjls ouhturb. Tjb ahlgt kxb

24 Kppbgdlx LL, gi. ;;1.22 Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16, Kppbgdlx, pjitis 2 kgd 1= Krojlvbs ia kbrlkh pjiticrkpjs, Tipi crkpjlokh _brvlob Dbhat>

?:, Cirlgojbe-Iist, Gis. 4<;6-4<;:, ekdb `y tjb P.K.A. Dbobe`br ?;tj ;<44. Oa. gitb 3.

21 Qicbh & Sk tbr` ihm ;<30, N. db Nigc ;<36/'3;.



_OJIIGPBSIBPD KGD _OJKLM PLDC B_ < 3

aiugd nust bkst ia iur krbk, gbkr @urbg, lgdloktbs tjkt ugdbr tjb yiugcbr dbpislts lg tjb rlvbr

ohky krbk aurtjbr ti tjb bkst pissl`hy eirb QH sbtthbe bgts hlb oigobkhbd ig gk turkh rlvbr hbvbbs

arie Okhkls LL ir LLL tlebs.

Tjb hktbr iooupktlig ia tjb ^lndbrvbhd rldcb (lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb kgd Lrig Kcbs) wlhh `b

dlsoussbd katbr wb jkvb dbkht wltj lgtb rebdlkt b le pir tkg t cbihiclokh bvbgts (p. ;;;). Sb okg

tjbg alt tjbsb lgti tjb cbgbrkh iooupktlig pkttbrg.

0.4.2. TJB _OJIIGPBSIBPD KGD _OJKLM PLDCB_> OKHKL_ LQ

0.4.2.;. Dbsorlptlig kgd dktlgc

Euoj jks `boieb mgiwg, lg pkrtlouhkr kìut tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb, `y ebkgs ia tjb

diouebgtktlig ia tjb krojkbihiclokh algds lg k mlgd ia Hkgdbskuagkjeb kgd `y tjb bxokvktligs

kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb dktlgc dk tk krrlvbd kt tjbrb krb sueekrlzbd lg tjb sbotlig kt alc. 06.

Tjb rldcb okg `b aihhiwbd arie tjb wbstbrg ekrclg ia tjb yiugcbr rlvbr dbpislts gbkr Ouhbe-

ìrc air eirb tjkg ?6 me. ti @hbsmbgscrkka, wjbrb lt `boiebs oivbrbd ivbr, kgd algkhhy okggi higcbr `b ekdb iut `bokusb ia tjb prbsbgob ia k yiugcbr systbe ia bstukrlgb orbbms (Dugmlrm

L kgd hktbr)2 3 . Kt tjb Jkzbgdigm lgvbstlcktlig lt wks dbtbrelgbd tjkt tjb eist lepirtkgt

kotlvlty eust jkvb tkmbg phkob sieb tleb katbr 0?26 @.O. kgd wks bgdbd `bairb ;366 @.O.

Aurtjbr tjb iooupktlig ia tjb rldcb privbs tjkt lt wks khrbkdy airebd ks bkrhy ks tjb ;<tj

obgtury @.O. Tjb ihdbst algds krb dktbd ti tjb Q@@ pjksb wltj ;4O dktbs>

Itti hkgd- Mrie eb Bhhbìic LL CrG 1?:4 ;:36 » 42 @.O.

Itti hkgd- Mrie eb Bhhbìic L CrG 10;1 ;:42 » 22 @.O.

Eihbgkkrscrkka CrG 2;?0 ;:?6 » 26 @.O.

Ittihkgd-Iistblgd CrG 10;3 ;362 » 22 @.O.

Tjb pbrlid lg wjloj tjb ohky wbdcb wks dbpisltbd kgd tjb strb ke `bd wks skgdbd up ls tju sohisbhy dktbd `btwbbg 0066 kgd ;:26 @.O., tjb Okhkls LQ ` trkgscrbsslig pjksb. _uoj k dktb

kcrbbs wbhh wltj Qbr`rkbom's, wji dktbs tjls rldcb hktbr tjkg khh tjb strbkes ebgtligbd kìvb 2:.

Tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb ls k oiepkrktlvbhy gkrriw rldcb khigc gbkrhy lts wjihb

hbgctj, oigslstlgc eklghy ia algb skgd. Hktbrkhhy lt ls oiggbotbd aklrhy k`rupthy wltj kg bxtbgslvb

dbpislt ia jlcj wktbr ohky bxtbgdlgc iatbg eirb tjkg k mlhiebtbr lgti tjb pbkt. Tjb skgd rldcb

ltsbha ls lrrbcuhkr kgd juep-`kombd. L g tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg tjb rldcb ls euoj eirb wldbhy

bxtbgdbd wltj k gue`br ia supphbebgtkry `rkgojbs kgd wltj hiokhhy vbry jlcj kgd `rikd skgd

dbpislts. Ihd strbke ojkggbhs krb giwjbrb vlsl`hb 2<, kgd tjbrb krb gi trkobs ia ohbkr ebkgdbrs.

23 Tjb dktlg c ia tjb orbbm systbe ls `ksbd ig tjb k`sbgob ia prbjlsti rlo iooupk tlig kgd ig tj b ioourrbgob ia k

aklrhy hkrcb gue`br ia Piekg sbtthbebgts ig tjb skgd ia tjb orbbm rldcbs. _bb khsi Qkg dbg @bbet ;<13, Skhhlgck ;<11,;1 kgd alc. ;? = @bggbek ;<24, 4? = Bdbhekg ;<2?, ?2?. Lt ls qubstligk`hb wjbtjbr tjb rlvbr Kh`hks irlclgktbd durlgc tjls

trkgscrbsslig pjksb. Lg spltb ia lgtbgslvb rboiggklsskgob, ugtlh giw ighy k abw wksjbd Piekg sjbrds krb aiugd. _ieb

sltbs wltj ;'lgcsdira pittbry krb tjb bkrhlbst mgiwg. K dktb ia Dugmlrm LL ir LLL" sbbes eist hlmbhy.

2: Qbr`rkbom ;<36, :4.2< _uoj k cuhhy sbbes vlsl`hb lg sieb kbrlkh pjiti crkp js (Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16, kpp . ?, pjiti 2), ùt oiuhd git

`b dbeigstrktbd `y us lg tjb albhd.



«L_ PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

Tjb criugd phkg siebtlebs sjiws higc strklcjt strbtojbs, ùt k gue`br ia sjkrp `bgds khsi

ioour.

Tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb kgd lts jlcj wktbr dbpislts eust jkvb `bbg ùlht up lg twi

pjksbs, ia wjloj tjb hkst igb ls dbsorl`bd ks k "rbnuvbgktlig". Durlgc iur lgvbstlcktligs lt

kppbkrbd tj kt tj b ohky wbdcb lgdbbd wks dlvldbd kt ekg y pilgts `y k tjlg juelo ir pbkty `kgd,

wjloj oigalres tjb bxlstbgob ia ìtj pjksbs. @bhiw wb wlhh dbkh eirb prbolsbhy wltj tjbsb twi

pbrlids ia kotlvlty.

Ks ti tjb _ojklm rldcb k pri`hbe wks prbsbgtbd `y tjb hlgmlgc ia tjb ekps ig ìtj sldbs

ia tjb Dlbadlnm. Jiwbvbr, lt giw sbbes ohbkr tjkt tjb _ojklm kgd _ojiigrbwibrd rldcbs `bhigc

bd irlclgkhhy ti twi lgdbpbgdbgt strbkes, ks ls lgdloktbd ig iur ekp, kgd tjkt tjby dld git

aire igb systbe wjloj auroktbd kt tjb pilgt ia tjb prbsbgt Dlbadlnm 16. Tjb _ojklm rldcb jks

`bbg dktbd `y Vigs `y ebkgs ia pihhbg kgkhysls ti tjb _u`ìrbkh 1; . K tbrelgus kgtb qubrg ls

clvbg `y tjb (Qbhuwb) @bhh @bkmbr sbtthbebgt, dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<2?/'22 gbkr

Jiic @himhkgd 10.

Lt ls lgdbbd gitlobk`hb tjkt ìtj rldcbs pissbss k gue`br ia oieeig ojkrkotbrlstlos, suoj

ks tjb hkom ia ihd strbke ojkggbhs kgd ebkgdb rs kgd tjblr aklrhy shlcjt crkdlbgt. Tjb lgjk` ltk

tlig dktk krb khsi slelhkr. Tjb eist slcglalokgt dlaabrbgob ls tjkt tjb _ojklm rldcb strigchy

auroktbs gbkr Jiic @himhkgd. Keigc tjb digmbg sieb gkrriw ig-ahiwlgc strbkes jkvb `bbg

ekppbd. Tjb slelhkr aires ia tjb _ojklm kgd _ojiigrbwibrd rldcbs oie`lgbd wltj tjb sekhh

dlaabrbgob lg jblcjt ia tjb wbhh-aiugdbd pk rts (tjb sekhhbr _ojklm rldcb ls siebwjkt hiwbr) pilg t

lg iur iplglig ti ighy k sekhh kcb dlaabrbgob.

0.4.2.0. Tjb "hugc systbe" kgd tjb oigdltligs, tjkt hbd ti tjb airektlig ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd

strbke rldcb

Lg bvbry wky tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb sjiws k strigc oigtrkst wltj tjb rbcuhkr aire kgd

`khkgobd ekp-ploturb ia tjb ^lndbrvbhd rldcb. Tjb eist lepirtkgt bxphkgktlig ia tjbsb dlaabr

bgobs ls, wb tjlg m, tj kt w ltj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb wb krb oigobrgbd wltj k tjriucj-ahiwlgcstrbke. Lg tjls wky tjb shlcjt crkdlbgt ks oiepkrbd wltj tjb ^lndbrvbhd rldcb okg khsi `b

bxphklgbd. Sjbg tjb ourrbgt wks vbry strigc (bspbolkhhy wjbg tjbrb wks k jlcj wktbr hbvbh

lg tjb rlvbrs) skgd trkgspirt oiuhd rbkoj akr lgti tjb pbkt rbclig, rbsuhtlgc lg k ùlhdlgc-up

ia tjb skgd rldcb tjkt wks ugusukhhy jlcj air lts kcb. Khtjiucj sieb krb ekppbd, tjb `rkgojbs

bxtbgdlgc lg tjb pbkt sbbe ti `b euoj hbss lepirtkgt lg tjls rldcb, tjkg lg tjb ^lndbrvbhd

rldcb. Sb eust, jiwbvbr, `b kwkrb tjkt tjb bxlstbgob ia suoj strbkes, wjbg gi elgbrkh

dbpisltlig ioourrbd kgd wjbg tjby wbrb alhhbd up wltj pbkt, okg jkrdhy `b bstk`hlsjbd durlgc

k cbgbrkh silh survby.

Kg bxphkgktlig ia tjb ojkrkotbr ia, kgd tjb eutukh dlaabrbgobs `btwbbg, tjb rldcbs okg `b

aiugd lg tjb tjbiry tjkt dbsorl`bs tjb drklgkcb pkttbrg ia tjb pbkt krbk ks k "hugc systbe".

16 Oa. khsi tjb kbrlkh pjiticrkpj lg Qig Arlntkc Drk``b ;<4:, pjiti ?, wjloj kppb krs t i oigalre tjb sboigd

oigstruotlig.

«l Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16, 01.:0 Eiddbrekg ;<22d, ?0= Eiddbrekg ;<2;½, @bggbek ;<24, ?<= V igs ;<1;, Vigs ;<23, 4; = Kggukh Pbpi rt ia tj b

_tktb Krojkbihiclokh _brvlob ;<2:, ?? ugdbr tjb jbkdlgc "bxokvktligs, git okrrlbd iut"> Jiic @himhkgd= Db Mim ;<12.



_OJIIGPBSIBPD _TPBKE PLDC B < <

Sb wlhh sueekrlzb tjls jbrb 1?. Tjb eiutj ia tjb Pjlgb wks bstk`hlsjbd gbkr Mktwlnm, kt hbkst

slgob tjb airektlig ia tjb ihdbst oikstkh `krrlbr, kgd strbke rldcb dbpislts ia tjb skeb pbrlid

jkvb `bbg ekppbd lg tjb Rtrbojt rlvbr krbk. Sb eky tjbrbairb koobpt ks obrtklg tjkt tjb tjbg

oiursb ia tjb Pjlgb wks khrbkdy eklghy tjkt ia tjb prbsbgt Mrieeb kgd Iudb Plng (Ihd

Pjlgb). Ks air tjb Ebusb, k oiursb siutj ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd ti tjb bstukry gbkr Pittbrdke

ls eist pri`k`hb. @btwbbg ìtj rlvbrs tjbrb wks kg bxtbgslvb pbkt krbk ivbrcriwg wltj k

dbgsb swkep airbst. Kooirdlgc ti tjb tjbiry ia tjb "hugc systbe" vkrlius rlvbr kres `rkgojbd

iut lg tjb bkstbrg pkrt ia tjls pbkt krbk 14. Ig tjb wbst sldb ia tjb pbkt tjb wktbr tjbg cktjbrbd

kcklg ti ahiw vlk tldkh orbbms, criwlgc bvbr `rikdbr, lgti tjb sbk. Tjb bkstbrg kgd tjb wbstbrg

systbes, la tjls tjbiry ls rlcjt, eust jkvb `bbg oiggbotbd lg tjb elddhb ia tjb pbkt krbk vlk

oiugthbss hltthb orbbms. Tjb bkstbrg systbe airebd kg ivbrahiw zigb air bxobsslvb wktbr lg tjb

rlvbr ohky krbk= lg tjb wbstbrg systbe oikstkh ahiid wktbr oiuhd `b plhbd up durlgc jlcj ahiids.

Tjb dbvbhipebgt ia kg bxtbgslvb systbe ia hltthb orbbms ls ugdbrstkgdk`hb la wb rbkhlzb

tjkt tjls pkrt ia tjb "Jihhkgd pbkt" wks oivbrbd wltj k wldbsprbkd, dbgsb swkep airbst wltj

`lc trbbs lg tjb pbrlid giw ugdbr oigsldbrktlig. _uoj k rbclig oiuhd stkgd ahiidlgc bkslhy.

Tjb wktbr bgoiugtbrbd crbkt rbslstkgob arie tjb vbcbtktlig kgd hltthb brislig ioourrbd, si

tjkt tjbrb wks hltthb ippirtuglty air tjb wktbr ti oigobgtrktb lg hkrcb strbkes. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd,

tjb criwtj ia k pbkt airbst ltsbha okg `b bxphklgbd `y tjb lgahiwlgc kgd bxtbgdlgc ivbr tjb

wjihb krbk ia tjb butripjlo rlvbr wktbr arie tjb bkst.

Lg iur iplglig tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbke ls ti `b rbckrdbd ks suoj k wktbr oiursb ahiwlgc arie

tjb bkst lgti tjb pbkt krbk, wjlhb lt ls pissl`hb tjkt tjb slelhkr Tlbgjivbg strbke khsi jkd tjb

skeb ojkrkotbr.

Ks ti tj b _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb wb clvb tjb aihhiwlgc rb prbsb gtktlig ia tjb oiursb ia bvbg ts,

wjloj clvbs kg bxphkgktlig ia khh tjb lepirtkgt pbouhlkrltlbs i`sbrvbd. Irlclgkhhy tjbrb bxlstbd

ks k alrst kgd "qulbt" pjksb k auroktlgc wktbr oiursb, wjloj girekhhy airebd k pkrt ia tjb

bkstbrg jkha ia tjb "hugc systbe", `b lt k yiugcbr pjksb tjkg tjb systbe ti wjloj tjb ^lndbr

vbhd rldcb `bhigcs. Lg tjb sboigd ir "wlhd" pjksb, siebtlebs okhhbd> "rbnuvbgktlig", tjbrb ls k

qubstlig ia k tjriucj-ahiwlgc strbke. Ks k rbsuht ia sieb bxtrbeb jlcj wktbrs (ir k cbgbrkh

rlsb ia tjb e bkg jlcj wktbr lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk) tjbrb irlclgktbd k mlgd ia `rbkm -tjriu cj koriss

tjb obgtrb ia tjb pbkt krbk, ekmlgc usb ia k gue`br ia tjb sekhh orbbms khrbkdy prbsbgt tjbrb

`y wldbglgc tjbe. Ti tjls sboigd pjksb eust `bhigc tjb supphbebgtkry cuhhlbs (bsp. lg tjb

Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg), tjb sboigd pjksb ia tjb ohky wbdcb kgd bspbolkhhy tjb jlcj skgdy alhhlgc

ia tjb strbke ojkggbh.

Igob airebd, tjb strbke ojkggbh stkybd sjkrphy hiokhlzbd `btwbbg tjb dbgsb vbcbtktlig

1? L ke euoj lgdb`tbd ti Vria Dr H. N. Vigs. Sltjiut jls rbekrms kgd tjb dlsousslig ia tjb ekgy pri`hbes

iaabrbd `y tjb strbke rldc bs, tjb lgtbrpr btktli g clvbg jbrb wiuhd git jkvb `bbg pissl`hb.14 Sb aiugd tjls ldbk lg Vkggbmibm vkg Pj bdbg ;<?1, ?24. Jb prbsuebd t jk t tjb rlvbr wktbr ahiwbd ighy pkrth y

ti tjb sbk vlk tjb eklg tjriucj-ahiwlgc wktbr oiursbs. Kgitjbr pkrt elcjt jkvb `bbg k`sir`bd `y tjb pbkt `y ebkgs

ia guebrius auroktlgc orbbms lg tjb bkst kgd elcjt kcklg ahiw iut kt tjb itjbr sldb lgti kgitjbr orbbm systbe. Tjb

skeb ls succbstbd `y Jkc bekg ;<1;, wltj tjb kld ia cbgbrkh ekppl gc ia tjb upp br ? e. Tjls ekp (ks lg Qbr`rkoom

;<36, alc. 02) lgdbbd sjiws suoj k systbe. Rglts ia wldbhy dlaabrlgc kcb krb, jiwbvbr, `riu cjt ticbtj br> tjb wbstbrg

pkr t ia tjb ekp oigslsts ia tjb Du gmlrm L (kgd hktbr) bstukrlgb orbbms, tjb orbbms lg tjb obgtrkh kgd bkstbr g pk rt lgohudb

tjb Hktb Kthkgtlo kgd _u`ìrbkh strbke rldcbs kgd tjblr sldb `rkgojbs.



;66 PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

ig tjb `kgms kt ìtj sldbs. Khsi wjbg tjb surriugdlgcs wbrb ahiidbd durlgc jlcj wktbrs tjb

eklg strbke stkybd oigobgtrktbd lg tjls ojkggbh, `bokusb ia tjb strbke-rbslstkgob ia tjb

vbcbtktlig. Lg suoj k sltuktlig tjb jlcj strbke vbhioltlbs gbobsskry air skgd trkgspirt oiuhd

ioour akr lgti tjb pbkt krbk. Tjls skgd wks dbpisltbd bxohuslvbhy lg tjb strbke ojkggbh ltsbha

lg tjb aire ia skgd`kgms (tjb hktbr rldcb) ir lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty khigc tjb `kgms (tjb

hktbr ekgthbs). Tjb crbkt strbke rbslstkgob kgd tjb (eidbst) hbvbb dbpislts rbsuhtbd khsi lg k

oigsldbrk`hy jlcjbr wktbr hbvbh lg tjb ojkggbh tjkg kt k dlstkgob ia sieb jugdrbds ia ebtbrs

arie tjls ojkggbh, bspbolkhhy durlgc jlcj wktbrs. Tjb skgd `kgms oiuhd `b ùlht up tjus oig

sldbrk`hy jlcjbr tjkg tjb jlcj wktbr ohky (tjb hktbr ohky wbdcbs) lg tjb lgugdktbd airbst. Lgdbbd

k dlaabrbgob ia kìut ;66 oe. wks i`sbrvbd lg tjb surriugdlgcs ia tjb Jkzbgdigm (sbb p. ;?4).

Tjb _ojklm rldcb eist pri`k`hy ls oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb alrst ("qulbt") pjksb ia tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, wjbg ìtj airebd tjb eklg strbkes ia tjb bkstbrg pkrt ia tjb

skeb "hugc systbe".

Tjb irlclg ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke kgd tjb airektlig ia tjb skgd rldcb lg tjb _iutj

Jihhkgd wiid pbkt krbk krb cbihiclokhhy aklrhy rbekrmk`hb bvbgts. Kt tjb skeb tleb tjbrb

ls bvldbgob ia kg lgtbgslaloktlig ia tjb sbdlebgtktlig priobssbs aurtjbr upstrbke lg tjb rlvbr

ohky krbk (tjb @btuwb). _trigc gkturkh hbvbb airektlig tiim phkob tjbrb, ojkrkotbrlzbd `y

lrrbcuhkr hbvbb pkttbrgs wltj "hbvbb sphkys" ia vkrlius typbs. Orbvkssb dbpislts, hkld lg arigt

ia tjb eiutj ia ivbrahiw ojkggbhs lg tjb `kslgs, wbrb khsi airebd kt tjls tleb 1ä. Tjb sbtthbebgt

kt Didbwkkrd (Q@@ kgd Elddhb @rigzb Kcb) hky ig suoj k hbvbb-sphky. Tjls ls igb ia k hkrcb

gue`br ia sbtthbebgts lg k rbclig tjkt hktbr wks khwkys k `kslg kgd wjbrb tjb ihdbr dbpislts

jkvb `bbg prbsbrvbd ugdbr sieb `kslg-ohky hkybrs. Lt ls igb ia iur "krojkbihiclokh wlgdiws".

@itj tjls lgtbgslalbd sbdlebgtktlig lg tjb @btuwb kgd tjb airektlig ia tjb sboigd (tjriucj-

ahiwlgc) pjksb ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb okg `b kttrlùtbd ti kg lgorbksbd dlsojkrcb ia tjb

rlvbrs ir kt hbkst tjb kppbkrkgob ia eirb kgd/ir jlcjbr jlcj wktbr hbvbhs.

Lt ls ia bspbolkh lepirtkgob tjkt k dlrbot oirrbhktlig ls ekdb lg tjb kìvb `btwbbg k trkgs

crbsslig pjksb ig tjb oikst (Okhkls LQ `) kgd k pbrlid ia lgtbgslvb sbdlebgtktlig lg tjb rlvbr

ohky krbk. _uoj oirrbhktligs krb ia pkrtlouhkr lepirtkgob air iur ugdbrstkgdlgc ia tjb okusbsia tjb ioourrbgob ia trkgscrbsslig kgd rbcrbsslig pjksbs. Tjbsb pjksbs okggi t tjbrbairb jkvb `bbg

k purbhy ekrlgb qubstlig= tjby eust jkvb `bbg tjb rbsuht ia eirb cbgbrkhhy ipbrktlvb akotirs,

ia wjloj ohlektlo ahuotuktligs krb tjb alrst tjkt oieb ti elgd 11.

0.4.2.?. Tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs

_iig, ir pbrjkps dlrbothy, katbr tjb skgdlgc up ia tjb strbke cuhhy tjb skgd ìdy ia tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd rldcb eust jkvb `bbg hklg lg tjb hkgdsokpb ks k hiw, higc rldcb (sbb p. ;?4).

Sjbg tjb drklgkcb systbe wks rbstirbd tjbrb eky jkvb `bbg tlebs wjbg rklg ir ahiid

wktbr oiuhd git ahiw kwky ùt wks plhbd up ksldb tjb rldcb. Tjls ls tjb eirb hlmbhy, slgob tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd rldcb wlhh jkvb airebd k mlgd ia dlvldb `btwbbg tjb drklgkcb `kslgs ia tjb

hiwbr oiursbs ia tjb rlvbrs Pjlgb kgd Ebusb. Bspbolkhhy durlgc jlcj wktbr lg igb ir ìtj rlvbrs,

12 Jkvlgck ;<1<, Juhst ;<13.11 Lg iur iplglig tjbsb ohlektlo ojkgcbs eky `b ojkrkotbrlzbd `y k jlcjbr prbolpltktlig kgd k jlcjbr arbqubgoy

ia (siutj-)wbstbrg ckhbs durlgc k trkgscrbsslig pjksb. Ia. p. ;6.



@PBKM-TJPIRCJ OJKGGBH_ ;6;

Alc. 04. Vjyslicrkpjlo ekp ia sltb gi. 1;, "Jiic @himhkgd-Glbuwvhlbtnb", sjiwlgc pkrt ia tjb _ojklm strbke rldcb,

k `rbkm -tjri ucj ojkggbh kgd k @@ sbtthbeb gt, dlsoivbrbd d urlgc tj b silh survb y lg ;<2?-'22. @ksbd ig ;02 ìrlgcs

ia ;.06-0.16 e. _okhb ;>4666.

Hbcbgd >_kgd ia tjb _ojklm rldcb, git oivbrbd wltj pbkt kgd

L oihiurbd dkrm crby ir `hkom air ivbr ?6 oe. Vrbjlstirlo (@@) sbtthbe bgt.

>|:|n oihiurbd crby air hbss tjkg ?6 oe.

~~| git oihiurbd crby.

Dbpislts `bhigclgc ti tjb _ojklm rldcb oivbrbd wltj >

n k juelo ohky ighy.

; pbk ty ohky ir pbkt, `ksb kt 46-36 oe. dbptj .

snpU pbkt, `ksb kt 32-<2 oe. dbptj .

J9 e pbkt, `ksb kt 32-;02 oe. dbptj .

L pbkt, `ksb `bhiw ;66 oe. dbp tj.

Khh sbdlebgts krb oivbrbd wltj ?2-26 oe. ohky.

ugbqukh wktbr hbvbhs kt ìtj sldbs ia tjb rldcb wlhh jkvb oieb lgti bxlstbgob. Kt vkrlius pilgts

`rbkojbs wbrb airebd tjriucj tjb rldcb, giw ti tjb girtj (wjbg tjb Ebusb rbkojbd k jlcj

hbvbh), giw ti tjb siutj (wjbg tjls wks tjb oksb wltj tjb Pjlgb). Igob airebd, tjb `rbkm

tjriu cj ojkggb hs oiuhd kot ks k splhh-wky air wktb r arie ìtj sldbs. Tjb akot t jk t tjbsb ojkggbhs

krb aiugd lg aklrhy jlcj, skgdy pkrts ia tjb rldcb elcjt `b tjb rbsuht ia hktbr oiepkotlig ia tjb

giw hiwbr pkrts ia tjb rldcb, ir ia k eirpjihiclokh i`struotlig kt hiwbr kdnkobgt pilgts.

_bbpkcb elcjt khsi jkvb phkybd k rihb.

Tjbrb ls giw k titkh ia aiur ia suoj `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs mgiwg tjriucj tjb _ojiig-

rbwibrd rldcb kgd igb tjriucj tjb _ojklm rldcb 13. Tjisb lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd krb khh ia eidbstdlebgsligs, kìut ;66 e. higc kgd 06-?6 e. wldb. Tjb cuhhy k t Ouhbeìrc, eirb sltuk tbd ti

:3 Qlz. Eihbgkkrscrkka (tjls pkpbr, pkrt LQ), Ittihkgd-Db Vut (sbb p. ;63), Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Mhhbìic (sbb p. ;6:,

Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<1<`), Ouhbeìrc (Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<11").



;6 0 PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

tjb bk st ls hkrcbr kg d jks k shlcjthy dlaabrbgt kppbkrkg ob. Tjb tjrbb cuhhlbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka

kgd Ittihkgd wbrb ekppbd khrbkdy durlg c tjb silh survby ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd, ù t ighy rboic

glzbd ks suoj durlgc iur lgvbstlcktligs. Ig tjb `kgms ia khh tjbsb cuhhlbs pbiphb uslgc Q@@

kgd/ir @S@ pittbry bstk`hlsjbd tjbesbhvbs. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd Ittihkgd-Mrieeb

Bhhbìic lt wks aiugd tjkt tjb iooupktlig wks oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb alrst pjksb ia tjbalhhlgc ia tjbsb cuhhlbs l.b., lg ìtj oksbs, k pbkty ohky. Lg tjls wky lt ls privbd tjkt tjbsb cuhhlbs

wbrb rbkhhy airebd vbry sjirthy katbr tjb airektlig ia tjb skgd rldcb. Igb ia tjb @@ sbtthb

ebgts ig tjb _ojklm rldcb, dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby kt Jiic @himhkgd, khsi kppbkrbd

durlgc iur lgvbstlcktlig ti jb `bsldb suoj k trkgsvbrsb cuhhy tjriucj tjb rldcb 1:. Tjls

oigalrebd kcklg tjb oigtbepirkgblty ia ìtj rldcbs.

Kt tjb eiutjs ia tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs hi`ktb skgd dbpislts ia shlcjt bxtbgt wbrb

hkld diwg. Tjby eust bgtlrbhy oigslst ia tjb wksjbd-iut skgd ia tjb bridbd pkrt ia tjb strbke

rldcb, `bokusb wb krb oigobrgbd wltj lgugdktlig wktbr, `y wjloj gi skgd ls trkgspirtbd. Kt

Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb skgd hi`b wks ekppbd kgd lt kppbkrbd tjkt lts vihueb ls ia tjb skeb irdbr

ks tjb vihueb ia tjb git-skgdy dbpislts lg tjb cuhhy. Kt tjb itjbr sltbs ighy sieb sbotligs wbrb

ìrbd. Tjb skgd hi`bs wbrb ia oiepkrk`hb dlebgsligs. Kt Ouhbeìrc ìtj tjb cuhhy kgd tjb

wksjbd-iut skgd wbrb ia k dlaabrbgt irdbr.

Lt ls rbekrmk`hb tjkt tjbrb krb gi `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs lg tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb

`btwbbg Giirdbhiis kgd tjb Dlbadlnm. Eirbivbr, Q@ @/@ S@ ks wbhh ks Elddhb @rigzb Kcb

rbeklgs jkvb `bbg hkomlgc khsi lg tjls strbtoj ugtlh giw, ùt k gue`br ia Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgts

ls mgiwg. Tjb k`sbgob ia trkgsvbrsb cuhhlbs elcjt `b tjb rbsuht ia k tii jlcj bhbvktlig ia tjb

rldcb. Tjb rldcb jbrb jks kg bgtlrbhy dlaabrbgt ojkrkotbr> tjbrb krb vkrlius skgd ìdlbs gbxt ti

bkoj itjbr, siebtlebs surriugdlgc sekhh pbkt krbks. Jbrb kgd siebwjkt aurtjbr ti tjb wbst

gbkr Giirdbhiis, sjbbt-hlmb skgd dbpislts oiggbotbd wltj tjb rldcb jkvb `bbg ekppbd `y _tl-

ìmk. Khh tjbsb abkturbs wlhh jkvb `bbg irlclgktbd durlgc tjb sboigd pjksb ia airektlig ia tjb

rldcb. Giw tjkt wb jkvb dktbd kt kìut 0;66-;:26 @.O. tjb skgdy ìdy ia tjb rldcb, wjbrb lt

ioours wltjiut kgy oiephloktligs, ks lg tjb bkst gbkr Ouhbeìrc kgd lg tjb wbst gbkr Eihb

gkkrscrkka k gd Ittihkgd, lt ls dlaalouht ti kssueb tjk t tjb lgtbrebd lktb pkrt lgvihvbs k rbnuvbgk

tlig kt k hktbr dktb, ir ti bxphklg tjb k`sbgob ia tjb bkrhlbst lgjk`ltktlig lg tjls wky.

Cuhhlbs, oiepkrk`hb ti tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs dbsorl`bd lg tjls pkpbr, ùt ia hkrcbr

dlebgsligs (bvbg hkrcbr tjk g tjb Ouhbeìrc cuhhy) wbrb dbsorl`bd `y Jkvl gck arie tjb dlstrlot

siutj ia Skcbglgcbg, sltuktbd lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk pripbr 1<. Tjbsb cuhhlbs out koriss k aisslh

strbke systbe kgd airebd k oiggbotlig ia twi `kslgs. Tjby wbrb tjb splhh-wkys air tjb ahiid

wktbr lg tjb upstrbke `kslg lgti tjb `kslg diwgstrbke. @bokusb ia tjls augotlig tjby wbrb

gkebd "`kslg drklgkcb cuhhlbs" `y Jkvlgck. Ti iur iplglig tjb `kslg drklgkcb kgd tjb `rbkm

tjriucj ojkggbhs dbsorl`bd lg tjls pkpbr aire igb criup. Sltjlg tjls criup tjb cuhhlbs dbeig

strktb k crkdukh ojkgcb cilgc arie tjb pbkt krbk lg tjb wbst ti tjb rlvbr ohky krbk lg tjb bkst.

Tjby krb sekhh lg tjb pbkt krbk kgd euoj `lccbr lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk wltj tjb Oldbeìrc

cuhhy lg kg lgtbre bdlk tb pisltlig. Lg tj b wbst tjby oiuhd `b k splhh-wky lg twi dlrbotligs

1: Sb ekppbd tjls cuhhy lg ;<11, `y ebkgs ia k crbkt gue`br ia ìrlgcs lg ;6 e. squkrbs. Tjb airebr strbke

ojkggbh kppbkrbd ti jkvb `bbg oigstruotbd ig tjb bvldbgob ia ighy igb ìrlgc. L tjkgm Lr N. vkg dbr Hlgdb air tjb

lgairektlig kgd tjb jbhp jb ckvb ti eb.

«< Jkvlgck ;<1<, bsp. ;:-00.



@PBKM-TJPIRCJ OJKGGBH_ ;6?

(khtjiucj igb elcjt prbdielgktb) `bokusb ia tjb k`sbgob ia kgy crkdlbgt, lg oigtrkst ti tjb

sltuktlig akrtjbr upstrbke. Tjb wksjbd-iut dbpislts sjiw oigsbqubgthy itjbr dlebgsligs

kgd tbxturb cilgc arie wbst ti bkst. Tjb vkrlktlig lg tjb gkturb ia tjb cuhhy alhhlgcs (pbkt lg tjb

wbst, (juelo) ohky lg tjb bks t) ls khsi k rbsuht ia bgvlrigeb gtkh dlaabrbgobs.

Lg tjls oiggbotlig lt eust `b strbssbd tjkt lg tjb ohkss ia cuhhlbs dbsorl`bd kìvb tjbrb ls

gi qubstlig ia k rlvbr `rbkmlgc lts hbvbbs kgd tjbg airelgc hi`ktb ir tigcub-sjkpbd skgdy

bxtbgsligs ia tjb hbvbbs lgti tjb `kslgs, ks dbsorl`bd `y Jkvlgck arie tjb rlvbr ohky krbk

ks "hbvbb sphkys" kgd mgiwg arie rbobgt sbdlebgtktlig krbks ks "orbvkssb dbpislts". Tjb skgdy

sbdlebgt irlclgktbs lg suoj oksbs ighy pkrthy arie tjb bridbd rlvbr hbvbb kgd eklghy arie tjb

hikd ia sbdlebgt lg tjb rlvbr ltsbha. Lt ls tjbrbairb git khhiwbd ti okhh tjb dbpislts kt tjb eiutj

ia tjb `rbkm-tjriucj (kgd tjb `kslg drklgkcb) cuhhlbs "orbvkssb dbpislts". Sb pripisb tjb

gkeb (khhuvlkh) iutwksj dbpislt ir iutwksj akg.

Lg vlbw ia tjbsb oigsldbrktligs lt dibs git sbbe ti us ti `b rlcjt ti lgtbrprbt tjb pbouhlkr

dbpislts gbkr Elddbhmiip ks dbpislts arie k `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy. Sb bvbg diu`t wjbtjbr tjb

kutjir ls rlcjt wjbg jb dbsorl`bs tjbe ks "orbvkssbs". Tjb dbtklhbd silh ekp ia Vigs sjiws

ohbkrhy tjkt wb jkvb git ti di wltj k `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy, ùt wltj k systbe ia sldb orbbms

kgd sjbbt-hlmb skgd hkybrs `bhigclgc ti tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb ltsbha. _lelhkr orbbm

systbes jkvb khsi `bbg ekppbd ia itjbr strbke rldcbs (b.c. tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb kgd k

rldcb lg tjb ^bvbgjivbg Vihdbr girtj ia tjb rlvbr Hbm) 36.

0.2 VPBJL_TIPLO LGJK@LTKTLIG LG TJB OBGTRPLB_ KATBP TJB OKHKL_

TPKG_CPB__LIG VJK_B_

0.2.;. LGTPIDROTLIG

Katbr tjb airektlig ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb kgd tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs

tjriucj lt, gi gbw wktbr-oiursbs ia suoj pripirtligs kppbkr ti jkvb dbvbhipbd lg tjb rbclig.

K hbgctjy pbrlid ia rbst `bclgs, tjb ipbglgc ia k sboigd pbkt airektlig pjksb g. Tjb ohisb

ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke's kotlvlty ls kt tjb skeb tleb tjb `bclgglgc ia k higc pbrlid

durlgc wjloj lgjk`ltktlig wks pissl`hb. Gbw dbpislts, bhbvktbd kgd lgjk`ltk`hb, clvlgc koobss

ti hkrcb krbks ia tjb pbkt rbclig (si tjkt ekgy digmbg wbrb khsi koobssl`hb) hky rbkdy air usb.

Tjbsb, hlmb tjb digmbg, wbrb rboicglzk`hb arie akr git si euoj `y tjblr jblcjt ks `y tjblr

hiaty tle`br criwtj ia ikm, bhe kgd ksj.

'¶ Qbr`rkbom ;<36, 12, :1, :3. Tjb dktlgc sbbes rktjb r ugobrtk lg> p. :1> Tlbh (69 ), p. :3> Ciroue (LQ 9)= Vigs

;<2;, Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16.3; Qbr `rkbom ;<36, 32. Tjb alrst pjksb ia cbgbrkh pbkt airektlig ls dkt bd ti tjb Kthkg tlo, bsp. katbr 4266 @.O.

Tjls pjksb bgdbd lg Elddhb Kthkgtlo tlebs, wjbg bxtbgslvb ahuvlktlhb sbdlebgtktlig stkrtbd.




0.2.0. BZVHIPKTLIG_

Durlgc iur albhd bxphirktligs tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb wks clvbg spbolkh kttbgtlig,

git ighy `bokusb lt ls igb ia tjb eist prielgbgt hkgdekrms, ùt khsi `bokusb ia tjb bxboutlig

ia k hkgd rbkhhitebgt durlgc tjb ybkrs ia iur bgqulry. Lg pkrtlouhkr lg tjb strbtoj Eihbgkkrs

crkka-Giirdbhiis k systbektlo survby wks okrrlbd iut `y ebkgs ia ìrlgcs kgd tbst-plts lg tjb

ybkrs ;<C?-;<36. Igb ia tjb eist prielslgc tb rrk lgs (Eihbgkkrscrkka, gi. 01) wks sbhbotbd air

bxokvktlig. Vkrt LQ ia tjls pu`hloktlig clvbs k rbpirt ig tjls. @bhiw wb sjkhh ekmb rbpbktbd

usb ia tjb dktk clvbg lg tjkt rbpirt.

Sltjiut tjbsb baairts eist ia tjb tbrrklgs wiuhd jkvb `bbg tjiriucjhy dlstur`bd `y tjb

ekmlgc ia tjb rb khhite bgt rikds gis. 2; kgd 2?, wjloj wbrb air tjb eist pkrt ti aihhiw tjb kxls ia

tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb. K spbolkh wird ia tjkgms ls dub jbrb ti tjb hiokh rbkhhitebgt oieelt-

Alc. 02. Kh`hkssbrwkkrd, Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg, Tlbhbrwkkrd, Hbm bg Hlgcb dlstrlot.

Dlstrlùtlig ia Gbihltjlo algds kgd sltbs.



Q@@/@S@ LGJK@LTKTLIG ;62

tbb air tjb ugdbrstkgdlgc tjby dlsphkybd ia tjb lepirtkgob ia tjb krojkbihiclokh tbrrklgs kgd

air tjblr rbkdlgbss ti khtbr tjb oiursb ia tjb pripisbd rikds ti tjb girtjbrg shipb. Tjls ebkgt

tjkt ighy k abw tbrrklgs wbrb ekrclgkhhy dlstur`bd, wjlhb twi itjbrs lg tjb dlstrlot ia Ittihkgd

("Iistblgd" gi. 40 kgd "Mrieeb Bhhbìic" gi. ?1) oiuhd `b bxkelgbd lg ciid tleb. Tjby pri

vldbd vkhuk`hb oiephbebgtkry lgairektlig air tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka bgqulry. Algkhhy, durlgc

tjb rikd -oigstruotlig ia ;<36-;<3; k abw aurtjbr dlsoivbrlbs wbrb ekdb lg tjb d uc-iut strbtojbs

kgd tjb gbw rikdsldb dltojbs.

Tjb dlstrlùtlig ekps ohbkrhy sjiw tjb lgahubgob ia tjb lgtbgslty ia tjb lgvbstlcktlig,

ùt tjb dlstrlùtlig ia algd-phkobs ls git ighy ti `b bxphklgbd `y tjls. Lgvbstlcktlig khsi tiim

phkob `btwbbg Giirdbhiis kgd Ebbrmbrm (`btwbbg tjb gis. 24 kgd <;), pkrtlouhkrhy ig tbrrklgs

ohksslalbd durlgc tj b silh survby ks "ihd iooupktlig silh". Jiwbvbr, tjbsb jkvb si akr privbd

arulthbss. Bkst ia Ebbrmbrm algds wbrb lgdbbd ekdb, ùt tjby dktbd bxohuslvbhy arie tjb Lrig

Kcb. Ighy kg iooksligkh lsihktbd algd kt Ouhbeìrc-Dbg Jbuv bh (gi. <:) khsi lgdloktbs Q@ @/

@S@ iooupktlig tjbrb. Tjb _ojklm strbke rldcb rboblvbd hltthb kttbgtlig arie us, wjloj eky

bxphklg tjb abw algds ekdb tjbrb. Sb `bhlbvb, jiwbvbr, tjkt tjb vkrlius ekps eky gbvbr

tjbhbss `b rbckrdbd ks rbprbsbgtktlvb ti k obrtklg bxtbgt ia tjb kotukh dlstrlùtlig ia tjb prb

jlstirlo lgjk`ltktlig. Ighy tjb koobgt ig tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb ls

siebwjkt tii strigc.

0.2.?. TJB Q@@/@S@ LGJK@LTKTLIG (alc. 02)

Vrbjlstirlo lgjk`ltktlig ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb `bclgs, ks wb jkvb skld, wltj tjb

@bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Lg gigb ia tjb bxokvktligs ig tjls rldcb oiuhd tjb bkrhy (E@@) pjksb

`b privbd, si tjkt wb kssueb tjkt tjb Qbhuwb pjksb slcglalbs tjb ipbglgc ia tjb iooupktlig

ig tjls rldcb. K abw sjbrds ig tjb Jkzbgdigm sjiw tjkt lgdbbd tjbrb wks sieb iooupktlig

durlgc tjb bkrhy @bhh @bkmbr pjksb, tjkt ls durlgc tjb tleb wjbg tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb wks

kg kotlvb strbke.

Alc. 01. Oigtiur ekp ia k pkrt ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd (sltb gi. 40), sjiwlgc k vbry

jlcj bhbvktlig, ioouplbd (pbrjkps wltj lgtbrruptligs) arie ;:66 (Q@@) tlhh <66 @.O. (Hktb @rigzb Kcb).

Bxo kvk tbd krb k lg `hkom. Hbcbgd > sbb alc. 03. _okhb ;>4666.




Tjb lgjk`ltkgts ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb sbtthbd prbabrk`hy gbkr tjb gkrriw

`rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbhs, tjbg ahiwlgc wltj ohbkr rugglgc wktbr (alcs. 03, 0:, 2:) 30. Bhsbwjbrb

iooupktlig tiim phkob ig tjb jlcjbst bhbvktligs (alc. 01).

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka wb wbrb k`hb ti dbtbrelg b t jk t katbr k alrst iooupktlig pjksb, ojkrkotb r

lzbd `y Q@@ pit tbry , @S@ sjbrds wbrb ojkrko tbrlstlo lg k sboigd pjksb, kgd, lg k t jlrd pjksb,eklghy ugdboirktbd pits. Ighy durlgc tjb usb ia tjb tbrrklg ks k obebtbry, `btwbbg pjksb ;

kgd 0, wks tjb tbrrklg pbrjkps uglgjk`ltbd air k sjirt pbrlid. @itj `bkmbr criups (Q@@ kgd

@S@) krb khsi rbprbsbgtbd kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd (gi. 40) kgd kt I ttihkgd- Mrie eb Bhhbìic

(gi. ?1). Bhsbwjbrb tjb qukgtlty ia ektbrlkh ls tii sekhh ti phkob kgy ebkglgc ig tjb k`sbgob ia

igb ia tjb typ bs ia pittbry. Lt kppbkrs, tjbrbairb, tj kt tjbrb wks kheist kg ug`rimbg oig tlgulty

lg tjb lgjk`ltktlig. Ks lt ls, eirbivbr, dlaalouht ir lepissl`hb ti dlstlgculsj ìtj pjksbs ig tjb

`ksls ia k sekhh gue`br ia algds wb jkvb ekdb gi kttbept ti di tjls.

Lg kddltlig ti sbtthbebgts, crkvbs krb mgiwg lg tjrbb phkobs> alrst, tjb sekhh obebtbry kt

Eihbgkkrscrkka (gi. 01) (sbb p. 040 a.)= tjbg k crkvb gbkr Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic (gi. ?3)

kgd k crkvb kt Eihbgkkrscrkka (gi. 04k). Lg ìtj tjb hkst twi k ìdy wks ùrlbd git lg lts

kgktielokh oijbslig, ùt oiephbtbhy dlskrtlouhktbd. Tjb alrst ls phkobd lg tjb Q@@ pjksb `yk ;4O dkt b> CrG 1?:4, ;:36 » 42 @.O. Tjb sboigd crkvb ls ugd ktbd, y bt tjbr b krb suaalolbgt

krcuebgts lg akviur ia khhioktlgc lt khsi ti tjb Q@@/@S@ pbrlid. Tjls ls git tjb phkob aurtjbr

ti dlsouss ùrlkh ousties.

Kpkrt arie tjb bvldbg t oigobgtrk tlig ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb-, algds ig twi digmbg

krb mgiwg arie tjls pbrlid (Jkzbgdigm gi. 04, Jiic @himhkgd gi. 16), kgd khsi ig tjb digm

gbkr Khembrm, wjloj ls iutsldb iur krbk 3?. Ig tjb _ojklm rldcb kt Jiic @himhkgd (gi. 1;)

k sbtthbebgt wks aiugd wjloj kppbkrs ti hlb gbxt ti k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh (alc. 0:, sbb

khsi p. <:). Kt Ouhbeìrc (gi. <:) k abw lsihktbd algds lgdloktbd @S@ iooupktlig. Lt ls

bxpbotbd tjkt auturb lgvbstlcktligs wlhh alhh up tjb ckps lg iur mgiwhbdcb.

Lt ls rbekrmk`hb tjkt gi sbtthbebgts dktlgc arie tjbsb tlebs jkvb ybt `bbg aiugd ig tjb

^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb. Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt tjls siebwjkt hiwbr rldcb wks tii wbt kt tjkt tleb.

Tjls ls bkslhy ugdbrstkgdk`hb, ks tjb olrouhktlig ia wktbr katbr tjb kotlvlty ia tjb "_ojiigrb

wibrd strbke" kgd tjb airektlig ia tjb rldcb eust jkvb `bbg tjiriucjhy dlstur`bd, kgd k gbw

drklgkcb systbe jkd ti dbvbhip.

0.2.4. [RKGTLTKTLQB K__B__EBGT IA TJB _LTB_ IG TJB _OJIIGPBSIBPD _TPBKE P LD CB

Lt ls ia bspbolkh lepirtkgob tjkt tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka-Giirdbhiis strbtoj ia tjb _ojiig

rbwibrd strbke rldcb jks `bbg si lgtbgslvbhy bxphirbd tjkt wb eky stktb tjkt wb mgiw, la git

khh, kt hbkst gbkrhy khh tjb prbjlstirlo sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs tjbrb. Ighy kt tjb rborbktlig obgtrb

"Db Vut" (`btwbbg algd-phkobs gis. 0: kgd 0<) k pkrt ia tjb strbke rldcb ls tbrrk lgoicgltk

30 X y b cbgbrkh lzb jbrb arie tj b dk tk ia tjb Eihbgkkrsc rkka `rb km-t jriu cj cuh hy. Sb mgiw tjk t tjb cuh hy k t

It tihkgd-Mrieeb Bh hbìic kt hbkst jks k slel hkr sbqubgob ia dbpisl ts.3? Tjls sltb wks ebgtligbd khrbkdy lg pkrt L, (p. 04)= Kppbgdlx L, gi. ;4.



Q @ @ / @ S @ L GJK@L TKTL IG ;63

Alc. 03. Oigtiur ekp ia k pkrt ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb wltj tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh

kt Ittihkgd-Db Vut. Tjb oigtiur hlgbs krb `ksbd ig ebksurbebgts lg k systbe ia 06 e. squkrbs.

Lgdloktbd krb tjb sltbs gis. 0<-?2. _okhb ;>4666.

Hbcbgd >;. algd spit ir tbst plt priduolgc algds

0. prbsuebd bxtbgt ia sbtthbebgt

?. pihhbg skephb

4. `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh (obgtrb)

2. oigtiur hlgb wltj jblcjt lg oe. `bhiw GKV

1. eidbrg dltojbs

3. jblcjt lg oe. `bhiw GKV

:. rbobgthy oigstruotbd rikds



;6: PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

Alc. 0:. Oigtiur ekp ia k pkrt ia tjb _ojiigrowibrd strbke rldcb wltj (,jb diu`hb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh

kt "Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic". Lgdloktbd krb tjb sltbs gis. ?1 kgd ,'_3.

Bxokv ktbd pkr t ia rikd ugdbr oigstruotlig lg hkom. Hbcbgd > sbb alc. 03. _okhb ;>4666.

`bokusb ia tjb cbgbrkh dlstur`kgob tjbrb `bairb iur lgvbstlcktlig `bckg. Tjb bxkot krojkbi

hiclokh diouebgtktlig, ticbtjbr wltj tjb hleltbd bxtbgt ia tjb hkgd sultk`hb air lgjk`ltktlig,

orbktbs tjb pissl`lhlty ia k aklrhy bxkot dbtbrelgktlig ia tjb kcrlouhturkh hkgd `bhigclgc ti bkoj

ia tjb iooupktlig obgtrbs, kgd tjus ti tjb kvbrkcb gue`br ia lgjk`ltkgts ia bkoj ia tjbsb obgtrbs.

Lg tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd strbtoj kt tjb eiebgt sbvbg sekhh iooupktlig obgtrbs ir sbtthb

ebgts krb mgiwg= tjby krb dktbd `y Q@@ kgd/ir @S@ sjbrds (ir `y diebstlo pittbry oirrbs

pigdlgc ti "Eihbgkkrscrkk a") lg tjb kppripr lktb pbrlid. Tjby krb> lg Eihbgkkrscrkka, tjb @iig

kgd @kkg tbrrklgs= lg Ittihkgd, Db Vut, Mrieeb Bhhbìic, "`bjlgd tjb ojuroj", Iistblgd=

lg Ciudrlkkg, _eiutnbs Qhlbt= rbspbotlvbhy tjb sltbs gis. 01, 03= ?0-?4, ?1, ?<, 4;-40= 4?.

Iutsldb tjbsb phkobs kgd keigc tjbe hlb kìut kg bqukh gue`br ia tbrrklgs wjbrb kg iooksligkh algd lgdloktbs tjb pissl`hb prbsbgob ia k @bkmbr sbtthbebgt (ir igb lg tjb dlrbot vlolglty)=

Sb eus t rbkhlzb tj kt tjb piirgbss lg algds dibs git ekmb tjb ldbgtlaloktlig ia `bkmbr sbtthb

ebgts bksy.

Sb giw kssueb tj kt khh tjb tbrrklgs wbrb oigtlguiushy kgd oigtbepirkgbiushy lgjk`ltbd,

`kslgc iur kssueptlig ig tjb cbgbrkh oigtbepirkgblty lgdloktbd `y tjb krojkbihiclokh



Q@@/@S@ LGJK@LTKTLIG ;6<

algds kgd ig iur bxpbrlbgobs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, wjbrb gi `rbkm ia kgy slcglalokgob lg tjb ioou

pktlig sbqubgob oiuhd `b sjiwg. Bvbg la wb di git bgtlrbhy koobpt tjls kssueptlig kgd kcrbb

tjkt k abw sbtthbebgts eky jkvb ojkgcbd tjblr pisltlig 34 durlgc tjls pbrlid, iur oigohuslig ls

stlhh vkhld. Tjls kssueptlig pkrthy oiepbgsktbs air tjb lcgirkgob ia tjb "uglepirtkgt" algd-

phkobs, sieb ia wjloj pbrjkps rbkhhy di oigobkh k oiepkrk`hb sbtthbebgt.

Tjb sbvbg gkebd tbrrklgs krb khh sekhh (git higcbr tjkg 16 e.) kgd krb sbpkrktbd `y dls

tkgobs ia 066 ti ;666 e. ig tjb rldcb, tjb kvbrkcb dlstkgob `blgc 366 e., ir 166 e., la wb

lgohudb igb dlstur`bd tbrrklg gbkr "Db Vut" lg iur okhouhktligs.

Ighy tjb skgdy criugd ia tjb rldcb ltsbha okg `b oigsldbrbd ks krk`hb hkgd. Bhsbwjbrb tjb

drklgkcb wks tii `kd kgd tjb criugd wktbr hbvbh tii jlcj. Air bkoj sbtthbebg t, tjbrbairb, k

strlp ia 366 ti :66 e. lg hbgctj (wb eust khsi rbomig wltj tjb tbrrklgs wbst ia gi. 01 kgd bkst

ia gi. 4?) kgd 36-;66 e. lg wldtj — l.b. 2 ti : jk. — wks kvklhk`hb. Ia tjls kt hbkst ; jk. eust

jkvb `bbg tkmbg up `y tjb akre ykrd, abgobs, trkoms kgd sieb tle`br, si tjkt 4-3 jk. rbeklgbd.

Tjb krbk ia priduotlvb krk`hb hkgd gbobsskry lg prbjlstirlo akrelgc ti abbd igb pbrsig air igb

ybkr jks `bbg bstlektbd kt `btwbbg X kgd 0 jk., kg kvbrkcb ia ; jk 32. Tjls ebkgs tjkt, la ekxl

eue usb wks ekdb ia tjb krk`hb hkgd, k elgleue ia | 5 0 kgd k ekxle ue ia -H 5 ;4

pbrsigs, kgd eist pri`k`hy 4 ti 3 pbrsigs pbr iooupktlig obgtrb, oiuhd jkvb `bbg abd. Ks

wb eky rbomig ojlhdrbg ks k X pbrsig tjls keiugts ti arie 0 kduhts wltj 4 ojlhdrbg ti 4 kduhts

wltj 1 ojlhdrbg. La, jiwbvbr, wb kssueb k obrtklg keiugt ia orip ritktlig, wjloj kppbkrs

ti us ti `b rbksigk`hb 31, tjbg iur alcurbs wlhh `b aurtjbr rbduobd `y k akotir ia 0 ir pbrjkps

bvbg ?. Iur algkh oigohuslig eust `b tjkt kooirdlgc ti tjls okhouhktlig bkoj iooupktlig uglt

eust jkvb oigslstbd ia kt eist twi, ùt pri`k`hy ighy igb akelhy ir akre jiusbjihd. Lt ls lg

tbrbstlgc tjkt tjb rbsuhts ia tjb bxokvktlig kt Eihbgkkrscrkka hbkd ti tjb skeb oigohuslig

(ia. p. 032).

Arie tjb kìvb okhouhktligs igb jks ti oigohudb tjkt tjb strbtoj ia tjb rldcb oivbrbd `y

tjb sekhh vlhhkcb wks usbd oiephbtbhy ks krk`hb hkgd kgd eust jkvb `bbg dbairbstbd ti k hkrcb

bxtbgt. Ti tjb wbst kgd ti tjb bkst tjb airbst oivbr wks git sbrliushy tiuojbd. Durlgc iur lgvbs

tlcktlig ig tjb Jkzbgdigm wb dbeigstrktbd tjkt kt tjkt pilgt (466-266 e. arie tjb rldcb)tjb ohky wbdcbs wbrb si dke p tj kt pbk t airektlig tiim phkob tjbrb lg tjls pbrlid. Tjb ohky tjbrb,

eirbivbr, ls git rlpbgbd kgd obrtklghy git sultbd ti tjb crkzlgc ia kglekhs. @ut wb okggit tkmb

tjls ks k ebksurb air tjb wjihb ia tjb ohky wbdcbs, slgob tjb dkepgbss ia tjb ohky eust jkvb

`bbg dbpbgdbgt ia tjb oiepkotlig lg tjb alrst dbobgglk katbr dbpisltlig kgd tjls oiepkotlig

okg vkry oigsldbrk`hy. Sb okg cbt kg leprbsslig ia tjls (ùt git eirb tjkg tjkt) arie tjb

prbsbgt-dky jblcjt ia tjb tip ia tjb ohky. Sb tiim tjkt lgti kooiugt wjbg wb drbw alc. 0<. K

gue`br ia ;4O dktbs ia tjb oivbrlgc pbkt elcjt clvb k `bttbr kgd kt hbkst eirb bxkot lgair

ektlig.

Katbr tjb airbcilgc wb eky ksm wjbtjbr wb krb nustlalbd lg spbkmlgc ia k "gue`br ia sbt

thbebgts". Lt sbbes euoj eirb hlmbhy tjkt wb krb oigobrgbd wltj igb higc rl`ìg sbtthbebgt

34 Oa. air lgstkgo b Sktbr` ihm H<14* ig tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtt hbeb gt kt Bhp . Sb eus t `bkr lg elgd t jk t

k gbw akre-ykrd elcjt git jkvb `bbg brbotbd kt ir gbkr tjb sltb ia tjb ihd igb, ùt akrtjbr kwky.32 Sb iwb tjbsb dktk ti ET- N. K. Rrigcbrs, Kebrsaiirt. Oa. khsi jls tjbsls> @rigcbrs, lg prbp.31 Tjb pihhbg dlkcrke ia tjb pbkty cuhhy alhhlgc ia Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic oigtklgbd sieb lgdloktligs ia

brip ritktlig tjkt eust `b bxkelgbd aurtjbr, `bairb kgy kooiugt okg `b clvbg ia tjbe. Sb okg jkrdhy lekclgb, jiwbvbr,

tjkt gi orip ritktlig wks prkotlsbd.



;;6 PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

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DRGMLPM I KGD TJB ELDDHB @PIG^B KCB ;;;

oigslstlgc ia k gue`br ia sbpkrktb uglts ir akres ìrdbrlgc tjb krk`hb hkgd, `bhigclgc ti tjbe.

Tjbsb akres wbrb prbabrk`hy ùlht gbkr ipbg wktbr ir ig kg bhbvktlig, wjlhb tjb krk`hb albhds

wbrb hkld iut ig tjb siebwjkt hiwbr lgtbrebdlktb pkrts ia tjb rldcb. Tjb oktthb crkzbd iutsldb

tjbrb ig tjb hiw hkgd kdnilglgc tjb rldcb. Tjb pipuhktlig alcurb ia tjb vlhhkcb eky `b bstlektbd

kt : jiusbjihds, ir ;1-0: kduhts, ir ?6-26 pbrsigs.Lt kppbkrs ti us ti `b rbksigk`hb ti kssueb tjkt tjb sbtthbebgt oieeugloktbd vlk k trkom

ir pktj ivbr tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb wltj tjb jlcj skgdy krbk ia tjb Obgtrkh Gbtjbrhkgds

wjbrb tjb obgtrb ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb wks sltuktbd 33. Tjb skeb riutb sbrvbd

ks k oieeugloktlig lg tjb vlhhkcb `btwbbg tjb akres. Lt ls bvbg pissl`hb tjkt suoj k riutb khsi

aihhiwbd tjb rldcb lg k wbstbrhy dlrbotlig, airelgc kg lepirtkgt ebkgs ia oigtkot `btwbbg tjb

oikst kgd tjb skgd rbcligs. Tjb @bhh @bkmbr vlhhkcb wiuhd tjus jkvb oieb lgti bxlstbgob ig

tjls riutb jkha-wky `btwbbg tjb oikst kgd tjb jlgtbrhkgd, ig k phkob wjbrb gkturb iaabrbd kg

kttrkotlvb sltuktlig.

Lg alc. 0< wb smbtojbd k tbgtktlvb rboigstruotlig ia tjls jkehbt, `ksbd ig tjb krcuebgts,

ebgtligbd kìvb.

0.1. HKTBP HKGD_OKVB DBQBHIVEBGT KGD LGJK@LTKTLIG

0.1.;. DRGMLPM I KGD TJB ELDDHB @PIG^B KCB (alc. ?;)

Lg tjb sboigd jkha ia tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb (tjls ls tjb bkrhy pjksb ia tjb "Jlhvbrsue

Ouhturb") k sjirt lgtbrruptlig lg lgjk`ltktlig kppkrbgthy tiim phkob. Arkcebgts ia cbgulgb

Jlhvbrsue urgs jkvb git ybt `bbg aiugd lg tjb rbclig, git bvbg ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke

rldcb. Ti `b k`hb ti ldbgtlay tjbsb, jiwbvbr, k su`stkgtlkh qukgtlty ia git tii arkcebgtkry

ektbrlkh eust `b kvklhk`hb kgd tjls jkppbgs khh tii rkrbhy. Kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd (gi. 40)

tjls pjksb `btwbbg tjb ihdbr (Q@@/@S@ )kgd hktbr (DM_, H@K) ektbrlkh ls elsslgc, jiwbvbr.

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka iooupktlig obksbd kìut ;266 @.O.Bxkothy durlgc tjls `rlba pkusb lg lgjk`ltktlig tjbrb wks k rbgbwbd ahiw ia wktbr tjriucj

tjb pkrthy alhhbd-up trkgsvbrsb ojkggbh kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Lg tjb Ouhbeìrc `rbkm-tjriucj

ojkggbh tjbrb ls khsi bvldbgob ia k sboigd kotlvlty pjksb, lg wjloj hi`ktb skgd dbpislts wbrb

hkld diwg lg tjb `kslg ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb rldcb. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjls sboigd kotlvlty pjksb

ls dktbd sjirthy `bairb ;466 @.O.= lg Ouhbeìrc wb ighy mgiw tjkt lt wks obrtklghy bgdbd lg

tjb oiursb ia tjb Lrig Kcb, kìut 466 @.O. Oigalrektlig ia tjb ugkvildk`hb oigohuslig tjkt tjb

Kh`hkssbrwkkrd suaabrbd arie sieb ahiidlgc kt tjls tleb ls aiugd lg dktk supphlbd `y Qbr`rkbom

tj kt dbpislts dkt bd Tlbh I ( 5 D I) ioour ighy spirkdlokhhy lg tjb krbk kgd tjbg lg tjb aire ia

sjkhhiw sjbbts ia ohky. Tjls ohky bvldbgthy sbtthbd diwg ig tjb ahiidbd pkrts ia tjb tbrrklg,

prbsuek`hy tjb hiwbst pkrts 3:.

Lg tjls oiggbotlig lt ls usbauh ti bxkelgb orltlokhhy tjb rbabrbgob-sbotlig ia tjb Cbihiclokh_urvby kt Ciudrlkkg 3<. Lg iur iplglig tjb dbpislt dktbd tjbrb ks Tlbh I eust `b bgvlskcbd

" Oa. p. ?6 kgd Qbrwbrs ;<1:.

': Qbr`rkbom ;<36, 31-33.3½ Qbr`rkbom ;<36, 3<, alc. 44.




l l ll l l • • • • • • - . • • • — • • • . . • • ; g . • . • .

Alc. ?6k. Tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt ig tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb gbkr Jbl- bg @ibloip (sltb gi. :6).

Vjysl icrkp jlo ekp . _okhb ;>0666.

Hbcbgd >

iooupktlig hkybr" ?6 oe. (sbtthbebgt sltbs)

dbptj ia tjb tip ia tjb strbke rldcb

832 oe.

32-;02 be

ee 7l02...

ue.7;66 oe. pbkt ig tjb skgd (strbke ojkggbhs)



DRG MLP M I KGD TJB ELD DHB @PIG^B KCB ;;?

Alc. ?6`. Jbl- bg @iblbip (sltb gi. :6), G-_ sbotlig koriss tjb rbsldukh strbke ojkggbhs kgd igb ia tjb iooupktlig obgtrbs.

Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>0666, vbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > 02 Z.

Hbcbgd > B-Yr-Yr? •• u l ga £ J s iooupktlig hkybr

`hkom ohky

wiid pbkt - pbkty ohky

jugllo ohky

ohky wltj phkgt rbeklgs

eohky

eskgdy ohky

ohkyby skgd - skgd

ighy ks tjb uppbr pkrt ia tjb "ohky wbdcb" ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb, wjbrb tjb pbkt dbvbhip

ebgt `bckg bxobptligkhhy hktb, gkebhy kìut tjb tleb wjbg tjb dlstrlot wks uglgjk`ltbd lg

tjb oiursb ia tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb.

Aihhiwlgc tjls, suoj k hkrcb gue`br ia sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs arie tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb

krb mgiwg tjkt lt ls dlaalouht ti kvild tjb oigohuslig tjkt tjbrb ioourrbd k pjksb ia lgtbgslvb

iooupktlig. Ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd s trbke rldcb sieb ia tjb skeb akviurk`hb pilgts wbrb siucj t

ks lg tjb Q@@ /@S @ pjksb. Tjb `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhlbs jkd, jiwbvbr, hist tjblr ktt rko tlig =tjby wbrb pkrthy alhhbd lg kgd oigtklgbd stkcgkgt wktbr :6. Gigb ia tjb tbrrklgs kdnilglgc tjbe

wbrb kcklg tkmbg lgti usb. @ut k abw sbtthbebgts krb mgiwg ig tjb gkrriw skgd ìdlbs ia sldb

orbbms ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb, prinbotlgc akr lgti tjb pbkt (gis. 22, 21). Ks wb jkvb skld,

tjb digmbg wbrb, jiwbvbr, jkrdhy usbd kt khh. K rbekrmk`hb akot ls tjkt tjb ^lndbrvbhd rldcb wks

oihiglzbd lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb. Kppkrbgthy tjb drklgkcb tjbrb wks si leprivbd tjkt pbiphb

oiuhd hlvb tjbrb kgd ouhtlvktb tjblr krk`hb hkgd wltjiut rlsm ia ahiid. Aiur sbtthbebgts ia oig

sldbrk`hb bxtbgt krb giw mgiwg, khh hylgc gbkr tjb airebr strbke ojkggbh (wjloj wks khrbkdy

bgtlrbhy alhhbd wltj pbkt) kgd oigslstlgc ia k gue`br ia sekhhbr obgtrbs (alc. ?6).

Sb sbb, tjbrbairb, tjkt lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb lgjk`ltktlig wks eirb wldbhy dlstrlùtbd

tjkg lg tjb Q@@/@S@ pjksb. Tjb lgjk`ltbd krbk wks bghkrcbd lgti hkgdsokpb uglts, wjloj

dld lgdbbd bxlst lg tjb bkrhlbr pjksb ùt wbrb ugusbd= tjls pilgts ti leprivbd oigdltligs(tjb rboivbry ia tjb drklgkcb systbe 9) kgd/ir k crbktbr pipuhktlig prbssurb. Tjb hkst ls koobp

tk`hb wjbg wb rbkhlzb tjkt tjb ekppbd sbtthbebgts krb tjb eist wbstbrhy ia tjb cbgbrkh lgjk`

ltktlig ia tjb rlvbr ohky krbk lg tjls tleb. @y k gue`br ia ;4O dktbs, khrbkdy rboirdbd lg Vkrt L

(p. ??), wb mgiw tjkt lgjk`ltktlig jkd khrbkdy stkrtbd lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Elddhb @rigzb

Kcb, kìut ;466 @.O.

:6 Oa. gitb 30.



;; 4 PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

Alc. ?6o. Jbl- bg @ibloip (sltb gi. :6), pittbry arie tjb tbst plts (stkr lg alc. ?6 k). _okhb ;>0.

0.1.0. TJB HKTB @PIG^B KCB (alc. ?;)

Ig k gue`br ia tbrrklgs ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb (gis. 0:, 40, 4< kgd 20) lg

jk`ltbd lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb, pittbry khsi jks `bbg aiugd ia k mlgd tjkt wb giw dktb ti

tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb. Lt sbbes, tjbrbairb, tjkt tjb iooupktlig ia tjbsb tbrrklgs oigtlgubd ugtlh

tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb, khtjiucj gkturkhhy lgtbrruptligs lg iooupktlig elcjt jkvb ioourrbd.K dbohlgb lg lgjk`ltktlig, ks rbvbkhbd `y tjb hleltbd gue`br ia algd-phkobs, ls oigalrebd `y tjb

pihhbg dlkc rke L ia Eihbgkkrscrkka (alc. 11, p. ;<6). Lg tj ls wb sbb, katbr tjb lgahubgob ia tjb

Elddhb @rigzb Kcb lgjk`ltktlig, k rbduotlig ia juekg kotlvlty kgd k rboivbry ia tjb gkturkh

vbcbtktlig, pkrtlouhkrhy ia tjb tle`br criwtj ig tjb rldcb. Tjls wks oiephbtbd ig k hbvbh wltj

k " O dktb> CrG 2014 03;6 » ?2 @. V. (316 @.O.).



HKTB @PIG^B KCB ;; 2

Elddhb kgd Hktb @rigzb Kcb

Lrig K cb

Alc. ?;. Kh`hkssorw kkrd, Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg, T lbhbrwkkrd , Hbm bg Hlgcb dlstrl ot.

Dlstrlùtlig ia @rigzb Kcb kgd Lrig Kcb algds kgd sltbs.

Tjb pittbry tjkt wb dktbd lg tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb durlgc tjb oiursb ia iur lgvbstlcktlig

wks tbepbrbd wltj piugdbd pittbry. Lt jks k seiitj surakob, ls aklrhy tjlom (:-;0 ee.) kgd

iatbg wbhh-alrbd. Eist pits jkvb k seiitj prialhb wltj ar bqubgthy k riw ia algcbrtlp leprbssligs

ks dboirktlig ig tjb `bhhy ir lg tjb gbom :;. Kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd tjb alhhlgc ia k plt oigtklglgc

sieb sjbrds ia suoj pittbry wks dktbd `y k ;4O dk tb> CrG 1020 0:;2 » ?2 @.V . (:12 @.O.).

:; Lt wks ighy lg kg kdvkgobd s tkt b ia iur lgvbstlcktlig s tjk t wb ldbgtlalbd tjl s typb ia pit tbry ks `bhigclgc ti tj b

Hktb @rigzb Kcb. Sb tjus dld git usb tjls lgairektlig lg @krt L.




Tjb ioourrbgob ig tjrbb ia tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd tbrrklgs ticbtjbr wltj DM_ kgd igob wltj

DM_ kgd Lrig Kcb sjbrds lgdloktbs hlmbwlsb k Hktb @rigzb Kcb dktlgc. Lt ls khsi lepirtkgt tjkt

ig igb tbrrklg kt _ojklm gbkr Hbbrdke (gi. <?) ighy pittbry ia tjls mlgd ioours, arie wjloj lt

kppbkrs tjkt lt ioouplbs k sbpkrktb ojrigihiclokh pisltlig. Keigc tjb algds ekdb ig tjls sltb

(wjloj wbrb guebrius air k tbst-plt) krb k abw arkcebgts ia ahlgt slomhbs> krtlakots air wjlojk Hktb @rigzb ir Bkrhy Lrig Kcb dktb sbbes kt tjb eiebgt eist hlmbhy :0.

_lelhkr pittbry ioours lg tjb ektbrlkh arie Qbhsbg dktbd Hktb @rigzb Kcb `y Qkg Pbctbrbg

Khtbgk :?. Keigc tjb urgs arie tjb Jlhvkrbg`bbm urgalbhd, dktbd wltj obrtklgty ti tjb Hktb

@rigzb Kcb, slelhkr typbs krb rbhktlvbhy arbqubgt :4 .

Lg tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg kgd aurtjbr bkst tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtth bebgts wbrb k`kgdig

bd. Pbgbwbd oihiglzktlig dld git ioour ugtlh tjb Lrig Kcb. Tjb khrbkdy-e bgtligbd sbtthbe bgt

kt _ojklm gbkr Hbbrdke ls kg bxobptlig.

Tjb dbtbrlirktlgc lgjk`ltktlig pissl`lhltlbs lg tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb krb tjus ohbkrhy sjiwg.

Sb wlhh rbhktb tjbsb ti kg bkrhy pjksb ia tjb Dugmlrm L trkgscrbsslig pbrlid.

0.1.?. TJ B LPIG KCB KGD DRGMLPM L (alc. ?;)

Lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd oigdltligs katbr tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb jkd kppkrbgthy `boieb ugak

viurk` hb air ciid. Ighy igb pilgt, tj b ugusukhhy j lcj bhbvktlig gbk r Giirdbhiis (gi. 20),

wks ioouplbd ugt lh tjb L rig Kcb, ks kppb krs arie tjb ioourrbgob ia k abw dbhl`brk tbhy riucjbgbd

sjbrds. Lg rbhktlig ti tjb prbobdlgc brk tjb lgjk`ltktlig jkd eivbd aurtjbr bkstwkrds. Lg tjb

Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg wb giw mgiw ia k hleltbd gue `br ia sbtthbebg ts, ia wjloj : wbrb ig tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb kgd 0 ig tjb hiw ^lndbvbhd rldcb> kg lgdloktlig ia k rbhktlvbhy hiw

criugd wktbr hbvbh. Khsi aurtjbr bkst, lg tjb Hbm bg Hlgcb dlstrlot, tjb Tlbhbrwkkrd, tjb @ieeb

hbrwkkrd kgd tjb Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk, Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgts jkvb `bbg dlsoivbrbd :2.

Tjb hkom ia Lrig Kcb algds lg tjb crbktbr pkrt ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd eky `b kttrlùtbd ti

tjb rlsb ia tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb kgd tjb oigsbqubgt criwtj ia pbkt. Lt wks khwkys tjb wbhh-

drklgbd skgd ìdlbs ia tjb strbke rldcbs, bkslhy rboicglzbd `y tjblr hiaty criwtjs ia dbolduius

airbst :6, tjkt wbrb ojisbg air lgjk`ltktlig. Tjbsb rldcbs privldbd kt tjb skeb tleb pkssk`hb

trkoms lg tjb pbkt krbk. Crkdukhhy, jiwbvbr, tjby `bokeb ekrsjy kgd wlhh jkvb `bbg ivbrcriwg

air tjb crbktbr pkrt wltj pbkt. Tjb jlcjbst pkrts pbrjkps wbrb gbvbr ivbrcriwg, ùt tjblr lg

koobssl`lhlty, hlmb tjkt ia tjb digmbg, wlhh jkvb hkrcbhy dlelglsjbd tjblr kttrkotlvbgbss.

:0 Cribgekg-vkg S kktbrlgcb & Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk ;<1;.: ? Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk lg> Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;46-;4;.:4 Tjb Jlhv krbg `bbm urgalbhd (g bkr Tlhùrc) hlbs kt tjb GQQ ekrc lg ia tjb J kh l urgalbhds ia tjb _i utjb rg Gb tjbr

hkgds. Tjb urgs sjiw k prbpigdbrkgob ia Cri`mbrkelm typbs (oa. Dbslttbrb ;<13), wjlhb tjb algbr Jk @ pitt bry (tjlg

pihlsjbd wkrb, Mbr`sojgltt dboirktlig) ls ighy vbry eidbsthy rbprbsbgtbd. _lgob tjb riucj Cri`mbrkelm pits krb diu`t

hbss tjb diebstlo stirkcb vbssbhs, tjb Jlhvkrbg`bbm ektbrlkh clvbs k ciid leprbsslig ia tjb aires tjkt okg `b bxpbotbd ia

diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs. Sb tjk gm Dr C. N. Q brwbrs, wji ls prbpkrlgc k pu`hloktlig ig tjls urgalbhd, air jls lgairektlig.:2 Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgts lg tjb Tlbhbrwkkrd kgd tjb Hbm bg Hlgcb dlstrlot> sbb alc. ;: kgd Kpp. ;;;= lg tjb@ie-

ebhbrwkkrd> Eiddbrekg ;<43, ;<4<¶= lg tjb Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk> dktk `y tjb kutjir.:1

Oa. tjb dlsousslig ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka pihhbg dlkcrke kt p. ;::.



LPIG KCB KGD DRGMLPM L ;;3

Arie tjb bxokvktlig kt Ouhbeìrc wb mgiw tjkt tjb tbrrklg tjbrb wks lgjk`ltbd (kppkrbgt

hy oigtlguiushy) arie kìut 136 ti 016 @.O. Tjb ;4O dktbs krb ks aihhiws :3>

Ouhbeìrc <? CrG 4<41 0106 » 26 @.V. (136 @.O.)

;6; CrG 4<42 0166 » 36 @.V. (126 @.O.)

0;6-0;4 CrG 4<43 0?16 » 32 @.V. (4;6 @.O.)pist : CrG 266; 00;6 » 26 @.V. (016 @.O.)

Tjb ^lndbrvbhd sbtthbebgt, sbpkrktbd arie tjb prbobdlgc DM_ sbtthbebgt `y k `rbkm lg iooupk

tlig, ls dktbd lg tjb skeb pbrlid ::>

^lndbrvbhd D CrG 2234 0112 » :6 @.V. (3;2 @.O.)

B CrG 2?2; 0212 » ;66 @.V. (112 @.O.)

O CrG 223? 0?<6 » 12 @.V. (426 @.O.)

L/ l CrG 20;: 0016 » ?6 @.V. (?;6 @.O.)

A CrG 2?20 0;26 » <6 @.V. (066 @.O.)

Ig kgitjbr tbrrklg (gi. :0) lt wks dbtbrelgbd tjkt Elddhb @rigzb Kcb kgd Lrig Kcb algds

wbrb sbpkrktbd `y k tjlg dbpislt.

Tjb lgtbrruptlig lg iooupktlig kt kìut 066 @.O. eky `b tjb oigsbqubgob ia k hktb pjksb

(D L`) ia tjb Dugmlrm L trkgscrbsslig pbrlid.

Tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb Dugmlrm L (Tlbh L) hbat ohbkr trkobs `bjlgd lt, la ighy kt tjb bdcbs

ia tjb crbkt pbkt krbk. Lg tjb wbst tjbsb trkobs tiim tjb aire ia tjb bstukrlgb orbbm systbe

ia Kh`hkssbrdke kgd Vkpbgdrbojt. Tjbsb orbbms krb dktbd ti Dugmlrm L ` `y tjb k`sbgob ia

prbjlstirlo lgjk`ltktlig kgd `y tjb ioourrbgob ia k hkrcb gue`br ia Piekg sbtthbebgts ig

tjb alhhlgcs ia tjb eklg cuhhlbs ia tjls orbbm systbe, wjloj oigslst ia k ohkyby skgd. _i lg Piekg

tlebs tjby wbrb khrbkdy oiephbtbhy alhhbd up :<.

Lg tjb bkst tjb _plnm rldcb, rugglgc lg k `bgd girtj ia Cirlgojbe, jks `bbg dktbd ks prb-

Piekg `y tjb lsihktbd algd ia sieb gktlvb Piekg pittbry. Tjb rldcb ls ihdbr tjkg tjb Hlgcb(wjloj kt hbkst lg Piekg tlebs wks khrbkdy kg kotlvb rlvbr oiursb), ir pbrjkps oigtbepirkgbius

wltj ighy tjb alrst pjksb ia lt.

Twi ;4O dktbs, rbhktbd ti Tlbh dbpislts lg tjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk jkvb `bbg pu`hlsjbd

rbobgthy :< X Kt Jbhhiuw (Tlbhbrwkkrd) k dkrm hkybr (hkmhkkc) `btwbbg twi ohky dbpislts, lgdlok

tlgc kg lgtbrruptlig ia tjb sbdlebgtktlig wks dktbd CrG 4166, 2;6 » 32 @.O. Kt @ugglm

(girtj ia tjb Hbm) ojkroikh plbobs arie k hkybr `btwbbg ugdbrhylgc (ohkyby) pbkt kgd ivbrhylgc

rlvbr ohky wks dktbd> CrG 4?3;, <:6 » 16. Kt Jbhhiuw tj b ohkys elcjt `b Dugm lrm L k kgd L ` ,

kt @ugglm D Lk . @ut wb eust `b okutlius> tjb ;4O dktbs clvb ighy k t.k.q. air tjb ugdbrhylgc

dbpislts kgd k t.p.q. air tjb ivbrhylgc hkybrs. Lt ls, jiwbvbr, rbekrmk`hb tjkt tjb Jbhhiuw dktb

oigours vbry wbhh wltj tjb Lrig Kcb iooupktlig pjksb bstk`hlsjbd kt ^lndbrvbhd kgd Ouhbeìrc.

« Qicd K Sktil-ìhm ;<30, <1-<3= Kppbgdlx LQ.:: Qicbh & Sktbr ìhm ;<30, <0-<?.:<

Oa. gitb 23.

:<k Qicbh & Sktb rì hm ;<30, ?<.



;;: PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

Arie tjb strbkes ebgtligbd k alrst oivbr ia `kom swkep ohky wks dbpisltbd ivbr k crbkt

pk rt ia tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg. Lg tj b wbst tjbr b wks kheis t obrtklghy k dbpisltlig ia ohky khsi

`btwbbg tjb bstukrlgb orbbms. Tjb jbkrt ia tjb pbkt krbk, jiwbvbr, rbeklgbd ugtiuojbd <6.

0.1.4. T JB PIEKG VB PLI D (alc. ?0 k)

Lg Piekg tlebs tjb obgtrkh pbkt rbclig wks uglgjk`ltbd. Lt wlhh jkvb `bbg lg tjisb tlebs

kg kheist lgkoobssl`hb ìc lg wjloj tjb abw eirb ir hbss dry skgd jlhhs prbsbgtbd hltthb tjkt wks

kttrkotlvb. \bt wb algd lgjk`ltktlig bvbrywjbrb khigc lts pbrlebtbr, wjbrb gbw dbpislts iaabrbd

kg ippirtuglty air lt.

Tjb Hlgcb wks kg lepirtkgt kpprikoj riutb wltj lgtbgslvb iooupktlig ia lts `kgms <;.

Tjb Jkcbstblg strbke wks khsi pissl`hy lg bxlstbgob kt tjls tleb, lg vlbw ia tjb algd ia sieb

Piekg sjbrds ig lts `kgms gbkr Qlkgbg. Sb krb jbrb oigobrgbd wltj k gue`br ia algd phkobs

wjloj aire tjb wbstbrg hlelt ia tjb dbgsbhy lgjk`ltbd rlvbr ohky krbk <0.

Lg tjb siutj sieb Piekg sbtthbebgts kgd lsihktbd algds ekrm tjb bdcb ia kg lgjk`ltk`hb

krbk tjkt hky ig tjb sltb ia tjb airebr Crbkt ir Jihhkgd Skkrd kgd tjkt wks bgtlrbhy hist lg tjb

_t. Bhlsk`btj's ahiid ia K.D. ;40;. Khh ihd dbpislts wbrb bridbd tjbrb kgd rbphkobd `y tjb gbw

@lbsìsoj dbpislts. Tjb Piekg Ebusb pri`k`hy ahiwbd tjriucj tjls rbclig ti tjb wbhh-mgiwg

eiutj (Jbhlglue) wjbrb tjb prbsbgt Buripiirt ls sltuktbd :?.

Lg tjb wbst ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd wb algd tjb khrbkdy ebgtligbd lgtbgslvb lgjk`ltktlig ig

tjb Dugmlrm L orbbm systbe ia Kh`hkssbrdke-Vkpbgdrbojt. Tjbsb sbtthbebgts khsi lg iur vlbw

ekrm tjb girtjbrg ìugdkrlbs ia kg krbk ioouplbd `y tjb Piekgs, tjb wbstbrg oigtlguktlig

ia wjloj ls ti `b aiugd lg tjb ighy hiokhhy prbsbrvbd tbrrklgs ia tjb Jibmsb Skkrd kgd tjb

Piekg iooupktlig ia tjb Sbsthkgd.

Lg k girtjbrg dlrbotlig Piekg sbtthbebgts krb ighy ebt khigc tjb arigtlbr rlvbr, tjb Iudb

Plng (Ihd Pjlgb) `btwbbg Rtrbojt kgd Hbldbg <4 .

Tjb pbkt krbk ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd airebd k wjihb wltj tjb pbkt ti tjb girtj ia lt, slgob

tjb rlvbr Hbm ls k vbry rbobgt pjbgiebgig kgd dld bxlst lg tjls tleb kt eist lg tjb aire ia

igb ir eirb orbbms, drklglgc tjb pbkt ìcs <2.

<6 Oa. Qbr`rkbom ;<36, 3<> tjb vk st pk rt ia tjb Tlbh dbpislts wks airebd katbr 366 @.O. kgd ebks urbs iutsld b

tjb cuhhy kgd hbvbb dbpislts arie sieb dbolebtbrs up ti 0 e. lg tjlomgbss. _bb khsi Vigs ;<2;. Ighy tjb Jkcbstblg

strbke rldcb ls dktbd tjbrb siebwjkt hktbr. Piekg lgjk`ltktlig kt @hbsmbgscrkka ig tjb bkstbrgeist bxtbgsligs ia

tjb bstukrlgb orbbm systbe privbs tjkt tjb "prb Piekg" trkgscrbsslig rbkojbd si akr lghkgd.<; _ieb ybkrs kci k eirb tjkg ?6 e. higc ìttie arkcebgt ia k Piek g sjlp wks bxokv ktbd gbkr Mkp bh Kvbzk ktj,

sltuktbd lg k airebr strbke ojkggbh ia tjb rlvbr Hlgcb= Hiuwb Miilnekgs bt kh. ;<1:.<0 Tjb Jkcbstblg st rbke ls k pkrt ia tjb si-okhhbd "Hlgsojitbg sys tbe" , tjk t ahiwbd girtj tiwkrd s tjb Ihd Pjlgb

kt Sibrdbg. @ut gi Piekg iooupktlig khigc lts `kgms girtj ia tjb Hbm ls mgiwg. Air tjb dlstrlùtlig ia Piekg

sbtthbebgts lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk, sbb Eiddbrekg ;<22d.

6? Oa. _kraktln ;<3L, ;14 a. kgd ka`. ;?= @ickbrs ;<13, Qiicd ;<22,<" Oa. _kraktln ;<3;.<2 Tjb Hbm okeb lgti bxlstbgob ks igb ia tjb eklg `rkgojbs ia tjb Pjlgb lg tjb <tj-;6tj obgtury (Db @ibr &

Vigs ;<16, 0:). Lt ls eist pri`k`hb tj kt lg tjls oksb k eklg drklgkcb orbbm ia tjb bxtbgslvb pbkt ìc tiim ivbr tjb augo

tlig ia hiwbr Pjlgb oiursb.



Piekg pbrlid

• _btthbebgtW Igb sjbrd ir ugrbhlk`hb algd

a Oilg

Alc. ?0. Kh`hkssbrwkkrd , Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg, T lbhbrwkkrd , Hbm bg Hlgcb dlstr lot.

Algds kgd sltbs ia tjb Piekg pbrlid tlhh tjb ;0tj obgtury K.D.



;0 6 PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK

0.1.2. T JB BKP H\ ELD DHB KCB_ (alc. ?0 `)

@btwbbg K.D. 026 kgd 126 tjb rlvbr ohky krbk wbgt tjriucj k pbrlid ia bxtbgslvb sbd

lebgtktlig wjloj i`struotbd kheist khh pissl`lhltlbs ia lgjk`ltktlig. Lg Okrihlgclkg tlebs tjbgkturkh hbvbb dbpislts wbrb kcklg kgd dbalgltbhy oihiglzbd <1. K abw Okrihlgclkg algds kgd k

slgchb Ebrivlgclkg algd lg tjb bkstbrgeist pkrts ia tjb rbclig oivbrbd `y iur ekp tbhh us tjkt

iooupktlig dld git bxtbgd `byigd tjb gkturkh hbvbbs ia tjb rlvbr ohky krbk pripbr.

Sltj tjb kppbkrkgob ia tjb Skkh kgd tjb Hbm ks ojlba drklgkcb ojkggbhs ia tjb Pjlgb

lg tjb <tj obgtury, ìtj tjb ihdbr strbkes obksbd kotlvlty. Tjb Jkcbstblg strbke wks skgdbd

up kìut K.D. <66, kgd tjb Hlgcb wks dkeebd up kt hkst lg K.D. ;?64 <3.

Lg tjb wbst tii lgjk`ltktlig stippbd ig tjb ihd orbbm systbe katbr Piekg tlebs. Pbgbwbd

lgjk`ltktlig dld git tkmb phkob ugtlh tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb "Oipb"-rbohkektligs lg tjb ;;tj

obgtury.

K yiugc ohky hkybr oivbrs tjb wjihb ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd kgd Q lnajbbrbghkgdbg, wltj

tjb bxobptlig ia tjb jlcjbst pkrts ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb kgd tjb tips ia tjb digmbg

<_

. Sbjkvb khrbkdy skld tjkt tjb ihdbst pkrts irlclgktbd arie tjb pjksb Dugmlrm/Tlbh L, bspbolkhhy lg

tjb akrtjbst wbst kgd lg tjb bkst ia tjb rbclig dlsoussbd ". Durlgc tjb pist-Piekg lgjk`ltktlig

`rbkm k oigtlguktlig lg tjb priobss ia lts airektlig tiim phkob lg tjb sjkpb ia tjb `kslg ohky

dbpislts ia tjb Hlgcb kgd Jkcbstblg strbke, kgd hktbr lg tjkt ia tjb Hbm kgd Skkh lg tjb bkst.

Lg tjb wbst dbpisltlig tiim phkob wjbg rlvbr wktbr wks stiwbd up, durlgc bxobptligk hhy jlcj

wktbrs kt tjb oikst. Lg tjb obgtrb ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd, jiwbvbr, tjb ohky ls euoj yiugcbr.

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka wb aiugd ;1tj obgtury sjbrds kt tjb ìttie ia plts alhhbd wltj tjls ohky.

Tjb ohky oivbr jbrb sbbes ti `b hktbr tjkg igb ia tjb prbsbgt dky dltojbs, wjloj tjbesbhvbs

okggit `b ihdbr tjkg tjb ;;tj obgtury. Gbkr Vkpbgdrbojt wb oiuhd i`sbrvb k Vlgcsdira hbvbh

jkha wky tjriucj k ;06 oe. tjlom ohky hkybr oivbrlgc k Piekg sbtthbebgt.

0.1.1. TJB ;;TJ OBGTRP\ KGD HKTBP (alcs. ?0 o, d)

0.1.1.;. Pbohkektlig

Sjlhb gbw lgjk`ltktlig katbr tjb Ebrivlgclkg `rbkm lg lgjk`ltktlig ioourrbd bhsbwjbrb

(lg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk, air bxkephb) khrbkdy durlgc tjb Okrihlgclkg pbrlid, tjb pbkt rbclig

rbeklgbd ugkttrkotlvb. Git ugtlh tjb ;;tj obgtury wks tjls wlhdbrgbss ekdb kvklhk`hb `y lts

iwgbrs, tjb @lsjip ia Rtrbojt kgd tjb Oiugt ia Jihhkgd, air rbohkektlig lg tjb aire ia tjb

si-okhhbd Oipb ;6¶.

«« Oa. Eiddbrekg ;<22", Vigs ;<23.<3 Pkekbr ;:<<.<: Oa. p. ;?0.<< Oa. p. ;;: kgd Db @ibr & Vigs ;<16, ;3.

;66 Qkg dbr Hlgdbg ;<21. _bb khsi Vigs ;<2; kgd Tblxblrk db Ekttis ;<??, ;1? a. kgd 01?. Tjb hkttbr stktbs tjkt

eist ia tjb phkobs krb ebgtligbd katbr tjb elddhb ia tjb ;?tj obgtury . Ighy vlhhkcbs kgd tiwgs khigc tjb rlvbrs



PBOHKEKTLIG, DLMB @RLHDLGC ;0;

Tjb alrst Oipb rbohkektligs wbrb hkld iut arie tjb gkturkh drklgkcb strbkes ia tjb pbkt

krbk (Crkkastriie-Kh`hks, Clbssbg, Hbdb kgd Hkkm), ùt hktbr arie krtlalolkh wktbr-oiursbs.

Algkhhy lg tjb ;?tj obgtury, wjbg tjb rbeklglgc "obgtrb `hioms" wbrb khsi rbohklebd, tjb wjihb

krbk wks tkmbg lg ti usb. Tjb stkgd krd ebksurbebgts ia k akre wbrb ?6 rids (5 ;;4 ebtrbs)

`y 1 viirhlgc ( 5 aurhigcs 5 ;026 ebtrbs) ir ?? jbotkrbs (Gbdbr @ibloip)

;6 ;

. Tjb prispbriusvlhhkcbs rklsbd hkrcb sues ia eigby ks orbdlt ig oktthb kgd crklg (`krhby kgd ryb). Tjb eirb

baabotlvb drklgkcb wlhh jkvb priduobd tjb alrst oiepkotlig, ùt lg iur vlbw, tjls eust jkvb

rbkojbd ighy kg lgoigsldbrk`hb keiugt.

Sb oieplhbd twi dlstrlùtlig ekps ia pit tbry typ bs, wjloj wbrb lg usb durlgc tjb pbrlid ia

rbohkektlig> Tjb Vlgcsdira wkrb (bspbolkhhy tjb hlcjt ybhhiw, `riwg pklgtb d, ;;tj obgtury)

kgd tjb Mucbhtipa wkrb (eklghy Vkaarktj, ;;-;0tj obgtu ry). @itj ekps lhhustrktb tjb alrst

pjksb ia oihiglzktlig, ks lt stkrtbd arie tjb gkturkh wktbr oiursbs. Sb eust, jiwbvbr, wkrg tjkt

tjb `hkgm pkrts lg tjb obgtrkh pkrt ia tjb ekp elcjt `b tjb rbsuht ia k hkom ia lgvbstlcktlig lg

tjb vlhhkcb obgtrbs tjbrb, wjlhb tjb dbgsb dlstrlùtlig kriugd Kh`hkssbrdke kgd Iud Kh`hks

rbahbots tjb vbry lgtbgslvb bxphirktligs, okrrlbd iut `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet.

0.1.1.0. Dlmb ùlhdlgc kgd krtlalolkh drklgkcb

Pbohkektlig, tjb obssktlig ia pbkt criwtj kgd ouhtlvktlig, tjb dkeelgc ia tjb orbbm

systbe kgd pbrjkps khsi k gbw trkgscrbsslig pjksb, ekdb dlmb ùlhdlgc bssbgtlkh tjriucjiut

tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds.

Kt ?;tj Ekroj ;033 Ahirls Q Oiugt ia Jihhkgd crkgtbd vbry bxtbgslvb dlmb rlcjts ti tjb

Kh`hkssbrwkkrd. Ig tjls iookslig tjb Jiicjbberkkdsojkp (tjb Sktbr Kutjirlty) pri`k`hy wks

aiugdbd. K rlgcdlmb gkebd "^lndwbgdb", surriugdlgc tjb crbktbr pkrt ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

bxlstbd khrbkdy kt tjls tleb. Lg Kprlh ;0:; gbw ebksurbs wbrb ekdb air tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd.

Kt ; ht j Kprlh ;0:4 k trbk ty wks oigohudbd ti oigst ruot k rlgcdlmb kriugd tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg,

bspbolkhhy khsi khigc tjb girtj-siutj rugglgc "Dlbawbc", wjbrb tjb "Dlbadlnm" okeb lgti bxls

tbgob. Tjls dlmb Dlbadlnm ls ebgtligbd air tjb alrst tleb lg ;?62 ir ;?61 kgd lg ;?40 lt dkeebdup k ahiidlgc ti tjb bkst ia tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg. Kt kg y rktb t jb wjihb ia Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

kgd Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg wbrb surriugdbd `y k rlgc dlmb lg tjb ybkr ;?06 ;60. Tjbsb wbrb vbry

hiw dlmbs= lt ls ighy rbpbktbd rklslgc tjkt jks `riucjt tjbe ti tjblr prbsbgt jblcjt. Krtlalolkh

drklgkcb wks leprivbd> slgob tjb ;2tj obgtury wltj wlgdelhhs kgd slgob tjb ;<tj obgtury

wltj eitir pueps. Lt ls ighy tjbg tjkt oiepkotlig ia tjb silh wlhh jkvb stkrtbd lg bkr

gbst, rbsuhtlgc lg k oigstkgthy lgorbkslgc gbbd air eirb baabotlvb krtlalolkh drklgkcb. Tjb akot

tjkt lg bstk`hlsjlgc tjbesbhvbs kgd lg aiugdlgc gbw vlhhkcbs tjb pbiphb dld git ekmb usb ia

tjb ihd strbke rldcbs (oigtrkstlgc ti tjblr usb ia tjb eirb rbobgt, kotlvb strbkes kgd tjb digmbg)

privbs tjkt tjb strbke rldcbs jkd hist tjblr kttrkotlvbgbss kgd tjkt tjby wbrb lgvlsl`hb dub

ti ivbrcriwtj ia pbkt.

(Hlgcb, Ebrwbdb) kro gkebd bkrhlbr (;0tj obgtury, `bclgglgc Mltj obgtury), vbry rkrbhy lg tjb ;6tj obgtury (vlz. Krmbh

kgd Kspbrbg).;6 ; Qkg dbr Hlgdbg ;<21, 02-01.;60 Cittsoj khm ;<3;, 0;<, 00:, ??:, ??<= Tblxblrk db Ekttis ;<??, ;1? a., 014-012 = Mkekbr ;:<<, 04<.




Tjb oigstruotlig ia dlmbs ebkgt tjkt tjb gkturkh drklgkcb systbe wks bgohisbd kgd jkd

ti `b hkrcbhy rbphkobd `y kg krtlalolkh systbe. Tjls ls tjb phkob ti sky siebtjlgc kìut tjb hlmbhy

kcb ia tjbsb pbkt strbkes, tjb Clbssbg, Hkkm, Hbdb kgd khsi tjb Kh`hks. Tjb ekp sjiws tjkt

tjby khh stkrt lg ir gbkr tjb lepirtkgt _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Lt ls ohbkr tjkt air k

crbkt pkrt tjby krb abd `y sbbpkcb arie tjls skgd ìdy. Tjls wlhh obrtklghy jkvb `bbg tjb oksbkatbr tjb Hbm `bokeb tjb eklg iuthbt ia tjb Pjlgb, air lt outs tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb gbkr

Ouhbeìrc. Khtjiucj tjb hkylgc iut ia tjblr oiursbs wks pbrjkps ihdbr, kgd khtjiucj tjby

eky bvbg jkvb khrbkdy bxlstbd lg Piekg tlebs, lt sbbes ti us tjkt tjbsb strbkes lg tjblr

prbsbgt bxtbgt krb vbry gbw kgd git lg akot ihdbr tjkg kìut K.D. <66. _uppirt air suoj k

hktb dktb ls clvbg `y tjb krojkbihiclokh algds. _i akr gi rbhlk`hb algds ihdbr tjkg tjb ;;tj obgtury

jkvb `bbg ekdb khigc tjbsb strbkes.

Gbkr tjb Jkzbgdigm wb wbrb k`hb ti oihhbot rbhlk`hb lgairektlig kìut tjb dbcrbb ia tjb

oiepkotlig ia tjb pbkt. Oiepkotlig tjbrb dub ti tjb krtlalolkh drklgkcb wks 36 ti :6 oe., k

alcurb kcrbblgc wltj tjb ekxleue vkhub ia :6 ti ;66 oe. air tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg ;6?. @bairb

tjb rbohkektlig khh oiepkotlig wks okusbd `y tjb prbsslgc ticbtjbr ia tjb pbkt ugdbr lts

iwg wblcjt kgd bspbolkhhy ugdbr tjb wblcjt ia tjb oivbrlgc ohky dbpislt. Gbkr tjb Jkzbgdig m

wb wbrb k`hb ti dbtbrelgb tjkt oiepkotlig wks vbry shlcjt `btwbbg tjb dbpisltlig ia tjb ohky

wbdcb ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb kgd tj b `bclgglgc ia tjb krtlalolkh dr klgkcb. Tjb wblcjt ia tjls

ohky, jiwbvbr, okusbd oigsldbrk`hb oiepkotlig ia tjb ugdbrhylgc pbkt, bspbolkhhy wjlhb lt wks

`blgc dbpisltbd ;64 .

0.1.1.?. Dlmb `rbkojbs

Tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd hlbs lg k pisltlig lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds wjbrb tjb "wktbr-wiha" oiuhd

strlmb arie twi dlrbotligs ;62. _lgob ;?06 tjb rlgc dlmb jks `bbg `rbkojbd ?1 tlebs, ìtj `y

jlcj wktbr hbvbhs lg tjb rlvbrs kgd `y sprlgc ahiids. Durlgc bxtrbebhy jlcj rlvbr hbvbhs, usukhhy

lg Dbobe`br-Ekroj, lt wks ojlbahy tjb Hbm dlmbs lg tjb bkstbrg pkrt ia tjb wkkrd tjkt `rimb.Tjby khsi oihhkpsbd siebtlebs `bokusb ia tjb aire ktlig ia lob-dkes lg tjb rlvbr lg Dbobe`br

kgd Nkgukry. Sjbg tjb Dlbadlnm ckvb wky kgd tjb ahiid wktbr arie tjb @btuwb piurbd ivbr

tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg kgd tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd tjb oigsbqubgobs wbrb oktkstripjlo. Hbss sbrlius

wbrb `rbkms lg tjb dlmb gbkr Vkpbgdrbojt, okusbd bspbolkhhy `y stire ahiids kt tlebs ia siutj

wbst ckhbs. Ks tjb wktbr strbkebd iut kcklg durlgc tjb b`` tjb ahiidlgc wks iatbg hleltbd

ighy ti tjb siutj-wbst pkrt ia tjb wkkrd. Algkhhy, wb eust rbabr ti tjb elhltkry lgugdktligs,

bspbolkhhy tjisb ia tjb :6 \bkrs' Skr (;21:-;14:), wjbg tjb wkkrd "ahiktbd" arie ;234 ti

;23:, katbr jkvlgc khrbkdy suaabrbd aiur ahiids slgob ;212 okusbd `y dlmb `rbkojlgc.

Arie tjb hlst ia `rbkojbs (tk`hb 3), wjloj wb oieplhbd wltj tjb jbhp ia dktk arie _ojkmbh,

Cittsojkhm kgd Tblxblrk db Ekttis ;61, lt kppbkr s tjkt , pkrtlouhkrhy lg tjb sboigd jkha ia tjb

;6 ? Vigs ;<2;, 4 kgd 44-43= ks ti oiepkotlig lg cbgbrkh> @bggbek bt kh. ;<24, L. _. îggbvbhd ;<16k, @bggbek

;<24.;6 4 _bb p. ;?4.

;62 _ojkmbh ;<24, ;<1?k , ½.;61 _ojkmbh ;<24, Cittsojkhm ;<3;, Tblxblrk db Ekttis ;<??, sbb khsi Aiombek Kgdrbkb ;<2?.



DLMB @PBKOJB_ ;0?

TK@HB 3

Kh`hkssbrwkkrd kgd Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg. Dlmb `rbkojbs

Katbr Tblxblrk db Ekttis ;<??, _ojkmbh ;<24 (`rbkojbs katbr ;?3?) kgd Cittsojkhm ;<3; (`bairb ;466).

dktb dktb

<tj obgt.

;016 r

ybkrs bairb ;0:; r

0:-;6-;?06

;?00 ir ;?0?

04-;0-;??6 s

0- 0-;?3? s

<-;6-;?34 s

...- ?-;?329 r

-;4;?r

;6- 4-;441 r

0;-;6-;41: s

;-;;-;436 s

;1-;0-;4<1 r

;4- ;-;4<3 r D

-;20? r D

2-;;-;2?6 :

;-;;-;2?0 :

;4/;2- ;-;220 r

;4-;;-;220 s

00- ?-;212 r D

;-;;-;236 s

;;/;0- 0-;23; r D

;4- ;-;23? l r D

;234-;23:/;2:; E

;<- ?-;2<? r

0:- ?-;2<2 r

...-;;-;2<< s

;- ;-;104 l

03-;0-;122 l

?6-;0-;12: l06- ;-;11? l

Nugb ;130-bgd ;13? E

;<- ?-;36< l

3- 0-;301 r

04-;0-;346 r

?- ;-;34; r

;0- ?-;344 r

0<- ;-;:6< r

02/01- ;-;:06 r

;- 0-;<2? :

* l 5 lobdke: lg tjb rlvbrs (bsp. tjb Hbm) okuslgc jlcj wktbr s.

r ℠ jlcj wktbr lg tjb rlvbrs, git okusbd `y lob dkes .

: 5 stire ahiids.

D 5 `rbkojbs ia tjb Dlbadlnm.

E 5 elhltkry lgugdktligs.

Pbekrms

— Tjb dlmb `rbkojbs ia ;?34 kgd ;?32 krb ebgtligbd `y Cittsoj khm ighy. Kt tjb itjbr jkgd sjb ighy ebgtlig s tjb

stire ahiid ia 0-0-;?3? lg pihdbrs itjbr tjkg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd.

— Tjb Dlbadlnm suaabrbd k `rbkoj igob `bairb ;4;?.

— Tjb okusb ia tjb `rbkojb s clvbg `y Tblxblrk db Ektti s kgd `y _ojkmbh krb git khlmb >

;23; Tblx . > r _ojkmbh > l.;23? Tblx. > l _ojkmbh > r.

— Tjb durktl ig ia tjb elhltkry lgu gdktli gs durlgc tjb :6 \bkrs Skr ls clvbg `y Tblxblrk db Ekttis ks sbvbg ybkrs

arie ;234, `y _ojkmbh ks ;234-;23:.

— _ojkmbh clvbs Givbe`br ;2<<, wjlhb Tblxlbrk db Ekttis clvbs ;2<: ir ;2<<.




;1tj obgtury, tjb hkgd rbeklgbd vbry iatbg kgd air higc pbrlids ia tleb ugdbr wktbr. Iur

dktlgc ia tjb ohky oivbr kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjbrbairb alts wbhh wltj tjb ploturb wb cbt arie tjb

ahiids> tjb ohky oivbr lg tjb obgtrb ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd wks dbpisltbd eisthy lg tjb ;2tj

kgd ;1tj obgturlbs, tjb pbrlid ia jbkvy lgugdktligs.

Tjb pipuhktlig wks vbry wbhh prbpk rbd air tjb rbcuhkrhy rbturglgc ahiids. Tjb akres iatbghky ig kg krtlalolkh eiugd ks dld tjb ojurojbs. Iatbg tjb digmbg wbrb bgtlrbhy ùlht up. Tjb

akres jkd k "ahiid kttlo" air tjb oktthb, wjlhb tjb riia oigstruotlig wks git suppirtbd `y tjb

wkhhs, wjloj oiuhd `b wksjbd kwky w ltjiut kgy crkvb oigsbqubgobs kgd bkslhy rbphkobd wjbg

tjb hkgd `bokeb dry kcklg.







?.;. LGTPIDROTLIG

Lg tjb wbst ia tjb pihdbr ( 5 euglolpkhlty) ia Eihbgkkrscrkka hlbs k sekhh digm, khrbkdy mgiwg

ti Qlgm • ks tjb Jkzbgdigm ("Jkrbs-digm"). Tjls ls git k uglt lg k criup, ks ls cbgbrkhhy tjb

oksb, ùt hlbs lsihktbd kt kìut 266 e. dlstkgob arie tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb kgd kìut

;?66 e. ti tjb wbst ia tjb Q@@/@S@ sbtthbebgt ig tjkt rldcb (alc. ;<)0. Tjb digm rlsbs ti

kìut ;;6 oe. kìvb tjb surriugdlgc criugd kgd jks kg bhigcktbd aire hylgc lg k siutj-wbst/

girtj-bkst dlrbotlig. @itj tjb higc girtj-wbst kgd tjb higc siutj-bkst shipbs krb stbbp (kìut

06¶), hlmb tjb sjirt girtj-bkst bxtrbelty. Tiwkrds tjb siutj-wbst, jiwbvbr, tjb digm vbry

crkdukhhy dlps kwky ugdbr tjb yiugc dbpislts. Sb okg ekmb iut k higc tip ia kìut ;66 e.lg

hbgctj kgd k aklrhy oigstkgt wldtj ia 46 ti 26 e., ti tjb wbst ia wjloj tjbrb ls k sekhhbr, hiw

bhbvktlig (alc. ??, VL. ZQL@). Tjb digm oigtlgubs lg tjb ugdbrcriugd kgd ls pbrobptl`hb tjbrb

lg rbhlba air kt hbkst ;36 e. Lts titkh hbgctj ls tjbrbairb obrtklghy kt hbkst ?26 e. @bokusb ia lts

lsihktbd sltuktlig kgd oiepkrktlvbhy sekhh slzb tjb digm jks gbvbr `bbg ùlht up lg jlstirlokh

tlebs. Khsi jkrdhy kgy skgd wks duc arie lt, si tjkt lt jks rbeklgbd rbekrmk`hy wbhh prbsbrvbd.

Vrbjlstirlo iooupktlig wks rbobgthy oigalrebd `y ebe`brs ia tjb KSG wirm-criup

"Hbm bg Ebrwbstrbbm", wji duc k gue`br ia tbs t plts jbrb kt tjb bgd ia ;<1?, lg wjloj `bsldbs

sieb pittbry sjbrds tjkt wbrb dlaalouht ti dktb k aklrhy hkrcb gue`br ia ahlgt ahkmbs wbrb aiugd.

Iooupktlig durlgc tjb Gbihltjlo sbbebd tjbrbairb hlmbhy ?. Lg tjb sueebr ia ;<11 k rbsldbgt ia

Eihbgkkrscrkka duc kgitjbr plt ig tjb Jkzbgdigm. Tjls plt, kìut 4.2 squkrb ebtrbs kgd su`

sbqubgthy rbabrrbd ti ks plt @ (alc. 46) bgohisbd kg ugbxpbotbdhy hkrcb keiugt ia `lc sjbrds,

eist ia wjloj oiuhd `b alt ticb tjbr ti sieb hkrcb pit arkcebgts (alcs. 2;, 20). Tjb bxkot diouebgtktlig ia tjb bxokvktir ig jls wirm hbkvbs gi diu`t tjkt gbkrhy khh tjb algds eust jkvb

oieb arie k prbjlstirlo rbausb plt wltj k dlkebtbr ia kìut 0 e. 4. Tjb slzb ia tjb sjbrds kgd

tjb akot tjkt tjby okg `b eisthy kssbe`hbd lgti k abw hkrcb pit arkcebgts prbsbgt k ekrmbd

oigtrkst ti tjb algds ekdb durlgc iur lgvbstlcktlig, wjloj suppirts iur succbstlig tjkt tjby

krb tjb oigtbgts ia k prbjlstirlo plt. Tjb algd durlgc tjb bxokvktlig ia twi sjbrds wjloj alttbd

igb ia tjb pit arkcebgts arie plt @ privbs tjkt tjb algds lg akot irlclgktbd arie tjbrb.

Tjb pittbry aires k gbw criup air tjls oiugtry, wjloj wb sjkhh rbabr ti ks "Jkzbgdigm

pittbry". Arie plt @ oieb khsi twi sekhh crlgdstigbs wltj k criivb, kg kgvlh stigb kgd k

; Qlgm ;<01, ?3= ;<24,04.0 Air digmbg lg cbgbrkh sbb p. :4 a. Air tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb p. <3 a.? Tjb algds wbrb gi t ek db ig tj b jlcjbst t ip, ùt ig tjb pkrobh ti tj b wbst ia lt. Eist ia tjb ahlgt ls, jiwbvbr,

git prbsbrvbd. Igb ia tjb sjbrds ls dboirktbd wltj tjb "sorktojbd leprbssligs" dbsorl`bd `bhiw (p. ;24), ojkrkotbrlstlo

ia tjb "Jkzbgdigm pittbry".4 Tjb algds wbrb oihhbotbd lg ; e. squkrbs. Lg tjb ekp tjb algd oigobgtr ktlig wks lgdloktbd lg k crby dlsoihiurk

tlig kgd khsi lg tjb drkwlgc ia k sbotlig igb oiuhd rboicglzb k sjkhhiw plt. Sb tjk gm Er @hlbmbgdkkh air jls lgairektlig .



;0: JK^BGDIGM

Alc. ??. Jkzbgdigm . Oigtiur e kp, `ksbd ig ebksurbe bgts lg 06 e. squkrbs, ù t gbkr tjb dig m kt bvbry ;6 e.

Lgdloktbd krb tjb plts L-LLL, tjb sbotligs kgd tjb sltb ia tjb pihhbg dlkcrke (`hkom stkr).

Tjb tjlg hlgbs krb eidbrg dltojbs. Jblcjt lg oe. bhiw GK V. _okhb ;>0266.

gue`br ia ahlgt plbobs, keigc wjloj krb arkcebgts ia kxbs, igb ia tjbe kg kxb ia ivkh sbotlig

(alc. 22 a). Khtjiucj lt ls git oiephbtbhy obrtklg tjkt tjls khsi oiebs arie tjb prbjlstirlo plt,

lt ls vbry pri`k`hb tjkt tjls ls tjb oksb. Keigc tjb bxokvktlig algds arie kg krbk twbgty tlebs

crbktbr < arkcebgts ia kxbs (ia wjloj tjls ls tjb hkrcbst) kgd gi wirmbd stigb kt khh ia kgy

lepirtkgob jkvb `bbg aiugd. Tjb "Jkzbgdigm pittbry" eist pri`k`hy eust `b dktbd ti tjb

Elddhb Gbihltjlo, pkrthy ig tjb criugd ia tjls kssiolktlig, ks wb sjkhh bxphklg hktbr (p. ;16).Tjb bxokvktlig ig tjb Jkzbgdigm wks k prbhlelgkry bgqulry. @btwbbg 00gd kgd 0:tj

Kucust ;<13 tjrbb plts ia ? Z ;6 e. wbrb ekdb ig tjb shipb ia tjb digm. Tjbsb wlhh `b rbabrrbd

ti ks Vlt s L, LL kgd L LL . Tjb ektb rlkh aiugd lg tjb e wks oihhbotbd lg squkrbs ia ; | x 0 e .

Tjb plts wbrb ekdb kt pilgts wjbrb lg ìrlgcs khigcsldb tjb digm kg ihd surakob lg tjb pbkt jkd

`bbg dlsobrgbd kgd wjbrb algds ig tjb shipbs oiuhd `b bxpbotbd. Vlt LLL wks ekdb bspbolkhhy



_TP K TL C P K VJ \ ;0<

ti cklg eirb lgairektlig kìut tjb algds lg tjb vlolglty ia plt @ 2. Tjb uhtlektb purpisb ia tjb

lgvbstlcktlig, dbsorl`bd lg tjls kooiugt, wks tjb prbpkrktlig air kg krojkbihiclokh bgqulry

lgti tjb dbpislts khigcsldb tjb digm. Sltj kg byb ti lts tbojglokh phkgglgc, ks wbhh ks ti cklg

ks euoj mgiwhbdcb ks pissl`hb ia tjb pri`hbes kgd pissl`lhltlbs, wb oigsldbrbd tjkt suoj kg

bxjkustlvb prbhlelgkry lgvbstlcktlig wks gbobsskry.

?.0. TJB CBIHICLOKH _LTRKTLIG

?.0.;. _TPKTLCPKVJ\

Tjb leebdlktb surriugdlgcs ia tjb Jkzbgdigm wbrb bxkelgbd `y ebkgs ia ìrlgcs.

Tjb bxtbgt ia tjb iutoripplgc skgd wks ekppbd kgd k gue`br ia oriss-sbotligs wbrb oigstruot

bd 1.

Tjb sbotlig K-@-O (alc. ?4) arie tjb girtjbrg ahkgm ia tjb digm lg tjb dlrbotlig ia tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd rldcb ylbhdbd tjb

eist dbtklhbd ploturb. Kt tjb

hbat sldb tjb

vbry stbbp shipbia tjb digm, rlslgc arie kt hbkst —< e. GKV, ls vlsl`hb. Sb okg dlstlgculsj tjb aihhiwlgc

dbpislts, wjloj oivbr tjb shipb>

(;) K dbpislt ia skgdy ohky kgd ohkyby skgd, tjb jlcj wktbr dbpislt ia k systbe ig k prbsbgt

dbptj `bhiw —: e. Lt ls sbpkrktbd arie tjb skgd ia tjb digm `y k tjlg juelo ohky kgd

jks ugdbrcigb k oigsldbrk`hb oiepkotlig. Katbr tjb dbpisltlig ia tjls sbdlebgt k hbgctjy

pbrlid ia (wiid) pbk t airekt lig aihhiwbd.

(0) Tjb skgdy alhhlgc ia tjb `bd ia k sekhh orbbm outs tjriucj khh ihdbr dbpislts. Kt ìtj sldbs

ia tjb skgd ìdy k ekgthb ia k ohkyby rbbd/sbdcb pbkt ir pbkty ohky ioours ivbr k wldtj

ia ?6-26 e. kt ìtj sldbs. Tjb tip ia tjbsb sbdlebgts jks hiokhhy dbvbhipbd ks k purb ohky.

Lg alcurb ?4 tjb dktk ia twi pkrkhhbh sbotligs, ;6 e. kpkrt, krb oie`lgbd ks akr ks tjls ohky

ls oigobrgbd. Sb lgtbrprbt tjls ekgthb kgd tjb ohky ticbtjbr ks tjb jlcj wktbr dbpislts

ia tjb hltthb orbbm. Khh sbdlebgts ia tjls pjksb (0), lgohudlgc tjb orbbm rldcb ltsbha, wbrb ivbr

criwg wltj pbkt `bairb tjb gbxt elgbrkh sbdlebgtktlig stkrtbd.

(?) Tjb tjlom ohky dbpislt (?) (:6-006 oe.), oigslstlgc ia kg ugrlpbgbd skgdy ohky wltj skgd

hbgsbs, ls tjb jlcj wktbr dbpislt (tjb "ohky wbdcb") ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke. Girtj

wkrd tjb dbpislt `boiebs tjlombr kgd ;26 e. girtj ia O lt ls oiggbotbd wltj tjb skgd ìdy

ia tjb strbke rldcb. Kt sieb phkobs (b.c. `btwbbg tjb digm kgd tjb orbbm rldcb (0), tjb `ksb

jks dbvbhipbd ks k juelo ohky, lgdloktlgc k crkdukh stkrt ia tjb lgugdktligs tjbrb, ùt

eist tlebs tjb trkgsltlig ls sjkrp. Lg tjb ohky k juelo ir pbkty `kgd okusbs k `lpkrtltlig>

tj b ;6-16 oe. hiwbr ohky (?k) elcjt `b `riucjt lg oiggbotlig wltj k alrst kotlvlty pjksb

2 Sb krb crbkthy lgdb`tbd ti Ers E. Mulpbrs-dbg @uttb r, ia Slngckkrdbg kgd Er @. Vrlgs, ia Eihbgkkrscrkka, tjb

iwgbr! ia tjb tbrrklgs, air tjblr pbrelsslig ti dlc tjb tjrbb plts. Vrbhlelgkry rbpirt ig tjb bxokvktlig> Hiuwb Miiln-

ekgs ;<13d.6 L tjkgm tjb Cbihiclokh _urvby air tjb ksslstkgob clvbg ti eb, bsp. `y Er J. Mim kgd Er E. vkg Ebbrmbrm

wji dld tjb ìrlgcs ia prialhb K-O. Air k cbgbrkh survby ia tjb cbihicy ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd sbb Vkrt LL.



;?6 JK^BGDIGM

Hbcbgd

sk

digm skgd

algb skgd - ohkyby algb skgd (strbke rldcb)

ohky - skgdy ohky

prinbotlig ia ohky (?) arie sbotlig D-B

lgti sbotlig K-@

ohkyby rbbd/sbdco pbkt - pbkty ohky

juelb ir pbkty ohky

wiid pbkt

`hkom hbvbh

Alc. ?4. Jkzbgdigm. _botlig K-@-O. Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>;026. Qbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > ;6 Z.

Lg tjb `hkom hbvbh lg tjb pbkt, tjb pisltlig ia tjb ;4

O skephb CrG 2;32 ls lgdloktbd wltj kg 6.

ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke, tjb jlcjbr ohky (26-0;6 oe) ls tjb jlcj wktbr ohky ia tjb

hkst pjksb, durlgc wjloj tjb rldcb ltsbha wks airebd. Ig tip ia tjb skgd ia tjb orbbm (0)

tjb juelo hbvbh ls k`sb gt kgd tjb dlaabrbgtlktlig lgti ? k kgd ? ` okggit `b ekdb tjbrb.

Tjb eist hlmbhy bxphkgktlig ls, tjkt drklgkcb oigdltligs ig tjls skgd wbrb `bttbr tjkg

kt ìtj sldbs.

(4) Tjb oivbrlgc hkybr ia ohky, wjloj ls dbsorl`bd ks "Kh`hkssbrwkkrd oiv br". Tjls irlclgktbs

lg Eihbgkkrscrkka arie tjb ;1tj obgtury K.D. kgd hktbr.

(—) Vbkt, tjb "Jihhkgd pbkt", aires tjb ektrlx, ks bvbrywjbrb bhsb lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd,

lg wjloj tjb strbke rldcbs kgd tjblr jlcj-wktbr dbpislts krb be`bddbd. Lg tjls pbktkgd ugdbr tjb ohky wbdcb (?) ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb k ;6-06 oe. tjlom hbvbh jks `bbg

ksobrtklgbd. Tjb pbkt tjbrb ls `hkom, euoj wbktjbrbd kgd oigtklgs euoj skgd, plbobs

ia ojkroikh kgd sieb ùrgt kgd ugùrgt ìgb. Tjb ihd surakob (shiplgc `bokusb ia oiepko

tlig) okg `b trkobd up ti kìut ;0 e. arie tjb prbsbgt aiit ia tjb digm kgd tjbrb hlgms

up wltj tjb ohky wbdcb (0) ia tjb sekhh orbbm.



_TPKTLCPKVJ\ ;?;

Alc. ?2. Jkzogdigm. _botlig D-B. Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>;666. Qbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > : x . Hbcbgd > sbb alc. ?4.

Alc. ?1. Jkzbgdigm. _botlig J-N. Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>;666. Qbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > :x . Hbcbgd > sbb alc. ?4.

@bhiw tjb `hkom hbvbh tjb pisltlig ia tjb sjbrd rbabrrbd ti lg tjb tbxt ls lgdloktbd=

lg tjb itjbr ìrlgc tjb ioourrbgob ia ojkroikh.

Tjb sbotlig D-B (alc. ?2), khsi ekdb ig tjb girtjbrg shipb ia tjb digm, sjiws tjb sltuktlig

gbkr tjb digm lg crbktbr dbtklh. Tjbrb ls k ekrmbd ojkgcb lg akolbs ivbr k sjirt dlstkgob lg tjb

irckglo dbpislt `btwbbg tjb ohkys ? k kgd ?` . Tjb surakob ia ohky ? ` ls lrrbcuhkr. @itj abkturbs

eky `b tjb rbsuht ia tjb hiokh drklgkcb oigdltligs (bspbolkhhy sbbpkcb) kt tjb aiit ia tjb digm.Tjb sbotlig J-N (alc. ?1), ig tjb siutjbrg ahkgm ia tjb digm, sjiws k euoj tjlggbr ohky

wbdcb, pbrjkps `bokusb wb krb jbrb (wjbg wb hiim arie tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb) `bjlgd tjb

digm. Aurtjbr kwky tjb ohky ls hiokhhy euoj tjlombr.

Lg ìtj sbotligs, ks lg itjbrs git clvbg jbrb, k `hkom hbvbh wks kcklg aiugd lg tjb pbkt.

Lg sieb phkobs lt wks, jiwbvbr, elsslgc bvbg lg tjb dlrbot vlolglty ia tjb digm. Arie tjb sbo

tligs lt `boiebs ohbkr tjkt tjb dbptj ia tjb hbvbh lg tjb pbkt vkrlbs aklrhy oigsldbrk`hy. Tjb

dbptj lg rbhktlig ti tjb ohky (?) kgd tjb uglaire jblcjt ia tjb pilgt ia nugoturb ia tjb hbvbh

ig tjb shipb ia tjb digm ekmb lt ohbkr, jiwbvbr, tjkt tjbsb vkrlktligs krb tjb rbsuht ia vkrlktligs

lg oiepkotlig. Tjbsb wbrb okusbd `y tjb vkrylgc tjlomgbss ia tjb oivbrlgc ohky wbdcb (?) ia

tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb. Tjb ihd hbvbh ls tjbrbairb bvbrywjbrb eirb ir hbss ia tjb skeb kcb

kgd eust `b oigsldbrbd ks k sygojrigius jirlzig lg tjb pbkt.Kt k` iut ?6 oe. ugdbr tjls hbvbh, lg sbotlig J-N , k sekhh sjbrd wks aiugd lg k ìrlgc

okrrlbd iut wltj tjb ciucb. Lt wks `hkom lg oihiur (ks khh algds lg pbkt usukhhy krb) kgd wks rlojhy

tbepbrbd wltj `rimbg qukrtz.



;?0 JK^BGDIGM

?.0.0. OIEVKOTLIG 3

Lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty ia tjb digm khh hkybrs dlp kwky arie lt, ks k oigsbqubgob ia tjb

oiepkotlig ia tjb pbkt. Sjbrb tjb dbpislts rbstbd ig tjb digm shipb, jiwbvbr, tjby wbrbwbhh "aiugdbd" kgd si git su`nbot ti oiepkotlig. Twi akots giw bebrcb. Alrst, tjb irlclgkh

jblcjt (dbptj) ia bkoj dbpislt. _boigd, tjb oiepkotlig wjloj tjbsb su`sbqubgthy ugdbrwbgt.

Bspbolkhhy tjb sbotlig K-@-O oigtklgs vbry lgstruotlvb lgairektlig lg tjls rbspbot. Tjb dktk,

ti `b dbrlvbd arie tjls sbotlig jkvb `bbg kssbe`hbd lg tk`hb : kgd wbrb usbd ti oigstruot tjb

crkp j lg alc. ?3. Tjb tit kh hiwbrlgc dub ti oiepko tlig ugdbrcigb `y bkoj hbvbh ls clvbg.

Tjb dlaabrbgobs ia tjb keiugts clvbg air tjb vkrlius hbvbhs clvb tjb oiepkotlig lg tjb pbrlid

`btwbbg tjblr airektlig.

K dbtklhbd mgiwhbdcb ia tjb oiepkotlig ls gbobsskry wjbg wb wkgt ti ugdb rstk gd tj b dbpisl

tlig sbqubgob lg dbtklh kgd wjbg wb wkgt ti wirm wltj tjb kcbs kgd dbptjs ia obrtklg hbvbhs

kgd dbpislts.

ohky 4

Tjb irlclgkh jblcjt ia tjb ti p ohky, wjbrb tjls wks hkld ig tjb pb kt, ls dlaalouht ti bstle ktb.

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb ohky wks dbpisltbd air tjb eist pkrt, la git bgtlrbhy, durlgc lgugdktligs

aihhiwlgc tjb arbqubgt dlmb `rbkojbs katbr kìut K.D. ;266. Tjb ohky oivbr wks bvbghy dbpisltbd

ivbr shlcjt ugbvbggbssbs. Sb eust rbkhlzb, eirbivbr, tjkt tjb prbsbgt strbke rldcbs wbrb oivbr

bd wltj pbkt kgd ighy `bokeb vlsl`hb ks suoj lg tjb hkgdsokpb dub ti oiepkotlig katbr krtl

alolkh drklgkcb. Ig tjb jlcjbst pilgts, pkrtlouhkrhy ig tjb jlcjbr pkrts ia tjb digm shipbs, tjb

ohky ls tjlg kgd skgdy `bokusb lt elxbd wltj tjb ugdbrhylgc skgd. Tjb irlclgkh ekxleue hbvbh

TK@HB :

Jkzbgdigm. Jblcjt ia tjb dbpislts girtj ia tjb digm

Nugo turb @btwbbg GirtjTip ia

Dbpislt Dktb pilgt ig

digm shipb

digm kgd

orbbm(0)

ia

orbbm (0)pigdlgc

rldcb

Oiepkotlig

ohky 4 (tip) K.D. ;166 — 6.?6 9 — ;.06 — ;.?6 8 < 6

ohky 4 (`ksb) K.D. ;066 — 6.<6* — ;.26 — ;.16 16- 36

ohky ? (tip) ;:66 @.O. — ;.36 — 0.16 — ?.66 — 6.36 <6-;?6

juelo hbvbh lg ohky ? o. ;<26 @.O. — 0.26 — ?.46 — 2.66 <6-026

ohky ? (`ksb) 0;66 @.O. — 0.36 — 4.06 — 2.06 ;26-026

ohky 0 (tip) 0466 @.O. — ?.66 — 2.66 — 1.66 — ?.?6 066-?66

ohky ; (tip) 4;66 @.O. — 1.26 — :.;6 W 0 1 6

* Ia. alc. ?:.

3 _urvbys ia tjb ebojkglse ia oiepkotlig krb clvbg `y @bggbek bt kh. ;<24 kgd Julzlgck ;<46.



OIEVKOTLIG ;??

Alc. ?3. Jkzbgdigm. Oiepkotlig. Kcb ia tjb dbpislts ig tjb Z-kxls, tjb hiwbrlgc dub ti oiepkotlig ig tjb\-kxls.K > siutj ia tjb digm ; 5 ohky ; (tip) ? ` 5 ohky ? (tip)

@ > `btwbbg digm kgd orbbm (0) 0 5 ohky 0 (tip) 4 5 Vig s ;<2;

O > girtj ia orbbm (0) ? k 5 ohky ? (`ksb) 2 5 ohky 4

ia dbpisltlig ls tjbrbairb dlaalouht ti dbtbrelgb kgd, eirbivbr, lt dibs git clvb tjb hbvbh ia

tjb airebr pbkt surakob.

Tjbrb krb, jiwbvbr, k gue`br ia oigsldbrktligs wjloj eky clvb us sieb ldbk ia tjb jblcjt

ia tjb airebr pbkt surakob. Tjbsb wlhh `b dlsoussbd wjbg wb dbkh wltj tjb sbotligs ia tjb Q@@/

@S@ sbtthbebgt :, arie wjloj lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb slgmlgc ia tjb pbkt surakob slgob tjb dbpisl

tlig ia tjb "Kh`hkssbrwkkrd oivbr" okggit jkvb `bbg euoj eirb tjkg kìut 16 oe., wjloj

clvbs kg irlclgkh jblcjt kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ia kìu t —16 oe. GKV . Tjb oiepkotlig `btwbbg rbohk

ektlig kgd ohky dbpisltlig wlhh git jkvb `bbg eirb tjkg ;6 ir 06 oe. KJ tjls kcrbbs vbrywbhh wltj dk tk clvbg `y Vigs kìu t tjb Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg. Tjb oiepkotlig ia tjb surakob tj brb

ls kt eist :6-;66 oe. Tjb pbkt surakob tjbrb shipbd irlclgkhhy arie kìut +26 oe. GKV lg

tjb bkst ti kìut —26 oe. lg tjb wbst < . @bggbek kssuebd k jblcjt ia tjb pbkt surakob `bairb

drklgkcb riucjhy bqulvkhbgt ti GKV ;6.

ohky ?

Tjb oiepkotlig wjloj ioourrbd `bairb krtlalolkh drklgkcb wks tjb rbsuht ia tjb wblcjt ia

tjb dbpislts tjbesbhvbs ir ia tjb hikd ia tjb oivbrlgc dbpislts. Sltj tjb ohky wbdcb ia tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd rldcb eist ia tjb oiepkotlig ioourrbd durlgc dbpisltlig, ks kppbkrs arie tjb

: _bb p. ;:? a.< Vigs ;<2;, 44.;6 @bggbek ;<24,;;. Tjls jblcjt sbbes ti `b rktjbr hiw kgd lg oigahlot wltj tjb iplglig tjkt tjb hbvbh ia butripjlo

pbkt criwtj hlbs kt kìut tjb EJS hbvbh (oa. p. 20, gitb ;?4). @ut wb okg lekclgb tj kt tj b rbohkektlig kgd tjb alrst

ouhtlvktlig ia tjb pbkt rbsuhtbd lg k eidbst wkstkcb ia tjb tip ia lt. Oa. tjb sltuktlig lg tjb Bgchlsj Abghkgd (p. 32,

gitb ;<4).



;?4 JK^BGDIGM

vkrlktligs lg tjlomgbss kgd dbptj ia tjb ohky, kìvb kgd ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb sekhh orbbm (0).

Tjls ls k oksb, tjbrbairb, ia kg lgtbgslaloktlig ia tjb priobss, tjriucj tjb alhhlgc up ia dbprbssligs

okusbd `y oiepkotlig, ugtlh k `khkgob wks kojlbvbd. Tjb oiepkotlig kìvb tjb digm shipb ls

slelhkrhy siebwjkt hbss tjkg lt ls aurtjbr girtj. Durlgc tjb sbdlebgtktlig, (k pbrlid ia ighy

twi ir tjrbb obgturlbs) k oiepkotlig ia 16 ti ;06 oe. ioourrbd, katbr wjloj tjb oiepkotligdurlgc kìut ?666 ybkrs ia bxohuslvbhy pbkt criwtj wks ighy ?6 ti 16 oe. Tjb su`sldbgob katbr

tjb dbpisltlig wks tjbrbairb sekhh. Sb sbb tjkt kt pilgt O ;06 oe. ia tjb titkh ia 046 oe. ia sbd

lebgt wks airebd ks tjb oiepbgsktlig ia tjb oiepkotlig. Tjb dbpisltlig ia tjb itjbr ;06 oe.

eust jkvb rbsuhtbd lg k rbkh rlslgc ia surakob. @ut lg tjb pbrlid katbr tjb sbdlebgtktlig oiepko

tlig okusbd k aurtjbr hiwbrlgc ia tjls hbvbh ia 16 oe. > k rbkh jblcjtbglgc ia tjb surakob ia ighy

16 oe. rbeklgs. Tjb dlaabrbgob lg jblcjt (:6 oe) ia tjb tip ia tjb ohky (?) kt pilgt O (alc. ?4) kgd

kt N (alc. ?1) okg `b bxphklgbd `y tjb k`sbgob ia tjb hkst ebgtligbd baabot kt N.

Ia lepirtkgob ls tjb oiepkrlsig ia tjb irlclgkh jblcjt ia tjb ohky wbdcb, ks tjls kppbkrs

arie tjb nugoturb ig tjb shipb ia tjb digm, wltj tjb jblcjt ia tjb tip ia tjb skgd ìdy ia tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd rldcb. Tjb dlaabrbgob lg jblcjt ls kìut ;66 oe ! Khrbkdy dur lgc tjb dbpisltlig,

tjb jlcjwktbr ohkys gbkr tjb Jkzbgdigm hky tjbrbairb kìut k ebtrb hiwbr tjkg tjb skgd lg

kgd gbkr tjb cuhhy kìut 266 e. akrtjbr girtj. Sb jkvb usbd tjls lepirtkgt i`sbrvktlig khrbkdy

lg Vkrt LL (sbb p. ;66).

ohky 0

Tjb tip ia tjb sekhh orbbm (0) jks kìut tjb skeb jblcjt ks tjb nugoturb ia tjb `hkom hbvbh

lg tjb pbkt. Tjb oiepkotlig jbrb titkhs kìut 066 oe. kgd rbsuhtbd lg k stbbp dlp ia tjb hkybrs

gbkr tjb digm. Akrtjbr tiwkrd tjb girtj tjb pilgt ia ekxleue bxtbgt ia tjb jlcj wktbr db

pislts jbs kt k dbptj ia kìut —1.66 e. GKV! Tjls pilgt eust jkvb sugm kìut ? e. ks k

rbsuht ia oiepkotlig= kìut ;.36 e. ia tjls keiugt ls tjb rbsuht ia tjb hikd ia tjb ohky (?).

ohky ;

Tjb ohky dbpislt (;) kt tjb `ksb ia tjb sbotlig ls git dlrbothy dktbd. Sltj tjb kld ia Nbhcbrs-

ek's ourvb kgd iur iwg ourvbs " wb eky dktb tjls dbpislt kìut 4;66 @.O. Sb okg supphbebgt

iur dktk k` iut oiepko tlig wltj Nbhcbrsek's oigohuslig kìut oiepkotlig gbk r tjb @rkgd wlnm

Digm. Tjb tip ia k ohky hkybr dktbd 2112 » 006 @.V . kgd oivbrbd bxohuslvbhy wltj pbk t wks

hiwbrbd tjbrb, arie kìut —166 oe. ti —:36 oe. GKV ;0. Lg vlbw ia tjb slelhkrlty lg kcb kgd

dbptj wb eky kssueb tjkt air tjb tip ia tjb ohky (;) gbkr tjb Jkzbgdigm tjb hiwbrlgc ks k

rbsuht ia oiepkotlig eust jkvb `bbg ia tjb skeb ekcgltudb kgd pri`k`hy shlcjthy eirb.

Lg vlbw ia tjb ? e. hiwbrlgc ia tjb pbkty ohky (0) lt eust jkvb `bbg kt hbkst ? e.

_iutj ia tjb digm (alc. ?1, ?3 ourvb K) tjb oiepkotlig wks euoj hbss ekrmbd, kt hbkst lg

tjb jlcjbr hkybrs, tjkg wks tjb oksb ti tjb girtj. Tjb eidbst dbpisltlig ia tjb jlcj wktbr ohkysia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke eust `b tjb rbksig ia tjls.

;; Nbhcbrse k ;<1;, alc. 00= tjls pkpbr alc. ;4.

;0 Nbhcbrsek ;<1;, ?0.



_BOTLIG_ IA TJB BZOKQKTLIG ;?2

TK@HB <

Jkzbgdigm. Oiepkrlsig ia tjb dktbd hbvbhs wltj juekg lgahubgobs kgd tjb oirrbspigdlgc EJ S hbvbhs,

wltj dktk ia tjb @rkgdwlnm kgd @krbgdrbojt "digmbg" (Nbhcbrsek ;<1;*, gis. ;4-;1 kgd ;<-02)

Dbptj ia airebr EJS

;4O dktb

@.O.

lg oe. `bhiw GKV

_ltb ;4O dktb

@.O.@krbgdrbojt

@rkgdwlnm

Jkzbgdigm

Eihbgkkrscrkka

Eihbgkkrscrkka

@rkgdwlnm

@urrgdrbojt

316 » ?2

::6 » ;22

;2?6 » 16 — ;<2

— ;;6

— ;;2

Jkzbg digm ;1:6 » ?2 — ;26

Eihbgkkrscrkka

Jkzbgdigm

@krbgdrbojt

;1<6 » ?6

(;<66)

;<26 » :6 — 012

— ;16

(— 026)

@krbgdrbojt 0?06 » 12 — ?02

Jkzb gdig m 0?46 » 46 — 036

Jkzbgdigm 02?6 » 46 — 036

@rkgdwlnm

@krbgdrbojt

0146 » ;36

0366 » :6 — ?42

— ??6

Jkzbg digm 0<:2 » 46 — ?36

@krbgdrbo jt ?6:6 » :6 — 4?6

Jkzbgdigm ??36 » 46 — 4?6

@krbg drboj t ?1?6 » 36 — 236

@krbgdrbojt ?<<2 » ;66 — 2:2

Jkzbgdigm

@rkgdwlnm

(4;66)

4;66 » 066

(— 106)

— 126

* Nbhcbrsek's ; 4O dktbs jkvb `bbg oirrbotbd kooirdlgc ti tjb hlst, clvbg

`y Qicbh & Sktbr ìhm ;<1?, p. ;14, ia tjb oirrbotlig ia Cri vkhubs lgti CrG

vkhubs (oirrbotlig air "_ubss-baabot").

Sb oiepkrb iur dktk ig tjb irlclgkh dbptjs ia dbpisltlig wltj tjisb ia Nbhcbrsek (tk`hb <).

Tjbrb ls k ohisb kcrbbebgt, bspbolkhhy wjbg wb tkmb tjb strigc lgahubgob ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd

strbke rldcb lgti kooiugt.

?.0.?. _BOTLIG_ IA TJB BZOKQKTLI G

Lg tjb sbotligs ia tjb tjrbb bxokvktbd plts tjb wbdclgc iut ia tjb pbkt ig tjb shipb ia tjb

digm okg ohbkrhy `b studlbd. Tjb `bst kgd eist dbtklhbd wbrb tjb sbotligs ia Vlt L, wjloj wks

tjb hiwbst ig tjb shipb (alc. ?:). Kt tjb `ksb wb algd tjb skgd ia tjb digm, kt tjb tip tjb

"Kh`hkssbrwkkrd oivbr". @btwbbg tjbsb twi tjb pbkt wbdcbs iut.



;?1 JK^BGDIGM

eeEEEzzelue- ee? *=>•>*£

Alc. ?:. Jkzbgdigm. Vlt L, wbst sbotlig. _okhb ;>26. Lgdloktbd krb > ; Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr sjbrd (alc. 41 uppbr riw, hbat),

0 hkgdbd krriw-jbkd (alc. 22`), ? pkrkhhbh-hlgbd @bhh @bkmbr sjbrd (alc. 41 uppbr riw, 0gd arie tjb hbat).

Hbcbgd >

;. tura pksslgc lgti ohky

0. (dkrm) crby skgd pksslgc lgti pbkt

?. hlcjt vlihbt skgd wltj abw algds, pksslgc lgti dkrm crby skgd wltj ekgy algds

4. ugkaabotbd digm skgd

Tjb tip ia tjb skgd ls dkrmbr lg oihiur air 46 oe. kt tjb hiwbst pilgt kgd air 06 oe. jlcjbr

ig tjb shipb. Tjls wlhh `b tjb rbsuht ia tjb oivbrlgc wltj pbkt, wjloj rbkojbd jlcjbr ig tjb shipb

`bairb tjb krtlalolkh drklgkcb. Ig tjb tip ia tjb digm, wjloj wks git rbkojbd lg tjb sbotlig,

tjb crby hkybr ls elsslgc. _i tjb pbkt gbvbr rbkojbd tjls tip (—06 oe. GKV). Eirbivbr, tjbtura jbrb cbgbrkhhy sjiws jkrdhy kgy trkobs ia ohky.

Tjb pisltlig ia k abw lgtbrbstlgc algds ls clvbg lg tjb sbotlig. Tjb wjihb sltuktlig sjiws

tjkt wb eky tkmb tjb Q@@ lgjk`ltktlig ti jkvb `bbg tjb hkst.

?.?. VIHHBG KGKH\_L_, "O DKTLGC

?.?.;. CBGBPKH @BEKPM_

Tjb sltb iaabrs vb ry akviurk`hb ippirtug ltlbs air pihhbg kgkhysls, `bokusb tjb digm ls

surriugdbd ig khh sldbs `y pbkt, sbvbrkh ebtbrs tjlom, oivbrlgc tjb wjihb pbrlid durlgc wjlojtjb tip ia tjb digm wks sultk`hb air iooupktlig. L t wks ti `b bxpbotbd tj kt tjb vkrlius iooupk

tlig pjksbs oiuhd `b ldbgtlalbd arie k pihhbg dlkcrke. @y ojiislgc k vbry sekhh dlstkgob

`btwbbg tjb phkob ia tjb dlkcrke kgd tjb digm sekhh dlstur`kgobs lg tjb gkturkh vbcbtktlig

oiuhd khsi `b gitlobd.

Ks tjb alrst stbp lg k eirb cbgbrkh pkhygihiclokh lgvbstlcktlig k prialhb, sltuktbd ok. 06 e.





;?: JK^BGDIGM

Tjb oiugts wbrb ekdb `y Ers N. Ebmbh-tb Plbt kgd Er K. Qiirrlps. Tjb dlkcrkes wbrb

okhouhktbd kgd drkwg wltj tjb jbhp ia k oieputbr pricrkeeb ;2.

?.?.0. TJB VIHHBG DLKCPKE (alc. ?<)

Tjb hltjihicy ia tjb ìrlgc ls k aihhiws>

oe. lg rbhktlig

ti GKV

surakob ohky (4)—;42

wiid pbkt (;12/;42 dlstur`bd)ohky (?) juelo hbvbh kt o. —?;6

wiid pbkt—?32

wiidwiid pbkt

digm skgd

Lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke sbvbg zigbs okg `b dlstlgculsjbd, lg wjloj k eirb ir hbss i`vlius

kgtjripicbgius lgahubgob ls bvldbgt= tjby krb gue`brbd arie `bhiw upwkrds ;-3. Tjb dktk

kìut dbptj, tjb oirrbspigdlgc EJS hbvbhs, ;4O dktbs kgd oirrbhktlig wltj prbjlstirlo ouhturbs

jkvb `bbg kssbe`hbd lg tk`hb ;6. Tjb zigbs bxjl`lt tjb aihhiwlgc ojkrkotbrlstlos>

zigb ; (—1?2/102 oe. GKV)

Lg tjb spbotrue —1?2 oe. GKV ioours igb pihhbg crklg ia Obrbkhlk (obrbkhs). Ticbtjbr wltj

tjb prbsbgob ia Rrtlok (stlgclgc gbtthb) kgd Krtbelslk (eucwirt) lg tjls zigb, tjls wiuhd `bkg lgdloktlig ia tjb prbsbgob ia juekg lgjk`ltktlig. Tjbrb kppbkrs, jiwbvbr, ti `b gi qubs

tligs ia kgy lgtbrabrbgob wltj tjb vbcbtktlig.

zigb 0 (—226/246 oe. GKV)

Lg tjls zigb khsi k slgchb Obrbkhlk pihhbg crklg ioourrbd, jbrb kooiepkglbd `y dlstlgot tips

ia Rrtlok, Krtbelslk kgd Ojbgipidlkobkb (ciisbaiit ake.). Kt tjb skeb tlebVhkgtkci hkgobihktk

(rl`wirt phkgtklg) wks aiugd air tjb alrst tleb lg tjls zigb. Tjb vbcbtktlig ig kgd kriugd tjb

digm dibs git kppbkr, jiwbvbr, ti jkvb `bbg kaabotbd `y kgy pissl`hb lgjk`ltktlig. Sb suppisb

tjkt lg tjls zigb iooupktlig kt sieb dlstkgob kwky ls rbahbotbd lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke.

;2 Qiirrlps ;<3?. Sb clvb jbrb sieb lgstruotligs ig rbkdlgc tj b dlkcrkes. Tjbrb krb twi sokhbs> igb kt tjb tip , igb

kt tjb ìtti e ia tjb dlkc rke = tjb hkttbr clvbs tjb tbgaihd ia tjb airebr. Tjb oiugtbd skephbs krb phittbd wltj tjb

)))) slcgkturb kg d rbhktb ti tjb uppbr sokhbs. Tjb ]||| clvb tjb lgtbrpihktlig `btwbbg tjb oiugtbd ske phbs. Tjb ** **

clvb tjb skeb dktk, ùt rbhktbd ti tjb sokhbs kt tjb `ksb ia tjb dlkcrke kgd oigsbqubgthy tjb tbgaihd dlelgutlig ia tjb

)))) kgd ;;;; ourvbs.



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Alc. ?<. Jkzbgdigm. Vihhbg dlkcrke. Oa. alcs. ?? kgd ?1.





VIHHBG KGKH\_L_ ;?<

zigb ? (—432/416 oe. GKV)

Tjls zigb ls ojkrkotbrlzbd git ighy `y tjb prbsbgob ia Obrbkhlk pihhbg crklgs ùt khsi `y

jlcj vkhubs air Rrtlok kgd Krtbelslk kgd k rlsb lg tjb Ojbgipidlkobkb ourvb. Oiryhus sjiws

k tip, wjlhb [ubrous kg d Arkxlgus jkvb hiwbr vkhubs. Tjb ourvbs ia @rksslokobkb, (wkhh ahiwbr

ake.) Kstbrkobkb (oiepisltkb) tuùhlahirkb, Hytjrue (purphb hiisbstrlab), _ihkgue duhokekrk(wiidy glcjtsjkdb), Kplkobkb (ue`bhhlabrkb) kgd Vikobkb (crkssbs) khsi sjiw jlcbr vkhubs.

Khh tjls lgdloktbs kg lgjk`ltktlig wjloj dlstur`bd tjb airbst vbcbtktlig ig tjb digm ([ubrous)

lg akviur ia krk`hb hkgd kgd kt tjb skeb tleb ohbkrbd ti k hleltbd bxtbgt tjb ùsj vbcbtktlig

ig tjb aiit ia tjb digm kgd tjb kdnkobgt pbkt, si tjkt ekrsjy ugdbrwiid dbvbhipbd kt tjb

aiit ia tjb digm. Tjls oiuhd jkvb `bbg usbd ks crkzlgc hkgd.

zigb 4 (—?32;?12 oe. GKV)

îgb 4 sjiws kcklg jlcj vkhubs air Obrbkhlk, Rrtlok, Krtbelslk, Ojbgipidlkobkb, @rkssl

okobkb, Kstbrkobkb tuùhlahirkb, Hytjrue kgd Vikobkb, kgd k Arkxlgus elgleue. Gitbwirtjy

ls tjb k`sbgob ia kgy tip lg tjb Vhkgtkci hkgobihktk ourvb. Tjbrb ls gi [ubrous elgleue lg

tjls zigb. Ebg kppbkr ti jkvb bstk`hlsjbd tjbesbhvbs ig tjb tjbg digm shipb kgd tjb kdnilglgcpbkt, si tjkt tjb airbst vbcbtktlig ig tjb digm tip wks git dlstur`bd.

zigb 2 (—026/0?2 oe. GKV)

Tjb oiepkrktlvbhy hiw vkhubs air Vikobkb, Ojbgipidlkobkb kgd Krtbelslk, ticbtjbr wltj

tjb jlcj Khgus vkhubs, sjiw tjk t tj b surri ugdlgcs ia tjb digm lg tjls zigb wbrb git rbohklebd.

Tjb digm vbcbtktlig ltsbha wks, jiwbvbr, ighy vbry pkrtlkhhy rbeivbd kgd rboivbrbd qulomhy

katbr tjb obssktlig ia tjb iooupktlig. Tjb vkhubs air Obrbkhlk k gd Vhkgtkci hkgobihktk krb oig

sldbrk`hb.

zigb 1 (—0;2/062 oe. GKV)

îgb 1 sjiws lg ekgy rbspbots tjb skeb ploturb ks zigb 2. Tjb juekg lgahubgob ls, jiwbvbr, euoj wbkmbr.

zigb 3 (—;<2/;42 oe. GKV)

Tjb vbry strigc trkobs ia juekg kotlvlty lg tjb tip ia tjb dlkcrke (jlcj vkhubs air Obrbkhlk

kgd akrehkgd wbbds), oie`lgbd wltj tjb oigsldbrk`hb rbduotlig lg airbst vbcbtktlig, ugdiu`

tbdhy rbahbot tjb hkrcb-sokhb pbkt rbohkektlig ia (su`)rbobgt tlebs. Dlstur`kgob ia tjb tip ia

tjb prialhb `y phiucjlgc kgd k pissl`hb shlcjt surakob brislig `bairb kgd dur lgc tjb dbpislt lig

ia tjb tip ohky ekmb lt, jiwbvbr, ugobr tklg wjb tjbr tjbsb spbotrk rbkhhy lgdloktb tj b `bclgglgc

ia tjb rbohke ktligs slgob tjb ;;tj obgtury (jbrb lt pissl`hy dld git ioour ugtlh tjb ;?tj obgtury).

La tjls wbrb lgdbbd si, wb okg phkob tjls eiebgt kt kìut —;:2 oe. GKV.

?.?.?. TJB "O DKTB_

Aiur ia tjb sbvbg zigbs wltj juekg lgahubgobs dlstlgculsjbd lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke (tjb

zigbs 0, ?, 4 kgd 2) jkvb `bbg clvbg ;4O dktbs. Tjb skephbs wbrb tkmbg arie k sboigd oirb



JI J K ^ B G D I G M

spbolkhhy ìrbd air tjls purpisb kgd dlrbothy kdnilglgc tjb pkhygihiclokhhy bxkelgbd oirb.

Air bkoj ;4O skephb k pihhbg spbotrue wks tkmbg ks k ojbom. Air tjb kcb dbtbrelgktlig tjb

obgtrb pkrt ia k ;6 oe. higc skephb wks usbd lg bkoj oksb. Tjb dktbs khh oigobrg tjb lgltlkh

pjksb ia tjb rbhbvkgt lgjk`ltktlig. Tjby krb ks aihhiws>

CrG 10;0 ?1?6 » ?2 @. V. (;1:6 @.O.) zigb 2 —022 oe.CrG 10;? 44:6 » 46 @. V. (02?6 @.O.) zigb 4 —?32 oe.

CrG 10;4 4<?2 » 46 @. V. (0<:2 @.O.) zigb ? —436 oe.

CrG 10;2 2?06 » 46 @. V. (??36 @.O.) zigb 0 —226 oe.

K ;4O dktlgc wks khsi okrrlbd iut durlgc kg bkrhlbr pjksb ia tjb lgvbstlcktlig ia tjb ihd

surakob lg sbotlig K-@-O (alc. ?4). Jbrb wb wbrb oigobrgbd wltj k elxbd skephb ia ektbrlkh

arie tjls hbvbh. Sb krcubd kìvb (p. ;?;) tjkt tjb ihd surakob lg tjls sbotlig eust `b bqukhhy

ihd ks tjkt lg sbotlig J-C, wjloj okg `b oirrbhktbd ti zigb 4. Tjls ;4O dktb, tjbrbairb, khsi

jks rbhbvkgob ti zigb 4>

CrG 2;32 40<6 » 46 @. V. (0?46 @.O.) zigb 4 —??6 oe.

Tjb ;4O dktbs kppbkr ti kcrbb vbry ohisbhy wltj tjb kcbs bxpbotbd arie tjb ourvb air tjb

sbk-hbvbh rlsb (alc. ;4) katbr k oirrbotlig air su`sldbgob dub ti oiepkotlig (alc. ?3). Alr st, tj brb

airb, k dbtbre lgktli g ia kcb `ksbd ig dbptj kp pbkrs ti clvb k sktlsakotiry rbsuht, kt hbkst la

tjb oiepkotlig okg `b koourktbhy dbtbrelgbd. _boigd, lg tjls wky tjb koourkoy ia ìtj ourvbs

ls sjiwg.

Oiepkrlsig ia tjb dktbd pihhbg zigbs wltj tjb suoobsslig ia trkgscrbsslig pjksbs (tk`hb ;6)

dbeigstrktbs tjkt tjb pbrlids ia iooupktlig ig tjb Jkzbgdigm khwkys akhh `btwbbg twi trkgs

crbsslig pbrlids> lg k rbcrbsslig pjksb. Tjls i`sbrvktlig airebd igb ia iur krcueb gts air kssue

lgc tjkt tjbrb wbrb pbrlids ia eirb kgd hbss lgtbgslvb (ir gi) lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb Sbstbrg

Gbtjbrhkgds lg rbspbotlvbhy rbcrbsslig kgd trkgscrbsslig pjksbs (p. 43 kgd alc. ;6).

?.?.4. KPOJKBIHICLOKH OIEEBGTKP\

zigb ;

îgb ;, `y rbksig ia lts dbptj, okg `b dktbd kìut 4;66 @.O. (p. ;?4). Tjb dbtbrelgktlig

ia igb Obrbkhlk crklg dibs git hbkd us ti oigohudb tjkt tjbrb wks krk`hb akrelgc kgd k trub

Gbihltjlo ouhturb lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds kriugd 4666 @.O. Vihhutlig ia tjb skephb lg

qubstlig okg, jiwbvbr, `b prkotlokhhy dlsoiugtbd. Lg iur aurtjbr bgqulrlbs wb wlhh dbvitb spbolkh

kttbgtlig ti tjls ihdbst zigb.

Ig tjb digm gi algds jkvb (ybt) `bbg ldbgtlalbd wjloj eky `b dktbd lg tjls pbrlid, suojks, air bxkephb, elorihltjs, khtjiucj kektbur krojkbihiclsts bxkelglgc tjb digm lg ;<1?

aurtjbr wbst kppkrbgthy aiugd sekhh oigobgtrktligs ia ahlgt (bxohuslvbhy wkstb) ùt gi pittbry

lg tjblr sekhh tbst plts. Tjls ls bgoiurkclgc air aurtjbr rbsbkroj. Tjb vbry shlcjt juekg lgahubg

obs lg tjls zigb lgdloktb tjkt tjb iooupktlig tiim phkob git lg tjb dlrbot vlolglty ùt sieb

dlstkgob kwky.



; 4 O DKTLGC ;4;

zigb 0

Tjb dktb ia zigb 0 oigours wltj tjkt ia tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo lgjk`ltktlig kt _w lat br` kgt hs

(oa p. ;1?).

Ouhturb rbeklgs oiepkrk`hb ti "_wlatbr`kgt" krb mgiwg lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds

(oa. p. ;14), ùt jkvb git ybt `bbg ldbgtlalbd ig tjb Jkzbgdigm. Tjb iooupktlig pissl`hytiim phkob ig tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb digm, ir ig k (giw oivbrbd) orbbm rldcb.

La tjb ioourrbgob ia Obrbkhlk lg zigb ; wks pkrtlouhkrhy ugbxpbotbd, lg tjls zigb 0 lt okg

rbkdlhy `b koobptbd lg tjb hlcjt ia tjb _wlatbr`kgt dlsoivbrlbs. Lg akot, tjb spbotrk arie zigb

0 aire tjb alrst ciid diouebgtktlig ia Bkrhy Gbihltjlo lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb Pjlgb/Ebusb dbhtk

krbk.

zigb ?

Lg tjls zigb air tjb alrst tleb iooupktlig lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty ia tjb dlkcrke wks

privbd. Tjb ;4O dktb lgdloktbs tjkt tjls iooupktlig wks ihdbr tjkg tjb Auggbh @bkmbr Ouhturb

(TP@). Arie tjb Girtjbrg, Obgtrkh kgd Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds gi krojkbihiclokh algds okg `b

kttrlùtbd ti tjls pbrlid. Lg tjb (itjbrwlsb `kdhy mgiwg) _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds twi abkturbs

krb oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjls iooupktlig> tjb _t. Cbbrtruld ahlgt elgbs kgd tjb _tblg ùrlkh

ojke`br ;3. @itj jkvb ;4O dktbs>

_t. Cbbrtruld CrG 4244 ?;06 » 16 @.O.

CrG 224< ?626 » 46 @.O.

_tblg CrG 4:?; 0:?6 » 16 @.O.

Tjb algds arie tjb _tblg ùrlkh ojke`br krb rbhktbd ti ìtj tjb _IE kgd QH Ouhturbs.

Tjb diebstlo ektbrlkh (bsp. tjb pittbry) usbd `y tjb ahlgt elgb wirmbrs kt _t. Cbbrtruld ls

jkrdhy mgiwg ;3k. Sjbg wb, tjbrbairb, pripisb ti oie`lgb tjls zigb wltj tjb "Jkzbgdigm

pit tb ry" , tjls ls digb eklghy ig gbcktlvb krcu ebgt s> tjb gbw pit tbry ls oie`lgbd wltj k

pjksb, arie wjloj wb prkotlokhhy di git mgiw kgytjlg c. @ut lt ls suppirt bd `y itjbr krcu ebg tstjkt tbhh lg akviur ia k Elddhb Gbihltjlo kcb air tjls pittbry (sbb p. ;16 a.).

Tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry khigc ìtj shipbs kgd tjb pisltlig ia tjb rbausb

plt lg Vlt @ (kìut ; e. ugdbr tjb tip kgd kìut 0.2 e. kìvb tjb tjbg aiit ia tjb digm) sjiw

tjkt tjb jlcjbr pkrts ia tjb digm wbrb utlhlzbd. Tjb hiokh ioourrbgob ia k skgdy hkybr lg tjb

pbk t k t k oigalrektiry dbptj , kgd tj b sjbrd aiugd lg k ìrlgc (p. ;?;, alc. ?1) rbvbkhs tjb usb

ia tjb digm aiit kgd tjb kdnilglgc pbkt. Khh tjls oigours bxkothy wltj tjb oigohusligs arie

tjb pihhbg dlkcrke.

l« Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30, :0.;3 Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<13, ;0<= ;<30, :?.;3 k Qkg Claabg ;<02, 4<: kgd V L. 4. QL L. ?2> sieb sjbrds ia tjlom, ybhhiw-rbddlsj `riw g pitt bry, tb epbr bd wltj

`lc kgd kgcuhkr qukrtz crlt wbrb aiugd. Igb `ksb sjbrd sjiws k siebwjkt plgojbd-iut aiit. Tjb pittbry sbbes ti

`b slelhkr ti tjkt ia tjb _tblg ùrlkh ojke`br.



;40 JK^BGDIGM

zigb 4

Ig tjb strbgctj ia ìtj ;4O dktbs zigb 4 okg `b kttrlùtbd wltjiut rbsbrvb ti tjb Qhkkr-

dlgcbg Ouhturb (oa. tk`hb 0, p. 0;).

Tjb `hkom hbvbh rbvbkhbd kt vkrlius pilgts khigc tjb digm — k airebr surakob — kgd tjb

dlstrlùtl ig ia tjb QH e ktbrlk h (bspbolkhhy lg plt L), lgsia kr ks tjls ls git dbtbrelgbd `y dlaabrbg

obs lg oigsbrvktlig, oigalre tjb oigohuslig rbkojbd arie tjb pihhbg dlkcrke tjkt iooupktlig

tiim phkob prlekrlhy khigc tjb digm aiit kgd khsi ig tjb kdnilglgc pbkt. Tjb hiw vkhubs air

Vhkgtkci hkgobihktk jkvb khsi `bbg gitbd lg itjbr QH sltbs (Qhkkrdlgcbg kgd Qiirsojitbg)

`bairb tjb kdvbgt ia tjb VA@ Ouhturb.

zigb 2

Tjb ;4O dktb ia zigb 2 clvbs k tbrelgus kgtb qubrg air tjb ohky wbdcb ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd

strbke rldcb (dbpislt ?), kgd ks suoj k oigalrektlig ia tjb dktk ylbhdbd `y tjb sbtthbebgts

ig tjb rldcb. Tjb ;4O dktb dbeigs trktbs tj kt pb kt airektlig stkrtbd khrbkdy sjirthy (ir dlrbothy 9)

katbr tjb sbdlebgtktlig pbrlid. Khrbkdy lg Q@@/@S@ tlebs tjb tbrrklg wks si dkep tjktlt wks git sultbd ti crkzb oktthb tjbrb. Tjls eust kpphy ti tjb tbrrklg kt tjb girtjbrg sldb ia tjb

digm tii> khtjiucj lt wks slhtbd up jlcjbr tjbrb, su`sbqubg t hiwbrlgc okusbd `y oiepkotlig

eust jkvb rbsuhtbd lg bqukhhy dkep olrouestkgobs. Gbkr tjb Jkzbgdigm tjb strlp ia crkzk`hb

hkgd ig tjb ohky wbdcbs, ìrdbrlgc tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, okg git jkvb `bbg wldbr

tjkg kìut 066 e.

Tjb dlkcrke sjiws tjkt tjb digm ltsbha wks usbd air criwlgc crklg kgd tjkt tjb ugdbr

criwtj wks pkrtlkhhy rbphkobd `y k trkom vbcbtktlig. @ut tjb tle`br wks hbat ugtiuojbd> tjls

ls k rbekrmk`hb dlaabrbgob arie tjb prkotlob ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb lg tjb skeb pbrlid.

Kt hkst lt sjiuhd `b ebgtligbd tjkt tjb ihdbr `bkmbr iooupktlig ia tjb digm eust `b oig

tbepirkry wltj tjb kotlvlty pjksb ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke. @ut tjb spbotrue kt —?;2 oe.

sjiws k rbekrmk`hb k`sbgob ia juekg lgahubgob ig tjb vbcbtktlig. Tjls ebkgs tjkt kt kgy rktbtjb bkrhy `bkmbr iooupktlig dld git tkmb phkob wjbg tjb juelo hbvbh lg tjb ohky wks airebd.

zigbs 1 kgd 3

Tjb dlstur`kgob lg zigb 1 wks okusbd `y lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb iutbr surriugdlgcs, wjlhb

tjb digm ltsbha wks kppkrbgthy git usbd air lgjk`ltktlig ir juekg kotlvlty. Lg tjb wjihb pbrlid

`btwbbg tjb Q@@/@S@ lgjk`ltktlig pjksb kgd tjb ebdlkbvkh rbohkektlig tjbrb krb ighy twi

pbrlids wjbg tjls eky jkvb jkppbgbd> tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb, lg wjloj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd

rldcb wks wldbhy lgjk`ltbd, kgd Piekg tlebs, wjbg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

wks khsi tjb sobgb ia lgtbgslvb lgjk`ltktlig. K oiepkrlsig wltj tjb dktlgcs kgd dbptjs ia tjb

vkrlius zigbs lg dlkcrke LL ia Eihbgkkrscrkka (p. ;:<) ekmbs lt kppkrbgt tjkt zigb 1 dktbsarie tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb kgd tjkt trkobs ia tjb Piekg pbrlid wbrb hist durlgc tjb ebdlkbvkh

rbohkektlig (zigb 3). Tjls ebkgs tjkt wb eust kssueb tjkt tjb tip ia tjb dlkcrke wks dlstur`bd

durlgc tjb ebdlkbvkh rbohkektlig. Tjkt tjls dlstur`kgob kgd tjb baabot ia tjb rbohkektlig ig

tjb pbkt wbrb oivbrbd `y tjb ohky (4) ebkgs tjk t jbrb tii tjl s ohky ls dktbd katbr tjb ;;tj-

;0tj obgturlbs K.D.





;44 JK^BGDIGM

?.2. TJB ALGD_ "

?.2.;. VITTBP\

?.2.;.;. Cbgbrkh rbekrms.

Tjb pittb ry `bhigcs ti k gue` br ia dlaabrbgt ouhturbs, sieb ia tjbe wbhh mgiwg, ù t pkrt hy

git dbsorl`bd `bairb. Ig kooiugt ia tbojglokh pbouhkrltlbs (tbepbrlgc, wky ia oigstruotlig,

alglsj), sjkpb kgd dboirktlig wb eky dlstlgculsj tjb criups dlsoussbd `bhiw. Tjb dlstrlùtlig

ia tjbsb criups ivbr tjb tjrbb bxokvktlig plts sjiws slcglalokgt dlaabrbgobs, ks wlhh `b sbbg arie

tjb dlstrlùtlig ekps kt alcs. 46-42.

L

• s

•;666

326

266

.

A = > W

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T * •

e

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**KKK N

P

** ½

l I

0 *

? +

Alc. 46. Jkzbgdigm.

Dlstrlùtlig ia

tjb pittbry.

Sblcjt ia tjb sjbrds `y

squkrb kgd lg crkeebs.

Alc. 4;. Jkzbgdigm.

Dlstrlùtlig ia qukrtz-

tbepbrbd pittbry ks

pbrobgtkcb ia tjb titkh

wblcjt.

;. _uaalolbgt ektbrlkh

air bstk`hlsjlgc krbhlk`hb pbrobgtkcb

0. Lgsuaalolbgt ektbrlkh

Alc. 40. Jkzbgdigm.

Dlstrlùtlig ia tjb ahlgt kgd tjb

wirmbd stigb.

Bvbry syeìh rbprbsbgts igb

plbob.

;-4 ahlgt ; krt lako t

0 kxb arkcebgt

? rbtiuojbd ahkmb

4 ahkmb

2 wirmbd stigb.

ls Tjb algds krb rbclstbrbd lg tjb PEI, gis. j ;<1:/;.;-4:.



VITTBP\ ;42

TK@HB ;;

Jkzbgdigho. Vittbry. Sblcjt lg crkeebs

Tbepbrlgc Vlt L Vlt LL Vlt LL L Titkh

_tigb crlt

Viugdbd pittbry

;02<

440;

0164

0103

4?<3

;6:?

:016

:;?;

Titkh 21:6 20?; 24:6 ;1.?<;

• ••••

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e

• •• •

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lg

i

• •• •••

i

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• ••• •••••

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— N@

Alc. 4?. Jkzbgdigm.

Dlstrlùtlig ia dboirktbd

@bkmbr pittbry.

Bvbry dit rbprbsbgts igb

sjbrd.

hI0 *

Alc. 44. Jkzbgdigm.

Dlstrlùtlig ia QH pit

tbry.

Bvbry syeìh rbprbsbgts

igb rle sjbrd.

;. Bkrhy pjksb

0. Hktb pjksb

?. vbry sekhh rle sjbrds

Cbgbrkh rbekrms ig tjb dlstrlùtlig ekps alcs. 46-42>

tjb plts (L-LLL) krb sjiwg euoj ohisbr ticbtjbr tjkg lg akot tjby wbrb.

Air tjb ko tukh sltuktli g sbb alc. ??. Vlt @ ls lgdloktbd wltj "@ " . Algds

wjloj wbrb git oihhbotbd lg squkrbs krb sjiwg `bsldb bvbry plt, ticbtjbr

wltj kg krriw . _okhb ;>?66.

• • •

KK

***K

• •

*

• •K K

• •• •• •*

Q e

•

•

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• • KK

• • • h —

0K

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2 *

Alc. 42. Jkzbgdigm.

Dlstrlùtlig ia sieb typbs

ia dboirktbd "Jkzbgdigm-

pittbry".

Bvbry syeìh rbprbsbgts igb

sjbrd.

;. gklh leprbssligs

0. algb sorktojbd hlgbs

?. sorktojbd leprbssligs4. criivbd hlgis

2. criivbd hlgbs, Q-eitla



;41 JK^BGDIGM

Tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb titkh keiugt ia pittbry (alc. 46), ia wjloj tjb wblcjt pbr squkrb

ls sjiwg, rbvbkhs tjkt tjb uppbr pkrt ia tjb digm shipb ls vbry piir lg algds. Sjbrb lt jkd

`bbg oivbrbd wltj pbkt tjb sjbrds wbrb wbhh prbsbrvbd lg tjb dkrmbr oihiurbd tip ia tjb digm

skgd. Kppkrbgthy tjb oigdltligs ig tjb ugoivbrbd pkrt ia tjb shipb wbrb pkrtlouhkrhy `kd. Tjisb

algds tjkt wbrb qulomhy oivbrbd `y pbkt wbrb sltuktbd durlgc tjb lgjk`ltktlig kt tjb aiit ia tjb

digm. Vri`k`hy wb krb oigobrgbd wltj dlsokrdbd rbausb.

Tjb titkh wblcjt lg bkoj plt ls kpprixlektbhy t jb skeb (tk`hb ;;) ut t jb dlst rlùtlig vkrlbs

oigsldbrk`hy. Lg plt L tjbrb ls k strigc koobgt ig tjb hiwbst pkrt, lg plt LL k aklrhy bvbg dlstrlù

tlig, kgd lg plt LLL eist ia tjb algds oieb arie plt @.

Sb dbsorl`b tjb pittbry `bclgglgc wltj tjb yiugcbst.

?.2.;.0. @bkmbr pittbry

K sekhh, ohbkrhy dlstlgculsjk`hb criup oigslsts ia ojkrkotbrlstlokhhy dboirktbd sjbrds,

tbepbrbd wltj piugdbd pittbry kgd `bhigclgc ti tjb vkrlius @bkmbr Ouhturbs (alc. 41). Lg

cbgbrkh lt ls tjlg-wkhhbd (2-1 ee.) kgd aiugd lg sekhh sjbrds. K abw tjlom sjbrds, khsi ksslcgbd

ti tjls criup, krb euoj `lccbr. Sb jkvb git `bbg k`hb ti ldbgtlay tjb ugdboirktbd pittbry iatjls criup. Tjb keiugt ia tjls wks pri`k`hy git hkrcb, ks tjb pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktbd pittbry lg

tjbsb ouhturbs cbgbrkhhy sbbes ti `b rktjbr jlcj ;< kgd tjb @bkmbr pittbry ig tjb Jkzbgdigm

ls ighy k sekhh pbrobgtkcb ia tjb titkh keiugt. Tjb @bkmbr sjbrds krb dlstrlùtbd slelhkrhy

ti tjb titkh keiugt ia pittbry, ùt krb oiephbtbhy hkomlgc lg plt LLL (alc. 4?). Tjb algds lg plt

LL krb siebwjkt ihdbr tjkt tjisb lg plt L, ks kppbkrs arie tjb aihhiwlgc dbsorlptlig.

Tjb ektbrlkh arie plt LL lgohudbs k @S@ sjbrd ks tjb ighy dktk`hb algd. K gue`br ia sekhh

sjbrds dboirktbd wTltj k phklg spktuhk, rbbd kgd algcbr leprbssligs (lg Q eitlas) arie tjrbb

dlaabrbgt pits (`bkmbrs) jkvb euoj lg oieeig wltj tjb @S@ pjksb ektbrlkh arie Eihbgkkrs

crkka 06. Sb eust kssueb tjkt ìtj criups krb oigtbepirkgbius. K tjlom sjbrd wltj Q le

prbssligs pri`k`hy khsi `bhigcs jbrb.

Tjb ektbrlkh arie plt L ugohudbs k Q@@ sjbrd, twi sjbrds arie kg bkrhlbr typb ia @bhh

@bkmbr 0; kgd twi sjbrds arie kg Khh-Ivbr-Oird @bkmbr (0 L L `) 00. K rle sjbrd wltj twi pkrkhhbh

oird leprbssligs ugdbr tjb rle ls dlaalouht t i dktb, ùt oiuhd `b arie k V ritr udlg c Aii t

@bkmbr. Sb okggit dktb tjb sekhh sjbrd wltj k abw pkrkhhbh criivbd hlgbs. Tjb twi tjlom sjbrds

dboirktbd wTltj `rikd criivbs wlhh `b arie tjb skeb pit. Lt ls git ybt pissl`hb ti ksslcg k dktb

ti tjb strkgcb rle prialhb. Lg tjls plt khh tjb sjbrds wbrb aiugd lg tjb dkrm-oihiurbd tip ia tjb

digm kgd keigc tjb ektbrlkh wjloj wlhh `b dlsoussbd `bhiw. Ighy tjb Q@@ sjbrd kgd tjb

;< Oa. p. 0<? kgd D. H. Ohkrmb ;<11, ;:;.

06 _bb p. 003.0; Tjb dboirktlig oigslsts ia ugdbo irktbd kgd dboi rktbd zigbs, tjb hkttbr alhhbd wltj jirlzigtkh hlgbs bxboutbd w ltj

k dbgtktbd spktuhk. Tjls eitla ls git wbhh dktbd= lt elcjt `b rktjbr bkrhy kgd rbhktbd ti tjb E@@, ùt lt ioours khsi lg@S tbojglqub. Lg vlbw ia tjb algd olrouestkgobs kgd tjb dbptj (sbb alc. ?:) wb prbabr k rktjbr bkrhy dktlgc.00 Tjb hktb Dr P. _. Hbvlsig studlbd ìtj tjbsb sjbrds durlgc jls study ia tjb oird leprbssligs ig tjb Dutoj

`bkmbr pittbry . Jb dbeigstrktbd tj kt ìtj sjbrds dlsphky k sbqubgob, oigslstlgc ia k rbpbtltlig ia igb "^-twls tbd" kgd

twi "_-twlstbd" twlgbs. Ig tjb rle sjbrd k shlcjt lrrbcuhkrlty ioours gbkr tjb rle. Kooirdlgc ti Dr Hbvlsig (kgd wb

kcrbb wltj jle) wb jkvb git ti di wltj Jäohbbheksojbg (oa. Cbrs`koj ;<23) lg tjbsb kgd slelhkr leprbssligs, ùt wltj k

gue`br ia irdlgkry twlgbd oirds.



QHKKPDLGCBG VITTBP\ ;43

Alc. 41. Jkzb gdig m. @bkmbr pi ttbr y. _okhb ;>0.

k Vl t L ` Vlt L L

sekhh sjbrd wltj tjb Q-eitla hky jlcjbr up, dlrbothy ugdbr tjb pbkt ig tjb skgd surakob (sbbalc. '?:). Tjbsb i`sbrvktligs krb lg kooirdkgob wltj iur mgiwhbdcb ia tjb dbpislts ig tjb digm

shipb, wjbrb tjbrb eust `b k Q@@ hbvbh kìvb tjb ohky wbdcb ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb kgd

ihdbr algds ugdbr lt.

?.2.;.?. Qhkkrdlgcbg pittbry.

@y akr tjb hkrcbst pkrt ia tjb algds arie plt L oigslsts ia sjbrds ia ugdboirktbd vbssbhs

tbepbrbd wltj piugdbd pittbry wjloj wb kttrlùtb ti tjb (hktb) Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb (alc. 43).

Tjb pittbr y ls lg cbgbrkh :-< ee. tjlom, lts surakob ls siebwjkt ugbvbg, sbhdie seiitjhy

alglsjbd kgd gbvbr pihlsjbd. Lg twi lgstkgobs tjb pittbry sbbes ti jkvb `bbg ekdb arie `rikd

`kgds ia ohky, khtjiucj tjls ls ohbkrhy bxobptligkh. Tjb prialhbs sjiw k rle `bgt shlcjthy iut

wkrds kgd k git vbry prigiugobd `bhhy. _jkrp `rbkms lg tjb prialhb ia tjb sjiuhdbr di gitkppbkr. Tjb pit `ksbs sjiw gi ir kg ighy shlcjthy prinbotlgc aiit. Tjb wkhh rlsbs stbbphy

upwkrds. Tjb pittbry oigaires lg tjb eklg ti tjb hktb QH pittbry arie Qiirsojitbg, wltj tjb

`ksb-typbs @ kgd O kgd tj b rle-typb s k kgd `. Tjb iutwkrd ` bgt rles sbbe ti `b rktjbr

ugoieeig, jiwbvbr, lg tjls pittbry khtjiucj tjby di siebtlebs ioour 0?.

0? Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13, alc. ;6, ??. Tjb pittbry kt alc. ?? ls, jiwbvbr, tbepbrbd wltj qukrtz crlt.



;4: JK^BGDIGM

L

r 5 li.3

Alc. 43. Jkzb gdigm. Hktb QH pitt bry. _okhb ;>0.

k, d) Vlt L `, b) Vlt LL o, a) Vlt LL L



QHKKPDLGCBG VITTBP\ ;;!½

Alc. 4:. Jkzbg digm . QH pit tbry . _okhb ;>0.

k) Twi sjbrds wltj rbpklr jihbs, tjb hbat igb kg Bkrhy QH rle sjbrd.

`) Pboigstruotbd arkcebgt ia kg Bkrhy QH pit.

Ia tjb ;< hkrcb rle prialhbs arie plt L wb jkvb drkwg k rbprbsbgtktlvb sbhbotlig ia 2

bxkephbs. Lg tjb itjbr plts tjb hktb QH ektbrlkh jkrdhy ioours kt khh (alc. 44), kgd wjbg lt

dibs lt ls, wltj igb bxobptlig, ighy `y lts tbepbrlgc kgd alglsj tjkt lt eky `b lgohudbd lg tjls

criup, kgd tjls ls lgsuaalolbgt ti dk tb lt pripbr hy ks (hktb) Qhkkrdlgcbg.

Bkrhy QH pittbry ls sokrob, ùt wb oigsldbr tjkt tjb sjbrds ia twi pits, ìtj arie plt L,`bhigc ti tjls criup (alc. 4:). Lt ls ugdboirktbd pittbry, rlojhy tbepbrbd wltj `rimbg qukrtz,

cbgbrkhhy 3-;; ee. tjlom kgd wltj k surakob si seiitjhy alglsjbd tjkt tjb tbepbrlgc ls jkrdhy

vlsl`hb. Igb ia tjb rle sjbrds sjiws k rbpklr jihb kgd k gkrriw jihb ìrbd ugdbr tjb r le,

wjloj eust jkvb `bbg ekdb `bairb tjb alrlgc. Tjb prialhb ia k hkrcb pit wltj k ùhclgc `bhhy

kgd kg bvbrtbd rle, ugdbr wjloj wks k hlgb ia sekhh jihbs, oiuhd `b rboigstruotbd arie k





JK^BGDIGM VITTBP\ ;2;

Alc. 4<. Jkzbgdigm. "Jkzbgdigm p ittb ry" . Vlt L. _okhb ;>0.

sjkhhiw criivb ig tjb surakob ia tjb pit ls drkwg, wltj bvbry tleb k hltthb huep

ia ohky kt lts bgd (alc. 4<, hiwbr riw= alc. 2;, elddhb) 03 ,

— oiepkrk`hb leprbssligs, ùt okrrlbd iut wltj k sekhh stlom ir siebtjlgc ia tjkt mlgd,

— leprbssligs ia kg lrrbcuhkr `hugt i`nbot,

— lrrbcuhkr, aklrhy dbbphy out, higc pkrkhhbh vbrtlokh hlgbs,

— k dbhl`brktbhy strigchy riucjbgbd surakob (alc. 2?),— k mlgd ia `rusj ekrm (alc. 4<, kìvb).

Khtjiucj oiephbtb pit s okggit `b rboigstruo tbd, wb jkvb gbvbrtjbhbss sieb hkrcb arkcebgts

(khh arie p lt @), wjloj clvb k ciid ldbk ia tjb sjkpbs ia tjb pi ttb ry. Tjbsb kppbk r ti `b prbdie

lgkgthy `krrbh, `khh kgd ìwh sjkpbs. Tjb rles krb usukhy ourvbd lgwkrds. K gue`br ia prialhbs

sjiw k plgojbd-iut, siebwjkt tjlggbr rle `bhiw wjloj tjb plgojlgc jks okusbd k sjiuhdbr.

Piugd `ksbs wjloj jkvb `bbg ahkttbgbd kgd irdlgkry ahkt `ksbs ioour khigcsldb bkoj itjbr.

Tjb alrst typb siebwjkt rbsbe`hbs tjb si-okhhbd Skombhìdbg, bspbolkhhy `bokusb tjb wkhh

dibs git rlsb kt khh stbbphy 0:. Kt tjb ighy ahkt `ksb tjb wkhh dibs rlsb, jiwbvbr, aklr hy stbbp hy.

Ig tjrbb sjbrds k jirlzigtkh mgi` bkr ioours= twi ia tjbsb khsi sjiwbd k sekhh sjiuhdbr.

Vbrairktligs ekdb `bairb alrlgc ioour igob ig k sjbrd dboirktbd wltj ojkrkotbrlstlo sorktojbd

03 Ig igb pit khh pissl`hb vkrlktli gs ia tjls typ b ia leprbssligs kgd "i rd lgk ry " algcbrtlp leprbss ligs okg ioour.

Ti tjb kutjir tjb " sorktoj bd" typb ia leprbssligs ls git mgiwg ig kgy i tjbr typb ia prbjlstirlo pittbry lg tjb Gbtjbr

hkgds, khtjiucj tjb tbojglqub sbbes ti `b mgiwg ig sieb Lrig Kcb wkrb (oa. Ebzcbr ;<1L).

0: Air Skombhìdbg sbb> _ojwk`b dlssbg ;<23/ '2:, 3, a lc. ;;= Dbloje øhhbr ;<12, :.







;24 JK^BGDIGM

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«£•.-.

h*- ' . — EL WWW-

Alc. 20. Jkzbgdigm. "J kzbgdig m pit tbry ". Rppbr riw arie Vlt L LL , khh itjbrs arie Vlt @. _okhb ;>0.



ITJBP TITTBP\ ;22

Alc. 2?. Jkzbg digm . Twi dbhl`brktbhy riucjbg bd sjbrds arie Vlt @. _okhb ;>0.

algcbr leprbssligs. Kppkrbgthy tjls wks igb ia k riw (pkrthy lgoiephbtb) ia pbrairktligs ugdbr

tjb rle ia tjb pit.

Lg plt L tjls pittbry aires ighy k sekhh pbrobgtkcb ia tjb titkh (alc. 42). Lg plt LL kìut

26% ia tjb algds `bhigc ti tjls criup. Lg plt LLL tjls pittbry prbpigdbrktbs. Eist ia tjb algds

tjbrb, jiwbvbr, oieb arie plt @. Lg tjb sekhh gue`br ia algds iutsldb lt tbepbrlgc `y piugdbd

pittbry ioours eist arbqubgthy. Igob kcklg lt sbbes tjkt wb krb oigobrgbd lg tjls trlkh plt @

wltj tjb oigtbgts ia k prbjlstirlo rbausb plt. Git ighy lg tjb dlstrlùtlig ekp ia tjb dboirktligtypbs (alc. 42) ùt khsi lg tjb ekp sjiwlgc tjb pbrobgtkcb ia stigb-tbepbrbd pittbry (alc. 4;,

tk`hb ;0) tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjls pittbry ls ohbkrhy bxprbssbd. K sbpkrktb pkrkcrkpj wlhh `b

dbvitbd hktbr ti tjb dktlgc kgd tjb ouhturkh rbhktligsjlps ia tjls "Jkzbgdigm pittbry." K

dktlgc lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo 0<, kìut ?666 @.O., wlhh `b pripisbd ks tjb eist

hlmbhy.

TK@HB ;0

Jkzbgdigm. Vittbry. Pktli ia tbepbrlg c wltj stigb crlt kgd piugdbd pittbry

Tbepbrlgc Vlt L Vlt LL Vlt LL L Titkh

_tigb crlt

Viugdbd pittbry

00.0

33.:

4<.:

26.0

:6.4

;<.1

26.4

4<.1

Titkh ;66.6 ;66.6 ;66.6 ;66.6

?.2.;.2. Itjbr pittbry.

K abw sjbrds tbepbrbd wltj piugdbd pittbry krb git oigsldbrbd ti `bhigc ti tjb hktb

QH Ouhturb. Alrst tjbrb krb tjrbb rle sjbrds ia tjlom-wkhhbd (<-;0 ee.) pits wltj rles ourvbd

lgwkrds (alc. 24 k). Twi rle sjbrds krb ohbkrhy pihlsjbd= igb rle ls `rimbg iaa kt tjb nilgt ia

k ohky `kgd. K aiurtj rle sjbrd, aklrhy `kdhy prbsbrvbd, sjiws k criivbd dboirktlig (Q ir Seitlas) ugdbr tjb rle.

0< Sb prbabr ti dktb tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo lg tjb _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds arie tjb tleb wjbg pihlsjbd ahlgt

kxbs okeb lg usb, slgob tjbrb krb gi itjbr algds, tjkt okg iaabr k `bttbr dbalgltlig. Tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo bgdbd wltj tjb

lgtriduotlig ia tjb Vritudlgc Aiit @bkmbrs.



;21 JK^BGDIGM

r 5 !<

Alc. 24. Jkzb gdigm . Itjbr pit tbr y. _okhb ;>0.

k) _jbrds, tbepbrbd wltj piugdbd pittbry, git QH Ouhturb.

Arie hbat ti rlcjt > Vlt LLL, @, @ kgd LLL.

`) _kgdy pittbry, Vlt LL.



AHLGT ;23

_boigd tjbrb ls k sekhh gue`br ia sjbrds ekdb arie k skgdy ohky eidbrktbhy tbepbrbd

wltj ìtj piugdbd pittbry kgd `rimbg qukrtz, up ti ;2 ee. tjlom. Tjby wbrb aiugd lg twi

sekhh oigobgtrktligs lg plt LL. Tjb sjbrds oiuhd `b nilgbd ti k hkrcb bxtbgt ti tjb lhhustrktbd

rle kgd `ksb arkcebgts (alc. 2? `). Tjb rle arkcebgt jks k jlcj sjiuhdbr wltj k shlcjthy lgwkrd

shiplgc rle. Tjb iutbr bdcb ls `bgt riugd wjloj rbsuhtbd lg k sekhh rldcb nust `bhiw tjb rle.Tjb surakob `bhiw tjb sjiuhdbr ls privldbd wltj higc vbrtlokh algcbr ekrms. Tjb `ksb arkcebgt

sjiws k stbbphy rlslgc wkhh. Igb ia tjb sjbrds, wjloj dibs git alt kgy ia tjb itjbrs, sjiws k

pbrairktlig, ekdb katbr tjb alrlgc. Lg tjls sjbrd tjb nilgt ia k ohky `kgd ls ohbkrhy ti `b sbbg.

Tjb twi `kgds wbrb git phkobd ig bkoj itjbr, jiwbvbr, ks lg tjb Jkzbgdi gm pitt bry, ùt eisthy

mgbkdbd ivbr bkoj itjbr. Lg tjb itjbr sjbrds gi ohky-`kgd nilgts krb vlsl`hb.

Lt sbbes git pissl`hb ti dktb ìtj criups ia sjbrds kt tjb prbsbgt stktb ia rbsbkroj. Lg vlbw

ia tjblr dlstrl`tutlig (khh wbrb aiugd lg tjb plts @ kgd LLL), tjb alrst criup elcjt `bhigc ti tjb

Jkzbgdigm pittbry. @ut wb eust khsi oigsldbr tjb pissl`lhlty tjkt lt jks k sbpkrktb ojrigi

hiclokh pisltlig. Tjb skeb kpphlbs ti tjb sboigd ebgtligbd criup. Ig tjb criugd ia tjblr tbe

pbrlgc, wirmekgsjlp, aire kgd alglsj ìtj pit arkcebgts okg `b khhioktbd ti tjb QH Ouh

turb ?6. @ut tjb sjbrds dlaabr lg sieb rbspbot arie tjb QH ektbrlkh, dbrlvbd arie plt L. Tjb

phkggbd oigtlguktlig ia tjb lgvbstlcktligs elcjt priduob sieb gbw dktk kìut tjls ektbrlkh.

?.2.0. AHLGT (alc. 22, tk`hb ;?)

Ahlgt wks aiugd lg khh tjb plts duc kgd sjiwbd tjb skeb dlstrlùtlig ploturb (alc. 40)

ks tjb pittbry. Lg plt LLL tjb qukgtlty wks siebwjkt sekhhbr, ùt tjls oirrbspigds wltj tjb

hleltbd kei ugt ia pitt bry aiugd iutsldb plt @. Lts ioourrbgob lg plt LL L kgd, lg hbss prigiugobd

ebksurb, lts ioourrbgob lg plt LL sjiws tjkt tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry wks lg kgy oksb kssiolktbd

wltj ahlgt. Tjls ldbk ls strbgctjbgbd `y tjb ioourrbgob ia slx ahkmbs lg plt @, lgohudlgc twi

arkcebgts ia kxbs.

TK@HB ;?

Jkzbgdigm. Ahlgt. Gue`brs

Vlt L Vlt LL Vlt LLL Titkh

Krtlakots ; ; 6 0

Pbtiuo jbd ahumbs 6 ; ; 0

Kxb arkcebgts 4 0 2 ;;

Ahkmbs 40 ?1 ;? <;

Titkh 43 46 ;< ;61

?6 Oa. Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1? bsp. ;<10, alc. 3= Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13, Eiddbrekg ;<2?".



;2: JK^BGDIGM

Alc. 22. Jkzbgdigm. Ahlgt kgd wirmbd stigb. Lg tjb sbotligs pihlsjbd kxb surakobs krb lgdloktbd wltj k jbkvy hlgb.

k-c ahlg t= j-n stigb. _okhb ;>;.

`, d, b — Vlt L c — Vlt LL L

k, o — Vlt LL a, j-n — Vlt @

Aiur ir alvb krtlakots wbrb aiugd>

— k sekhh, aklrhy orudbhy sjkpbd tkgcbd krriw-jbkd, wltj iut `kr`s (alc. 22 `). L t wks

aiugd lg tjb siutj ia plt L keldst tjb guebrius Hktb QH sjbrds aiugd tjbrb. @ut tjb algd-phkob

pbrelts gi obrtklg khhioktlig ti tjls iooupktlig pjksb, slgob rbeklgs ia tjb itjbr criups

("Jkzbgdigm", Bkrhy QH, @bkmbrs) wbrb khsi aiugd tjbrb. Tjb krriw-jbkd ls dlaalouht ti dktb

air typihiclok h rbksigs kgd jks eirb ir hbss ohisb pkrkhhb hs lg wldbhy dlaabrbgt krojkbihiclokh

oigt bxts. Sb mgiw k ciid pkrkhhbh lg k siebwjk t `lccbr spbolebg arie tjb Hlgbk r @kgd-

obrkelo sbtthbebgt kt _lttkrd ?;. Tjb typb ls tjbrb, jiwbvbr, bxobptligkh. Eirb okrbauhhy wirmbd

krriw-jbkds ia tjb skeb mlgd krb cbgbrkhhy kssiolktbd wltj tjb _IE Ouhturb ia Girtjbrg

sl @ ñjebrs & @rulng ;<2:/'2<, ;:1, .411. ;;? gi. ?4:.





;16 JK^BGDIGM

ahlgt wirmbr kppbkrs ti us ti `b tjb eist hlmbhy. Irlclgktlgc arie plt @, lt wiuhd tjbg `b igb

eirb priia ia tjb oirrbhktlig `btwbbg Jkzbgdigm pittbry kgd ahlgt. Lt oigslsts ia k crby, algb

qukrtzltb (alc. 22 n).

— tjb arkcebgt ia k qubrgsti gb, lg vlbw ia tjb shlcjthy oigvbx surakob kpp krbgthy k

ru``br ekdb arie k oikrsb crklgbd rbddlsj skgdstigb.— twi sekhh arkcebgts ia crlgdstigb, igb ia tjbe arie k `kdhy wbktjbrbd cgblss.

Ks tjbrb ls gi hiokh stigb kvklhk`hb ig tjb sltb kgd lts wldb surriugdlgcs, tjbsb plbobs

eust jkvb `bbg `riucjt arie bhsbwjbrb. Tjb skeb rbekrms krb vkhld air tjb Jkzbgdigm ks

wbrb ekdb durlgc tjb dlsousslig ia tjb stigb ektbrlkh arie Eihbgkkrscrkka ?<.

@itj tjb qukrtzltb plbobs wltj criivbs kgd tjb sekhh kgvlh okeb arie plt @, kgd wbrb

tjbrbairb vbry pri`k`hy ekdb `y tjb usbrs ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry. Tjb itjbr stigbs okggit

`b kttrlùtbd ti kgy ia tjb iooupktlig pjksbs.

?.1. TJB "JK^BGD IGM V ITT BP\ " = DKTLGC KGD ORHTRPKH PB HKTLIG _

?.1.;. DKTLGC

Air tjb dktlgc ia tjb gbw pittbry criup, tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry, wb pissbss tjb aihhiwlgc

sueekrlzbd lgairektlig.

— Tjb algds arie plt @ oieb eisthy (<6% ir eirb) arie k prbjlstirlo rbausb plt. Arie

tjls plt @ tjbrb ls gi pittbry irlclgktlgc arie kgy rboicglzk`hb ouhturb. Tjbrb krb, jiwbvbr,

k abw plbobs ia a hlgt, ke igc wjloj k t hbkst igb ls k arkcebg t ia kg kxb ia ivkh sbotlig, kgd aurtjbr

tjrbb plbobs ia wirmbd stigb, wjloj krb qultb dlaabrbgt arie kgytjlgc bhsb aiugd lg tjb bxokvk

tlig.

— Tjb dlstrlùtlig ploturb ia tjb bxokvktbd pittbry dlaabrs si oigsldbrk`hy arie tjkt

ia khh itjbr criups ia pittbry bgoiugtbrbd (QH-L ti @S@) tjkt kgy oigtbepirkgblty wltj igb

ia tjbsb criups ls iut ia tjb qubstlig.

— Arie tjb dlstrlùtlig ploturbs lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb pittbry ls vbry pri`k`hy kssiolktbd

wltj ahlgt.

— Lg sbotlig J- N k sekhh sjbrd, `y rbksig ia lts wirmekgsjlp ti `b lgohudbd lg tjb J kzbg

digm pittbry, wks aiugd lg k ìrlgc kt kìut ?6 oe. ugdbr k dktbd ihd surakob lg tjb pbkt (0?46

» 46 kgd 02?6 » 46 @.O.). Tjb dbp tj (—?.16 e. GKV) kcrbbs wltj k dktlgc kt hbkst bkrhlbr

tjkg 0266 @.O. K rbkhhy bxkot dktlgc ls dlaalouht ti clvb air twi rbksigs. Alrst, lts sltuktlig ls

si gbkr tjb digm tjkt tjb hbvbhs shipb sjkrphy, wjloj clvbs rlsb ti k oigsldbrk`hb ugobrtklgty.

_boigd, lt ls khwkys pissl`hb tjkt tjb sjbrd eivbd sboigdkrlhy arie tjb digm shipb ti k jlcjbr

(hktbr) pbkt hbvbh. K dktlgc ia tjb sjbrd ia `btwbbg ?666 kgd 0266 @.O. kppbkrs, jiwbvbr, ti

`b vbry hlmbhy.

— Lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke gbkr tjb ìrlgc ebgtligbd kìvb ju ekg lgahubgob ig tjb vbcbtktlig wks rboicglzbd kt k gue` br ia hbvbhs. Khh ù t igb ia tjb zigbs oiuhd `b hlgmbd up wltj

?< _bb p. 00<.



PBHKTLIG_ JK^BGDIGM VITTBP\ ;1 ;

wbhh-mgiwg ouhturbs, pkrthy rbprbsbgtbd lg tjb ektbrlkh aiugd ig tjb digm. Ighy tjb pri

giugobd zigb ?, ;4O dktbd kìut ?666 @.O. kgd lgdloktlgc juekg prbsbgob lg tjb leebdlktb

vlolglty (kt tjb sltb ltsbha) rbeklgbd git k ttr lùt bd. K oirrbhktlig ia tjb gbw pitt bry criup

wltj tjls zigb sbbes ti `b vbry phkusl`hb, tjb eirb slgob tjb dbtklhbd lgtbrprbtktlig ia tjls

pihhbg zigb wks lg ciid kooirdkgob wltj tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb pittbry.La bkoj dktue lg ltsbha jks ighy hleltbd vkhldlty ks priia, tjb titkh gue`br ia tjbsb dktk

ekmbs lt vbry hlmbhy tjkt wltj Jkzbgdigm pittbry wb krb oigobrgbd wltj k Elddhb Gbihltjlo

criup. Tjb pittbry ls kssiolktbd wltj ahlgt kxbs ia k siutjbrg typb kgd eust dktb kìut ?666

@.O., wbhh `bairb tjb QH Ouhturb.

?.1.0. ORHTRPKH @BHKTLIG_

?.1.0.;. Lgtriduotlig

Rgtlh tjb prbsbgt tleb twi criups ia Gbihltjlo algds jkvb `bbg dbalgbd lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds

oikstkh rbclig.Alrst, tjb Hktb Gbihltjlo Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb, wjloj wb jkvb rbabrrbd ti rbpbktbdhy

kìvb. Tjkgms ti k gue`br ia dbtklhbd lgvbstlcktligs ia sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs lt ls giw igb ia

tjb `bst mgiwg ouhturbs ia tjls oiugtry. Tjb bkrhlbst pjksb tiim phkob k ciid alvb obgturlbs

katbr iur dktlgc ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry.

_boigd, tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo algds ia _wlatbr`kgt (tjb "_wlatbr`kgt Ouhturb"). Khtjiucj

ektbrlkh lg kgy oigsldbrk`hb keiugt ls ighy mgiwg arie tjb LNssbhebbr pihdbrs, arie k abw

algds lts prbsbgob khsi lg tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk okg `b koobptbd. Tjb yiugcbst dktlgc ia tjls

criup ia algds ls kt hbkst aiur obgturlbs ihdbr tjkg tjkt ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry. Sltj tjb

prbsbgtktlig ia k tjlrd criup ia Gbihltjlo algds, tjls tleb Elddhb Gbihltjlo kgd dktbd lg tjb

elddhb ia tjb "bepty" elhhbgglue dlvldlgc ìtj ouhturbs, tjb rbhktligsjlps ti ìtj criups

krb kt lssub.

?.1.0.0. Pbhktlig ti tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb

Ektbrlkh ia tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb 46 wks hlmbwlsb aiugd ig tjb Jkzbgdigm kgd tjb akot

tjkt tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry wks bkslhy dlstlgculsjk`hb arie lt khrbkdy lgdloktbs tjkt tjbrb

bxlst k gue`br ia ohbkr dlaabrbgobs `btwbbg ìtj.

Lg wirmekgsjlp tjbrb krb sieb slelhkrltlbs ti tjb bkrhy QH pittbry, bspbolkhhy lg tjb rloj

tbepbrlgc wltj `rimbg qukrtz. Tjb oigstruotlig arie `kgds ia ohky khsi ioours lg tjb QH

Ouhturb, la ighy lg vbry elgir qukg tltlbs . @kgd oigstruotlig eky `b sbbg ti vbry ciid kd vkg tkcb

lg, air bxkephb, tjb QH-L pit arkcebgt ia Khembrm 4;. Tjb hiwbst pkrt ia tjls pit, `btwbbg tjb

`ksb kgd `bhhy, ls ùlht up arie tjrbb `kgds ia kìut 3 oe. `rikd. Lg tjb QH-L sjbrds arie

tjb Jkzbgdigm ltsbha k pissl`hb `kgd oigstruotlig okggit `b ksobrtklgbd `bokusb ia tjb arkc-

46 Ks ti tjb QH Ouhturb, sbb p. 06 a.4; Hiuwb Miiln ekgs ;<1:", tjls pkp br alc. 1. Tjb rbobgthy aiugd QH sjbrd s kt tjb digm lg tjb @ieebhbrwkkrd

(oa. p. 0;) khsi ohbkrhy sjiw k `kgd oigstruotlig.



;10 JK^BGDIGM

ebgtkry ojkrkotbr ia tjb ektbrlkh. Lg k abw QH-LL rles nilgts `btwbbg `kgds ia ohky krb,

jiwbvbr, ohbkrhy rboicglzk`hb lg tjb arkoturb. Lg tjb ektbrlkh arie Jbmbhlgcbg 40 tjb `kgd oig

struotlig eky khsi `b sbbg lg k abw bxkephbs. Lg tjb pittbry arie Qhkkrdlgcbg ltsbha lt dibs git

lg kgy oksb cbgbrkhhy ioour, kgd pri`k`hy ls hkomlgc bgtlrbhy 4?. Lg tjb surakob trbktebgt tjb

oirrbspigdbgob ls sekhh. Lt vkrlbs lg tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry arie seiitj ti `kdhy alglsjbd,

ls vbry okrbauhhy digb bspbolkhhy lg tjb QH-L pittbry, si tjkt tjb tbepbrlgc wltj stigb ls

jkrdhy vlsl`hb, kgd lg QH-LL pittbry ls ia hiwbr qukhlty.

Tjbrb ls k crbkt oigtrkst lg tjb kssirtebgt ia sjkpbs. Ples ourvbd lgwkrds, riugd sjkpbd

kgd `krrbh-sjkpbd pits di git ioour lg tjb QH Ouhturb, gir di ahkttbgbd riugd ìtties 44.

Ighy tjb sjiuhdbr ls sbbg lg ìtj criups, la lg dlaabrbgt aires. Ig tjb Jkzbgd igm, eirbivbr,

ohky-dlsos kgd oihhkrbd ahksms krb git aiugd, gbltjbr lg tjb Jkzbgdigm gir tjb QH pittbry,

si tjkt lt ls git gbobsskry ti kttkoj euoj slcglalokgob ti wjbtjbr ir git tjby ioour. Tjb aklrhy

bxtbgslvb ektbrlk h ia Jbmbhlgcbg oigtklgs, air bxkephb , khsi ighy twi ohky-dlso arkcebgts kgd

gi oihhkrbd ahksm arkcebgts kt khh 42.

Twi rbekrmk`hb ojkrkotbrlstlos bspbolkhhy ia Bkrhy QH pittbry krb (usukhhy pilgtbd)

mgi` bkrs kgd (iatbg ugalglsjbd) pbrairktligs ugdbr tjb rle. Vbrairktligs ia tjb skeb typb ioour

igob lg tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry. Mgi` bkrs krb oieeig, khtjiucj tjby krb jirlzigtkh lg aire.

Tjb eist strlmlgc dlaabrbgob `btwbbg tjb twi criups ia pittbry ls tjb dboirktlig. Lg

tjb QH Ouhturb tjbrb ls jkrd hy kgy, ir lt ls hleltbd ti k abw sorktojbd- lg hlgbs. Tjb rloj dboirk

tlig ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry jks `bbg dbsorl`bd kìvb. Khtjiucj lt ls slephb lg bxoboutlig

kgd eitlas lt pissbssbs k gue`br ia jlcjhy lgdlvldukh ojkrkotbrlstlos, wjloj wbrb kppkrbgthy

git okrrlbd ig lgti tjb QH Ouhturb.

Oieeig ti tjb QH Ouhturb kgd tjb Jkzbgdig m pitt bry ls tjb usb ia siutjbrg ahlgt kxbs

kgd tjb ioourbgob ia ahkmbs arie tjbsb. Vissl`hy tjb ioourrbgob ia tjb tip ia k pilgtbd kxb ig

tjb Jkzbgdigm ls k gitk`hb ojrigihiclokh dlaabrbgob.

Ti sueekrlzb, wb succbst tjkt tjb dlaabrbgobs gitbd krb si crbkt tjkt kgy ouhturkh oig

tlgulty `btwbbg tjb usbrs ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry kgd tjb QH Ouhturb, wjloj spkgs tjb aiur

lgtbrebdlktb obgturlbs, okg `b ruhbd iut. Bvbry oiepkrlsig rbvbkhs oigtrksts — lg tjb aire,dboirktlig kgd wirmekgsjlp ia tjb pittbry. Kt eist k abw bhbebgts ia tjb QH pittbry okg

`b trkobd `kom ti tjb Jkzbgdigm trkdltlig, suoj ks tjb wky tjb ohky `kgds krb nilgbd ticbtjbr,

tjb rkrb dboirktlig wltj hlgbs kgd tjb sjiuhdbr mlgm.

?.1.0.?. Pbhktlig ti "_wlatbr`kgt"

Sltj tjb dlsoivbry ia tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs kt _wlatbr`kgt lg tjb girtj ia tjb Bkst

Ahbvihkgd pihdbr lt jks `boieb pissl`hb ti dbalgb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb Girtjbrg

E Eiddbrekg ;<2?".;? Sb tjk gm L'ria Dr S. Chks`brcbg kgd tjb stkaa-ebe`brs ia tjb LV V, Kes tbrdke , air tjb pbrelsslig ti sbb kgd

study tjb ektbrlkh ia tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg sltb vkrlius tlebs.44 Tjbrb ls ighy igb riugd `ksb (kgd tjls ls rboigstruotbd) mgiwg ia tjb QH Ouhturb (Qkg Pbclbrb g Khtbg k bt kh.

;<10/'1?, ;<10, alc. 3).;2 Khtiucj tjb bxokvktir ldbgtlalbd ìtj sjbrds ks ohky dlso arkcebgts lg tjb e.s. algd-hlst jb dld git ebgtlig

tjbe lg tjb pu`hloktlig (Eiddbrekg ;<2? k).



PBHKTLIG_ JK^BGDI GM VITT BP\ ;1 ?

Gbtjbrhkgds lg tjb 4tj elhbgglue 41. Jbrb wbrb sbvbg tbrrklgs hylgc ig tjb tips ia Bkrhy Jihi-

obgb dugbs kgd ig tjb gkturkh hbvbbs ia airebr rlvbr oiursbs dktlgc arie Okhkls LL kgd `bhigclgc

ti tjb LNssbh systbe 43

. Twi tbrrklgs, tjb igb ig k gkturkh hbvbb (C 40), tjb itjbr igb ig k dugb

tip (J 41), wbrb pkrthy bxok vktbd . Kt prbsb gt tjb @KL , Criglgcbg, bxboutbs rbgbwbd bxokvk tligs

ig k hkrcb r sokhb kt ìt j sltbs. '

Khtjiucj ìtj sltbs sjiw sieb dlaabrbgobs, tjb ekgy slelhkrltlbs nustlay k oieeig dbs

orlptlig. Kt ìtj sltbs k oikrsb pittbry cibs ticbtjbr wltj k elorihltjlo ahlgt lgdustry ia rktjbr

piir qukhlty, rbhktbd ti tjb wbhh-mgiwg airbcilgc Ebsihltjlo trkdltlig(s) lg tjls oiugtry.

Tjb pittbry wks tbepbrbd bltjbr wltj stigb crlt (pkrobh J 41), wltj irckglo ektbrlkh (pkrobh

C 40) ir (hbss oieeig) piugdbd pittbry, kgd ohbkrhy ùlht up arie gkrriw `kgds, kìut ? oe.

wldb, phkobd kcklgst bkoj itjbr wltj pbrpbgdlouhkr nilgts kgd `kdhy mgbkdbd ticbtjbr. Tjb

`ksbs wbrb pilgtbd kgd pbrjkps siebtlebs riugd. Tjb pits cbgbrkhhy jkd k ùhclgc `bhhy,

siebtlebs k gbom mlgm kgd kg bvbrtbd rle. Tjb spkrsb dboirktlig oigslsts ia vkrlius typbs ia

algcbrtlp kgd gklh leprbssligs, sekhh kgd dbbp plts kgd sjirt pkrkhhbh criivbs. Tjb krrkgcbebgt

lg jirlzigtkh ir vbrtlokh riws prbvklh. Lg sieb lgstkgobs tjb lggbr sldb ia tjb rle ls dboirktbd.

Lg tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs sekhh jbkrtj phkobs wbrb aiugd. Kt ìtj sltbs k gue`br ia crkvbs,

wltj tjb dbkd bxtbgdbd ig tjblr `koms, wbrb dlsoivbrbd. Tjb kcb ia tjb hbvbb dbpislts kgd tjb

jblcjt ia tjb dugb tip privldb k dktb lg tjb elddhb ia tjb aiurtj elhhbgglue. Tjrbb ;4

O-dktbs

ckvb tjb skeb rbsuht 4_>

pkrobh J41 CrG 2613 ?116 » 16 (pbkt)

pkro bh C40 Cr G 244? ??26 » 46 (ojkr oikh)

pkr obh C40 CrG 2161 ?2<6 » 12 (ìgb)

Tjb sbtthbebgt kt _wlatbr`kgt privldbs kg bgtlrbhy gbw lgslcjt lgti tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb

Gbihltjlo lg tjb girtj kgd obgtrb ia tjls oiugtry. Sb krb jbrb oigobrgbd wltj k wbstbrg

vkrlktlig ia tjb Brtbìhhb/Bhhbr`bm criup, rbhktbd ti tjb a lgd criups kt Jkeùrc @i`brc

gi . ;4 7'N kgd , la hbss strlot hy, khsi tjis b kt tjb D øee brs bb 26.

Arie tjls pbrlid Qkg dbr Skkhs ekppbd twi typbs ia ojkrkotbrlstlo lephbebgts lg tjlsoiugtry E > tjb Tøhhbgcblobljäxtb (T-sjkp bd kgthb r kxbs) kgd tjb pbrai rktbd @rbltmblhb. Eirbivbr,

sieb gbw sbtthbebgt tbrrklgs jkvb `bbg aiugd> Jbbesb ig tjb Ivbrlnssbh Qbojt2 0

kgd Db Ckstb

gbkr Eippbh 2=l. Khtjiucj sieb Pissbg sjbrds arie tjls oiugtry krb giw mgiwg arie Elddhb

H leùrc 24

lt sbbes ohbkr gbvbrtjbhbss tjkt lg tjb aiurtj elhhbgglue @.O. tjb lgdlcbgius

46 Qkg lhlr XX ' t lllhs ;<30= Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<14, ;<12, ;<12/'ø1. Sb tjkgm Er Qkg dbr Jbldb air tjb ippirtuglty

ti stu dy tjb ektbr lkh = Vria Dr N. D. vkg dbr Skk hs air jls dlsousslig kg d air pbrelsslig ti rbkd tjb e kgus orl pt ia

jls gbw pkpbr kgd ek mb usb ia lt = Dr Bgt b, Gktl igkh _brvlob air tjb LNssbh ebb r Vihdb rs, air jls lgaire ktlig ig tjb

" ( ' d k t b s .

" Mgtb ;<3;.

•'s Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30, :;-:0.

℠ _ojlgdhbr L t t_ / ' E, ;<16, ;<1;.*¶ Dblojeøhhbr ;<1?, ;<12.

sl Qle tb S kk hs ;<30.2 0 Ks gitb 2;.2 ? Ks gitb 2;, kgd pbrs . oiee. Er 6 . J . Jkrsbek , C riglgcbg.2 ; Vbrs. oiee. .Er N. J. A. Llhi bebrs, Ke brsa iirt = khsi> @hibe brs ;<30. Tjb sjbrds arie Pise bbr, @bhclue (Db

Hkot ;<11) obrtklghy di git `bhigc ti tjb Pissbg Ouhturb.



;14 JK^BGDIGM

pipuhktlig jbrb wks sekhh, jkvlgc k prbabrbgob air k wbt bgvlrigebgt, hlvlgc iutsldb tjb

@issbg Ouhturb krbk kgd hlgmbd ti lt `y trkdb oigtrkots lg tjb aire ia tjb lepirtbd @rbltmblhb.

Lt ls ia bspbolkh lepirtkgob ti us tjkt `btwbbg tjb rlvbr ohky krbk (tjb @btuwb) kgd tjb

oikst k gue`b r ia algds wbrb ekdb arie wjloj wb okg oigohudb tjk t tjls "_wl atbr `kgt " criup

wks prbsbgt lg tjls krbk, `bkrlgc lg elgd tjkt tjb dlsoivbry ia tjbsb algds wks sbrliushy hleltbd

`y tjb crbkt dbptj kt wjloj tjb ouhturkh rbeklgs ia tjls pbrlid cbgbrkhhy hlb.

Tjb eist lepirtkgt priia tjkt wb pissbss ls tjb `ksb sjbrd ia _ojlbdke 2_ (alc. 4 k)>

k riugd `ksb arkcebgt, tbepbrbd w ltj irckglo ektbrlk h, wjloj ls vbry slelhkr ti tjb _wlatbr`kgt

ektbrlkh kgd wjloj kt tjb skeb tleb oigtrksts ohbkrhy wltj tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb ektbrlkh,

ìtj lg wirmekgsjlp kgd sjkpb. Aurtjbr study ia tjb algd olrouestkgobs sjiws, eirbivbr,

tjkt tjb lgtbrprbtktlig clvbg `y Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ls eist hlmbhy lgoirrbot kgd tj kt

tjb sjbrd eust irlclgktb arie k hbvbh ia crbktbr kcb tjkg tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb. Tjb dbtklhbd

ìrb skephbs tkmbg `bairb tjb diom's oigstruotlig 2", durlgc tjb ùlhdlgc ia wjlsj tjb sjbrd

wks aiugd, sjiw tjkt k pbkt hkybr wltj k tip kt —1.2 e. GKV wks bridbd wltj tjb bxobptlig

ighy ia tjb kssuebd algd-phkob durlgc tjb dbpisltlig ia k oivbrlgc ohky hkybr. Tjls ohky diu`t

hbss eust `b kttrlùtbd ti tjb Okhkls LQ pjksb. Lg vlbw ia tjb oihiur ia tjb sjbrd kgd tjb lgdlok

tlig tj kt lt wks aiugd " k t k dbptj ia kìu t : e.", lt ls eirb koobptk`hb tj kt tj b sjbrd oiebs arietjls pbkt kgd git arie k cuhhy lg tjb Okhkls LQ dbpislts, tjb prbsbgob ia wjloj okggit `b suppirt

bd `y tjb ìrbd sbotligs bltjbr. Sltj tjb jbhp ia tjb ourvbs air tjb rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh kgd k oirrbo

tlig air oiepkotlig, tjb tip ia tjb pbkt okggit `b dktbd hktbr tjkg ?666 @.O., wjloj ekrms k

tbrelgus kgtb qube air tjb sjbrd.

K sboigd algd arie tjls pbrlid ls tjb pbrairktbd @rbltmblh arie tjb _plnm pihdbr gbkr Cirlg-

ojbe 23. Aurtjbr, tjb Qlkgbg smuhh 2: kgd pissl`hy khsi k okhittb, rbobgthy dlsoivbrbd kt Mkpbh

Kvbzkktj gbkr Tlbh2< , `bhigc ti tjls pbrlid. Tjb ioourrbgob ia lgjk`ltktlig lg tjls pbrlid ig

tjb Jkzbgdigm ltsbha kppbkrs arie tjb pihhbg dlkcrke, ùt jks git ybt `bbg oigalrebd `y kgy

algds. Kt tjb digm gbkr Skkrdjulzbg, euglolpkhlty ia Khembrm, igb sjbrd dboirktbd wltj

sekhh plts ls vbry slelhkr ti sieb ia tjb sjbrds kt _wlatbr`kgt, wjlhb kgitjb r sjbrd sbbes ti `b

k rle sjbrd ia Jkzbgdigm pittbry. _lgob tjb ekss ia tjb sjbrds tjbrb `bhigcs ti tjb QH Ouhturbkgd khh krb surakob algds, wb jkvb jbrb k alrst lgdloktlig ighy, git k priia, ia Bkrhy kgd Elddhb

Gbihltjlo iooupktlig. Lg vlbw ia wjkt jks `bbg skld kìvb kìut ojilob ia elhlbu kgd tjb sltuk

tlig kt _wlatbr`kgt, eirbivbr, wb okg jkrdhy `b surprlsbd tjkt suoj lgjk`ltktlig dibs ioour

lg tjb Pjlgb/Ebusb bstukrlgb krbk.

K oiepkrlsig ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pit tbry wltj tjk t ia tjb abw obgturlbs ihdbr _wlatbr`kgt

sjiws k gue`br ia gitbwirtjy slelhkrltlbs. Lg tjb wirmekgsjlp lt ls git si euoj tjb usb ia

`rimbg qukrtz air tbepbrlgc (ks kt J 41) tjkt strlmbs igb, ks tjb ùlhdlgc-up arie `kgds ia

ohky phkobd ig tip ia bkoj itjbr kgd ighy orudbhy mgbkdbd ticbtjbr. Tjbsb `kgds krb siebwjkt

22 Eiddbrekg ;<22¶= oa. Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1 ?, ;<10, ;<-06. Tjb hist sjbrd wks rbdlsoivbrbd sieb

ybkrs kci kgd ls giw lg tjb PEI wltj gi. j ;<1</;.;.21 Sb tjk gm Er K. @brcmittb, ùlhdlgc dbpkr teb gt ia tjb Slhtig- Abybgii rd _jlp \krd, air jls arlbgdhy jbhp.23 Kppbgdlx L, ;-0;.2: Kppbgdlx L, ;-;6.2< Git lgdloktbd ig tjb ekp kt alc. 0, kwkltlgc dbalgltlvb dbtbrelgktlig.



PBHKTLIG_ JK^BGDIGM VITTBP\ ;1 2

wldbr ig tjb Jkzbgdigm tjkg kt _wlatbr`kgt, wjbrb tjby krb bvbg wldbr tjkg tjb usukh gkrriw

rihhs (ir oilhs) ia tjb Brtbìhhb/Bhhbr`bm pittbry, Tjb okrbhbss surakob trbktebgt ls kgitjbr kspbot

oieeig ti ìtj, ùt tjb slelhkrlty ia dboirktlig tbojglqub kgd eitlas ls euoj eirb rbekrm

k`hb. Tjb cbgbrkh usb ia rbcuhkr algcbrtlp kgd gklh leprbssligs ls k dielgktlgc abkturb ia ìtj

criups. Tjbrb krb ia oiursb dlaabrbgobs lg dbtk lh> tjb K eitlas, air bxkephb, krb aiugd ighy kt_wlatbr`kgt, kgd tjb "sorktojbd leprbssligs" ighy kt tjb Jkzbgdigm.

Bgtlrbhy oigtrkstlgc wltj tjb slelhkrltlbs lg tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd pilgts krb tjb sjkpbs

ia tjb pittbry> `ksb kgd rle sjkpbs ig tjb Jkzbgdigm krb bssbgtlkhhy dlaabrbgt arie tjisb

ia _wlatbr`kgt. Ks wb dbduob gbvbrtjbhbss arie tjb itjb r pilgts ia slelhkrlty k ouhturkh rbhktlig

sjlp, lt ls gkturkh tjkt tjb irlclg ia tjb aire typihicy ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry sjiuhd `b

qubstligbd.

?.1.0.4. Pbhktlig ti itjbr Gbihltjlo criups

Tjbirbtlokhhy tjbrb krb tjrbb pissl`hb wkys ti bxphklg tjb aires ia tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry>

k typihiclokh dbvbhipebgt durlgc tjb aiur obgturlbs dlaabrbgob lg tleb, tjb lgahubgob ia siutjbrg

ouhtu rbs, ir k oie `lgktlig ia ìtj. Kgy ojilob ia igb ia tjbsb pissl`lhltlbs ls bxtrbebhy spbouhktlvb, ks wb jkvb prkotlokhhy gi mgiwhbdcb ia tjb Gbihltjlo pittbry lg tjb _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds

katbr tjb tleb ia tjb @kgdobrkelo Ouhturb, kgd wjkt wb di mgiw ls hleltbd ti tjb Elddhb

Hleùrc Ebusb vkhhby.

Alrst wb mgiw tjbrb tjb "Hleùrc Ouhturb" 16, oigtbepirkgbius wltj, ùt pbrlpjbrkh

ti tjb rbclig ia tjb Hlgbkr @kgdobrkelo Ouhturb. Tjb Hleùrc Ouhturb elcjt rbahbot tjb alrst

stkcb ia "gbihl tjl skt lig" ia lgdlcbgbius Ebsihltjlo criups lg tjb alatj elhbggllle. K gbx t

stkcb ls airebd `y tjb khrbkdy ebgtligbd Pissbg rbeklgs :;, nilglgc tjb dlstrlùtlig krbk lg

tjb gbkr`y Cbrekg dlstrlots. Arie tjb tjlrd elhbgglue k abw eidbst algd criups krb mgiwg lg

Elddhb Hleùrc kt Bojt1 0 , Gbbr 1? kgd Miglgcsìsoj 14. Tjb oihhkrbd ahksm ls k oieeig

ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjbsb kssbe`hkcbs, tjb ouhturkh rbhktligsjlps ia wjloj stlhh sbbe ti `b ugohbkr.

Sjbg wb oigsldbr k wldbr rbclig, tjbrb krb lg tjb alrst lgstkgob tjrbb criups tjkt elcjtjkvb oigtrlùtbd ti tjb siutjbrg Dutoj Elddhb Gbihltjlo. Alrst, tjb @bhclkg Elojbhs`brc

criup 12, algds ia wjloj wbrb dlsoivbrbd ks girtj ks tjb Dutoj ìrdbr kt Hieebh kgd Kgtwbrp,

ùt git (ybt) lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds ltsbha. Tjb pissl`lhlty ia kg ioourrbgob ia tjb Elojbhs`brc

Ouhturb lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, ks akr ks (tjb ybt oiephbtbhy `hkgm !) Girtj @rk`kgt ls oigobrgbd,

eust `b sbrliushy oigsldbrbd. _boigd, tjb jbsslsojb Ckhbrlbcrä`br 16, tjkt oigtklgbd pittbry

wjloj sbbes ti jkvb lts rbhktligsjlps prbdielgkgthy ti tjb wbst, wltj tjb Arbgoj Ojkssìbg.

Tjby jkvb tjb arbqubgt oihhkrbd ahksms lg oieeig wltj tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo algds lg tjb Dutoj

'8" Eiddbrekg ]636, ;;;;'. kgd ;<1½½.1; _bb gitb 24.10 Lgvbstlcktlig ia Er J. E. B. vkg Jkkrbg, Bojt. Sb tjkgm jle air tjb ippirtuglty jb ckvb ti us ti study jls

algds.1? @hibebrs ;<36, ;<3;`, o, ;<3?, 06, kn`. 1. _ieb ia tjb Gbbr algds wbrb khsi sjiwg ti us `y Er vkg Jkkrbg.14 Vbrs. oiee. Vria Dr V. N. @. Eiddbrekg.:2 Hlelgc ;<13, Db Hkb t ;<11, Ekrlbg ;<20, alc. 2<= Db Hkb t ;<2:, alc. 00, ;<1:.11 _ojwk`bdlssbg ;<11, bsp. 4?? a. kgd .4 11. ;?, ;4.



;11 JK^BGDIGM

Hleùrc criups. Tjlrd, tjb algds lg tjb _tblg ùrlkh vkuht1 3, tjkt rbahbot tjb lgahubgobs ia

tjb _blgb-Ilsb-Ekrgb Ouhturb (_IE) arie girtjb rg A rkgob . Tjb ùrlkh vkuht jks k ;4O dktb

ia kìut 0:?6 @.O. 1:. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd kg lgdlsputk`hb rbhktligsjlp ls ti `b sbbg wltj tjb

siebwjkt yiugcbr QH Ouhturb. K sekhh criup ia algds arie Titbraiut-Jkhvb Elnh gbkr Blgdji

vbg 1<

kgd k pit arie Slnojbg 36

`bhigc pbrjkps ti tjls pjksb.Sb okg oigohudb arie tjls sjirt survby ia tjb eidbst Gbihltjlo algds lg tjb _iutjbrg

Gbtjb rhkgds tjk t lt ls git pissl`hb ti lgdloktb kgy criup arie wjloj tjb "J kzb gdi gm pi tt br y"

oiuhd jkvb dbrlvbd lts aires. Sb krb, jiwbvbr, sbrliushy jlgdbrbd lg tjls rbspbot `y tjb hkom

ia ektbrlkh. Air sieb slgchb bhbebgts wb okg, jiwbvbr, `b eirb pisltlvb. Lt ls trub tjkt tjb oig

struotlig ia tjb pittbry arie `kgds ir rihhs ls k cbgbrkh ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo

pittbry, ti nudcb `y tjb TP@ «, tjb Elojbhs`brc 30 kgd tjb Elddhb Hleùrc algd criups 3?.

\bt tjbsb khwkys oigslst ia gkrriw `kgds wjloj krb wbhh mgbkdbd ivbr bkoj itjbr kgd alrehy

nilgbd ticb tjbr , kgd tjb pi tt br y ls khwkys ia ciid qukh lty , wl tj k pihlsjbd surakob. Tjb abw

oikrsb, dbhl`brktbhy riucjbgbd sjbrds jkvb tjblr oiugtbrpkrts lg tjb Elojbhs`brc Ouhturb,

tjb ahkt `ksb sjbrd lg tjb pit arie _tblg.

Khtjiucj wb okggit bxkothy gkeb tjb irlclg ia tjb ìwh- kgd `krrbh-sjkpbd aires, lt lstrub tjkt tjbsb aires krb k oieeig abkturb lg tjb oigtbepirkgbius Gbihltjlo criups ia tjb

"wbstbrg trkdltlig", lg wjloj wb khsi algd tjb jirlzigtkh mgi`-bkrs. Tjls kpphlbs ti tjb Ojks-

sìbg ia Girtj kgd Sbst Arkgob ' 4 kgd khsi ti tjb bkrhlbst pjksb ia tjb Bgchlsj Slgdelhh Jlhh

Ouhturb 32. Ks tjb oriw ahlbs tjb dlstrlùtlig krbk ia tjb hkst gkebd ouhturb ls eirbivbr git

akrtjbr kwky arie tjb Jkzbgdigm, tjkg Elddhb Hleùrc, wjlhb pkrtlouhkrhy kt Vbkoiom's

Akre 31 tjls ouhturb ioours lg kg ldbgtlokh sltuktlig k gd lg k oiepkrk`hb bgv lrige bgt. Jiwbvbr,

ks higc ks eirb oigorbtb priia ls git airtjoielgc ia suoj rbhktligs ti Girtj-wbst Arkgob ir

koriss tjb Girtj _bk lg tjb pbrlid kriugd ?666 @.O. wb okggit `b eirb oigorbtb lg tjls rbspbot

kgd eust vlbw suoj pissl`lhltlbs ighy ks wirmlgc jypitjbsbs 33.

«3

Eiddbrekg ;<14".«: Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<13, ;0<= oa. p. 0?.1< Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'6?, bsp. ;<10, ?0-?4.36 Tjb gkrriw pi t jks k rle wjloj ls shlcjthy `bgt iut wkr ds kgd aiur jirlzigtkh mgi` bkrs. Itjbr pits arie gbkr`y

sltbs kro ugdbglk`hy Drkmbgstblg Rrgs kgd tjb pit ebgtligbd jbrb elcjt `b kgitjbr igb, ùt ia k siebwjkt dbvlktlgc

typb. Ks wb wlhh krcub `bhiw (p. ;13 a.) lt ls vbry dlaalouht ti dlstlgculsj obrtklg mlgds ia Gbihltjlo kgd Elddhb @rigzb

Kcb pittbry, wjbg gi kssiolktligs krb mgiwg. Air tjb Slnojbg pit sbb> Chks`brcbg ;<24, bsp. alc. 2:= Dbg @lbsbg ;<1?,

VL. QLL kgd QLLL = Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk oh kh. ;<10/'1?, bsp. ;<10, ?4-?2.3l Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<12".

'0 Høglgc ;<13, bsp. ;0 a.3? I`sbrvktligs ia tjb kutjir, oa. gitbs 10, 1?.34

Oa. gitb 11.32 L'lccitt ;<24, L.A. _eltj ;<12, 44-4_.31 _bb p. 3?.33 Tjbsb okutlius st ktbe bgts sbbe ti `b oigalrebd `y k rbobgthy dlsoivbrbd sboigd algd criup ia Jkzbg digm

pittbry kt k sltb gkebd Jbt Qirebr gbkr Slnojbg. Jkzbgdigm pittbry ls kssiolktbd tjbrb wltj tjb arkcebgts ia sieb

tjlg-wkhhbd ìwhs, wjloj jkvb tjb `bst oiugtbr pkrts lg tjb @bhclkg Elojbhs`brc criup (Elojbhs`brc L LL kooirdlgc

ti Høglgc ;<13, l.b. kt tjb bgd ia tjb aiurtj elhhbgglue). K abw itjbr sjbrds sjiw prialhbs tjk t rbsbe`hb eist tjis b ia

Slgdelhh Jlhh ìwhs. Tjb kutji r ls prbpkrlgc k dbtklhbd rbpir t ig tjbsb algds tjk t wlhh kppbkr lg tjb Iudjbldm ugdlcb

Ebdbdbhlgcbg ia ;<34 ir ;<32. Tjb " Vbt brì riu cj" sjbrd arie _plbggbs `boiebs giw tjb eirb lgtbrbstlgc (Qbrjby-

hbwbcbg ;<14).



PBHKTLIG_ JK^BGDIGM VITTBP\ ;13

?.1.0.2. Oigohuslig

Sb okg sue up tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry ks k rktjbr lgdbpbgdbgt Elddhb 3: Gbihltjlo criup,

ojrigihiclokhhy jkha-wky "_wlatbr`kgt" kgd tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb. Lt elcjt jkvb lts riits

lg tjb "_wlatbr`kgt" pittbry, ùt kgy rbhktligsjlp ti tjb hktbr Qhkkrdlgcbg wkrb ls jkrdhy

dlsobrgk`hb. La kgy lgahubgobs ia oigtbepirkgbius Gbihltjlo Ouhturbs ig tjls pittbry bxlstbd,tjbg tjbsb eust jkvb oieb arie igb ia tjb bkrhy criups ia tjb Gbihltjlo ia "wbstbrg trkdltlig"

(ks Ojkssìog ir Slgdelhh Jlhh), wjbrb wb bgoiugtbr sieb ia tjb skeb aire ojkrkotbrlstlos. @ut

lg tjls stkcb ia rbsbkroj suoj ldbks jkvb k jypitjbtlokh ojkrkotbr.

?.1.? TJ B LEVI__L@LHLT\ I A K DKTLGC TI TJB (HK TB) @PIG^B KC B

Ig purbhy typihiclokh criugds lt ls pissl`hb ti dktb tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry lg tjb @rigzb

Kcb. Sb eust tjbg rbnbot tjb kssiolktlig wltj ahlgt, tjb oirrbhktlig wltj tjb juekg lgahubgob

lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke kt kìut ?666 @.O. kgd tjb khhioktlig ia tjb sjbrd arie prialhb J-N ti

tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry . Tjls sjbrd wiuhd tjbg jkvb ti `b ksslcgbd ti tjb Bkrhy QH Ouhturb.Gi itjbr algds arie tjls ouhturb wbrb aiugd gbkr tjls prialhb ig tjb digm, jiwbvbr, wjlhb lt

wks prbolsbhy tjbrb tjkt plt @ oigtklglgc bxohuslvbhy Jkzbgdigm pittbry wks sltuktbd. Jlcjbr

tjkg tjb ohky ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb wb algd lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke lepirtkgt juekg lgahu

bgob ig tjb vbcbtktlig ighy lg tjb alrst ;6 oe. ia pbkt ig tjb ohky = tjls lgahubgob eust `b kttrl`

utbd ti tjb Q@@/@S@ iooupktlig. Lg k trlkh plt duc gbkr kgd ti tjb siutj ia plt L gi krojkbi

hiclokh ektbrlkh wks aiugd kìvb tjb ohky ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb. Khtjiucj lt ls dlaalouht

ti dbgy tjbsb eutukhhy suppirtlgc krcuebgts, lt sbbes rbksigk`hb ti us ti dlsouss tjb oigsb

qubgobs ia suoj k dbglkh. Kpkrt arie k dktlgc `bairb tjb QH Ouhturb tjbrb ls khsi tjb pissl`lhlty

ia k dktlgc katbr tjb @S@ pittbry.

Dub ti tjb k`sbgob ia dbhl`brktbhy riucjbgbd pittbry ia tjb typb ia tjb Jkrpstbdt Pkuj-

tñpab, lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry okggit `b dktbd lg tjb Lrig Kcb. Khsi wjkt lscbgbrkhhy mgiwg kì ut lgjk` ltktli g lg tjb krbk ekmbs kg Lrig Kcb lgjk` ltktl ig kt tjls pilgt

ughlmbhy. Arie tjb pihhbg dlkcrke ia tjb Jkzbgdigm gi obrtklg oigohusligs ig tjls su`nbot

okg `b drkwg, ùt arie tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka dlkcrke lt ohbkrhy bebrcbs tjkt khh juekg lgahubgob

bgdbd kt kì ut :66 @.O. ½½.

Tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry ls aklrhy slelhkr lg aire ti tjb Møeebrmbrkelm ia tjb Bhp

Ouhturb. Tjb wirmekgsjlp, jiwbvbr, ls bgtlrbhy dlaabrbgt. Møeebrmbrkelm ls air tjb eist

pkrt tbepbrbd wltj orusjbd orlstkhhlgb riom (crkgltb) kgd git ùlht up wltj `kgds ùt drkwg

up arie tjb `ksb :6. @kgd oigstruotlig ls, jiwbvbr, ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb JQ_/DM_ pittbry :;,

wjloj ls cbgbrkhhy tbepbrbd wltj `rimbg qukrtz. Lt wks pkrtlouhkrhy lg tjb wbstbrg rlvbr krbk,

3: Oa. gitb 0<.

3½ _bbp. ;<6, ;;4.:6 Qkg dbr Skkhs L<C."lk. Tjb wbkm sjiuhdbr wltj tjlg rle ioours keigc itjbrs kt Ekrclngbg Bg m, Dbvbgtbr

(Eiddbrekg ;<11*).:;

B.c. @brcjbe (Qbrwb g ;<11) 2 Lkg ds = Qirstbgìsoj (Eiddbrekg ;<2<¶) 2 `kgd s= Jbl- bg @ibloip (iwg i`sbr

vktligs) sekhh `kgds ia 0-4 oe.= Jktbrt (Juhst ;<10/'1?).



;1: JK^BGDIGM

jiwbvbr, tjkt tjb tbepbrlgc wks digb wltj algb crkvbh :0 . Tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry ls, eirbivbr,

git si tjlom kgd sjiws k dlaabrbgt surakob trbktebgt. Tjb rloj dboirktlig kgd khsi tjb tbojglqub

kgd krrkgc beb gt ia tjb leprbssligs krb, jiwbvbr, ugmgiwg lg ìtj JQ _/D M_ pit tbry kgd

Møeebrmbrkelm. _iebwjkt oiepkrk`hb dboirktlig ioours ighy lg tjb Jiicmkrspbh criu p

lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Lri g Kcb. Tjb dboirktlig ls tjbrb eirb stlahy krrkgcbd, wjlhb tjb aires

ia tjb pi ttb ry krb khsi dlaabrbgt. Lg Jiicmkrspbh tjb pit tbry ls slcglalokgthy hbss tjiriu cjhy

tbepbrbd wltj eirb ir hbss sekhhbr qukgtltlbs ia orusjbd crkgltb. @kgd oigstruotlig dibs lgdbbd

ioour, ùt ls git si kppk rbgt k s ig tjb Jkzb gdigm. Kt Jiicmkrspbh tjb "s orkto jbd" leprbssligs

kgd jirlzigtkh mgi` bkrs krb lg kgy oksb k`sbgt, wjlhb, ig tjb itjbr jkgd, rbkh jkgdhbs, ohky

dlsos wltj k obgtrkh jihb, splgdhb-wjirhs, "`bhh-sjkpbd i`nbots", tjlg wbhh-pihlsjbd pittbry kgd

ahlgt slomhb arkcebgts, krb khh k`sbgt ig tjb Jkzbgdigm. Tjb slelhkrltlbs ia tjb wjihb ouhturkh

kssbe`hkcb krb tjbrbairb git vbry leprbsslvb :?. Tjb (lgoiephbtb) pbrairktligs kgd jirlzigtkh

mgi` bkrs krb, jiwbvbr, twi ojkrkotbrlstlos ti `b aiugd lg @rigzb Kcb pittbry :4.

K dktlgc lg tjb H ktb @rigzb Kcb wiuhd tjbrbairb rbqulrb kg lgtb rprb tktli g ia tjb Jkzbgdig m

pittbry ks k criup lg wjloj girtjbrg kgd siutjbrg bhbebgts okg `b rboicglzbd, wjlhb tjb dboirk

tlig aires kg bgtlrbhy gbw bhbebgt wjloj rbioours pbrjkps lg tjb Jiicmkrspbh criup. _uoj

k oigstruotlig ls, jiwbvbr, ughlmbhy air k gue`br ia rbksigs. Alrst, Eihbgkkrscrkka hky durlgc

tjb wjihb ia tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb wltjlg tjb DM_ Ouhturb krbk, wjloj be`rkobd tjb wjihb

oikstkh rbclig kgd tjb Obgtrkh kgd _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds . K strigc girtjbrg lgahubgob kt

tjls pilgt sbbes ti us ti `b vbry ughlmbhy, khtjiucj tjbrb krb lgdbbd sieb lgdloktligs tjkt

tjb lgahubgob ia tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds Ouhturb krbk bxtbgdbd kt tjls tleb ti tjb Qbhuwb kgd

tjb oikstkh strlp :2. _boigd, sieb rbobgt ùt stlhh sokgty sbtthbebgt algds wjloj eky rbprbsbgt

tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb diebstlo pittbry, gkebhy tjisb kt Qbhsbg :1 kgd kt aiur sltbs lg tjb Kh`hks-

sbrwkkrd kgd Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg (igb ia tjbe kt Eihbgkkrscrkka!) :3 krb qultb dlaabrbgt arie

tjb "Jkzbgdigm pittbry".

Sb tjlgm tjkt tjb krcuebgts lg suppirt ia k Elddhb Gbihltjlo dktb, sueekrlzbd lg tjb

ipbglgc hlgbs ia tjls pkrkcrkpj, krb obrtklghy oigvlgolgc bgiucj lg tjblr titkhlty ti nustlay k

dktlgc lg tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo. Tjb kìvb dlsousslig sbrvbd ebrbhy ti dbeigstrktb tjb le

pri`k`lhlty ia sieb pissl`hb khtbrgktlvbs.

:0 B.c. kt ^lndbrvbhd, Jbl- bg @ibloip, Giirdbhiis, Ciudrlkkg kgd Ittihkgd. Kt Qicbhbgzkgc (Cribgekg-vkg

Skktbrlgcb ;<11`) prbdielgkgthy piugdbd pittbry wks usbd.:? @kmmbr & @rkgd t ;<11. Oa. khsi p. 40, gitb <:. Sb tjkgm Dr N. K. @kmmbr, Kestbrdke, air jls oieebgts

ig tjb Jkzbgdigm pittbry.:4

B.c. Qirstbgìsoj (Eiddbrekg ;<2<¶), Gbbr (Jkrsbek ;<12), Glbrssbg, `krriw D 4 (Jihwbrdk ;<;6, bsp. VL.

QLLL).:2

Qlz. tjb siombtbd kxbs ia Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds typb, aiugd ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs.:1 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk lg Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;4;.:3

Oa. p. ;;2, ;32.



4. K HKTB @BHH @BKMBP/@KP@BD SLPB @BKMBP _BTTHBEBGT KGDOBEBTBP\ IG TJB _OJIIGPBSIBPD _TPBKE PLDCB KT

EIHBGKKP_CPKKA, OLPOK ;366 @.O.

Ig tjb skgd ìdy ia kg lepirtkgt aisslh rlvbr oiursb kgd kt k `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy, k sekhhsbtthbebgt dktlgc arie tjb trkgsltlig pbrlid Gbihltjlo/@rigzb Kcb (Q @@ n @S @) jks `bbg bxokvktbd.Tjb sbtthbebgt ls igb ia k gue`br ia oiepkrk`hb iooupktlig uglts ig tjls strbke rldcb, wjlojticbtjbr airebd k sekhh bhigcktbd jkehbt. Lg tjb sbtthbebgt twi su`sbqubgt jiusb phkgs wbrbrboicglzbd. Tjrbb crkvbs kgd kg ix ùrlkh oigtklgbd wbhh-prbsbrvbd smbhbtigs> kg bxtrkirdlgkry

pjbgiebgig lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjb lgvbstlcktlig ia tjb cuhhy alhhlgc ylbhdbd euoj lgairektligkìut tjb su`slstbgob boigiey kgd bgvlrigebgt. Lt wks pissl`hb ti oigstruot k dbtklhbd ojrigihiclokhdlkcrke ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Tjb trkgsltlig arie Gbihltjlo ti @rigzb Kcb sbbes ti `b ekrmbd `y k crbktebksurb ia (ouhturkh) oigtlgulty. Tjb ouhturkh `komcriugd ia tjb jiusb-phkgs, algds kgd crkvbs krbdlsoussbd lg k sbpkrktb pkrkcrkpj.





4.;. LGTPIDROTLIG

4.;.;. DL_OIQBP\ KGD BZOKQKTLIG

Lg tjb siutj-bkst ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka pihdbr tjb ebe`brs ia tjb KSG wirm-criup"Hbm bg Ebrwbstrbbm" dlsoivbrbd lg Nugb ;<11 k sekhh Hktb Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgt hylgc igtjb skgd ìdy ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Lt kppbkrbd siig tjkt kg ugusukh cbihiclokhsltuktlig dlstlgculsjbd tjls sltb arie algd phkobs wjloj jkd khrbkdy `bbg dlsoivbrbd siebybkrs prbvliushy. Air tjls rbksig tjb sbtthbebgt wks sbhbotbd air bxokvktlig h. Tjb bhbvktligig wjloj tjb algd phkob hky wks koobgtuktbd `y kg kdnilglgc dbprbsslig, airebd `y k cuhhyouttlgc rlcjt koriss tjb rldcb, alhhbd wltj pbkt. Tjls sekhh wktbr oiursb kppkrbgthy privldbdkg kttrkotlig ti tjb prbjlstirlo lgjk`ltkgts. Kt tjb tleb ia tjb bxokvktlig tjrbb itjbr oiepkr-

Alc. 21. _ltuktlig ia Eihbgkkrscrkka.

; Tjls sltb wks gkebd "Eihbgkkrscrkka". Tjb Jkzbgdigm, khtjiuc j khsi sltuktbd lg tjb euglolpkhlty ia Eihbgkkrscrkka wks gkebd "Jkzb gdig m", ir "Jkzbgdigm-Eihbgkkrscrkka". Vrbhlelgkry gitbs ig tjb bxokvktlig> Hiuwb Miiln-

ekgs ;<11½, ;<13o, Hbbuwls ;<11.



;30 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

k`hb sbtthbebgts wbrb mgiwg kt slelhkr cuhhlbs 0. Tjb eitlvbs air bspbolkhhy sbhbotlgc tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka sltb air bxokvktlig wbrb aklrhy lgslcglalokgt. Igb wks lts prixlelty ti tjb Jkzbgdigm,wltj wjloj Eihbgkkrscrkka oiuhd `b hlgmbd `y k cbihiclokh sbotlig. Kgitjbr — git tjb hbkst —•

wks tjb arlbgdhy oiipbrktlig kgd lgtbrbst ia tjb iwgbr ia tjb hkgd, Er K. @iig, kgd jls wlhhlgc

gbss ti clvb pbrelsslig air tjb lgvbstlcktlig.Tjb bxokvktlig wks okrrlbd iut lg twi ipbrktligs> ;2tj Kucust ti ?6tj _bptbe`br ;<11kgd ;3tj Nuhy ti ;:tj Kucust ;<13 ? . Bxobpt air tjb dlcclgc ia k oriss-sbotlig ivbr tjb cuhhy(plt O:) khh tjb wirm wks digb `y jkgd, lg plts ia 2 `y 06 ebtbrs lgdloktbd `y k hbttbr-gue`broie`lgktlig 4. Tjbsb bxokvktlig plts wbrb ekdb kt rlcjt kgchbs ti tjb dltojbs, kpprixlektbhypkrkhhbh ti tjb kxls ia tjb rldcb kgd kpprixlektbhy kt rlcjt kgchbs ti tjb cuhhy. Khtjiucj tjbplts wbrb ia ekxleue slzb air baalolbgt wirm, lt sbbes gbvbrtjbhbss tjkt tjby wbrb tii gkrriwti privldb k ciid cbgbrkh vlbw. Kt hktbr bxokvktligs ia slelhkr sltbs wb wirmbd tjbrbairb lgplts ia euoj hkrcbr dlebgsligs 2. Tjb krbk ia tjb bxokvktbd tbrrklg ls ;066 e 0.

4.;.0. TJB CBIHICLOKH KGD KPOJKBIHICLOKH _LTRKTLIG

Tjb cbihicy kgd lgjk`ltktlig jlstiry ia tjb rbclig wjbrb Eihbgkkrscrkka ls sltuktbdwbrb auhhy dbkht wltj lg Vkrt LL ia tjbsb studlbs. Ks ti tjb cbihiclokh sltuktlig ia tjb bxokvktbdtbrrklg tjb pkrkcrkpjs 0.4.2.;-?, dbkhlgc wltj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb kgd tjb `rbkmtjriucj ojkggbhs krb rbhbvkgt. Tjbsb pkrkcrkpjs eky `b rbkd ks kg lgtriduotlig ti tjb aihhiwlgc kooiugt ia tjb cbihiclokh sltuktlig ia tjb leebdlktb surriugdlgcs ia tjb bxokvktlig.

Tjb krojkbihiclokh bgvlrigebgt, dlsoussbd lg pkrkcrkpj 0.2.?.4. ls ia bxtrbeb lepirtkgobair k ciid ugdbrstkgdlgc ia tjb bxokvktbd sbtthbebgt, dlsoussbd lg tjb aihhiwlgc pkcbs. Sbdbeigstrktbd tjkt "Eihbgkkrscrkka" ls pkrt ia k higc rl`ìg-hlmb Q@@/@S@ sbtthbebgt,oigslstlgc ia kìut sbvbg "iooupktlig obgtrbs", ia wjloj "Eihbgkkrscrkka" ltsbha ls tjbwbstbrgeist. _tkrtlgc arie kg bstlektb ia tjb kvklhk`hb surakob ia krk`hb hkgd, wb oiuhdokhouhktb tjkt bvbry iooupktlig obgtrb oigslstbd ia ighy igb kgd kt eist ia twi akrebr'sjiusbjihds. Tjb titkh gue`br ia lgjk`ltkgts ia tjb bgtlrb higc sbtthbebgt keiugtbd ?6-26pbrsigs. Tjb sltuktlig ia tjls jkehbt wks kìut jkha-wky k riutb wjloj oiggbotbd tjb Qbhuwbdlstrlot wltj tjb oikstkh rbcligs.

0 Air tj b _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb sbb p. <3 a., air tjb `rb km- tjri ucj ojkggbhs sbb p. ;66 a., air tjb KSGwirm-criup "Hbm bg Ebrwbstrbbm" sbb p. :0.

? Durlgc ìtj ipbrktligs tj b drkwlgcs wbrb ekdb `y Er N. V. @iicbrd, drkucj tsekg ia tjb Lgstl tutb air Vrbjlstiry, Hbldbg. Elss B. N. @rl gmekg (giw Ers B. N. _ojrbvb-@rlgmekg) ksslstbd durlgc tjb sboigd ipbrktlig kgd tjbwirm ig tjb algds. Tjb dlcclgc wks digb wltj wirmebg ia tjb Miglgmhlnmb Gbdbrhkgdsojb Jbldb Ekktsojkppln (Piykh

Dutoj Pbohkektlig Oiepkgy).4 B.c. @:, K1. Tjb plts krb lgdloktbd kt alc. 31. Tjby wirb bxokvktbd lg tjb aihhiwlgc sbqubgob>

;<11 > @:, @1, K;6, K:, O:, K<, @3=

;<13 > @<, ^<, ^;6, ^:, ^hh.2 Qlz. kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd twi plts ia ;6 Z 46 e. (ticbtjbr 06 Z 46 e.) kgd kt Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic

igb plt ia : Z ;26 e. (tjb strbtoj ia k rikd ugdbr oigstruotlig) wbrb hkld iut. @ut tjls oiuhd ighy `b digb `bokusbia iur bxpbrlbgobs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, wjbrb wb `bokeb kwkrb t jkt tjb sbotligs dld git ylbhd euoj lgairektlig.



Alc. 23. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Oigtiur ekp ia tjb surriugdlgcs ia tjb bxokvktlig. _okhb ;>;6.666. @ksbd ig ebksurbebgts

ia tjb Ouhtuurtbojglsojb Dlbgst (Civbrgebgts _brvlob air Hkgd kgd Sktbr Rsb).

Alc. 2:. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Oigtiur ekp ia tjb dlrbot bgvlrigs ia tjb bxokvktlig `ksbd ig ebksurbebgts lg k systbe

ia 06 e. squkrbs. Bxokvktbd krbk lg `hkom. Kt tjb rlcjt tjb sltb gi. 03/0:. Hbcbgd > sbb alc. 03. _okhb ;>4666.



;34 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. 2<. Khhlhewl wellh. hltb DI. 03/0: (Oa. alc. ;< kgd 2:), sltuk tbd o. 066 e. ti tjb bkst ia "Eihb gkkrscrkka ".

k) @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr pit tbr y. _okhb ;>0. o) Hktb @rigzb Kcb pit tbr y. _okhb ;>0.`) Elddhb @rigzb Kcb pit tbr y. _okhb ;>0. d) Ahlgt sorkpbr kgd dkccbr crlp. _okhb ;>;.

_ieb rbsuhts ia tjb bxokvktlig dlsoussbd lg tjb aihhiwlgc pkcbs wbrb usbd ti rbkoj tjbsboigohusligs. Lt ls git khhiwbd, tjbrbairb, ti kdduob tjbsb akots ks bvldbgob air kgy stktbebgt,ekdb `bhiw, ti kvild olrouhkr rbksiglgc.

Sb wlhh gkeb sieb abkturbs lg tjb leebdlktb surriugdlgcs, wjloj elcjt jkvb jkd tjblrlgahubgobs lg tjb bxokvktbd tbrrklg. Alrst, tjbrb ls tjb sbtthbebgt gi. 03/0: (alcs. ;<, 2:), dktbd



CBIHICLOKH OIGDLTLIG_ ;32

`y Hktb @bkmbr (bsp. @S@), E@K kgd H@K pittbry (alc. 2<)«. K pkrtlouhkr algd ls tjb jkat ia

k ahlgt dkccbr, wjloj ls dkt bd jbrb privls ligkhh y ti tj b Bkrh y @rigzb Kcb ( 5 @S @) ir hktb r=

bkrhlbr iooupk tli g ia tj b sltb elc jt `b uggi tlob d ! Kp kr t arie tjls , wb okg sky tjk t tjb hkt br

pjksbs ia tjb iooupktlig kt Eihbgkkrscrkka krb oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb stkrt ia tjb iooupk

tlig kt sltb 03/0:, ùt tjb iooupktlig tjbrb wks, kppkrbgthy, oigtlgubd ugtlh k eiebgt lg tjbHktb @rigzb Kcb. Tjb prbsbgob ia tjls sbtthbebgt clvbs kg bxphkgktlig ia sieb abkturbs lg tjb

bxokvktbd tbrrklg (vlz. tjb jbkrtj gi. 0<, p. ;<?), lg tjb cuhhy alhhlgc (p. ;:2), kgd lg tjb pihhbg

dlkc rke LL (p. ;<6). Sb oigsldbrbd tjls sltb 03/0: ti `b tjb gbx t "io oup ktl ig obg tr b" ia tjb

rlhlìg sbtthbebgt. Tjb vbry sjirt dlstkgob ia ighy 066 e. ls rbaiugd ighy kt tjb itjbr bgd ia

tjb sbt th beb gt `b twbb g It tihk gd-I istb lgd kgd C iud rlk kg (alc. ;<, gis. 40 kgd 4?> 466 e.).

Lg tjls wb elcjt algd kg lgdloktlig tjkt tjb krk`hb hkgd ia Eihbgkkrscrkka bxtbgdbd bspbolkhhy

ti tjb wbst ia tjb sltb.

_boigd, sieb i`sbrvktligs wbrb ekdb lg plt O: ig tjb bkstbrg `kgm ia tjb cuhhy. K sekhh

ugdktbd jbkrtj plt wks kttbstbd lg tjb bkst sbotlig, ùt ighy k vbry eidbst keiugt ia diebstlo

rbausb wks aiugd. Khtjiucj tjbrb krb, tjbrbairb, sieb trkobs ia juekg kotlvlty, gi sbtthbebgt

wks sltuktbd ig tjb itjbr `kgm ia tjb cuhhy. _ieb tbst plts tjbrb oigalrebd tjls oigohuslig>tjby ylbhdbd gi algds.

Tjlrd, wb eust ebgtlig tjkt tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb ls hiw, wltj ighy igb ir

tw i bhbvk tligs , ti tjb wbst ia "Ei hbgk krsc rkka ". Ig tw i rbhkt lvbhy jlcj tbr rkl gs sieb algds

wbrb ekdb . Igb sltb (gi. 02) ls hkrcbhy dlstu r`b d kgd el cjt jkv b `bbg kgi tjb r "io oup ktl ig

obgtrb". Ig tjb itjbr tbrrklg (gi. 04 k) tjb rbst ia k pbouhlkr crkvb, pri`k`hy ia @bkmbr Kcb,

wks dlsoivbrbd. _ieb sokrob algds pilgt ti juekg kotlvlty. K sbtthbebgt elcjt jkvb `bbg sltu

ktbd lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty.

Tjb Jkz bgd igm k t hkst ls slt ukt bd ;?66 e. wbst ia tj b sltb. Lt ls tj b wb stb rge ist pil gt

wltj Q@@/@S@ iooupktlig lg tjb rlvbr dlstrlot. Tjb jlcj wktbr ohky ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd

strbke ls dktbd tjbrb `btwbbg o. 0;66 kgd ;366 @.O. (oa. p. ;4?).

4.0. CBIHICLOKH OIGDLTLIG_ '

4.0.;. EKVVLGC

Dlrbothy katbr tjb dlsoivbry ia tjb tbrrklg tjb leebdlktb surriugdlgcs wbrb ekppbd, ks

akr ks tjb dbpislts wbrb oigobrgbd, wjloj wbrb hktbr tjkg tjisb ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb.

Dbp bgd lgc upig tjb dbtk lh rbqul rbd tjb dlst kgobs `btwb bg tj b ìrlgcs vkrlbd arie ;6 ti 46 e.

Sjbg tjb bxokvktlig wks alglsjbd k abw supphbebgtkry sbotligs wbrb ìrbd, pkrtlouhkrhy

k sbotlig khigc tjb higcltud lgkh kxls ia tjb cuhhy kgd t jri ucj tjb tbrr klg g bkr ì tj eiu tjs

1 Tjls sltb wks dlsoivbrbd ks bkrhy ks ;<24 durlgc tjb silh survby, ùt lt wks git rbclstbrbd kgd si aircittbg

ugtlh ;<(24, wjbg t jb tbrrklg wks bxphirbd `y kektbur krojkbihiclsts. Kìut ;<1< tjb irlclgkh algds wbrb rbdlsoivbrbd lg

tjb PI@ stirb riies. Sb tjkgm Lr N. vkg dbr Hlgdb air jls lgairektlig, wjloj ekdb lt pissl`hb t i dbtbrelgb tjb bxkot

algd spit.3 Jbrb ighy tjb leebdlktb surriugdlgcs ia tjb bxokvktlig krb dlsoussbd. Air tjb cbihicy ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

lg k eirb cbgbrkh sbgsb sbb p. 3< a.



;31 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

(alc. 1;). Tjb alhhlgc ia tjb cuhhy oiuhd `b studlbd lg dbtklh lg tjb twi sbotligs ia plt O: (alcs.1?, 14). @bokusb tjb algds tjbrb wbrb kt k crbktbr dbptj tjkg wks kgtlolpktbd : kgd `bokusb iatjb ugbxpbotbdhy hkrcb sbbpkcb gbltjbr ia tjb sbotligs ia tjb plt oiuhd `b duc si dbbp ks wksdbslrk`hb. Ks tjb siutj sbotlig sbbebd ti tjb eist rbprbsbgtktlvb, ekxleue kttbgtlig wks

dbvitbd ti tjls sbotlig, si tjkt lt oiuhd `b auhhy drkwg. Ks air tjb girtj sbotlig, lts hiwbsthbvbhs wbrb lgvbstlcktbd `y ebkgs ia lgoldbgtkh i`sbrvktligs. @itj sbotligs wbrb hlgmbdticbtjbr, ks akr ks tjb dbbpbst dbpislts krb oigobrgbd, `y twi trkgsvbrsb sbotligs.

4.0.0. TJB CBIHICLOKH _TPROTRPB IA TJB _LTB

Sltj tjb jbhp ia tjb ekp kgd tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd sbotligs wb wlhh dbsorl`b tjb struoturbia tjb tbrrklg. Tjb oidb gue`brs lg tjb tbxt oirrbspigd wltj tjisb lg tjb alcurbs.

(6) K obgtrkh phkob ls ioouplbd `y tjb skgd ìdy ia tj b _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb. Lt oigslsts

ia algb skgd, wltj hltthb ir gi ohky oigtbgt. Hiokhhy tjlg ohky hkybrs ir sieb oikrsbr skgd hkybrsioour. Hktbrkhhy tjb skgd clvbs wky aklrhy k`rupthy ti tjb ohky ekgthb kgd tjb ohky wbdcb,ìtj oigslstlgc ia skgdy ohky. Ks lts dlstkgob arie tjb rldcb lgorbksbs, tjb ohky wbdcb `boiebshbss kgd hbss skgdy kgd oigslsts algkhhy ia jbkvy ohky. Kt k aklrhy higc dlstkgob arie tjb rldcbtjb ohky wbdcb okg, jiwbvbr, siebtlebs `b hiokhhy vbry skgdy, wjloj lgdloktbs tjkt tjb ohkyeust jkvb `bbg dbpisltbd arie sekhh orbbms. Tjb brislig ia tjb ugdbrhylgc pbkt kt sieb pilgtssuppir ts tjls . Tjls khsi sbbes ti jkvb `bbg tjb oksb lg iur sbotlig K-@ (alc. 1;). Tjb dlaabrbgoblg jblcjt arie tjb tip ia tjb skgd ìdy kgd tjb surakob ia tjb ohky wbdcb lg tjb leebdlktbvlolglty ia tjb rldcb (k ekxleue ia ;36 oe.) clvbs tjb ekxleue oiepkotlig. Ks tjb ohky eustjkvb hklg siebwjkt hiwbr irlclgkhhy tjkg tjb skgd ìdy giw hlbs, oiepkotlig jks, lg akot,git `bbg ks crbkt ks tjls. K ekxleue ia ;?6 oe. kppbkrs ti `b koobptk`hb kgd oigours wltjtjb Jkzbgdigm dktk (oa. p. ;??).

Kt tjb `ksb ia sbotlig K-@ kgitjbr ohky dbpislt ls vlsl`hb. Sltj tjb kld ia tjb sbotlig `yltsbha lt okggit `b dboldbd wjbtjbr tjls dbpislt rbprbsbgts kgitjbr pjksb ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrdrldcb. Tjls wb di git oigsldbr hlmbhy. Sb tjlgm tjkt lt `bhigcs ti kgitjbr kgd ihdbr systbe.Lts kcb okg `b bstlektbd katbr oiepkrlsig wltj tjb Jkzbgdigm dktk (p. ;4?) kgd uslgc tjbjblcjt ia tjb surakob kgd kg bstlektb ia pissl`hb oiepkotlig. Lt kppbkrs tjbg tjkt tjb kcbls tjb skeb ks dbpislt (0) kt tjb Jkzbgdigm ir shlcjthy ihdbr, l.b. Okhkls LQk ir (hbss pri`k`hb)Okhkls LLL <.

(;) Tjb aihhiwlgc pjksb lg tjb dbvbhipebgt ia tjb hkgdsokpb ls tjb airektlig ia tjbtrkgsvbrsb cuhhy, k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh, wjloj jks bkrhlbr `bbg dlsoussbd lg dbtklh ;6 .

Dlrbothy katbr lts airektlig tjb skgd ìdy hky lg tjb aire ia k hiw gkturkh dlmb lg tjb hkgd

sokpb, si `hiomlgc tjb wktbr olrouhktlig. Kt phkobs wjbrb tjls wktbr wks dkeebd up kcklgst tjb

: Sjbg ekpplgc, tjb ìrlgcs wbrb stippbd wjbg tjb skgd 0 wks rbkojbd, ig tjb kssueptlig tjkt tjbsb wbrbtjb ìttie hkybrs ia tjb cuhhy.

< Tjls dbpislt `bhigcs oigsbqubgthy ti k yiugcbr systbe tjk g dbpislt ; kt tjb Jkzbgd igm." Oa. p. ;66 a.



CBIHICLOKH OIGDLTLIG_ ;33

Alc. 16. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vjyslicrkpjlo ekp ia tjb dbpislts wjloj oivbr tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcbkgd lts ohky wbdcbs. @ksbd ig :? ìrlgcs ia ;.06-?.06 e. _okhb ;>0666.

Hbcbgd >

-,——

e

ioe

02

26

32

;66

;02

;26

titkh tjlomgbss ia oivbrlgc pbkt kgd ohky

e

Ioourrbgob ia dbpislt ;, juelo skgd-pbkty ohky

Ioourrbgob ia dbpislt 0, skgd wltj wiid arkcebgts

bxokvktbd tbrrklg



;3: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. 1; . Eihbgkkrscrkka. _botlig K-@ (sbb alc. 16). Jirlz igtkh sokhb ;>;266. Qbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > hIx .

Hbcbgd >

ohkv

/••'/(••'X skgdy ohky kgd ohky wltj skgd hbgsbs

L skgd

juelo skgd - pbkty ohky• n skgd wltj wiid arkcebgts

gnaalééééah pbkt wltj sieb skgd

juelo ohky

pbkt

rldcb k abw trkgsvbrsb cuhhlbs wlhh jkvb `bbg airebd. Tjb cuhhy kt Eihbgkkrscrkka wks ia sekhhslzb> kìut <6 e. higc, 06 e. wldb kgd git dbbpbr tjkg ? e. `bhiw tjb tip ia tjb rldcb. Tjbwktbr ourrbgt okusbd brislig ia tjb surakob kt ìtj eiutjs. Tjb skgd tjkt wks tjus wksjbdkwky jks git `bbg ldbgtlalbd durlgc tjb ekpplgc. Lt eust jkvb `bbg sprbkd ivbr k hkrcb

krbk. Tjb cuhhy dld git bxlst air kgy hbgctj ia tleb kgd wks qulomhy `hiombd `y tjb airektligia skgd`kgms gbkr tjb girtjbrg eiutj. Lt sbbes ti us tjkt tjb `rbkm-tjriucj okeb arie tjbsiutj, eklghy `bokusb ia tjb crbktbr brislig kt tjb girtjbrg eiutj kgd tjb su`sbqubgt plhlgc-up ia skgd tjbrb.

Tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb lgalhhlgc ia tjb kheist `hiombd cuhhy ls rbprbsbgtbd `y k dbpislt iawldbhy dlaabrbgt ektbrlkh. Lt vkrlbs arie k ohkyby pbkt u oigtklglgc hltthb (h;;) ir euoj (ho)skgd ti k shlcjthy juelo skgd (;¶) tjb akolbs ia wjloj okg ojkgcb oigsldbrk`hy ivbr vbry sjirtdlstkgobs . Hiokhhy tjb rb ls bvbg sieb stbrlhb, ohky-hbss skgd ( hk), tjk t hlmb tjb irlclgkh cuhhy ì ttiedbpislts okggit `b dlstlgculsjbd arie tjb skgd ia tjb rldcb ltsbha (6). Tjb siutj sbotlig dibssjiw tjls vbry wbhh. Tjb ploturb okg `b bxphklgbd `y kssuelgc tjkt durlgc tjb airektlig iak clnttni, sieb wktbr pkssbd iooksligkhhy tjriucj tjb cuhhy, bspbolkhhy tjriucj lts obgtrb.

Hktbrkhhy tjls dbpislt ; sprbkd iut ti tjb `kgms ia tjb cuhhy kgd ojkgcbd ti k wbktjbrbd,

;; Lg lts bxtrbeb aire tjb dbpislt ohisbhy rbsbe`hbs k cythnk. Kt tjbsb pilgts tjb oigdltligs air sbdlebgtktlig

elcjt jkvb `bbg vbry qulbt. Tjb cbgbrkh kppbkrkgob ia tjb sbdlebgt oiephbx lgdloktbs, jiwbvbr, tjkt rugglgc wktbr

wks prbsbgt.



EIHBGKKP_CPKKA ;<11 -13

L

6 n •

;6e

Alc. 1:. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Bxokvktlig phkg. _okhb ;>066.

• (dkrm) crby pist jihbsI hlcjt crby pist jihbsI itjbr sekhh dlsoihiurktligs

_R__ prbjlstirlo plts, trbgojbs bto.Q////E ;1tj obgtury skgd dlcclgc pltsL / / / X rbobgthy dlstur`bd (tbst plts)

Alc. 10. Eihbgkkrscrkka. _botlig O-D (sbb alc. 16).

Oiepisbd wltj sbotligs ia tjb bxokvktlig.Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>466. Qbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > hIx.

Hbcbgd >

X / K tip ohky wltj ;1tj obgtury plts

|.Q.****.; cuhhy dbpislts (4-1). Eklghy pbkt.

cuhhy dbpislts (?). Vbkt.

W5§ n cuhhy dbpislts (0). _kgd wltj wiid arkcebgts.

cuhhy dbpislts (;). Juelo skgd - pbkty ohky.

/t gh7 skgd ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb wltj tjlg ohky hkybr.

"iooupktlig hkybr" wltj pist jihbs kgd plts.

crkvbs

prbsbgt ebkg wktbr tk`hb.

t-@J bxokvktlig plt.





CBIHICLOKH OIGDLTLIG_ ;3<

struoturbhbss rbbd/sbdcb pbkt oigtklglgc skgd, kgd tjbg ti vbry juelo skgd, rbahbotlgc k vbcbtktlig ia rbbd kgd sbdcbs khigc tjb cuhhy `kgms. Tjls hkst dbpislt ioours up ti k hbvbh ia kìut—;.36 e. GKV, wjloj eust jkvb `bbg kìut tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb ir EJS hbvbh ia tjkttleb ;0. @bairb tjb sbdlebgtktlig stkrtbd tjb wktbr lg tjb cuhhy eust jkvb `bbg `btwbbg ;?6 oe.dbbp kt tjb rbhktlvbhy sjkhhiw pilgt wjbrb tjb bxokvktlig-trbgoj O: wks duc> tjb pilgt wjbrbtjb sbtthbebgt ìrdbrbd tjb cuhhy. Ig ìtj sldbs ia tjls, jiwbvbr, dbptjs ti —?.36 e. GKV(l.b. k wktbr dbptj ia 0 e.) ioourrbd kt tjkt tleb. Kt tjb bgd ia tjb airektlig ia dbpislt ;t Lg- wjihb ia tjb cuhhy wks alhhbd kgd ojkgcbd lgti k dkep dbprbsslig. Tjb prbsbgt hiw pisltligia tjb tip ia dbpislt ;, kt tjkt tleb rktjbr siat kgd wbt, okg `b bxphklgbd bkslhy `y oiepkotligks k rbsuht ia tjb hktbr oivbrlgc ;?, bspbolkhhy wltj tjb skgd 0.

Tjb airelgc ia tjb dbpislt ; ls oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb sbtthbebgt gbxt ti tjb cuhhy,ks ls sjiwg `y tjb pihhbg dlkcrke kgd tjb pisltlig ia tjb algds lg tjls dbpislt.

(0) Tjb lgalhhlgc ia tjb cuhhy, stk rtbd wltj tjb cyttnk airektlig (;), wks suddbghy lgtbrruptbd `y rbgbwbd ahiwlgc tjriucj. Tjls ls privbd `y k ?6-46 oe. tjlom hkybr ia ohkyhbss skgd (0)oivbrlgc (;). Tjb skgd sjiws k algbhy hkelgktbd struoturb, dlpplgc ti tjb obgtrb ia tjb cuhhy,

kgd lt khsi sjiws kg khtbrktlig wltj tjlg hkybrs ia rbdbpisltbd pbkt kgd wiid arkcebgts.Tjb dlp eky `b pkrthy kg irlclgkh igb, ùt wlhh `b eklghy tjb rbsuht ia oiepkotlig ia tjb ugdbrhylgc ohkyby pbkt. Hiokhhy, bspbolkhhy lg tjb `kgm zigbs, tjb prbobdlgc dbpislt wks bridbd.Khsi tjb airektlig ia pbkt khigc tjb `kgms wks rbstrlotbd ti k gkrriw zigb kgd tjb criwtjia rbbd kgd sbdcbs elcjt bvbg jkvb `bbg tbepirkrlhy lgtbrruptbd ks eky `b oigohudbd ariek dlvlslig hlgb (k ojkgcb lg oihiur ighy) lg tjb pbkt tjbrb lg tjb sbotligs ia tjb trbgoj O :, bspbolkhhy vlsl`hb wjbg drlbd iut. Durlgc tjb sboigd pjksb ia kotlvlty tjb cuhhy wks kìut ;4 e.wldb. Ks k rbsuht ia tjb su`sbqubgt oiepkotlig tjb irlclgkh dbptj okggit `b alxbd koourktbhy,ùt wb okg sky tjb cuhhy obrtklghy wks vbry sjkhhiw lg tjls pjksb. Kt k criugd wktbr tk`hbia kìut —;.26 e. GKV tjb wktbr dbptj wks hbss tjkg ; e.

Sjbg wb dlsouss tjb algds lt wlhh `b sbbg tjkt k dktb ia kìut ;266 @.O. ls tjb eist pri`

k`hb air tjls sboigd pjksb ia kotlvlty.

(;/0) Lg arigt ia tjb girtjbrg eiutj kgd ti k hbss bxtbgt khsi lg arigt ia tjb siutjbrgeiutj, twi hi`ktb skgd dbpislts ia wksjbd-iut ektbrlkh wbrb ekppbd. Tjb ektbrlkh oigslsts iacrbylsj ohky-hbss skgd wltj wiid arkcebgts kgd pbkt-rbeklgs. Tjb ekxleue tjlomgbss ls26 oe. Tjbsb skgdhi`bs hlb ig tjb bridbd pkrts ia tjb ohky wbdcb kgd krb ighy hiokhhy sbpkrktbdarie lt `y k siebwjkt skgdy pbkt. Ks tjb tip ia tjb skgdhi`bs, giw `btwbbg —0.66 kgd—0.26 e. GKV, eky jkvb hklg irlclgkhhy euoj jlcjbr tjkg tjb oirrbspigdlgc dbpislt lg tjbcuhhy, lts oiepkotlig okggit `b okhouhktbd. Lt ls, eirbivbr, dlaalouht ti dbtbrelgb tjb oirrbotoirrbhktlig wltj tjb cuhhy dbpislts. Lt sbbes hiclokh tjkt tjb skgd ls lg tjb alrst lgstkgob tjbwksjbd-iut skgd arie tjb tlebs, wjbg tjb cuhhy okeb lgti bxlstbgob kìut ;:66 @.O. Tjb

;0 Tjb dboiepisbd stk tb ia tjb pbk t ls igb krcu ebgt air k criugd wktbr tk` hb kt tjls hbvbh. Tjb `kd oigdltlig ia

tjb ìgbs kt algd phkobs sltuktbd jlcjbr ls kgitjbr. Oa. khsi tjb dlsousslig ia tjb pihhbg dlkcrkes kt p. ;::.l>l Ia. tjb pihhbg bvldbgob (p. ;::)> tjb dbpislt wks airebd up ti kìut tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb. K oiepkotlig

ia ;66 oe. (o. 26%) ls k vbry koobptk`hb keiugt,



;:6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

wbst bkste-GKV r

Alc. 1?. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vlt O:, girtj sbotlig. Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>066. Qbrtlokh bxkccbrktlig > 2 x .

k) _botlig.`) _ojbeb, wltj tjb pisltlig ia tjrbb algds kìvb dbpislt ;.

oiepisltlig ia tjb skgdhi`b ls, jiwbvbr, vbry slelhkr ti tjkt ia cuhhy-dbpislt 0. Tjls ekmbs ltvbry hlmbhy tjkt tjb irlclgkh skgdhi`b wks rbwirmbd lg tjb sboigd kotlvlty pjksb, wjloj ls qultb

phkusl`hb.Kt tjls pilgt lg tjb pbkt dlstrlot tjb lgugdktlig wktbr wlhh git jkvb trkgspirtbd kgy

skgd. Katbr ahiwlgc tjriucj tjb cuhhy tjb ourrbgt wlhh jkvb dlelglsjbd suddbghy lg strbgctj,si tjb wksjbd-iut skgd wks git trkgspirtbd akr arie lts eiutj. Tjkt tjls rbkhhy wks tjb oksbkppbkrs arie tjb okhouhktbd vihuebs ia tjb skgdhi`bs kgd ia tjb "elsslgc skgd" ia tjb rldcb.@itj krb lg tjb skeb irdbr ia ekcgltudb> kìut U 066 e*.



CBIHICLOKH OIGDLT LIG_ ;: ;

e - G K V r

wbst

Alc. 14. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vlt O:, siutj sbotlig. Jirlzigtkh sokhb ;>066. Qbrt lokh bxkccbrktlig > 2 x .

k) _botlig.

`) _ojbeb, wltj tjb pisltlig ia sieb algds.

Tjb ìrlgc ia pihhbg dlkcrke LL ls prinbotbd ig tjb sbotlig.

Hbcbgd ia alcs. 1.'_/14. Khh gue`brs oirrbspigd wltj tjisb usbd lg tjb tbxt.

l / 7 L l W n nk algbhy `bddbd skgd wltj tjlg hkybrs ia

X/ Kohky

wiid prkt, gih ohkyby

pbkh wltj euoj wiid kgd trugms

skgd wltj wiid arkcebgts

wbktjbrbd pbkt

wksjbd wiid kgd pbkt

lo

l`

is. lk

ld =.>y==%Q| ohk yby pb kt - pb kt y ohk y

ohkyby pbkt wltj sieb skgd - juelo skgd

shlcjthy juelo skgd

L algb skg d



;:0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

(?-2) Khh dbpislts katbr tjb sboigd kotlvlty pjksb lgdloktb k shiw alhhlgc up ia tjb cuhhywltj pbkt. Tjb criwtj ia rbbd kgd sbdcbs, rbsuhtlgc lg k oigtlguktlig ia tjb wbktjbrbd rbbd/sbdcb pbkt (?), sprbkd ivbr k wldb zigb khigc tjb `kgms. Ks k rbsuht ia tjb oiepkotlig ia tjbsiat sbdlebgts (;) lg tjb obgtrkh pkrt ia tjb cuhhy k gkrriw obgtrkh ojkggbh okeb lgti bxlstbgob.

Lg tjb girtj sbotlig ia O: (alc. 14) bspbolkhhy tjls hltthb cuhhy ia 2-;6 e. wldtj okg `b ohbkrhydlstlgculsjbd. Tjb pbkty `kgms wbrb ivbrcriwg wltj khdbr ks tjb prbsbrvbd riit systbessjiw (VL. Lhh @). Tjb ourrbgt sbbes ti jkvb ahiwbd kt k shiw rktb, nudclgc `y tjb skgd elxbd upwltj wiid arkcebgts ig tjb ìttie kgd khigc tjb `kgms (4). Algkhhy, wjkt wks hbat ia tjb cuhhy`bokeb alhhbd wltj ohkyhbss wiid pbkt kgd bvbg eirb wltj tjb db`rls ia tjb `kgm ivbrcriwtj,lgohudlgc jbkvy khdbrs wjloj tue`hbd arie tjb `kgms lgti tjb ekrsj (2). Kt k jlcjbr hbvbhikms wbrb khsi aiugd.

(1) Sltj tjb lgorbkslgc rlsb ia tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb tjb dbprbsslig, wjloj rbeklgbdia tjb airebr cuhhy, wks khsi alhhbd wltj pbkt> tjb bxtbgslig ia tjb cbgbrkh pbkt oivbr ia tjb ohkywbdcbs iutsldb tjb rldcb. Kt tjb hiwbst pkrts tjls pbkt criwtj `bckg sjirthy katbr tjb ohky

wbdcb wks airebd ks wks sjiwg kt tjb Jkzbgdigm (p. ;40). Crkdukhhy tjb jlcjbr pkrts wlhhjkvb `bbg criwg ivbr tii. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka k abw obgturlbs wlhh jkvb bhkpsbd `btwbbg tjbdbpisltlig ia tjb ohky wbdcb kgd tjb stkrt ia tjb pbkt oivbr. Lg tjkt pbrlid tjb hi`ktb skgd dbpislts wbrb airebd> tjby rbst dlrbothy ig tjb ohky wbdcbs, wltj tjb bxobptlig ighy ia siebbridbd phkobs lg arigt ia tjb girtjbrg eiutj ia tjb cuhhy.

Tjb pbkt iutsldb tjb cuhhy jks k ekxleue tjlomgbss ia ;;6 oe. Tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbgtjb jblcjt wjbrb tjb pbkt wbdcbs iut ig tjb rldcb (—;.66 e. GKV) kgd tjb jblcjt lg tjb pbktkrbk (—;.46/—;.16 e. GKV) clvbs k oiepkotlig ia kt hbkst 46-16 oe. Tjb ioourrbgob ia k dkrmsilh prialhb lg tjb wjihb sbtthbebgt sltb (up ti —6.:6 e. GKV) clvbs rbksig ti tjlgm tjkt irlclgkhhy tjb bgtlrb rldcb wks ivbrcriwg kgd tjkt tjb oiepkotlig ls lg rbkhlty obrtklghy o. 06 oe.eirb.

(3) Tjb "Kh`hkssbrwkkrd oivbr" hlbs ivbr khh dbpislts kgd jks k uglaire tjlomgbss ia?6-46 oe. Lt ls ohbkr tjkt tjb rldcb kt tjb tleb ia tjb sbdlebgtktlig wks git, ir jkrdhy, vlsl`hb.Bvbg wjbg k ohky ls dbpisltbd durlgc kg lgugdktlig k siebwjkt tjlggbr oivbrlgc eky `b bxpbotbd ig rbhktlvbhy jlcj pilgts. Hktbr oiepkotlig okusbd k dlaabrbgob lg jblcjt ia k ekxleueia 36-:6 oe. `btwbbg tjb ohky ig tjb rldcb kgd tjkt lg tjb pbkt krbk.

4.0.?. OIEVKOTLIG

Tjb dktk clvbg kìvb kìut oiepkotlig krb beìdlbd lg tk`hb ;4. Tjby ohisbhy kcrbbwltj tjb dktk kpphlok`hb ti tjb Jkzbgdigm, bspbolkhhy wjbg wb tkmb lgti kooiugt t jb dlaabrbgobs ia tjb cbihiclokh struoturb kt ìtj sltbs.



IOORVKTLIG HK\BP ;:?

TK@HB ;4

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Jblcjt ia tjb dbpislts

Jblcjt (e. `bhiw GKV) kt >

Dbpislt

Pldcb

@iugdkry

rldcb/ohky

wbdcb

Ohky wbdcb

Oiepkotlig

(oes.)

Ohky 4 (tip)Vbkt (tip)_kgd hi`b (tip)Ohky/skgd ? (tip)Ohky ? (tip)

— 6.26

— 6.:6*

— 6.:6

— 6.<6

— ;.;6— ;.36

— ;.06— ?.26

— ;.06/;.?6

— ;.46/;.16

— 0.66/0.26— 0.26— 2.66

36/:616/:6

7?6/:6o. ;?67;26

* Tip ia crby "iooupktlig hkybr".

4.0.4.- TJB "IOORVKTLIG HK\BP"

Tjb tip ia tjb skgd ìdy ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb jks `bbg dlsoihiurbd ti k dlrtycrby ti k dbptj ia 06-?6 oe. _uoj k crby hkybr kt tjb tip ia tjb skgd wks dbtbrelgbd durlgciur prispbotligs kgd lgvbstlcktligs kheist bvbrywjbrb lg tjb strbtoj `btwbbg Giirdbhiis kgdEihbgkkrscrkka. @ut bspbolkhhy ig tjb sbtthbebgt sltbs tjb hkybr ls euoj dkrmbr, wjlhb lg`btwbbg lt ls oihiurbd ti k hlcjt crby. Akotukhhy lt ls igb ia tjb abkturbs `y wjloj k airebr

sbtthbebgt wks rboicglzbd. Tjls wks khsi tjb oksb kt Eihbgkkrscrkka> lg tjb obgtrb ia tjbsbtthbebgt tjb hkybr wks euoj dkrmbr tjkg kt tjb rles. Kooirdlgc ti uskcb wb wlhh gkeb tjlsaisslh silh "iooupktlig hkybr" lg tjb aihhiwlgc pkcbs.

Tjb dlsoihiurktlig ia tjb tip ia tjb skgd tjk t jks airebd tjb surakob air si ekgy obgturlbsgbbd git surprlsb us, khtiucj lt ls dlaalouht ti lgdloktb tjb priobssbs lgvihvbd lg lts airektlig.Tjb higc sbotlig kt Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic wks eist lgairektlvb air tjls pri`hbe. Tjbsbotlig rkg arie tjb `kgm ia k trkgsvbrsb cuhhy, vlk kg ugjk`ltbd tbrrklg ti k sbtthbebgt.Tjb ohkyby tip ia tjb skgd cbgbrkhhy wks hlcjt crby, tjb girekh rbduotlig oihiur ia eilst ohky.@ut `bhiw tjb pbkt oivbr lg tjb cuhhy `kgm zigb tjb tip abw oes. wbrb vbry dkrm. Durlgc iurlgvbstlcktligs wb aiugd tjkt suoj k dkrm oihiurbd tip ls k oieeig ojkrkotbrlstlo ia elgbrkhdbpislts, wjbrb tjby krb oivbrbd `y pbkt. Sltjlg tjb rbkoj ia tjb sbtthbebgt (dbalgbd `y silh

trkobs kgd algds) tjb ohkyby tip ia tjb skgd jks `bbg rbwirmbd, kg kdelx turb ia skgd jkd tkmbgphkob, kgd tjb hleltktlig ia tjb ugdbr sldb ia tjls hkybr jkd `boieb lrrbcuhkr. @ut tjb eistoigsplouius wks tjb ojkgcb ti tjb skeb oihiur ks `bhiw tjb pbkt ig tjb cuhhy `kgm. Sb kssuebtjkt tjb ojkgcb lg struoturb ls tjb rbsuht ia tjb prbjlstirlo iooupktlig kgd tjkt tjb ojkgcb lgoihiur ls k silh airektlig `bhiw k (giw dlskppbkrbd) oivbrlgc pbkt= tjls wks eirb lgtbgslvb,wjbrb tjb silh struoturb wks dlstur`bd.



;:4 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Tjb skeb oiuhd `b i`sbrvbd kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd, kgd kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb aisslh silh

lg tjb obgtrb ia tjb sbtthbebgt wks khsi tjb eist skgdy kgd tjb dkrmbst lg oihiur, wjlhb iutsldb

lt kgd obrtklghy ig tjb ohkyby sldbs ia tjb rldcb, tjb oihiur dld git dlaabr arie tjkt ia rbduobd

ohky.

Vrlekry dlaabrbgobs, pkrtlouhkrhy k jlcj jueus oigtbgt ig tjb sltb ia tjb prbjlstirlo

sbtthbebgt, wlhh lg tjb oiursb ia tleb jkvb bgtlrbhy dlskppbkrbd, bspbolkhhy ks lgjk`ltktlig

tiim phkob ig tjb jlcjbst pilgts, wjloj wbrb eist su`nbot ti Ixydktlig kgd kglekh kotlvltlbs.

Tjb k`sbgob ia kgy dlsoihiurktlig ia tjb skgd ig tjb jlcjbst pilgts kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd kgd

Giirdbhiis kgd khsi upig tjb digmbg, suppi rts tjls bxphkgk tlig. Tjbsb pilgts wbrb pri`k` hy

gbvbr oivbrbd wltj pbkt. Sjbrb tjb dlsoihiurktlig rbkojbd ighy k sjkhhiw dbptj kt Ittihkgd-

Iistblgd, tjb surakob wks kheist oiephbtbhy dlstur`bd `y kglekh jihbs. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka

tjb kglekhs (eihbs, elob) ekdb tjblr jihbs, jiwbvbr, ugdbr tjls hkybr, slgob lg dry oigdltligs

tj b 06-?6 oe. tjl om hkyb r `bok eb, `bokusb ia lts tb xt ur b (k skgd -ohk y e lxt urb ), ks jk rd ks

oigorbtb. Tjbsb dlstur`kgobs kt tjb dbptj ia tjb jlcjbst hbvbh wjbrb silh trkobs oiuhd `b prbsbrv

bd, wbrb k oigstkgt jkgdlokp ti iur bgqulry.

Tjls vbrslig ia tj b oiursb ia bvbg ts ti bxphklg tj b bxlstbgob ia tj b "ioo upk tli g hk ybr "

jbrb okggit, jiwbvbr, `b kpphlbd ti tjb Piekg kgd hktbr iooupktlig sltbs lg tjb rlvbr ohky

krbk. Tjb dkrm oihiur tjbrb eust `b prlekry ;4 .

Tjb jlcjbst pilgt kt wjloj suoj k crby hbvbh ioours eky tjbrbairb `b koobptbd ks k ebksu

rbebgt ia tjb irlclgkh jblcjt ia tjb pbkt. Ig tjb Jkzbgdigm tjls wks —;.66 e., kt Eihbgkkrs

crkka —6.:6 e., kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd —6.16 e. GKV.

4.?. TJ B VI_LTLIG IA TJB ALGD_ LG TJ B @P BKM -TJ PIR CJ OJKGG BH

4.?.;. QBPTLOKH DL_TPL@RTLIG (alcs. 1?-14)

Tjb siutj sbotlig ia plt O: wks out iaa ti sieb bxtbgt, durlgc wjloj khh algds wbrb ebksurbd.Sltj tjb kld ia tjls lgairektlig kgd i`sbrvktligs ekdb durlgc tjb oihhbotlig ia algds lg tjb

bxokvktlig plt — wjloj ckvb slelhkr rbsuhts — tjb aihhiwlgc oieebgts ig tjb vbrtlokh dlstrl`

utlig eky `b ekdb.

Gbkrhy khh algds wbrb ekd b lg dbpislt ;, gkeb hy tjb u gst ruo tur bd pbk t ig t jb wbstbrg

`kgm, lg tjb tjlom ohkyby pbkt dbpislt lg tjb bkstbrg pkrt kgd lg tjb tjlg ohkyby pbkt lg tjb

wbstbrg pkrt kgd tjb obgtrb ia tjb cuhhy. Tjb skgd h k ylbhdbd gi algds, gir wbrb tjbrb ekgy lg

tjb skgd h` . Tjb hkttbr okg `b tjb rbsuht ia tjb sjirt pbrlid durlgc wjloj tjls dbpislt wks

airebd. Tjb algds ioour kt khh dbptjs lg tjls hkybr. Sb `bhlbvb, jiwbvbr, tjkt `bokusb ia

jieicbglzlgc priobssbs, kgd `bokusb ia su`sldbgob lg tjb ohkyby pbkt, tjb hbvbh kt wjloj k

algd wks ekdb dibs git gbobsskrlhy lgdloktb tjkt lt `bhigcbd ti tjkt pkrtlouhkr hbvbh. Ks kg

lhhustrktlig eky `b ebgtligbd tjb ioourrbgob ia ojkroikh kgd tjb sjbrds ia tjb hkrcb pit wltjrbbd leprbssligs (alc. ::) aiugd ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm. @itj oigobgtrktligs hlb ticbtjbr kgd

krb ohbkrhy tjb rbsuht ia tjb skeb kotlig> ojkroikh kgd pit wbrb ticjbtjbr tjriwg kwky kt

" Oa. Vigs ;<23, 42 kgd alc. ?;.



MLGD_ LG TJB @PBKM- TJPI RCJ OJKG GBH ;:2

tjls pilgt. @itj ojkroikh kgd sjbrds krb ojlbahy aiugd lg tjb hiwbr pkrt ia tjb dbpislt ;= kgue`br ia sjbrds bvbg hky kt tjb `ksls ia tjb pbkt ig tjb skgd hylgc ugdbrgbktj lt. Lg sekhhqukgtltlbs tjb sjbrds kgd bspbolkhhy tjb sekhhbr ojkroikh plbobs wbrb aiugd jlcjbr up, ks akrks tjb ìttie ia dbpislt ?. Lt ls pri`k`hb, jiwbvbr, tjkt tjbsb sjbrds kgd khsi tjb ojkroikh

(wjloj wks aiugd giwjbrb bhsb) irlclgkhhy hky kt tjb skeb hbvbh, kgd, lg vlbw ia tjb dlstrlùtlig,tjls wks eist hlmbhy ti jkvb `bbg kt tjb ìttie ia tjb pbkt. Tjbsb oigohusligs wlhh `b ia lepirtkgob wjbg bstlektlgc tjb rbhktlvb ojrigihicy wltjlg tjb sbtthbebgt. Tjb pit wltj rbbdleprbssligs wlhh tjbg `b rbhktbd ti crkvb LL, ks ls oigalrebd `y ;4O dktbs. Tjls ebkgs tjkt tjbcrkvb dlrbothy prbobdbs tjb algds arie tjb cuhhy lg tleb. Tjb sekhh @@ sjbrds (arie igb `bkmbr 9)ìtj hky ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm kt tjb `ksb ia tjb pbkt hkybr kgd si oieb arie tjb surakob ig wjlojpit kgd ojkroikh wbrb tjriwg. Sb okggit dlrbothy lgohudb tjbsb keigc tjb algds arie tjb cuhhyalhhlgc.

Katbr tjb ebojkglokh rbeivkh ia tjb jlcjbst dbpislt (1 kgd 3) k hbvbh wks ekdb lg tjb cuhhyalhhlgc, wjbrb sieb algds wbrb ekdb, khh lg tjb wbstbrg `kgm zigb kgd hylgc lg tjb tip ia tjbdbpislt ;. Tjbsb algds (alc. :<) wbrb mbpt kpkrt kgd wlhh `b hktbr oirrbhktbd wltj tjb hkst pjksbia tjb iooupktlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt sltb.

Tjb skgd 0 oigtklgbd k sekhh gue`br ia algds. Tjbsb pri`k`hy oigslst eklghy ia ektbrlkharie phkobs wjbrb dbpislt ; wks bridbd. Ig tjb ìttie ia tjb rbeklglgc cuhhy khsi — tjkt ls,dlrbothy ugdbr 4 — tjbrb wbrb k abw algds wjloj jkd obrtklghy `bbg wksjbd up tjbrb. Sbdi git lekclgb tjkt lgjk`ltktlig oigtlgubd ugtlh tjls pjksb.

Arie tjb ìttie ia tjb pbkt ? okeb tjrbb algds wjloj okggit `b ohisbhy dktbd> twi nkwìgbs kgd k plbob ia ùrgt wiid. Tjby krb lgdloktbd lg tjb girtj sbotlig. Ks dlcclgc arie tjlshbvbh wks digb `y jkgd tjb sekhh gue`br ia algds okggit `b kttrlùtbd ti okrbhbssgbss. Tjbalgds ioour kt k hbvbh, wjbrb tjb pihhbg dlkcrke sjiws k shlcjt rbvlvkh ia juekg kotlvlty lgtjb surriugdlgcs (zigb ?), wjloj wb kttrlùtbd ti tjb Elddhb (kgd Hktb) @rigzb Kcb iooupktlig,diouebgtbd `y sieb algds lg tjb vlolglty (sltb gi. 03/0:, oa. p. ;34) kgd kt tjb sltb ltsbha (jbkrtj,algd gi. 0<, oa. p. ;<?). Lg tjls wky dbpislt 0 kgd tjb pjksb ia rbgbwbd kotlvlty lg tjb cuhhy

ls dktbd `bairb ir lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb, ir lg itjbr wirds ti tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb Dugmlrm 6.

4.?.0. JIPLÎGTKH DL_TPL@RTLIG VKTTBPG_ (alc. 12)

Gbkrhy khh algds oieb arie dbpislt ;. Tjb vkrlius criups ia algds rbvbkh siebwjkt dlvbrcbgt dlstrlùtlig ploturbs. Tjb pittbry ioours ojlbahy ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm gbkr tjb sbtthbebgt,tjb ìgbs ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb obgtrkh ojkggbh kgd tjb wiid air tjb eist pkrt lg tjb obgtrbia tjb cuhhy. Tjbsb dlaabrbgobs krb git dlaabrbgobs lg kcb. Tjb abw sjbrds arie tjb obgtrb iatjb cuhhy ir arie tjb bkstbrg `kgm wbrb aiugd lg tjb skeb dbpislt ks tjb ìgbs kgd `bhigc ti

tjb skeb algd-oiephbx ks tjb algds ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm. K sekhh oigobgtrktlig ig tjls `kgm-wks aiugd wltj ìtj tjb ìgbs kgd tjb pittbry. Tjb dlaabrbgobs kheist surbhy krlsb arie tjbwky lg wjloj tjb algds rbkojbd tjblr prbsbgt pisltlig kgd arie vkrlktligs lg tjblr rbkotligti ugakviurk`hb oigdltligs air prbsbrvktlig.

Tjb pittbry eust jkvb rbkojbd tjb `kgm zigbs eisthy `y ojkgob. @bokusb ia tjb ciidoigdltligs eist ia lt jks `bbg wbhh prbsbrvbd tjbrb. Lt ls ohbkr tjkt lt irlclgktbd arie tjb wbstbrg



;:1 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

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0. pilgtbd pist, i`hlqub ir jirlzigtkh 2. hleltktlig ia obgtrkh pkr t ia tjb ojkggbh?. itjbr wirmbd wiid, jirlzigtkh

`) @igb. Tjb gue`brs clvb kg bstlektlig ia tjb aiugd vihueb. @iugdkrlbs ia tjb slcgkturb (dits) kt ;, 2 kgd ;6 uglts .

o) Ks `) ùt lgtbrprbtbd kooirdlgc ti tjb i`sbrvktligs lg tjb albhd.

d) Vittbry, wblcjt lg crkeebs `y 2 e0

. @iugdkrlbs ia tjb slcgkturb kt ;6, 02 kgd 32 crkeebs.b) Qkrlius algds

@ 5 @@ sjbrd s 5 wirmbd stigb

` 5 ti @@ rbhktbd sjbrd x 5 ìttie kgd sjbrd ia pit wltj rbbd leprbssligsS 5 @S@ sjbrd (alc. ::).

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Alc. 13. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vihhbg dlkcrke L L. _bb alc. 14 air tjb pisltlig ia tjb ìrlgc kgd air tj b hbcbgd ia tjb hltjihi cy.





VIHHBG DLKCPKE_ ;:3

sldb ia tjb cuhhy. Tjb skeb wlhh pkrthy kpphy ti tjb ìgb ektbrlkh, bspbolkhhy ti tjb sekhh oigobgtrktlig ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm. Eist ia tjb ìgbs, jiwbvbr, wbrb pri`k`hy tjriwg lg tjbcuhhy ltsbha kgd wbrb wksjbd kwky lg tjb obgtrkh pkrt, wjbrb tjb strigcbst ourrbgt wlhh jkvbioourrbd. Sb okg sky si tjkt tjb krojkbihiclokh ektbrlkh lg tjb cuhhy ls dbrlvbd arie kgd kssiolktbd wltj tjb sbtthbebgt ti tjb wbst ia lt. Ig tjb bkst `kgm ia tjb cuhhy (bkst bgd ia trbgojO:) wb dld algd, eirbivbr, ighy k abw plbobs ia ahlgt kgd gi itjbr silh trkobs tjkg k sekhh ugdktbdalrb phkob, privlgc tjkt gi sbtthbebgt wks sltuktbd tjbrb.

Lt ls gitlobk`hb tjk t tjb ìgbs kgd tjb wiidbg i`nbots jkvb k dlaabrbgt dlstr lùtlig.Khtjiucj tjb olrouestkgobs wbrb pbrjkps wirsb air wiid prbsbrvktlig lg tjb `kgm zigbs tjkglg tjb obgtrb ia tjb cuhhy, tjls jkd gi lgahubgob ig tjb dlstrlùtlig ploturb. Lg tjb `kgm zigbskhsi, k abw plbobs ia wiid kgd tjb riits ia k siebwjkt hktbr criwtj ia khdbr vbcbtktlig rbeklgbd vbry wbhh prbsbrvbd. Khh pilgtbd wiidbg pihbs wbrb tjbrbairb mgiombd lgti tjb criugdbxprbsshy lg tjb obgtrb ia tjb cuhhy. K gue`br wbrb wksjbd iut ia tjb vbrtlokh ùt rbeklgbd lgpisltlig kgd wbrb prbsbrvbd `y `blgc oivbrbd wltj skgd. Itjbr pihbs, jiwbvbr, eust jkvb `bbgwksjbd kwky durlgc tjb sboigd kotlvlty pjksb. Tjb spbolkh phkolgc ia tjb pihbs eust jkvb`bbg oiggbotbd wltj tjblr augotlig. Sjbg wb dlsouss tjb wiidbg i`nbots wb sjkhh kssueb tjkttjby wbrb usbd air alsjlgc. Vri`k`hy gbts ir trkps wbrb alxbd ti tjbe ;2.

4.4. VKH\GIHICLOKH LGQB_TLCKTLIG IA TJB CRHH\ ALHHLGC

4.4.;. TJB VIHHBG DLKCPKE_

Tjb pkhygihiclokh rbsbkroj wks khsi oigduotbd lg tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka bxokvktlig `y ErK. Qiirrlps. Tjb oiugts wbrb ekdb (ks lg tjb Jkzbgdigm dlkcrke) `y jle kgd Ers. N. Ebmbh-tb Plbt. Tjb dlkcrkes wbrb oiephbtbd lg tjb skeb wky ks tjb Jkzbgdigm dlkcrke ;1. @itj tjbaihhiwlgc pkrkcrkpjs wbrb wrlttbg lg ohisb oihhkìrktlig wltj Er Qiirrlps= tjb lgtbrprbtktlig

ia tjb dlkcrkes ls jls wirm, wjlhb tjb krojkbihiclokh oieebgtkry ls hkrcbhy tjb wirm ia tjbkutjir.

Tjb pbkty cuhhy alhhlgc hylgc dlrbothy gbxt ti tjb sbtthbebgt iaabrbd ldbkh ippirtugltlbs tidbtbrelgb tjb baabots ia juekg prbsbgob ig tjb vbcbtktlig. Air tjls purpisb twi prialhbs wbrbpihhbg-kgkhytlokhhy lgvbstlcktbd>

Vrialhb L, eigihltj arie tjb girtj sbotlig ia plt O: (oa. alc. 1? `).oes `bhiw GKV—;;6 surakob

- ; ? 4 O h k y

,Y‗ wiid pbktO

- - n = wbktjbrbd rbbd/sbdcb pbk t

;2 Oa. p. 0?1 kgd ?66. Kg lepirtkgt algd, git dlsoussbd jbrb, ls tjb rkdlus ia tjb smbhbtig ia crkvb LT, aiugdlg squkrb `4. Lt oiebs arie tjb juelo hkybr (dbpislt ;) tjbrb. Tjb algd ls vbry lepirtkgt air tjb ojrigihiclokhrbhktligsjlp ia tjb crkvbs kgd tjb sbtthbebgt. Oa. tjb dlsousslig kt p. 02?.

;1 Sb rbabr ti iur rbekrms kt p. ;?3-;?:, gitbs ;?-;2.



;:: EIHBGKKP_OPKKM

Vrialhb LL, ìrlgc o. ;6 e. siutj ia tjb siutj sbotlig ia plt 6: (oa. alc. 14 `).oes `bhiw GKV

gg~ ohkyby, wbktjbrbd pbkt— 0<2 , r

- ? ; 2 _ k g d

juelo skgd— ?46

@itj pihhbg dlkcrkes sjiw pbrjkps k shlcjt ivbrhkp, si tjkt tjb uppbreist obgtlebtbrsia Vrialhb LL krb lsiojrigius wltj tjb hiwbst obgtlebtbrs ia Vrialhb L. Tjb rlsb ia [ubrous kgdOiryhus lg tjb hiwbst pkrt ia Vrialhb L okg `b ldbgtlokh wltj tjkt lg tjb uppbreist pkrt iaVrialhb L L, bspbolkhhy ks tjbsb krb tjb ighy phkobs lg ìtj dlkcrkes wjbrb ourvbs air ìtj typbssjiw tjb skeb dlrbotlig kgd kephltudb.

Arie k strktlcrkpjlo pilgt ia vlbw tjbrb ls git tjb shlcjtbst i`nbotlig ti tjls oirrbhktlig=lg akot, suoj k oirrbhktlig wks kssuebd, khtjiucj lt wks khsi kgtlolpktbd tjkt Vrialhb LL ks kwjihb oiuhd sygojriglzb wltj tjb `ksls ia Vrialhb L. Tjls kppbkrs, tjbrbairb, git ti `b si.Tjb gue`br ia spbotrk arie Vrialhb LL, bspbolkhhy arie tjb hiwbr jkha, ls tii sekhh ti pbrelt

drkwlgc kgy lepirtkgt oigohusligs.Sjkt wb skld lg ?.?. (p. ;?3) kìut tjb vbcbtktlig ig tjb digmbg kpphlbs, eutktls eutkgdls,

bqukhhy ti tjb gkturkh vbcbtktlig ig tjb strbke rldcb. Lg tjls rlvbr airbst tjb ikm dielgktbs,wjlhb bhe kgd ksj iooupy kg lepirtkgt phkob. Bxtbgdlgc diwg arie tjb strbke rldcb, tjb airbstojkgcbs, vlk k zigb wltj ksj kgd khdbr (tjb `rbkdtj ia wjloj ls dbpbgdbgt upig tjb dbvbhipebgtkgd bhbvktlig ia tjb ohky wbdcbs ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb rldcb) ti tjb khdbr okrr ia tjb surriugdlgc pbkt.

@y oie`lglgc ìtj pihhbg dlkcrkes alvb zigbs okg `b dlstlgculsjbd.

zigb ;

Tjls zigb, k ohbkr ugdbrwktbr dbpislt lg vlbw ia tjb jlcj vkhubs air Hbegk (duomwbbd),ls aurtjbr ojkrkotbrlzbd `y jlcj vkhubs air Vhkgtkci hkgobihktk (rl`wirt phkgtklg) kgd oigstkgtqukgtltlbs ia Obrbkhlk (obrbkhs). Ig tjls kooiugt tjbrb ls gi diu`t kìut iooupktlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg arie tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb airektlig ia dbpislt ;. Tjb hiw vkhubs — lg oiepkrlsig wltj zigb 4 (Vrialhb L) — air [ubrous kgd Rheus kt tjb `ksb ia tjls dlkcrke, sjiw tjkt tjbstrbke rldcb kt tjkt tleb wks khrbkdy (pkrthy) dbairbstbd. Sb okg tjbrbairb oigohudb tjkt tjbsbtthbebgt khrbkdy bxlstbd `bairb tjb sbdlebgtktlig `bckg.

zigb 0

Lg Vrialhb LL zigb 0 sjiws crbkt slelhkrltlbs ti zigb ;= ks air tjb dlaabrbgobs, eirb Vhkgtkcieknir (crbkt phkgtklg), Krtbelslk (eucwirt), Puebx kobtisk/kobtisbhhk (sirrbh) kgd Rrtlok

(stlgclgc gbtthb) lgdloktb tjkt tjb phkgt criwtj jkd koqulrbd eirb tjb ojkrkotbr ia k trkomvbcbtktlig. Tjb cbgbrkh ploturb sjiws lgdbbd tjkt tjb dbpislt wks airebd kt tjb jblcjt ia tjbtjbg kvbrkcb criugdwktbr hbvbh. Tjb cuhhy, lg itjbr wirds, cit alhhbd up wltj sbdlebgt, kt hbkstkt tjb sltb ia tjb dlkcrke. Tjb sltb ia tjb prialhb eky jkvb `bbg usbd ks ekrsjy ebkdiwhkgd.

Tjb dbohlgb ia [ubrous lg tjls zigb, khtjiucj sekhh, eky lgdloktb sieb bxpkgslig ia tjbiooupktlig ia tjb strbke rldcb kgd k oigsbqubgt oigtlguktlig ia tjb dbairbstktlig.



VIHHBG DLKCPKE_ ;:<

Lg Vrialhb L k crkdukh hbssbglgc ia tjb iooupktlig lgtbgslty ls kppkrbgt, ticbtjbr wltj krbcbgbrktlig ia tjb airbst ig tjb strbke rldcb.

zigb ?

îgb ?, kt tjb `ksb ia dbpislt ?, oieprlsbs k rbgbwbd iooupktlig ia tjb strbke rldcb gbkrtjb cuhhy. Tjb lgtbgslty ls hiwbr tjkg lg zigb 0, wjlhb tjb hkom ia Vhkgtkci eknir kgd tjb rbhktlvbhy hiw vkhubs air Vhkgtkci hkgobihktk kgd Vikobkb (crkssbs) succbst tjkt tjb `kgm zigb ia tjbcuhhy wks git lg usb durlgc tjls pjksb.

zigb 4

Tjls zigb oieprlsbs tjb uppbr pkrt ia dbpislt ? up ti kgd lgohudlgc tjb `ksb ia dbpislt 1.K tjiriucj rbcbgbrktlig ia tjb strbke rldcb vbcbtktlig tkmbs phkob, wjloj ls oiephbtb kt — ;13oe. Kt tjb sltb pripbr tjbrb ls gi iooupktlig lg tjls zigb, ùt tjb oigtlguius ourvbs ia Obrbkhlkkgd Puebx k-typbs lgdloktb tjkt tjbrb wks lg akot k oigtlguktlig ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb sur

riugdlgcs ir lg tjb rbclig ks k wjihb.Kt — ;24 oe. k shlcjt lgorbksb lg Obrbkhlk kgd k oirrbspigdlgc dborbksb lg [ubrous lgdl

oktbs k pbrlid ia lgtbgsbr lgjk`ltktlig ia tjb dlstrlot.

zigb 2

îgb 2 oieprlsbs tjb uppbr pkrt ia dbpislt 1. Lt sjiws tjb ploturb ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjbcbgbrkh rbohkektlig ia tjb ;;tj kgd ;0tj obgturlbs> k rkpld lgorbksb ia Obrbkhlk, Vikobkb kgdkhh jbr`s ti jlcj vkhubs, kgd k cbgbrkh dborbksb lg khh trbbs (pkrtlouhkrhy [ubrous), wltj tjb bxobptlig ia Khgus kgd _khlx, ks k oigsbqubgob ia tjb dbairbstktlig. Dlstur`kgob ls jbrb ughlmbhylg vlbw ia tjb hiokhhy (kgd cbgbrkhhy) prbsbgt ohky oivbrlgc ia (jbrb) ?6 oe. tjlomgbss. _iebbrislig ia tjb pbkt surakob durlgc tjb dbpisltlig ia tjls ohky ls pissl`hb, ùt lt ls git vbry pri`

k`hb, lg vlbw ia tjb qulbt olrouestkgobs lg wjloj tjb ohky wks dbpisltbd (oa. p. ;<0).

4.4.0. KPOJKBIHICLOKH OIEEBGTKP\

Lg iur dlsousslig ia tjb algd ektbrlkh kgd pkrtlouhkrhy ia tjb pittbry, wb sjkhh dlstlgculsjtjrbb pjksbs lg tjb iooupktlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt `bsldb tjb cuhhy (sbb p. 001). Lg tjb aihhiwlgckrojkbihiclokh oieebgtkry ig tjb pihhbg dlkcrke wb sjkhh bephiy tjbsb dlvlsligs kgd oirrbhktbtjbsb iooupktlig pjksbs wltj tjb pihhbg zigbs.

zigb ;

îgb ; ls dktbd `y tjb ;4O dktb kt tjb `ksb ia zigb 0 lg Vrialhb L, kgd `y tjb krojkbihiclokaiugd lg dbpislt ; ia plt O:. Tjls clvbs kg kcb `bairb ;1:6 W ?6 kgd `bairb pjksb 0 ia tjb sbtt hbebgt. Sb eky tjus pripisb tjkt wltj zigb ; tjb bxlstbgob ia pjksb ; ia tjb sbtthbebgt lskhsi dbeigstrktbd pkhygihiclokhhy. Tjb `bclgglgc ia tjls alrst iooupktlig pjksb ioours, jiwbvbr,`bairb tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb dlkcrke.



;<6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

zigb 0

îgb 0 ls dktbd `y tjb krojkbihiclokh rbeklgs aiugd lg tjb rbhbvkgt dbpislt, wjloj krbrbprbsbgtktlvb air pjksb 0 ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Tjb ;4O dktb> CrG 2;31, ;1:6 » ?6 @.O. dktbs tjb`ksb ia tjls zigb kgd aires k tbrelgus pist qubrg air tjb krojkbihiclokh ektbrlkh.

Vjksb ? ia tjb sbtthbebgt tiim phkob, lg vlbw ia tjb pisltlig ia tjb krojkbihiclokh algds(oa. p. ;:4) lg tjb uppbreist pkrt ia dbpislt ;, kt tjb bgd ia zigb 0.

Tjb k`sbgob ia kgy rboicglzk`hb rbduotlig ia tjb kgtjripicbgius lgahubgob lg tjb pihhbgdlkcrke lg zigbs ; kgd 0 lgdloktbs tjkt tjbrb okg `b gi qubstlig ia k `rbkm lg iooupktlig iakgy durktlig. @rlba pkusbs wiuhd git, jiwbvbr, `b rboicglzk`hb lg tjb dlkcrke. Tjb oigsldbrk`hbdbairbstktlig ig tjb strbke rldcb lg tjls pbrlid oigours wltj tjb ouhtlvktlig ia k strlp ia ekgymlhiebtbrs higc, ks dlsoussbd ig p. ;6<.

zigb ?

_lgob, lg pjksb ? ia tjb sbtthbebgt, tjb `kgm ia tjb cuhhy airebd pkrt ia tjb sbtthbebgt

tbrrk lg, zigb ? okg jkrdhy clvb bvldbgob ia (tjb bgd ia) pjksb ?. Tjb rbsueptlig ia juekg kotlvltyokg, ig tjb itjbr jkgd, `b rbhktbd ti tjb iooupktlig lg tjb Elddhb (kgd Hktb) @rigzb Kcb,wjloj tiim phkob k abw jugdrbd ebtbrs bkst ia tjb cuhhy, kgd wjloj hbat trkobs lg tjb sbtthbebgttbrrklg khsi kgd lg tjb cuhhy alhhlgc ltsbha oa. p. ;:2 kgd ;<?).

@y dktlgc tjls zigb lg tjb (Elddhb) @rigzb Kcb, tjb sboigd kotlvlty pjksb ia tjb cuhhy(dbpislt 4) ls dktbd ti tjb trkgscrbsslig pjksb D 6.

zigb 4

Tjb oiephbtb rboivbry ia gktur kh vbcbtktlig k t — ;13 oe. ls dktbd> CrG 2014, 316 » [email protected]. Tjls kooirds wltj tjb lgjk`ltktlig jlstiry ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd> ekgy Elddhb @rigzbKcb sbtthbebgts krb mgiwg, ùt ighy k abw lg tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb kgd wb mgiw ighy igb

algd phkob arie tjb Lrig Kcb. Air tjb shlcjt rbvlvkh ia juekg kotlvlty kt — ;24 oe. ighy Piekgtlebs okg `b oigsldbrbd.

zigb 2

Tjb dktlgc ia tjb tip ohky katbr tjb ebdlkbvkh rbohkektligs wks oigalrebd durlgc tjb bxokvktlig `y tjb algd ia ;1tj obgtury pittbry ig tjb ìttie ia k plt wjloj wks alhhbd wltj tjlsohky (p. ;<0).

4.4.?. _REEKP\

Lg ìtj suoobsslvb pihhbg dlkcrkes L kgd LL alvb zigbs wbrb dlstlgculsjbd. Tjb iooupktlig

ia tjb sbtthbebgt `bsldb tjb cuhhy ls diouebgtbd lg tjb zigbs ; kgd 0. îgb ;, kg lgltlkh alhhlgcup ia tjb ipbg cuhhy, `bckg durlgc tjb alrst iooupktlig pjksb. îgb 0 rbprbsbgts tjb pjksbs0 kgd ?. Tjb airbst vbcbtktlig ig tjb strbke rldcb kppbkrs ti jkvb `bbg hkrcbhy ohbkrbd lgirdbr ti hky iut albhds (air crklg ouhtlvktlig). Gi hbgctjy `rbkms lg iooupktlig okg `b bvldbgobd.Tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb iooupktlig ls ohbkr lg zigb ?. Lg zigb 4 wb sbb k oiephbtb rbvlvkh iagkturkh vbcbtktlig kgd kg bgd ti khh lgjk`ltktlig kìut 316 @.O. Lg zigb 2 tjb (shlcjt) rbkotlig



_ILH TPKOB_ ;<;

ia Biekg lgjk`ltktlig aurtjbr kwky, kgd, ig tjb tip, tjb ebdlkbvkh rbohkektlig. Alc. ;06(p. 030) clvbs tjb oirrbhktlig `btwbbg pihhbg zigbs, cuhhy dbpislts, iooupktlig pjksbs, kgd;4O dktbs.

4.2. _ILH TPKOB_

4.2.;. _JIPT _RPQB\

Ig tjb bxokvktlig ekp tjb aihhiwlgc abkturbs okg `b dlstlgculsjbd>

— k gue`br ia (vbry) rbobgt (tbst) plts,— k gue`br ia hkrcb ;1tj obgtury skgd dlcclgc hioktligs,— k jbkrtj wltj ohky hueps arie tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb,— k gue`br ia ihdbr plts,— k hkrcb gue`br ia pist jihbs (pist trkobs), ojlbahy arie twi jiusbs, kgd k vbry hkrcb

gue`br ia vbry sekhh ir vbry sjkhhiw dlsoihiurktligs,

— k abw sekhh trbgojbs,— k oigobgtrktlig ia (rihhlgc) stigbs,— tjrbb crkvbs wltj lgtbrebgts kgd k obgitkpj,— kg ix's smbhbtig,— tjb `kgm zigb ia tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh.

4.2.0. TB_T VLT_

Tjb alvb ir slx sekhh, rbotkgcuhkr ir H-sjkpbd plts, duc `y ebe`brs ia tjb wirm-criup"Hbm bg Ebrwbstrbbm" ia tjb KSG, krb khh lgdloktbd ig tjb bxokvktlig phkg ;3. Tjblr sekhh

bxtbgt (kìut ;x 0 e.) okusbd jkrdhy kgy hiss, wjloj wiuhd obrtklghy jkvb jkppbgbd wltj`lccbr plts. Ig tjb ìttie ia igb ia tjb plts pist jihbs wbrb stlhh prbsbrvbd.

4.2.?. ;1TJ OBGTRP\ _KGD VLT_

Tjb bkstbrg pkrt ia tjb sbtthbebgt sltb leebdlktbhy ìrdbrlgc tjb cuhhy wks sbrliushydlstur`bd `y k hkrcb gue`br ia eirb ir hbss rbotkgcuhkr plts ebksurlgc ;-0.2 e. wldb kgd0-;6 e. higc. Tjb hkrcbst ohbkrhy oigslstbd ia sbvbrkh sekhhbr plts. Tjb sekhhbst plts wbrbokrbauhhy rbotkgcuhkr kgd jkd vbrtlokh ir bvbg rbobdlgc wkhhs, ugdbrelgbd `y wksjlgc. Tjbhky-iut ia tjb plts ls ohbkrhy pkrkhhbh ti tjb cuhhy lg tjb bkst, ùt lg tjb wbst eirb kt rlcjtkgchbs ti tjb rldcb. Sbst ia tjb prbsbgt dky dltoj tjbrb ls ighy igb suoj plt. Tjb plts wbrbeisthy alhhbd wltj vbry jbkvy ohky, wjloj oigtklgbd k hkrcb kdelxturb ia skgd ig tjb jlcjbstpkrts ia tjb sltb, kgd lg tjb hiwbst pkrts jkd `boieb pbkty, bspbolkhhy kt tjb `ksb. Khigc tjbbdcbs, ùt khsi siebtlebs ig tjb ìttie, k prlekry alhhlgc ia k dlrty-crby ti dkrm crby hikey

;3 Lt ls gbobsskry ti dlc tbst plts bvbrywjbrb lg tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd, `bokusb ia tjb ?6-46 oe. tjlom ohky oivbr.



;<0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

skgd ioourrbd lg gbkrhy khh oksbs= lg iur vlbw, tjls oigslstbd ojlbahy ia ektbrlkh ia tjb crby"iooupktlig hkybr", tue`hbd diwg wjbg tjb arbsj sldbs ia tjb plts wbrb su`nbotbd ti brislig.Jbrb (ks wlhh kppbkr `bhiw> lg sboigdkry pisltlig) tjbrb wbrb k gue`br ia @@ kgd @S@ sjbrds.Iatbg hkrcb kgd sekhh ohids ia ohky wbrb rboicglzk`hb lg tjb `ksb ia tjb alhhlgc, kgd khsi trkobs

ia tjb jihbs ia aklrhy hkrcb kglekhs (rkts 9).

Alc. 1<. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Chkzbd `riwg pittbry, dktbd lg tjb ;1tj obgtury K.D.,

arie tjb ìttie kgd tjb alhhlgcs ia tjb su`rbobgt akrebr's skgd plts. _okhb ;>0.

Tjb titkh leprbsslig wks tjkt wb jkd ti di wltj vbry yiugc plts. Tjls, jiwbvbr, wks git

oigalrebd ugtlh tjb sboigd ipbrktlig, wjbg ig tjb ahiir ia igb ia tjb plts lg bxokvktlig plt@< k abw sjbrds wltj k plgojbd-iut aiitrlgc kgd k crbbglsj-`riwg chkzb wbrb aiugd (alc. 1<).Khsi lg tjb alhhlgc tjbrb wbrb k abw sekhh sjbrds ia tjls pittbry, kppkrbgthy irlclgktlgc arie tjb;1tj obgtury ;:. @igbs wjloj eust irlclgktb arie igb oiw khsi hky lg kgd ugdbr tjb alhhlgcia tjls plt= tjby wbrb git lg kgy kgktielokh rbhktligsjlp, si wb eust kssueb tjkt tjb kglekhwks shkucjtbrbd ig tjb spit. Tjb stktb ia prbsbrvktlig ia tjb ìgbs dlaabrbd oigsldbrk`hy arietjkt ia tjb ìgbs lg tjb sbtthbebgt sltb kgd lg tjb cuhhy.

K airebr iwgbr ia tjb hkgd ig wjloj tjb plts @1-< wbrb sl tuktbd kppkrbg thy prialtbdarie tjb prbsbgob ia skgd ig tjb rbkr pkrt ia jls hkgd. Rgtlh tjb bgd ia tjb ;<tj obgtury vbryhltthb okrb wks tkmbg ia tjls hkgd kgd lt wks git bspbolkhhy drklgbd. Tjb ou`lo okpkolty ia tjbplts ls kpprixlektb hy t jk t ia k okrthikd ia skgd, wjloj oiuhd `b trkgspirtbd vlk tjb "rbkr quky"ia tjb pihdbr. Airtugktbhy jls wbstbrg gblcjìur wks git si bgtbrprlslgc.

Durlgc k survby air k rbkhhitebgt rikd `blgc oigstruotbd ivbr tjls rldcb lg tjb Ciudrlkkgpihdbr ekgy suoj plts wbrb aiugd lg guebrius pkrobhs ia hkgd. Sb eust, eirbivbr, rbkhlzbtj kt akrebrs up ti kìut 26 ybkrs kci wbrb lg tjb jk`lt ia urylgc oktt hb tjkt dlbd lg tjb oiugtrysldb ig tjb spit wjbrb tjby wbrb aiugd. Tjls phkob vbry iatbg wks tjb jlcj kgd dry skgdrldcb wjbrb oiws prbabr ti rbst. K abw suoj aklrhy rbobgt plts wbrb khsi aiugd durlgc ìtj bxokvktligs kt Ittihkgd. Lg ìtj oksbs igb ia tjb plts khsi oigtklgbd tjb rbeklgs ia kg kglekh tj ktjkd dlbd tjbrb kgd wks ùrlbd ig tjb spit. Hkrcb pkrts ia tjb smbhbtigs wbrb ugdlstur`bd,ùt itjbrs wbrb dbtkojbd, arie wjloj tjb (wbhh-mgiwg) akot eust `b kssuebd tjkt lg tjisbtlebs suoj oirpsbs wbrb pkrthy usbd air oigsueptlig.

Lt eust algkhhy `b i`sbrvbd tjkt tjb dltoj outtlgc tjriucj tjb bxokvktlig sltb, nudclgc`y tjb plt dlstrlùtlig, bxlstbd khrbkdy lg tjb ;1tj obgtury, wjbg lt wks eist hlmbhy k ìugdkry

`btwbbg pripbrtlbs.

;: Er O. Jibm, Pittbrdke, stktbd tjkt tjb sjbrds oiuhd git `b ihdbr tjkg tjb bgd ia tjb ;2tj obgtury K.D. ErJ. _kraktln, Kebrsaiirt, tjiucjt tjkt tjby elcjt `b ks hktb ks tjb ;3tj obgtury. _lgob tjb dktb ia tjb sjbrds airesk tbrelgus pist qube air tjb ohky oivbr, lt ls eist rbhlk`hb ti tkmb tjb ihdbst kcb. Tjb pittbry ltsbha jks k hlcjt rbd(0.2 \P 1/:) oihiur, dkrm ybhhiwlsj `riwg (;6 \P 4/4) wjbrb lt ls chkzbd.



ELDDHB @PIG^B KCB PBEKLG_ ;<?

4.2.4. ELDDHB @PIG^B KCB PBEKLG_

Lg tjb bkstbrg pkrt ia bxokvktlig plt K:, wltjlg ìtj jiusb phkgs, k oigobgtrktlig ia

ojkroikh sjiwbd up lg tjb tip ia tjb crby iooupktlig hkybr. Tjb ojkroikh kppbkrbd ti oiebarie k sjkhhiw plt (gi. 0<) wjloj oiuhd stlhh `b ekdb iut lg tjb iooupktlig hkybr kgd eusttjbrbairb jkvb `bbg duc rbhktlvbhy hktb lg tjb jlstiry ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Eist ia tjb ojkroikhohbkrhy okeb arie hkrcb `hioms kgd `rkgojbs. Lg `btwbbg wks k hkrcb qukgtl ty ia hueps ia hlcjthy`kmbd hike, kt hbkst sieb ia tjbe arkcebgts ia wblcjts, nudclgc `y tjb sjkpb kgd trkobs iapbrairktligs.

Alc. 36. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Arkcebgts ia hike wblcjts, sjbrds kgd k ahlgt sorkpbrarie tjb sekhh Elddhb @rigzb Kcb jbkrtj phkob gi. 0<. _okhb ;>0, solkp r ;>;.





_EKHH DL_OIHIRPKTLIG_ KGD VI_T JIHB_ ;< 2

GRE@BP Alc. 3; k . Eihbgkkrscrkka.

Dlkcrke, sjiwlgc tjb rbhktlig `btwbbg dlkebtbr (lg oes)kgd gue`br ia khh "sekhh dlsoihiurktligs" lg tjb Vlts

K :-< kgd ^ :-;;. Air bkoj dlkebtbr tjb ebkg jks `bbgphittbd ia tjb gue`br ia pist jihbs ia tjb vkhub ltsbhaphus tjb gue`brs ia ìtj kdnilglgc vkhubs, lg irdbr tirbduob ahuotuktligs.

Air bxkephb > dlke. ;4 oe. > ;;, ;2 oe. > ;<, ;1 oe. >: pistjihbs hlstbd.

Vhittbd kt ;2 oe. ls;; + ; < + :

5 ;?.

Hbcbgd >

;. dbptj 6-;6 oe.0. dbptj ;;-;< oe.?. dbptj 06 oe. ir eirb4. pist jihbs ia jiusbs L kgd LL

2. dlsoihiurktligs lg tjb Vlts ^ :-;;, oiepkrk`hb ti tjipistjihbs ia tjb jiusbs

Alc. 3;` . Eihbgkkrscrkka.

Crkpj, cbgbrkhlzktlig ia tjb dlkcrke alc. 3;".

L > pist jihbs jiusbs L kgd LL

LL > L phus tjb oiepkrk`hb dlsoihiurktligs lg ^ :-;;

LLL > khh pist jihbs (criup k)

LQ > khh "sekhh dlsoihiurktligs" (k + `)

Q > khh vbry sekhh phits (kglekh jihbs, criup `)

Tjb oihiur ia tjb pist jihbs dld git dlaabr arie tjkt ia tjb iooupktlig hkybr kt tjb skebphkob. Tjb pist jihbs pri`k`hy jkd koqulrbd tjblr oihiur lg tjb skeb wky ks tjb iooupktlighkybr. K sekhh gue`br ia trkobs, sokttbrbd kriugd tjb sbtthbebgt, wbrb vbry hlcjt lg oihiur.

Khh sekhh dlsoihiurktligs jkvb `bbg sbotligbd, ebksurbd (dlkebtbr kgd dbptj) kgd rbclstbrbdlg hlsts, wltj kggitktligs ig poouhkrltlbs. Sltj tjb jbhp ia tjls k wirm-ekp wks ekdb kt tjbbgd ia tjb alrst ipbrktlig. Katbr tjb sboigd pjksb tjb ekp wks oiephbtbd wltj gbw dktk.

Kg ivbr-khh vlbw ia tjbsb silh trkobs ls clvbg lg tjb dlkcrke (alc. 3; k). Khh tjb silh trkobs



;<1 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

arie tjb bxokvktlig plts K :-< kgd ^ :-;; krb oigtklgbd tjbrblg. Dktk arie plt K ;6 krb gitlgohudbd, ks ighy k vbry hkrcb gue`br ia vbry sekhh silh trkobs ioour tjbrb. Vlts @ 1-< wbrbugsultk`hb air lgohuslig `bokusb ia tjb crbkt dlstur`kgob ti wjloj tjby jkd `bbg su`nbotbd.Trkobs sekhhbr tjkg 1 oe. wbrb lcgirbd ks tjby krb vbry guebrius, iatbg vbry sjkhhiw,

dlaalouht ti ebksurb kgd ighy hlstbd ks "hltthb spits". Air bkoj dlkebtbr tjb ebkg vkhub jks`bbg phittbd ia tjb gue`br ia pist jihbs ia tjb vkhub ltsbha phus tjb gue`brs ia ìtj kdnilglgcvkhubs. Lg tjls wky wb jkvb hkrcbhy bhlelgktbd tjb bxobsslvb ahuotuktligs lg tjb dlkcrke usbdbkrhlbr 06, wjloj irlclgktbd eklghy arie k prbabrbgob air obrtklg vkhubs wjbg ebksurlgc, bspbolkhhy b.c. 1, :, ;6, ;0, ;2, ;: kgd 06 oe. ks dlkebtbr, Sltjlg tjb oihuegs k dlvlslig jks `bbgekdb kooirdlgc ti dbptj (W;6, ;;-;<, W06 oe.). Tjb dlkcrke jks `bbg cbgbrkhlzbd lgti kcrkpj (alc. 3;`).

Tjb dlkcrke sjiws ohbkrhy wjkt wks khrbkdy suspbotbd durlgc tjb bxokvktlig, gkebhytjkt wb krb oigobrgbd wltj twi criups ia silh trkobs ia dlaabrbgt ojkrkotbr. Tjb ourvb air tjbtitkh gue`br ia silh trkobs eky `b sbbg ks kg kddltlig ourvb ia

k) k criup ia silh trkobs riucjhy dlstrlùtbd kooirdlgc ti k ourvb ia pri`k`lhl ty wltjbxtrbeb vkhubs kt kìut ;? kgd ?2 oe. kgd k tip kt k dlkebtbr ia kìut 0? oe.

`) k criup wltj eklghy vbry sekhh dlkebtbrs kgd sekhh gue`brs wltj hkrcbr dlkebtbrswltj k ekxleue ia kìut ;3 oe.

Tjb bxlstbgob ia tjbsb criups kppbkrs ti `b oigalrebd `y tjb dbptj dlvlslig. Tjls khsibxprbssbs kg i`vlius rbhktligsjlp `btwbbg dlkebtbr kgd dbptj.

Lg tjb wirm-ekp ebgtligbd tjb phkgs ia twi jiusbs wbrb dbtbrelgbd, Tjb silh trkobsusbd air tjls krb khsi clvbg lg tjb dlkcrke. Tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjbsb pist jihbs ls tjb skeb kstjkt ia tjb silh trkobs ia tjb kìvb criup k. Tjls criup ks k wjihb eky tjbrbairb `b skld ti `bairebd `y pist jihbs.

K gue`br ia silh trkobs lg criup k, l.b. pist jihbs, dibs git `bhigc ti tjb jiusb phkgs.

K pkrt ia tjls gue`br, eklghy ia rbhktlvbhy sekhh ebksurbebgts, ls hioktbd wltjlg tjb sltb iatjb jiusb phkgs. K hkrcbr pkrt, jiwbvbr, ls sokttbrbd ivbr tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb bxokvktlig(^ :-;;), ùt okg jkrdhy `b oie`lgbd lg kgy phkg. Vbrjkps wb krb jbrb oigobrgbd wltj tjb rbeklgs ia k tjlrd oigstruotlig. Tjbsb pist jihbs krb khsi lgdloktbd lg tjb dlkcrke.

Ks air tjb sekhh silh trkobs ia criup `, wb okg `b `rlba. Lg vlbw ia tjb shiplgc ir bvbg lrrbcuhkr sbotlig ia sbvbrkh ia tjbe tjby krb kheist obrtklghy git pist jihbs ùt tjb jihbs ia kglekhs,khtjiucj igb okggit bxhudb tjb pissl`lhlty tjkt k abw ia tjbe krb lg akot trkobs ia pists.Jiwbvbr, ks tjbrb ls k titkh hkom ia kgy rbcuhkr oigalcurktlig ia tjbsb dlsoihiurktligs tjls lsughlmbhy.

4.2.1. JIR_B VHKG_.

4.2.1.;. Oigstruotlig ia tjb phkgs

Lg tjb oigobgtrktlig ia pist jihbs lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb bxokvktlig (plts K :-< kgd tjbbkst ia ^ :-<) tjbrb ls kt alrst slcjt hltthb oiggbotlig ti `b aiugd. Lt ls ohbkr tjkt wb krb oigobrgbd

06 Tjls dlkcrke ls git lhhustrktbd jbrb. _bb khsi tjb bxphkgktlig ia alc. 3; k .



JIR_B VHKG_ ;<3

gbltjbr wltj rbotkgcuhkr gir riugd dwbhhlgcs= bvbg katbr kg lgtbgslvb study ia tjb wirm-ekpsgi phkgs ia suoj jiusbs okg `b ekdb. Tjb pist jihbs jkvb, jiwbvbr, tjb skeb dlebgsligs kstjb pist jihbs, wjloj jkvb `bbg aiugd cbgbrkhhy lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds kgd khsi bhsbwjbrblg slelhkr oksbs lg jiusb phkgs. Tjbrb krb, eirbivbr, vkrlius hlgbs (riws ia pist jihbs) vlsl`hbig tjb ekp, wjloj wbrb khsi gitlobd lg tjb albhd. Tjb aklrhy sekhh bxokvktlig plts privldbd,jiwbvbr, tii sekhh kg ivbrkhh ploturb t i bgk`hb iur ldbks kìut tjbe ti `b wirmbd iut auhhylg tjb albhd. Algkhhy, tjb rbcuhkr dlstkgob ia kìut ? e. `btwbbg tjb pist jihbs ls gitlobk`hb.

Sltjiut euoj dlaalouhty tjb eknirlty ia tjb pist jihbs okg `b criupbd ks pkrts ia tjbphkgs ia twi hkrcb jiusbs ia slelhkr sjkpb. _tkrtlgc arie ìtj kxls hlgbs ia tjbsb jiusbs kgdtjb bkslhy rboicglzk`hb shlcjthy ourvbd siutjbrg wkhhs, wb okg rboicglzb tjb girtjbrg wkhhsbkslhy `y syeebtrlzktlig. K gue`br ia rbeklglgc, jbkvy pists stiid rbcuhkrhy spkobd iut lgtjb klshbs ia jiusb LL kgd, lg tjls wldbr jiusb, wlhh jkvb `bbg k pkrt ia kg bxtrk riia suppirt.Algkhhy tjbrb rbeklg ighy k abw pist jihbs, kgd ia tjbsb ighy igb ir twi jkvb k hkrcbr dlkebtbrtjkg 06 oe.

Tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjb pist jihbs kppbkrlgc lg ìtj jiusb phkgs krb rboirdbd lg twidlkcrkeektlokh sbotligs (alc. 34), lg wjloj kt tjb skeb tleb kg iooupktlig hkybr ia ?6 oe. ls

drkwg lg irdbr ti lgdloktb cbgbrkhhy tjb irlclgkh surakob kgd tjb irlclgkh dbptj ia tjb pistjihbs. Tjb tjlomgbss ia tjls iooupktlig hkybr ls tjb rbksig wjy ighy trkobs ia tjb jbkvy pistswjloj suppirtbd tjb riia jkvb `bbg aiugd. Tjb wkhh oigstruotlig kppkrbgthy dbsobgdbd titii sjkhhiw k dbptj.

Tjb dlebgsligs ia ìtj jiusbs krb hlstbd lg tk`hb ;2.

TK@HB ;2

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Jiusbs, dlebgsligs

Hbgctj Ekx. wldtj

Jiusb L (K) ;3.46 e. 1.66 e.

(@) 06.26 1.06Jiusb LL 7 ;:.:6

(b. 0? e.)1.:6

4.2.1.0. Jiusb L (alc. 30)

Jiusb L ls kheist bxkothy irlbgtktbd lg kg bkst-wbst dlrbotlig, lt jks twi klshbs kgd lsivkh lg sjkpb, wltj k `rikd riugd bgd lg tjb bkst kgd k gkrriwlgc wbstbrg bxtrbelty. Lg tjb

elddhb tjb jbkvy suppirtlgc pists ia tjb rldcb-pihb stiid lg kg bxkothy strklcjt hlgb, ?.06-4.16e. arie bkoj itjbr. Iutsldb tjb bgds, lg ìtj oksbs ;.46 e. kwky arie tjbe, tjbrb stiid kgitjbrjbkvy pihb git lg, ùt 06 oe. khigcsldb tjb kxls hlgb. Tjb wkhh pists wbrb khh phkobd ippisltbbkoj itjbr, ùt git ippisltb tjb obgtrkh pihbs. Tjby wbrb pri`k`hy khsi suppirtlgc tjb riiaoigstruotlig. Lg ìtj wkhhs tjb pihbs gbkr tjb bxtrbeltlbs ia tjb jiusb wbrb euoj ohisbr ticbtjbr(ti k elgleue ia ;.66 e.) tjkg lg tjb elddhb (ti k ekxleue ia ?.06 e.). Tjb bkstbrg bgd



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JIR_B VHKG_ ;<<

tkmbs tjb aire ia kg bxkot sbel-olrohb. Tjb sltuktlig ia twi pists ig bltjbr sldb ia tjb kxls hlgbsuccbsts kg bgtrkgob jbrb ia kìut :6 oe. wldtj. Tjb wbstbrg bxtrbelty ls ohbkrhy ksyeebtrlokh=gi bgtrkgob okg `b pilgtbd iut jbrb. Kriugd ìtj bxtrbeltlbs tjb trkobs ia k rlgc ia pihbs wksaiugd, ùt lts augotlig ls git ohbkr. Kt tjb bkstbrg bgd tjb rbcuhkr phkolgc ia tjb pists ia tjls rlgc

aihhiws aklrhy ohisbhy tjb sbel-olrouhkr bxtrbelty. Lg tjb wbst tjb rlgc ia pists ls euoj wldbrkgd lts rbhktligsjlp wltj tjb wkhh pists, khtjiucj prbsbgt, ls hbss ohbkr. Lt okggit `b dboldbdwjbtjbr tjls ls k oksb ia k hktbr bxtbgslig ia tjb jiusb, ir k oigstruotlig airelgc pkrt ia tjbirlclgkh jiusb. Lg tjb hkttbr bvbgt igb lekclgbs tjb pihbs eky jkvb `bbg phkobd kt kg kgchbiutsldb tjb jiusb ti suppirt tjb riia. _uoj k oigstruotlig okg, jiwbvbr, jkvb `bbg kddbdhktbr. Lt ls bvbg pissl`hb tjkt tjbsb pists ekrm tjb rbkh wkhh kgd tjb riws ia pists dbsorl`bdkìvb ks tjb wkhh wbrb lg akot pists wltjlg tjb jiusb.

4.2.1.?. Jiusb LL (alc. 3?)

Jiusb LL jks `bbg ighy pkrthy prbsbrvbd. Lt ls irlbgtktbd lg k SGS-B_B dlrbotlig kgdhlmb jiusb L jks kg ivkh, ir eirb koourktbhy k spiih-sjkpbd, phkg. Tjb siutj-bkst bgd wks

hist durlgc tjb dlcclgc ia tjb dltoj rugglgc tjriucj tjb elddhb ia tjb sbtthbebgt, wjlhb gbkrtjb girtj-wbst bgd tjb silh trkobs krb vbry vkcub, kppkrbgthy `bokusb tjb sbdlebgt jbrb `boiebssiebwjkt ohkyby. Tjb suppirtlgc pists lg tjb kxls hlgb ia tjb jiusb stiid lg kg kheist pbrabotstrklcjt hlgb ùt tjb dlstkgobs `btwbbg tjbe vkry oigsldbrk`hy (0.66-2.46 e.) Lg tjls jiusbtii tjb wkhh pists wbrb ippisltb bkoj itjbr. Tjb dlstkgob `btwbbg pists lg igb wkhh crkdukhhylgorbksbs arie ;.:6 e. kt tjb girtj-wbst bgd ti k ekxleue ia ?.06 e. lg tjb elddhb ia tjbjiusb. Lg ìtj klshbs tjbrb wbrb k abw pists wjloj khsi eust jkvb jkd k hikd-`bkrlgc augotlig.Tjbsb stiid lg pklrs kt ;.66-;.26 e. ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb obgtrkh kxls kgd kpprixlektlhy lg igbhlgb wltj k pklr ia ippisltb wkhh pists. Tjb pklrs stkgd vbry akr arie bkoj itjbr> 2.66-2.16 e.@y rbksig ia tjbsb riws ia pists tjb jiusb eky `b skld ti jkvb jkd aiur klshbs, wltj k obgtrkhklshb (dlvldbd lgti twi) ia k ekxleue ia 0 Z ;.26 e. 5 ?.66 e. lg wldtj, kgd sldb klshbs ia

k ekxleue ia ;.:6 e. lg wldtj.Tjb jiusb phkg okg `b ekdb iut ivbr k hbgctj ia ;:.:6 e. Tjb irlclgkh hbgctj wks obrtklghygit eirb tjkg 01 e. kgd pri`k`hy kìut 0? e. ks tjb aihhiwlgc krcuebgts sjiw.

— Tjb jiusb ls k siebwjkt `lccbr kgd lg pkr tlouhkr eirb rbcuhkrhy ùlht vbrslig ia jiusbL. Lt eust jkvb rbsbe`hbd jiusb L khsi lg tjb elsslgc pkrts.

— Lg vlbw ia tjb oiursb ia tjb wkhhs kgd tjb sjkpb ia tjb wbstbrg bgd ia jiusb L, tjboirrbspigdlgc (girtj-wbst) bgd ia jiusb LL eust jkvb hklg wltjlg k dlstkgob ia 0 e. arie tjbwbstbrgeist ekppbd pists.

— Kt tjb bkst ia tjb dltoj wb jkvb lgsuaalolbgt bvldbgob ia tjb oigtlguktlig ia tjb jiusb,khtjiucj kg iooksligkh pist lgdbbd hlbs lg hlgb wltj k riw ia pihbs. Kg bxtrbelty ia tjb jiusbokggit lg kgy oksb `b ldbgtlalbd lg plt @ :, si tjkt wb eust kssueb tjkt lt eust jkvb `bbg sltu

ktbd wjbrb tjb dltoj giw hlbs. Lg tjkt oksb tjb jiusb eust jkvb `bbg kt eist 2 e. higcbr lgk siutj-wbst dlrbotlig. Tjb silh trkobs lg plt @ 1-< eust jkvb `bbg okusbd `y itjbr struoturbswjloj krb dlaalouht ti ekmb iut `bokusb ia tjb ;1tj obgtury dlcclgcs.

— Tjb siutj bkst bgd wks pissl`hy sbel-olrouhkr, ks lt wks lg jiusb L. Lt ls gitlobk`hb tj ktìtj siutj-bkst hikd-`bkrbrs ia tjb riia-pihb stkgd rbhktlvbhy ohisb ticbtjbr, ks tjby di lgjiusb L.

Alc. 30. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Jiusb L kgd surriugdlgc abkturbs, prbobdlgc jiusb LL.Dkrm crby pistjihbs lg `hkom, crby igbs dit tbd . _okhb ;>;66.



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Alc. 3?. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Jiusb LL. Twi `lc pist jihbs wltj ugmgiwg augotlig krb khsi lgdloktbd. _okhb ;>;66.



JIR_B VHKG_ 06;

4.2.1.4. Oiepkrlsig, oigstruotlig kgd sbqubgob ia ìtj jiusbs

Lg spltb ia sieb dlaabrbgobs tjb slelhkrltlbs ia ìtj jiusbs krb si crbkt tjkt wb eky spbkmia twi vkrlktligs ia igb typb, kgd ia k typihiclokh dbvbhipebgt arie jiusb L ti jiusb LL.Air tjby oirrbspigd lg dlebgsligs, lg tjb ivkh (spiih-sjkpbd) phkg kgd lg tjb ebksurbebgts kgd

pisltlig ia tjb pists. Tjbsb slelhkrltlbs `boieb pkrtlouhkrhy ohbkr la trkgspkrbgt pkpbr phkgsia tjb twi jiusbs krb hkld igb ivbr tjb itjbr.

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Alc. 34. Eihbgkkrscrkka. _botligs tjriucj tjb pist jihbs ia jiusb L (kìvb) kgd jiusb L L (`bhiw).Tjb tip ia tjb crby iooupktlig hkybr ia kìut ?6 oe. clvbs kpprixlektbhy tjb airebr iooupktlig surakob.

Tjb higc sokhb (;>066) rbabrs ti tjb dlstkgob `btwbbg tjb pist jihbs, tjb sekhh sokhb ti tjb pist jihbs tjbesbhvbs.

_iebtjlgc okg `b skld kìut tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb jiusbs. _lgob tjb wkhh pists wbrbphkobd lg pklrs k orisswlsb oiggbotlig ia tjbe sbbes hlmbhy, ùt tjbrb ls gi i`vlius rbhktligsjlpti tjb obgtrkh pists. Sjbg tjb wkhh pists (hlmb obrtklghy wks tjb oksb wltj tjb obgtrkh pists)wbrb oivbrbd hbgctjwlsb `y jirlzigtkh pihbs, tjbg tjb rkatbrs gbbdbd git ti oirrbspigd ti kgyia tjb vbrtlokhs, khtjiucj tjbrb elcjt jkvb `bbg k rbhktligsjlp ti tjb wkhh pists. Tjb bxtrkpists lg jiusb LL wbrb obrtklghy oiggbotbd orisswlsb, slgob tjby wbrb phkobd lg pklrs. Tjby wbrb



060 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

pri`k`hy khsi oiggbotbd wltj tjb wkhh pists, tjkt wbrb lg igb hlgb wltj tjbe. Sjbg tjbsb bxtrkpklrs wbrb khsi oivbrbd `y jirlzigtkh pihbs lg tjb hbgctjwlsb dlrbotlig ia tjb jiusb, tjls wiuhdylbhd ekxleue prialt ia tjblr prbsbgob. Khtjiucj tjb jiusbs krb git dlrbothy dktbd `y algdslg tjb pist jihbs, wb wlhh dbeigstrktb `bhiw tjkt jiusb L ls ihdbr tjkg jiusb LL. Tjb dbvbhip

ebgt wks lg tjb alrst phkob k oigstruotligkh ojkgcb `y tjb phkolgc ia hikd-`bkrlgc pihbs lg tjbsldb klshbs gbobssltktbd `y tjb crbktbr `rbkdtj. _boigd, k eirb rbcuhkr phkolgc ia tjb pihbs, kgdtjlrd, k crbktbr hbgctj.

Ks tjb criugd phkgs ia ìtj jiusbs krb hkrcbhy supbrlepisbd ig bkoj itjbr lt ls lepissl`hbtjkt tjb jiusbs bxlstbd kt tjb skeb tleb. Tjls ekmbs lt bvbg ughlmbhy tjkt tjb igb jiusb ls tjbdlrbot suoobssir ia tjb itjbr, ughbss wb suppisb tjkt tjb alrst jiusb wks `rimbg diwg. Lt ls eirbhlmbhy tjkt tjby krb sbpkrktbd `y k (sjirt) jlktus, durlgc wjloj k jiusb elcjt jkvb `bbg ùlhtbhsbwjbrb ig tjb sltb (air lgstkgob eirb gbkr tjb cuhhy, lg tjb dlstur`bd pkrt ) ir tjb sltb elcjtjkvb `bbg k`kgdigbd.

Tjbrb krb k gue`br ia lgdloktligs tjkt ekmb lt kppkrbgt tjkt jiusb LL wks ùlht hktbr tjkgjiusb L.

— Tjb girtj wkhh ia jiusb L aires k siutjbrg ìugdkry air tjb sorlbs ia plts `. Aurtjbreirb, tjb sltuktlig ia crkvb L `btwbbg tjbsb plts ls suoj tjk t wb eust kssueb oigtbepirkgblty.Tjbrb krb gi krcuebgts wjloj oigtrkdlot tjb kssueptlig tjkt tjbsb tjrbb bhbebgts—jiusb L,crkvb L kgd plts ;). aire k ojrigihiclokh uglt. Tjb dlccbrs ia crkvb L tiim lg kooiugt tjb sltuktlig ia tjb plts, ir tjb dlccbrs ia tjb plts rbspbotbd tjb crkvb. Ks akr ks tjb rbhktligsjlp wltjjiusb L ls oigobrgbd, lt ls eist pri`k`hb tjkt tjb plts wbrb duc gbxt ti tjb jiusb. Tjb bxkotsbqubgob ugairtugktbhy okggit `b dbtbrelgbd. \bt lt wiuhd `b lgtbrbstlgc ti hbkrg wjbtjbr tjbcrkvb wks duc gbxt ti tjb jiusb kgd durlgc lts iooupkt lig ir katbr l t wks k`kgdigbd, ir tjbitjbr wky kìut, si tjkt tjb jiusb wks ùlht lg tjb obebtbry gbxt ti tjb crkvb. Tjb alrst khtbrgktlvb sbbes ti `b eirb hlmbhy. Lg tjls vlbw jiusb L ls oigtbepirkgbius wltj, ir shlcjthy ihdbrtjkg crkvb L.

— Vist jihbs ia jiusb LL okg `b ekdb iut lg tjb alhhlgc ia tjb plts ia criup `. Igb ia tjbpists ia tjls jiusb wks bvbg phkobd lgti tjb alhhlgc ia crkvb plt L. Lt ls tjbrbairb pri`k`hb tjkttjb ùlhdbrs ia jiusb LL wbrb git kwkrb ia tjb (bxkot) hioktlig ia crkvb L. Tjbrb eust kooirdlgchyjkvb bhkpsbd sieb tleb `btwbbg tjb ùrlkh lg crkvb L kgd tjb ùlhdlgc ia jiusb LL.

— Igb pist jihb arie jiusb L, lg tjb elddhb ia tjb girtj wkhh, sjiwbd up ugdbr tjb pltalhhlgc. Twi itjbr pists, jiwbvbr, `bhigclgc ti tjb iutsldb olrohb, kppbkrbd lg tjb bdcb ia tjbplt alhhlgc. Sjkt slcglalokgob suoj trkobs lg tjb bdcb ia k plt alhhlgc jkvb kt iur sltb, jiwbvbr, wbkrb ugk`hb ti nudcb. Sb di git rbckrd tjbsb i`sbrvktligs ks `blgc ia euoj lepirtkgob.

4.2.1.2. Itjbr -pist jihbs

Alrst, wb drkw kttbgtlig ti k pklr ia hkrcb pists kt tjb girtj wkhh ia jiusb LL kgd lgdloktbd

kt alc. 3?. Katbr tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb jiusb phkgs ìtj pist jihbs wbrb tjb eist oigsplouiusia tjb abw pist jihbs tjkt oiuhd git `b alt lgti tjb phkgs. Tjby krb pbrjkps tjb trkobs ia k spbolkhoigstruotlig, ia wjloj wb ighy okg sky tjkt lt okggit `b oigtbepirkgbius wltj jiusb LL 0;.

0; K slelhkr pklr ia hkrcb pists wks aiugd iutsldb tjb jiusb kt Cwltjlkg, `bhigclgc ti Hkybr QLLL, kgd dktbd

`y sjbrds ia Buripbk g hlbhh @bkmbrs. Tjb kut jir succbsts> "lt e ky wbhh `b tjb sup pirts air k oirgdrylgc rko m". _lepsig

lg _lepsig (bd.) ;<3;, ;?:.



VLT_ 06?

Lg tjb plts @ 1-< euoj jks `bbg hist `bokusb ia sbrlius dlstur`kgobs kgd oigsldbrk`hb kotlvlty `y eihbs lg tjb prbsbrvbd lgtbrebdlktb sbotligs. Ticbtjbr wltj k hkrcb gue`br ia uglepirtkgt trkobs k hleltbd gue`br ia `lc pist jihbs okg `b sbbg. Eist ia tjbe sbbe ti hlb lg k abwsl elcjt, ir shlcjthy ourvbd, hlgbs wjloj oriss bkoj itjbr kt rlcjt kgchbs. Tjb dlstkgobs ia ?-4 e.`btwbbg tjbe krb oieeig, ks wltj tjb jiusb phkgs. Khtjiucj lt ls tjbrbairb ohbkr tjkt oigsldbrk`hb struoturbs eust jkvb stiid jbrb tii, lt ls dlaalouht ti sky kgytjlgc ia tjblr gkturb. Sbskld kìvb tjkt gi oigtlguktlig ia jiusb LL wks rboicglzk`hb siutjwkrds, khtjiucj k abw pihbskrb oirrbothy khlcgbd. Kppkrbgthy tjbrb ls sieb qubstlig ia igb ir eirb (sekhhbr 9) ùlhdlgcs kgdpbrjkps kg iooksligkh abgob. Sb okggit bxohudb tjkt lg k obrtklg pjksb ia tjb sbtthbebgt bvbgtjb eklg jiusb wks ùlht jbrb.

Iutsldb ìtj jiusb phkgs tjb gue`br ia pist jihbs lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb bxokvktlig lsaklrhy sekhh. Ighy ti tjb wbst ia jiusb L dld wb algd k sekhh criup. Lt ls, jiwbvbr, lepissl`hbti ekmb iut k jiusb phkg wltj kgy obrtklgty tjbrb. @ut sieb trkobs elcjt `b elsslgc kgd tjlspist jihb oigobgtrktlig elcjt lgdloktb k airebr jiusb sltb ir kg kddltligkh ùlhdlgc ti jiusbL ir LL.

Tjls pist jihb oigobgtrktlig ls ia spbolkh lgtbrbst slgob wb wlhh dbeigstrktb tjkt tjby

@hlcjt jkvb ti di siebtjlgc wltj tjb bkrhlbst pjksb ia tjb iooupktlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt, wjbgwb dlsouss tjb algds. Alrst, tjb pist jihb criup ls sltuktbd lg k plt-arbb zigb> ti tjb girtj wb algdtjb plt criup k, ti tjb siutj k abw sekhh riugd plts. L t ls hlmbhy tjkt wb jkvb ti di wltj cbgbrkhhyoigtbepirkgbius pjbgiebgk. Tjb plts ia criup k krb dktbd `y tjblr (abw) algds ks kg bkrhycriup. _boigd, wb wlhh dbeigstrktb `y ebkgs ia tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb dboirktbd sjbrds,tjkt tjb ihdbst (Q@@) iooupktlig oigobgtrktbd eirb lg tjb wbst tjkg wks tjb oksb lg tjb hktbrpjksbs.

4.2.3. VLT_

Khh tjb plts lgdloktbd ig tjb ekp krb drkwg ks tjby kppbkr lg tjb jlcjbst hbvbh lg wjlojsilh trkobs wbrb prbsbrvbd, kìut 2 oe. `bhiw tjb `ksb ia tjb crby iooupktlig hkybr, l.b. kìut?2 oe. `bhiw tjb airebr surakob. Tjb plts tjbrbairb kppbkr ti `b sekhhbr ig tjb ekp tjkg tjbywbrb durlgc tjb lgjk`ltktlig kgd tjb hbss stbbp tjb lgwkrd shipb ls, tjb eirb ls tjls tjb oksb.

Tjb plts krb lrrbcuhkrhy dlstrlùtbd ivbr tjb sbtthbebgt sltb, ùt ioour bspbolkhhy ig tjbjlcjbst pkrts ia tjb rldcb. Tjby ighy sbbe ti kvild tjb sltb ia jiusb L. Lt ls pissl`hb ti dlstlgculsj k abw criups ia plts jkvlgc slelhkr ojkrkotbrlstlos, gkebhy>

(k) K abw cbgbrkhhy ivkh plts gbkr tjb ix smbhbtig kgd tjb wbstbrg bgd ia jiusb L. Tjbdlebgsligs vkry arie :6 Z ;16 oe. ti ;06 Z 006 oe. Twi plts jkvb `bbg oigsldbrk`hy dlstur`bd`y rbobgt riit kotlvlty, si tjkt tjby krb vbry lrrbcuhkr lg sjkpb. Eist plts jkvb, eirbivbr,k hluelo obgtrb, lg wjloj tjby dlaabr arie tjb eknirlty ia itjbr plts. Tjby okg ohbkrhy `b dlstlg

culsjbd, jiwbvbr, arie tjb ;1tj obgtury skgd dlcclgc phkobs> ig tjb jlcjbst pkrts ia tjb tbrrklgtjb alhhlgc ia tjb hkst ls vbry skgdy, wjlhb tjblr iuthlgb ls euoj sjkrpbr. Sb `bhlbvb tjkt lg tjbplts dbkht wltj jbrb tjbrb wks oigsldbrk`hb `lihiclokh kotlvlty (riits, kglekhs) kìvb kgd lgtjb siebwjkt hikey kgd wbt plt alhhlgcs, lg tjb eldst ia kg iooupktlig hkybr tjkt jkd drlbdiut ks jkrd ks obebgt. Kìvb wb ekdb sieb rbekrms ig tjb rbhktlig ia tjbsb plts ti tjb oigobgtrktlig ia pist jihbs lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb bxokvktlig.



064 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

(`) K abw lrrbcuhkr kgd sjkhhiw dbprbssligs lg k ;? e. higc kgd 2 e. `rikd st rlp gbkr crkvbL. Tjb dlkebtbr ia tjbsb plts ls kt eist 0 e. Sb dlsoussbd kìvb tjb rbhktlig ia tjbsb plts titjb jiusbs L kgd LL kgd ti crkvb L.

(o) K abw hkrcb riugd plts gbkr tjb `kgm ia tjb cuhhy kgd crkvb LL. Tjb dlkebtbr ls ;16-

;:6 oe., tjb lgwkrd shipb ls stbbp kgd tjby krb dbbp. Vlt 0;6 ls bspbolkhhy ugusukh `bokusb ialts stbbp shipb, lts ahkt `ksb kgd tjb kùgdkgt trkobs ia ùrglgc. Tjb plt wks obrtklghy duc ksk pkrt ia tjb ùrlkh rltukh (ba. p. 023). Tjb itjbr plts krb eirb lrrbcuhkr. Lg vlbw ia tjb wjihbsltuktlig kgd tjb oigobgtrktlig kriugd tjb crkvb k oigtbepirkgblty lg k cbgbrkh sbgsb wltjtjls crkvb sbbes pri`k`hb. Tjls ls suppirtbd `y tjb algds arie tjbsb plts (p. 0;:).

(d) Eirb tjkg 06 sekhh riugd plts sprbkd ivbr tjb wjihb tbrrklg. Tjb dlkebtbr ls 42-;66 oe.=tjb lgwkrd shipb ls aklrhy stbbp. K abw ioour keigc tjb kìvb-gkebd criups k kgd `. Tjb pisltlig ia tjbsb plts ls suoj tjkt wb okggit kttrlùtb tjbe ti kgy pkrtlouhkr pjksb ia tjb iooupktlig. Sb okg ighy sky tjkt tjby eust `bhigc kt hbkst ti tjb jiusb L pjksb.

(b) Aiur plts wltjlg tjb phkg ia jiusb L (?1/4;, ?4/4?, 44 kgd k sekhh plt lg tjb wbst ia tjbphkg) rbqlllrb sieb spbolkh rbekrms.

— Vlt ?4/4?, k sekhh riugd plt wltj k dlkebtbr ia kìut 26 oe., kppbkrbd khrbkdy jlcjlg tjb sbotlig, tjb algbhy dlspbrsbd ojkroikh oihiurlgc tjb alhhlgc `hkom. Ks suoj tjls sekhh pltls ldbgtlokh wltj tjb euoj hkrcbr plt 03/0;;. Tjb sltuktlig ig tjb kxls hlgb ia jiusb LL kgd prbsuek`hy aklrhy lg tjb elddhb ia tjb jiusb ekmbs lt pri`k`hb tjkt tjb sekhh plt wks duc lg tjbvlolglty ia tjb jbkrtj ia tjls jiusb, ir bvbg wks pkrt ia lt.

— Vlt ?1/4; wks git bxkothy riugd kgd oigtklgbd gi ojkroikh, ybt wks vbry dkrm lgoihiur. Tjb plt kdnilgs tjb jiusb LL wkhh.

— Vlt 44, k pbrabothy riugd plt wltj k dlkebtbr ia ;66 oe. kgd k hlcjt crby alhhlgc, oigtklgbd gi algds itjbr tjkg sieb arkcebgts ia tjb hkrcb hike wblcjt gi. 44 sjiwg kt alc. <4. Tjbplt hlbs wltjlg ìtj jiusb phkgs ùt okggit `b kttrlùtbd ti bltjbr. Khtjiucj tjb hike wblcjtsuccbsts tjls strigchy lt ls git hlmbhy tjkt tjls plt okg `b criupbd wltj jbkrtj gi. 0<, tjb wblcjtsia wjloj krb ia k titkhhy dlaabrbgt typb, kgd lg gi. 44 tjbrb wks gbltjbr kgy trkob wjktsibvbria ojkroikh gir kgy itjbr algd.

— Tjb sekhh plt wbst ia jiusb L, wjbrb gi algds wbrb ekdb, strigchy rbsbe`hbs gi. ?4/4?.Tjb alhhlgc ls `hkombgbd `y algbhy dlspbrsbd ojkroikh. @bokusb ia lts ugusukh sltuktlig wb ekytjlgm jbrb tii ia k prixlelty ti tjb jbkrtj ia jiusb L. Tjb algds dbrlvbd arie tjb plt alhhlgcskgd tjblr dktlgc oigsbqubgobs krb dlsoussbd `bhiw (p. 0;:).

4.2.:. TPBGOJB_

Kt tjb pbrlebtbrs ia tjb sekhh sbtthbebgt sltb k gue`br ia sekhh trbgojbs okg `b dlstlgculsjbd. Lg vlbw ia tjblr lrrbcuhkr oiursb lt ls git obrtklg wjbtjbr tjby wbrb duc `y ebg ir

okeb lgti bxlstbgob tjriucj gkturkh olrouestkgobs.Tjb higc trbgoj rugglgc khigc tjb girtjbrg hlelt ia tjb sbtthbebgt sltb (k pkrt jks git `bbg

bxokvktbd) drklgbd tjb stkcgkgt wktbr arie kg krbk wltj ohky hbgsbs kt lts `bclgglgc lgti tjbcuhhy kgd obrtklghy git khigc tjb sjirtbst riutb. Khsi durlgc tjb iooupktlig tjb wktbr ig tjbphkob lg qubstlig wlhh jkvb drklgbd kwky eirb shiwhy= lt ls pissl`hb tjkt tjb lgjk`ltkgts wbrblgoigvbglbgobd `y tjls kgd si duc k drklgkcb trbgoj.



TJB ALGD_ 062

Khigc tjb siutjbrg ìugdkry tjb tbrrklg jks k euoj stbbpbr shipb kgd tjb drklglgc kwkyia surphus wktbr tjbrb wlhh jkvb `bbg euoj bkslbr. Jbrb khsi k abw, euoj sekhhbr trbgojbsdrklgbd tjb sltb.

Sb jkvb gi bxphkgktlig air tjb rbekrmk`hb hltthb trbgojbs gbkr crkvb LLL. Dld tjb wktbrcktjbr khigc tjbe, ti k phkob wjbrb tjb ;1tj obgtury plt ls hylgc giw9

Tjb gkturb ia tjb trbgoj alhhlgcs kgd tjb ioourrbgob ia k abw sekhh sjbrds lg tjbe lgdloktblg kgy oksb tjkt tjby wbrb oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb lgjk`ltktlig.

4.1. TJB ALGD_ 00

4.1.;. CBGBPKH PBEKPM_

Tjb aihhiwlgc criups ia algds eky `b dlstlgculsjbd kooirdlgc ti tjb algd olrouestkgobs.— Algds arie tjb crby iooupktlig hkybr ia tjb sbtthbebgt sltb, gkebd `bhiw "sbtthbebgt

algds" 0?.

— Algds arie tjb plt alhhlgcs lg tjb sbtthbebgt sltb.— Algds arie tjb alhhlgc ia tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh.— Algds arie tjb crkvbs.Tjbsb criups eky `b ojkrkotbrlzbd ks aihhiws.—• Tjb sbtthbebgt algds oigslst ia ektbrlkh arie tjb wjihb sbtthbebgt pbrlid. Lg vlbw ia

tjb dktlgc ia tjb strbke rldcb (kìut 0666 @.O.) pihhutlig `y ihdbr ektbrlkh okg `b ruhbd iut.Ks air hktbr pihhutlig wb jkvb gi bvldbgob itjbr tjkg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb jbkrtj gi. 0<.Keigc tjb sbtthbebgt algds, jiwbvbr, tjbrb ls gi ektbrlkh dlrbothy oiepkrk`hb ti gi. 0<.Aurtjbreirb, wb mgiw tjkt tjb krbk wks gi higcbr lgjk`ltbd katbr kìut :66 @.O. 04. Hktbrpihhutlig okg khsi `b bxohudbd, tjbrbairb, si tjkt wb eky koobpt tjls ks k trub diebstlo kssbe`hkcb arie tjb trkgsltlig pbrlid `btwbbg tjb Gbihltjlo kgd @rigzb Kcb, wltj, ks lts ighy dkt

k`hb bhbebgts, sjbrds ia Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs kgd @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbrs. _jbrds arie tjb ipbglgcpjksb ia tjb iooupktlig wlhh jkvb hkrcbhy `bbg hist durlgc lts oigtlguktlig ùt tjb ohislgcpjksb wlhh `b rbhktlvbhy wbhh rbprbsbgtbd `y tjb pittbry.

— Lg tjb plt algds wb krb oigobrgbd wltj k sekhh gue`br ia vbry sekhh sjbrds dlstrlùtbdkt rkgdie tjriucjiut tjb plt alhhlgcs. Tjbsb, lg iur vlbw, dld git hlb lg tjblr prlekry pisltlig,ùt eust jkvb rbkojbd tjblr pisltlig ks k pkrt ia tjb skgd tjkt ekmbs up tjb plt alhhlgcs.

— Tjb cuhhy algds elcjt rbprbsbgt k pkr t ir tjb wjihb pbrlid ia tjb iooupktlig. Tjby gbkrhy khh oieb arie dbpislt ; **, Tjbrb ls gi hktbr pihhutlig.

— Tjb crkvb algds krb ohisbd algds. Ks tjb wjihb obebtbry ioouplbs k aklrhy sjirt tleblg tjb iooupktlig pbrlid 01, tjb algds lg tjb crkvbs krb `rikdhy spbkmlgc oigtbepirkgbius.

00 Tjb algds krb rbclstbrbd lg tjb PEI, gis. j ;<13/;.;-?1:.0? Tjb algds arie tjb plts kgd arie tjb cuhhy ia oiursb krb diebstlo rbausb tii, ùt tjbsb krb bxohudbd wjbg

wb spbkm ia "sbtthbebgt algds".04 _bb p. ;<6, kgd tjb pihhbg dlkcrke Eihbgkkrscrkka L, alc. 11. Dbsorlpt lig ia tjb algds gi. 0< kt p. ;<?.02 Dbsorlptlig kt p. 006.01 _bb p. 036 air tjls qubstlig.



061 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Tjb qukgtlty ia ektbrlkh ls bxobbdlgchy sekhh, kgd oieprlsbs, wltj tjb bxobptlig ia tjbcrkvb algds>

<426 crkes ia pittbry14 hueps ia hike (`kmbd ohky)

433 plbobs ia ahlgt22 plbobs ia wirmbd stigb— k qukgtlty ia gkturkh stigb

??: plbobs ia ìgb0? plbobs ia wirmbd wiid.

4.1.0. DL_TPL@RTLIG IA TJB ALGD_ IQBP TJB _BTTHBEBGT TBPPKLG

Khh sbtthbebgt algds okeb arie tjb iooupktlig hkybr ir arie tjb prlekry alhhlgc ia tjb;1tj obgtury skgd dlcclgc plts. Tjby wbrb oihhbotbd `y dlcclgc kwky tjb iooupktlig hkybrvbry okrbauhhy, si tjkt vbry sekhh i`nbots oiuhd khsi `b rboivbrbd. Durlgc tjb alrst pkrt ia tjb

alrst ipbrktlig tjb algds wbrb mbpt ticbtjbr kooirdlgc ti tjb bxokvktlig plt, wjlhb gitbs wbrbekdb ia tjb dlstrlùtlig wltjlg bkoj plt. Hktbr wb ojkgcbd ivbr ti oihhbotlgc kooirdlgc tisqukrbs ia 0 Z 0W e.

Tjb pivbrty ia algds ls pkrthy bxphklgbd `y tjb higc tleb tjkt tjb ihd iooupktlig hbvbhairebd tjb surakob, wjlhb olrouestkgobs wbrb ugakviurk`hb air tjb oigsbrvktlig ia pittbry>khtbrgktbhy eirb ir hbss dkep. Hbss pbrlsjk`hb ektbrlkh suoj ks stigb ls, jiwbvbr, khsi spkrsb,si tjkt tjb piir gue`br ia algds eust khsi `b pkrthy prlekry. Bvbg ugdbr eirb akviurk`hbolrouestkgobs bhsbwjbrb k sokrolty ia algds ls oieeig lg @bkmbr sbtthbebgts.

Tjb dlstrlùtlig ekps (alcs. 33-:6) khh sjiw tjb skeb cbgbrkh ploturb> k oigobgtrktligia algds ivbr k strlp ia kìut 16 e. higc `y <-;2 e. wldb, hylgc lg kg bkst-wbst dlrbotlig, kgdoilgoldlgc wltj tjb jlcjbst kgd eist skgdy pkrt ia tjb rldcb. Tjls orbst hlbs siebwjkt siutj ia

tjb rldcb obgtrb. Girtjwkrds tjb shipb drips crkdukhhy kgd ohkyby hkybrs krb lgtbrokhktbdlg tjb skgd= siutjwkrds tjb shipb ls aklrhy stbbp. Bkstwkrds tjb algd strlp bgds kcklgst tjb`rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy. Ighy lg tjb wbst di tjb ojkgcbs lg tjb sltb ioour crkdukhhy, hlmb tjisbia tjb algds. Tjb sltb ls lg lts eist wbstbrhy pkrt k hltthb hiwbr tjkg lg tjb obgtrb ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Lt ls ighy kt tjb itjbr sldb ia tjb dltoj hleltlgc tjb bxokvktlig sltb tjkt tjb rldcb `boiebsslcglalokgthy hiwbr. Tjb algd dlstrlùtlig aihhiws tjbrbairb tjb gkturkh oigdltligs ia tjb sltbvbry ohisbhy.

Tjb dlstrlùtlig pkttbrgs ia tjb algds kgd tjb silh trkobs khsi oirrbspigd ohisbhy. Tjbbaabots ia hktbr brislig okg `b hbat iut ia kooiugt. Air tjb iooupktlig hkybr ls ia rbcuhkr tjlomgbssivbr tjb wjihb sltb, kgd tjb prbsbgt vbry shlcjt rbhlba ls eklghy tjb rbsuht ia tjb rbobgt oiepkotlig lg tjb surriugdlgcs. Tjb bxtbgt ia tjb sbtthbebgt ls tjbrbairb oirrbothy sjiwg ig tjb ekps.

La wb tkmb tjb keiugt ia algd-ektbrlkh ti `b k ebksurb ia tjb lgtbgslty ia tjb iooupktlig, tjbwbstbrg—tjb hbkst akviurk`hb—pkrt ia tjb sltb wks hbss lgtbgslvbhy ioouplbd (ir air k sjirtbrpbrlid) tjkg tjb jlcjbst pkrt. Ks ìtj jiusbs khsi stiid tjbrb wb eky okhh tjls tjb obgtrb iatjb sbtthbebgt, wjloj lg tjb k`sihutb sbgsb wks vbry sekhh.

Khtjiucj lt ls tjb oirrbspigdbgobs lg tjb dlstrlùtlig ekps wjloj krb tjb eist strlmlgc,tjbrb krb gbvbrtjbhbss lepirtkgt dlaabrbgobs, pkrtlouhkrhy lg tjb bxtbgt ia oigobgtrktlig. Tjb



DL_TPL@RTLIG IA ALGD_ 06 3

Alc. 32. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Oigtiur ekp ia tjb jlcjbst bxokvkt lig hbvbh, sltuktbd 2-;6 oe. `bhiw tjb `ksb, ?6-46 oe

`bhiw tjb tip ia tjb "iooupktlig hkybr" kgd 16-36 oe. `bhiw tjb prbsbgt criugd surakob. Jblcjt lg oe. `bhiw GKV.Tjb `rimbg hlgbs rbprbsbgt tjb oigtiur hlgbs `bairb tjb dlcclgc ia tjb eidbrg dltoj. Tjb oirb ia tjb sbtthbebgt oirrbspigds wltj tjb tbrrklg kìvb —;;6 oe., wjloj oirrbspigds lg lts turg kpprixlektbhy wltj tjkt kìvb —16 oe. lg

alc. 2: kgd kìvb —26 oe. lg alc. 23. _okhb ;>?66.

Alc. 31. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Iuthlgb ia tjb eist lepirtkgt abkturbs lg tjb bxokvktlig.

;. tbst plts, rbobgt 2. crkvbs0. akrebr's skgd-dlcclgcs ;1tj obgtury K.D. 1. hiwbr pkr t ia tjb rldcb wltj tjlg ohky hkybrs lg tjb?. jbkr tj gi. 0<, Elddhb @rigzb Kcb skgd, tjb `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh kgd dltojbs

4. itjbr prbjlstirlo plts 3. oigobgt rktlig ia stigbs gi. ?6:

pittbry ls strigchy oigobgtrktbd lg k gkrriw zigb jkvlgc ìtj jiusb phkgs ks lts obgtrb. Tjbskeb kpphlbs ti tjb hkrcb plbobs ia wirmbd stigb. Tjb sekhh plbobs, jiwbvbr, krb euoj eirbwldbhy dlstrlùtbd. Lg tjb oksb ia tjb ahlgt tjbrb ls jkrdhy kgy qubstlig ia k oigobgtrktlig.Tjb hike ioours air tjb eist pkrt lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt. Tjbsb vkrlktligs eky `b tjb rbsuhtia dlaabrbgobs lg tjb ebtjid kgd/ir phkob ia usb, ùt khsi ia dlaabrbgobs lg kcb. Sb sjkhh `b rbvbrtlgc ti tjls lg eirb dbtklh wjbg wb jkvb dlsoussbd tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb vkrlius typbs ia dboi-



06: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

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Alc. 33. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlstrlùtlig ia tjb pit tbry . Sblcjt ia tjb sjbrds `y squkrbs kgd lg crkee bs.

Sjbrb tjb algds wbrb git oihhbotbd `y squkrbs, tjb titkh ls dlvldbd kooirdlgc ti tjb i`sbrvktligs lg tjb albhd.Lg tjkt oksb tjb squkrbs krb git sbpkrktbd `y sihld hlgbs.

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Alc. 3:. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlstrlùtlig ia hueps ia hike, wltj tjb bxobptlig ia vbry sekhh arkcebgts.;. huep ia pittbr's ohky gi. ?120. rbhktlvbhy sekhh hueps

?. rbhktlvbhy `lc hueps

rktbd pittbry. Tjkt tjb dlaabrbgobs okggit `b bxphklgbd `y k dlaabrbgob lg rbkotlig ti hktbr rbphkobebgt dub ti kglekh kotlvlty ls ohbkr arie tjb vkrlktligs lg dlstrlùtlig ia tjb hike kgd tjb

pittbry. K akotir wjloj wks pri`k`hy ia lepirtkgob wks tjb lgahubgob ia hktbr iooupktlig ig tjbrbeklgs ia k prbobdlgc iooupktlig pjksb. La tjb pkrt usbd ks ykrd rbeklgbd tjb skeb, tjb ihdbrrbausb eust jkvb `bbg oigsldbrk`hy orusjbd, lg si akr ks lt ls hlk`hb ti dkekcb (b.c. hike kgdpittbry).



VITTBP\ 06<

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Alc. 3<. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlstrlùtlig ia tjb ahlgt.;. sorkpbr s 4. oirbs kgd lrrbcuhkr plbobs0. ìrbrs 2. ahkmbs kgd rbtiuojbd ahkmbs?. vkrlius krtlakots

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Alc. :6. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlstrlùtlig ia tjb wirmbd stigb.

;. rbtiuojilrs0. qubrg stigb arkcebgts?. `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs4. ks ?, arkcebgts2. arkcebgt ia pbrairktbd kxb

1. arkcebgt ia krriw-sjkat strklcjtbgbr3. crlgdlgc stigb arkcebgts (`lc)

:. crlgdlgc stigb arkcebgts (sekhh)

<. vkrlius plbobs ia wirmbd stigb

4.1.?. VITTBP\

4.1.?.;. Cbgbrkh rbekrms

Lg tjb pittbry ioour twi krojkbihiclokh bhbebgts wjloj krb dktk`hb>•— sjbrds ia @bhh `bkmbrs (@@)— sjbrds ia @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbrs (@S@)

@@ pittbry ls tjb yiugcbst Gbihltjlo pittbry lg tjls oiugtry, dktbd `btwbbg kìut 0666



0;6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

kgd ;366 @.O. @S@ pittbry ls tjb ihdbst @rigzb Kcb pit tbry, hbss ohisbhy dktbd, ù t lg kgyoksb usbd `btwbbg kìut ;366 kgd ;266 @.O. Sb eust, jiwbvbr, rbomig wltj tjb pissl`lhltytjkt tjbrb wks k pjksb lg wjloj ìtj typbs ia pittbry wbrb usbd ticbtjbr khtjiucj tjls oiuhdgit `b privbd ugtlh giw 03. Katbr tjb dbsorlptlig tjb eist lepirtkgt oigsldbrktlig wlhh `btjb pri`hbe ia tjb ojrigihiclokh dlaabrbgtlktlig ia tjb pittbry ig tjb criugd ia lts typihicy,kssiolktligs kgd dlstrlùtlig. K dlaabrbgtlktlig lgti oigsboutlvb pjksbs wlhh tjbg `b oiepkrbdwltj tjb ojrigihicy tjkt wb dbtbrelgbd wltj tjb silh trkobs.

4.1.?.0. Vittbry aire tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg

Ia tjb :?66 crkes ia pittbry arie tjb sbtthbebgt sltb, 02.2% `y wblcjt ls dboirktbd. Sjbgoiugtlgc tjb sjbrds, hleltbd ti tjb rle kgd `ksb sjbrds, wb rbkojbd k siebwjkt jlcjbr pbrobgtkcb (??%), wjloj eky `b kttrlùtbd ti tjb kvbrkcb crbktbr tjlomgbss kgd tjus ti tjb hkrcbrslzb ia tjb ugdboirktod sjbrds.

Tjb arkcebgtkry ektbrlkh ylbhds hltthb lgairektlig kìut tjb aires. Lg cbgbrkh wb krbdbkhlgc wltj shlcjthy _-sjkpbd pittbry wltjiut kg koobgtuktbd `bgd kt tjb gbom ir kt tjb ìdy.

Ighy igob di wb algd k sjkrphy `bgt gbom, lg igb ia alvb sjbrds aiugd ticbtjbr, tbepbrbd wltjqukrtz crlt kgd dboirktbd ohueslhy wltj riws ia oikrsb leprbssligs (alc. :4, uppbr riw, elddhb).Khtjiucj tjlombr, riucjbr kgd eirb ohuesy tjkg tjls, tjb prialhb strigchy rbsbe`hbs tjkt iatjb Gbombd Vit @bkmbr. Kt tjb `ksbs wb algd ìtj tjb trub @bhh @bkmbr `ksb kgd tjb plgojbd-iutpritrudlgc aiit. Khtjiucj khh trkgsltligkh aires ioour, tjb alrst aire sbbes ti `b hleltbd titjb algbr pittbry, wjlhb tjb hkst ioours lg tjb tjlom pittbry ks wbhh. Tjb oirdigbd rle kgd kriw ia pbrairktligs `bhiw tjb rle krb aklrhy oieeig. _iebtlebs ìtj ioour lg oie`lgktlig.Sb bstlektbd tjkt tjby ioourrbd lg kìut 06% ia tjb rle sjbrds, ia wjloj kìut ?2% wbrbdboirktbd, pkrtlouhkrhy wltj @S@ leprbssligs. Tjb pbrobgtkcb ia sjbrds wltj stigb tbepbrlgcwks rbekrmk`hy jlcj (kìut 26%) lg tjls criup wltj oirdigbd rles kgd/ir pbrairktligs.Leprbssligs ig tip ia tjb rle ioour tjrbb tlebs. Pbpklr jihbs (ekdb katbr tjb alrlgc) krb rkrb.

Kìut tjb ebkg dlstrlùtlig ia tjb dboirktlig ivbr tjb surakob ia tjb vbssbhs tjb ektbrlkhclvbs gi lgairektlig. Tjb ioourrbgob ia dboirktbd `ksb sjbrds sjiws, jiwbvbr, tjkt khsi tjbhiwbst pkrt ia tjb pittbry wks siebtlebs dboirktbd ks wbhh.

4.1.?.?. Dboirktbd pittbry= dboirktlig typbs (alcs. :;-:2)

Tjb dboirktbd pittbry wks suaalolbgt ti dbeigstrktb k gue`br ia dboirktlig tbojglqubskgd eitlas, kgd ti oigstruot k tk`hb (tk`hb ;1) clvlgc k qukgtltktlvb survby ia tjbsb. Ig tjbitjbr jkgd tjb gue`br ia sjbrds ls si sekhh tjkt lt wks pissl`hb ti clvb drkwlgcs ia eist iatjbe. Tjb dboirktbd pittbry ls aklrhy vkrlbd, arie tjlg, algb pittbry ti vbry tjlom-wkhhbd kgdoikrsb pits. Tjb tjlomgbss vkrlbs arie 4.2-;? ee. (cbgbrkhhy 1-;; ee.), tjb oihiur ls eisthypkhb ybhhiw ir hlcjt irkgcb. Tjb tbepbrlgc, wjbrb lt okg `b ldbgtlalbd, oigslsts lg eist oksbs

ia piugdbd pittbry. Lg kìut 06% ia tjb sjbrds, kgd ioourrlgc wltj khh tjb dboirktlig typbs,sekhh stigbs wbrb prbsbgt, ùt lg ighy kìut ;6% wb eky rbkhhy spbkm ia tbepbrlgc wltjalgb crkvbh ir qukrtz crlt. Tjb hkom ia stigb lg tjb krbk obrtklghy lgahubgobd tjb ektbrlkh usbdair tbepbrlgc.

03 Tjls pri`hbe ls dlsoussbd lg dbtklh lg pkrkcrkpj 4.<.?.0, p. 0:: a.



VITTBP\ - _BTTHBEBGT 0;;

%ì ®

&Xn/

Alc. :;. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vittb ry arie tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg.

_jbrds tbepbrbd pkrthy ir bxohuslvbhy wltj stigb crlt krb lgdloktbd wltj k Z . _okhb ;>0.K > @@ pitt bry. @ > @QQ@ pit tbr y.



0;0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. :0. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vit tbr y arie tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrk lg. Dboirktlig typbs O-J. _okhb ;>0.



VITTBP\ - _BTTHBEBGT 0;?

Alc. :?. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vitt bry arie tjb sbtthbebgt tb rrklg. Dboirktlig typb L. _okhb ;>0.



0;4 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. :4. Eihbgkkrscrkka. V ittb ry arie tjb sbtthbebgt tbr rklg. Dboirktlig typbs N-E. _okhb ;>0.



VITTBP\ - _BTTHBEBGT 0;2

Alc. :2. Eihbgklr eklh '. L g hbb «rktbd pittbry arie tjb sbt thbebgt tbrr klg . Lggbr sldb ia khh rle sjbrds ls kt rlcjt.

Tjb jbkvy hlgbs wltj tjb ìt tie sjbrds lgdloktb prbabrrbd lggbr surakobs. _okhb ;>0.



0;1 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

TK@HB ;1

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dboirktbd pittbry (sjbrds) arie, tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg

Dboirktlig

Sblcjt

crkeebs %

Gue`brs

gue`br %

Tbepbrlgc *

stigb piugdbd

crlt pittbry

Skhh

tjlomgbss

(ee)

K @bhh @bkmbr

@ @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr

O stk`s

;) ojkggbhhlgcB phkstlo dboirktlig

A criivbs wltj algb lepr .

C dbbp criivbsJ ùepsL algcbrtlp, Q-eitla

N — vbr t.= riwsM — jirlz.= hlgbshl — i`l.= riws

E gklh leprbssligs

G rbbd leprbssligs

6 leprbssligs ia9

— ugohksslalbd algcbrt lp

<2 4.2011 ;0.1

<0 4.4

34 ?.2

0;< ;6.4

?: ;.:

?4 ;.1: 6.4

4;0 ;<.2

?23 ;3.602? ;0.6

?4 ;.1?: ;.:

;:1 :.:

?6 <.;

?; <.40; 1.406 1.;03 :.0

1 ;.:

? 6.<; 6.?

20 ;2.:

46 ;0.64; ;0.4

4 ;.0? 6.<

2; ;2.4

4 01;? ;:? ;:; ;<? 046 16 ?

6 ;3 42

;6t ?61 ?2; ?6 ?

**

4.2- 1.2:-;;1-;;2- :3-;;

1-;;

1-;?3.2-;;

:-;62-;6

2-;0

Titkh 0,;61 <<.< ??6 <<.< 4: 0?; 4.2-;?

* Bvbr y sjbrd sjiwlgc sieb stigb crlt ir algb crkvbh ls lgohudbd lg tjb oihueg "stigb cr lt". Tjb pbrobgtkcbia trub stigb-crlttbd pittbry ls tjbrbairb sekhhbr (kìut jkha tjb vkhub kooirdlgc tjls tk`lo).

a Aiur ia tjbsb ;6 sjbrds `bhigc ti igb pit .

** Tjb ugohksslalbd algcbrtlp leprbssligs krb git dlvldbd kooirdlgc ti tjb ektbrlkh usbd air tbepbrlgc, slgobtjb sekhhgbss ia tjb sjbrds elcjt `b k okusb ia brrir.

TK@HB ;3

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dboirktbd pittbry arie tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg

DboirktligSblcjt

Crkeebs %

Gue`brs

Gue`br %

K @bhh @bkmbr@ @kr`b d Slrb @bkmbrO-B stk`s, ojkggbhhlgc, phkstlo dboirktlig

L-E algcbrtlp kgd gklh lepr . (ugohkss. lgoj)-p TT

G -6 6 t j b r

<2 4.2011 ;0.1

?:2 ;:.?

;0:6 16.3

:6 ?.<

?6 <.;?; <.41: 06.3

;<; 23.3

;6 ?.;

Titkh 0;61 ;66.6 ??6 ;66.6



VITTBP\ - _BTTHBEBGT 0;3

So okg dlstlgculsj tjb dboirktlig typbs ig kooiugt ia tjblr tbojglqubs kgd eitlas.K — @bhh-@bkmbr. Algb dbslcgs, out ir leprbssbd wltj k dbgtktbd spktuhk. Tjlg kgd `kdhy

prbsbrvbd sekhh sjbrds. K abw sjbrds krb rboicglzk`hb ks dbrlvlgc arie tjb Qbhuwb typb ia@bhh @bkmbr. Typihiclokh Bkrhy (Ekrltleb) @bhh @bkmbrs okggit `b ldbgtlalbd wltj obrtklgty.Tjls,

jiwbvbr, eky `b `bokusb ia tjb vbry arkcebgtkry ojkrkotbr ia tjb pittbry.@ — @kr`bd Slrb. Leprbssligs krrkgcbd lg jirlzigtkh hlgbs, iooksligkhhy oie`lgbdwltj i`hlqubhy pnkobd leprbssligs, okrrlbd iut wltj k tjrbkd-wiugd stkep. Lg cbgbrkh tjbtjrbkds krb wiugd wldb kpkrt, ùt iooksligkhhy ohisbhy ir vbry ohisbhy 0:. Tjb tjlomgbss vkrlbsarie tjlg `bkmbr-hlmb pittbry (2-1 ee.) ti tjlom, aklrhy oikrsb pittbry (kìut ;6 ee.). Twi`bkmbr-typb rles, igb wltj k wbkm oirdig, tjb itjbr wltj k riw ia pbrairktligs kgd k sjbrdarie k hkrcb, tjlom-wkhhbd pit krb > tjb eist ojkrkotbrls tlo. Gitbwirtjy ls tjb rbhktlvbhy jlcjpbrobgtkcb wltj qukrtz tbepbrlgc (;? ia tjb ?; lhhustrktbd sjbrds). K gue`br ia sjbrds ls lgohudbd lg tjb @S@ pittbry purbhy ig kooiugt ia tjb cbgbrkh kppbkrkgob ia tjb dboirktlig. Lt lscbgbrkhhy dlaalouht, bspbolkhhy lg vlbw ia tjb stktb ia prbsbrvktlig ia tjb pittbry, ti privb tjbusb ia tjb trub tjrbkd-wiugd (@S) stkep 0<.

O — _tk`s. Leprbssligs, lrrbcuhkrhy phkobd ir siebtlebs krrkgcbd lg riws, bxboutbdwltj k sjkrp i`nbot suoj ks k pilgtbd stlom ir k qulhh ia k abktjbr.

D — Ojkggbhhlgc. Kvbrkcb ti vbry algb criivbs rugglgc riugd tjb pit, kpphlbd wltj kglgstruebgt slelhkr ti tjisb ebgtligbd ugdbr O.

B — Vhkstlo dboirktlig. @y tjb kpphloktlig ia k spktuhk kgd/ir algcbrtlp leprbssligsk rbhlba baabot ls kojlbvbd, rugglgc usukhhy lg eutukhhy rlcjt kgcuhkr dlrbotligs (l.b. jirlzigtkhkgd vbrtlokh). Lg sieb oksbs tjb sjbrds eky irlclgktb arie Vit @bkmbrs, ks tjisb ia alc. :0 igtjb sboigd riw, kt tjb hbat.

A — Criivbs wltj ohisbhy spkobd leprbssligs, ks la wltj k vbry orudb @S stkep.Tjb eitlas O-A ioour eklghy ig aklrhy algb pittbry tjkt ls sbhdie tbepbrbd wltj stigb crltir algb crkvbh. Ig igb sjbrd O/D kgd O/L ioour lg oie`lgktlig.

C — Dbbp criivbs. _lelhkr ti D, ùt euoj jbkvlbr lg bxboutlig. Vkrt ir khh ia tjbe eky

`b nudcbd ti `b arkcebgts ia oirdigbd rles.J — _ekhh ùeps. Ighy ig igb sjbrd, ig wjloj tjb tbojglqub usbd okggit `b ksobrtklgbd

`bokusb ia wbktjbrlgc. Vissl`hy k `kdhy wbktjbrbd pit `bkmbr sjbrd.L — Algcbrtlp leprbssligs lg Q-eitla. Algcbrt lp ir gklh leprbssligs phkobd lg pklrs lg

Q ir lgvbrtbd Q eitlas, ighy rkrbhy krrkgcbd lg kgy mlgd ia rbctlhkr pktt brg . Twlob ig igbsjbrd oie`lgbd wltj D.

N — Algcbrtlp leprbssligs lg riws. Qbrtlokhhy phkobd algcbrtlp ir gklh leprbssligs krrkgcbdlg jirlzigtkh riws. _iebtlebs tjby ojkgcb ti L. Igb sjbrd kppbkrs ti oieb arie k GbombdVit @bkmbr.Tjb eitlas L-N ioour ig algb, `bkmbr-hlmb ti orudb pittbry, lg tjb hkttbr oksb iatbg wltj stigbtbepbrlgc.

0: Ohisbhy wiugd> alc. :; @, alrst riw hbat, kgd hkst riw rlcjt.0< Igb typ b ia dboirktlig wks brrigbiushy lgohudbd lg tjb typb @. Tjls ls tjb dboirktlig ia jirlzigtkh hlgbs, bxbout

bd wltj k dbgtktbd spktuhk. _lgob wb rbkhlzbd tjls brrir ighy kt tjb bgd ia iur study, wb oiuhd.git ojkgcb alc. :; lgtjls rbspbot. Sb vbrlalbd tjkt tjls dld git lgahubgob iur oigohusligs. Twi sjbrds sjiw tjls dboirktlig> alc. :; @, 0gdriw, tjb 0gd kgd 1tj sjbrd arie tjb hbat.



0;: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

M — Algcbrtlp leprbssligs ig hlgbs. Jirlzigtkhhy phkobd algcbrtlp ir gklh leprbssligskrrkgcbd ig hlgbs rugglgc riugd tjb pit, ighy ig aklrhy algb pittbry. K abw ia tjb sjbrds ekyjkvb airebd pkrt ia eitlas wjloj, wb succbstbd ugdbr B, rbsbe`hb Vit @bkmbr dboirktlig.

H — I`hlqub algcbrtlp leprbssligs, lg riws.

E — Algcbrgklh leprbssligs. Igob, oie`lgbd wltj L.Twi dboirktlig tbojglqubs di git ioour lg tjb pi ttbry arie tjb sbt thbebgt tbrrklg, ybt

tjby krb ti `b aiugd lg tjb itjbr algd criups.G — Pbbd leprbssligs. Igob lg k plt alhhlgc kgd igob keigc tjb cuhhy algds.I — Leprbssligs ekdb `y kg lrrbcuhkr i`nbot. Igob lg tjb cuhhy alhhlgc.

Rgohksslalbd algcbrtlp leprbssligs. [ultb k gue`br ia sjbrds wltj algcbrt lp leprbssligsokggit `b kttrlùtbd ti kgy ia tjb gkebd typbs `bokusb ia tjblr sekhh slzb. Tjbsb krb sekhhsjbrds wltj igb ir twi leprbssligs, ia wjloj tjb eitla okggit `b ldbgtlalbd.

Tjb tk`hbs ;1 kgd ;3 clvb k qukg tlt ktlvb survby ia tjb vkrlius dboirktlig eitlas. Tjbdlaabrbgobs `btwbbg tjb wblcjt kgd gue`br pbrobgtkcbs krb git `lc. Sjkt ls rbekrmk`hb, ls

tjb hkrcb gue`br ia sjbrds dboirktbd wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs (kìut 16%) kgd tjb sekhhgue`br ia @@ kgd @S@ sjbrds. Tjb dlaabrbgobs `btwbbg gue`brs kgd wblcjts lg ìtj typbsdbeigstrktb ohbkrhy tjkt @S dboirktlig khsi ioours ig orudb pittbry, kgd kt tjb skeb tlebtjkt tjb @@ sjbrds krb ia sekhh slzb.

Lg tjb dboirktlig eitlas, hlgbs, riws ir `kgds ia leprbssligs rugglgc riugd tjb pit phkyk prbdielgkt lgc rihb. Lg gbkrhy khh oksbs lt ls pissl`hb ti dlstlgculsj sieb ohbkr krrkgcbebgtùt tjbrb krb bxobptligs ti tjls lg tjb stk`s (O) kgd lg tjb algcbr leprbssligs ia tjb Q eitla(L). _iebtlebs i`hlqub hlgbs krb ti `b sbbg, pkrts ia k jirlzigtkh zlc-zkc eitla, lg oie`lgktligwltj hlgbs rugglgc riugd tjb pit. Tjls ls igb ia tjb (abw) eitlas ia tjb @S@ pittbry kgdioours jbrb khsi lg tjb ojkggbhhlgc tbojglqub (D).

4.1.?.4. Vittbry arie tjb plt alhhlgcs (alc. :1)Tjb qukgtlty ia pittbry arie tjb plt alhhlgcs ls rbekrmk`hy sekhh. Ia 0:0 crkes ia pittbry

2 ; % `y wblcjt ls dboirktbd. Tjbsb krb 0? sekhh sjbrds dlstrlùtbd ivbr ;0 plts. Gi 02:/?6;(;:0 crke) jks git `bbg lgohudbd jbrb.

Lg alvb plts tjbrb krb 1 @@ sjbrds, twi ia tjbe ohbkrhy `bhigclgc ti k Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrkgd tjb itjbr aiur ti k typb wjloj okggit `b ldbgtlalbd. Bkrhy (Ekrltleb) @bhh `bkmbrs okggit `b ldbgtlalbd, ùt tjls ls git ia euoj slcglalokgob lg suoj k sekhh gue`br ia sjbrds.Tjb @@ sjbrds lg tjb plt alhhlgcs krb kssiolktbd wltj ojkggbhhlgc ks dboirktlig (D, 1x) kgdalgcbrtlp leprbssligs (L-H, 0x). Igb sjbrd wltj ojkggbhhlgc sjiws tjb eitla ia tjb zlc-zkc hlgbrugglgc riugd (gi. ?62/?63).

Twi plts bkoj oigtklg k @S@ sjbrd, igob ks tjb ighy algd, ticbtjbr wltj k abw ugdboirktod

sjbrds tbepbrbd wltj crkgltb crlt. Tjb itjbr plt (gi. 03/0;;) oigtklgbd bxkephbs ia algcbrleprbssligs (L-H, 0x), k `ksb sjbrd wltj jbkvy pritrudlgc aiit kgd k oirdigbd rle.

Tjb plts wltj @@ sjbrds ylbhdbd, lg oiepkrlsig wltj tjb sbtthbebgt ektbrlkh, k rbekrmk`hbgue`br ia sjbrds wltj ojkggbhhlgc kgd bspbolkhhy k sekhh gue`br ia sjbrds wltj algcbrtlpleprbssligs. Tjb pbrobgtkcb ia @@ sjbrds ls khsi rbhktlvbhy jlcj, kgd tjrbb `ksb sjbrds ia tjb@@ typb krb gitbwirtjy. Tjb oigtrkst ia tjls criup wltj tjb algds arie plt 03/0;; kgd tjb



VITTBP\ - VLT ALHHLGC_ 0;<

?2

?1

;<< 6 ??3

Alc. :1. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vittbry arie tjb alhhlgcs ia prbjlst irlo plt s.

Tjb algd gue`brs krb khsi lgdloktbd ig tjb bxokvktlig phkg . _okhb ;>0.



006 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

dlaabrbgobs arie tjb sbtthbebgt ektbrlkh krb k strigc lgdloktlig ia tjb bxlstbgob ia kg ihdbr(Qbhuwb) @@ kssiolktlig kgd k hktbr @S@ kssiolktlig ig tjb sltb, wltj k abw oieeig bhbebgts,suoj ks tjb ioourrbgob ia algcbrtlp leprbssligs ig tjb pittbry. Tjkt @@ kgd @S@ sjbrds digit ioour ticbtjbr lg igb plt alhhlgc pilgts khsi ti k dlaabrbgob lg kcb. Sb okg lgdbbd stktb tjkteist ia tjb plts wbrb duc durlgc tjb bkrhy pkrt ia tjb iooupktlig kgd wbrb hkrcbhy alhhbd up`bairb @S@ pittbry wks prbsbgt keigc tjb rbausb ig tjb sbtthbebgt sltb ?6. Vlt 03/0;; ls igb iatjb bhbebgts `bhigclgc ti tjls hktbr iooupktlig. _ieb ia tjb plts krb git dktbd, jiwbvbr,`bokusb ia k hkom ia algds (ks air lgstkgob criup `), wjloj hkom kt tjb skeb tleb suppirts k rbhktlvbhy bkrhy dktlgc> hltthb ir gi rbausb wks prbsbgt ig tjb surakob, wjbg tjby `bokeb alhhbd up.

4.1.?.2. Vittbry arie tjb alhhlgc ia tjb `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy (alcs. :3-:<)

Tjb cuhhy alhhlgc ylbhdbd 30< crkes ia pittbry, eklghy (<0% `y wblcjt) dboirktbd. Tjbrbwbrb ?< sjbrds ia hkrcb dlebgsligs, oiepkrbd wltj tjb sbtthbebgt algds. K hkrcbr gue`bria sjbrds arie k pit wltj rbbd leprbssligs kgd k gue`br ia sjbrds arie tjb uppbreist algd-hbvbhkrb hbat iut ia oigsldbrktlig jbrb ?;. Tjb @S bhbebgt prbdielgktbs. Ighy twi sekhh plbobs

wbrb trub @bhh @bkmbr sjbrds> tjby wbrb aiugd ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm ia tjb cuhhy kt tjb `ksbia tjb pbkt hkybr, kgd wb eky oigsldbr ìtj ia tjbe ks ihdbr rbausb, git gbobsskrlhy `bhigclgcti tjb algds lg tjb dbbpbr pkrts ia tjb cuhhy alhhlgc ??. Vbrjkps tjrbb itjbr sjbrds aiugd lgtjb pbkt krb pissl`hy arie @bhh @bkmbr-hlmb pittbry ?>!, khtjiucj tjb eist ojkrkotbrlstlo slcgskrb elsslgc> tjby krb tjlom-wkhhbd kgd git dboirktbd wltj k dbgtktbl spktuhk. _lx @S@sjbrds (bxohuslvbhy ia tjb wldbhy wiugd typb) wbrb aiugd sprbkd ivbr tjb cuhhy alhhlgc (dbpislt ;).Tjb algds arie tjb cuhhy tjus aire k @S@ kssiolktlig, wltj pissl`hy shlcjt rbelglsobgobs iatjb @bhh @bkmbr wkrb lg k abw sjbrds. Tjls ls k ekrmbd dlaabrbgob ti tjb algds arie eist ia tjbplts. Khh tjb oieeig dboirktlig typbs arie tjb sbtthbebgt krb rbprbsbgtbd. Tjb oiephbx lsaurtjbr ojkrkotbrlzbd ks aihhiws>

— ioourrbgob ia @S dboirktlig,— vbry jlcj pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktbd pittbry,— prbpigdbrkgob ia algcbrtlp leprbssligs (00 plbobs, 21%), bspbolkhhy tjb Q eitla,

— ioourrbgob ia ojkggbhhlgc ks dboirktlig kgd @@-hlmb ektbrlkh lg lgslcglalokgt keiugts,— ioourrbgob ia pbrairktligs ugdbr tjb rle (twlob), ia k oirdigbd rle (igob) kgd ia jbkvy

`ksbs wltj pritrudlgc aiit, wjlhb sjbrds ia `ksbs ia tjb @@ typb krb k`sbgt,— tjb ioourrbgob ia rles wjloj krb aklrhy ekrmbdhy `bgt iutwkrds, k typb git ioourrlgc

lg tjb sbtthbebgt algds.K gue`br ia ugusukh algds aire pkrt ia lt>— Tjb arkcebgt ia k ahkt ivkh wblcjt wltj boobgtrlo pbrairktlig, bgtlrbhy dboirktbd wltj

algcbr leprbssligs. Lg vlbw ia tjb algd-phkob tjls eky `b lgtbrprbtbd ks k alsjlgc-gbt wblcjt.

?6

Tjb pbrlid wjbg @S dboirktbd pittbry wks lg usb elcjt `b lgohudbd lg tjls pbrlid. Lt wks durlgc tjb usb iak obrtklg typb ia pittbry tjkt lts rbeklgs `bokeb lgtbrelgchbd wltj tjb diebstlo rbausb, wjloj wks khrbkdy prbsbgtig tjb surakob. _i tjbrb wks k sekhh ojkgob air tjbsb sjbrds ti iooupy k sboigdkry pisltlig lg tjb alhhlgc ia k plt.

?; Tjb vbrtlokh kgd jirlzigtkh dlstrlùtlig ia tjb algds ls dlsoussbd kt p. ;:4 a.?0 Sjbg tjb sjbrds wbrb tjriwg lgti tjb cuhhy, ihdbr rbausb (b.c. tjb @@ sjbrds) elcjt jkvb hklg ig tjb cuhhy

`kgms.?? Alc. :3, tip hbat.



VITTBP\ - @PBKM-TJPIRCJ OJKGGBH 00;

Alc. :3. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vit tbr y arie dbpislt ; ia tjb `rbkm- tjriucj cuhhy. _okhb ;>0.



000 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. ::. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vit tbr y kgd hike wblcjt arie dbpislt ; ia tjb `rbkm-tj riucj cuhhy. _okhb ;>0.



VITTBP\ - DL_TPL@RTLIG 00?

— Igb ahkt sjbrd, sjiwlgc pkrt ia k pbrairktlig, ekdb `bairb alrlgc, elcjt `b k ohky dlso("`komlgc phktb") arkcebgt.

— Igb sjbrd jks k typb ia leprbsslig git sbbg kgywjbrb bhsb ig tjb sltb> leprbssligsekdb wltj kg lrrbcuhkr pilgtbd i`nbot, pissl`hy k `rimbg ìgb ir stlom (typb 6),

— Qbry lepirtkgt ls tjb hkrcb arkcebgt ia k pit, rboigstruotbd arie k hkrcb gue`br iasjbrds aiugd ohisb ticbtjbr. Tjbsb hky wltjlg k ojkroikh oigobgtrktlig, bspbolkhhy kt tjb `ksbia tjb pbkt hkybr lg tjb wbstbrg `kgm krbk (squkrb `h). K hkrcb gue`br ia tjb ojkrkotbrlstlos,dbsorl`bd kìvb, ia tjb pittbry arie tjb cuhhy alhhlgc krb rbprbsbgtbd lg tjls pit> pbrairktligskgd k oirdig ugdbr tjb rle, k jbkvy `ksb, bvbrtbd rle kgd k dboirktlig, ohbkrhy rbhktbd ti tjb@S@ eitlas, oigslstlgc ia kheist jirlzigtkh hlgbs bgolrohlgc tjb pit. Sb jkvb kssiolktbd tjlsalgd wltj crkvb LL kgd dlsouss lt eirb auhhy ugdbr tjkt jbkdlgc (p. 02:).

Alc. :<. Eihbgkkrscrkka. V itt bry arie tjb tip ia dbpislt ; ia tjb `rbkm -tjriucj cuhhy. _okhb ;>0.

Tjb algds khrbkdy rbpirtbd, wjloj wbrb ekdb lg tjb jlcjbst pkrt ia tjb algd-hkybr (dbpislt;), titkhhbd 0;6 crkes ia pittbry, ia wjloj ighy k sekhh pkrt (tjrbb plbobs, 06% `y wblcjt) lsdboirktbd (alc. :<). Tjbsb plbobs oigslst ia k `kdhy wbktjbrbd sjbrd wltj sjkhhiw criivbs kgd

leprbssligs, kgd twi sjbrds, igb wltj k riucjhy criivbd hlgb kgd tjb itjbr wltj leprbssligslg riws. Tjb ugdboirktbd pittbry ls ojkrkotbrlzbd `y k strklcjt iutstkgdlgc rle, k arkcebgtia k oirdigbd rle, tjb plg usbd air alxlgc k jkgdhb lg tjb wkhh ia tjb pit, kgd tjb `ksb ia kriugd pit wltj k plgojbd-iut aiit. Sltj tjb bxobptlig ia tjb hiw pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktbd plbobstjb ektbrlkh ls vbry slelhkr ti tjb pittbry arie tjb cuhhy alhhlgc dbsorl`bd kìvb. Lt sbbes tjktkt tjb bgd ia tjb iooupktlig, katbr k pbrlid ia kùgdkgt dboirktlig, pittbry jkvlgc tjb skebaires, ùt eklghy ugdboirktbd, wks lg usb.

4.1.?.1. Dlstrlùtlig pkttbrgs ia tjb dboirktbd pittbry (alcs. <6-<?)

Tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb dboirktlig typbs oigalres tjb kìvb dlstlgotlig ia tjrbb oigsboutlvbkssiolktligs, gkebhy>

(;) k @@ kssiolktlig,(0) k @S@ kssiolktlig,(?) k criup ia eklghy ugdboirktbd pittbry.Tjb gue`brs ia @@ kgd @S@ sjbrds krb riucjhy bqukh, si tjkt ìtj dlstrlùtlig ploturbs

eky bkslhy `b oiepkrbd (alc. <6). @itj typbs ioour lg bxkothy tjb skeb krbk. Tjb ighy dlaabrbgobls k dlaabrbgob lg oigobgtrktlig> lg tjb oksb ia tjb @S@ sjbrds tjbrb ls kg koobgt ig tjb bkstbrg



004 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

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Alc. <6. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlstrlùtlig ia @@ kgd @S@ pittbry.

;. @@ sjbrd 4. @S@ 9 sjbrd

0. @@ 9 sjbrd ñ. plt wltj @@ sjbrd(s)

?. @S@ sjbrd 1. plt wltj @S@ sjbrd(s)

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• * Alc. <;. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlstrlùtlig ia dboirktlig ty pbs, ir pbouhkrltlbswjloj sjiw sieb kssiolktlig wltj bltjbr @@ ir @S@.

Kssiolktlig wltj @S@ > Kssiolktlig wltj @@ >

;. Oirdig `bhiw rle 1. dboirktlig typb D0. Vbrairktligs `bhiw rle 3. dboirktlig typb O/D?. ; kgd 0 ig igb sjbrd :. dboirktlig typb L/ D4. dboirktlig typb Q

2. dboirktlig typb C

pkrt kgd tjb krbk gbkr tjb cuhhy= lg tjkt ia tjb @@ sjbrds tjb dlstrlùtlig ls aklrhy bvbg. Lt lsrbekrmk`hb tjkt tjbrb krb si abw sjbrds ia ìtj criups lg tjb obgtrkh pkrt ia tjb sbtthbebgtltsbha.

Tjb ojkggbhhlgc (D, alc. <;) aihhiws tjb @@ pkttbrg, wltj k shlcjt prbpigdbrkgob lg tjbwbst ia tjb sltb. Oirdigbd rles kgd pbrairktligs ugdbr tjb rle krb i`vliushy oigobgtrktbd lgtjb cuhhy `kgm krbk. Tjb dboirktlig typbs A kgd C krb khsi aiugd tjbrb. Tjbsb kssiolktbd algdsoigaire tjbrbairb, bvbg lg k siebwjkt crbktbr ebksurb, ti tjb dlaabrbgobs `btwbbg @@ kgd@S@ pittbry (alc. <;).

Tjb typbs ia dboirktlig wjloj okggit `b kttrlùtbd dlrbothy ti kgy clvbg pjksb sjiw gi



VITTBP\ - DL_TPL@RTLIG 002

LK

• • ; ; K K K;

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Alc. <0. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlstrlùtlig ia dboirktlig typbs O kgd B.

;. typb O 0. typb B

• " • • • • • •

J

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Alc. <.?. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dlst rlùt lig ia dboirktl ig ia algcbrtlp kgd gklh leprlgts.;. typb H 4. typb L

0. typb M 2. typb E?. typ b N 1. ugohksslalbd

slcglalokgt dlstrlùtlig ploturb. _tk`s (O) kgd phkstlo dboirktlig (B) kppbkr ti `b k`sbgt tisieb bxtbgt arie tjb wbstbrg krbk ia tjb sltb (alc. <0). Algcbr tlp leprbssligs krb dlstrlùtbdvbry bvbghy (alc. <?). Tjb wldbsprbkd dlstrlùtlig lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ls gitbwirtjy.

Gigb ia tjb dlstrlùtlig ekps lhhustrktb tjb dlstlgot oigobgtrktlig gbkr tjb jiusbphkgs, ks tjb titkh qukgtlty ia pittbry, bxprbssbd `y wblcjt, sjiwbd si ohbkrhy (alc. 33). Tjbwbstbrg krbk, wjloj ls si piir lg algds, jks k rbhktlvbhy hkrcb gue`br ia dboirktbd sjbrds.Lt okg ighy `b tjb ugdboirktbd bhbebgt tjkt aires tjb kooueuhktlig kriugd tjb jiusb phkgs.Ia tjb titkh keiugt ia sbtthbebgt ektbrlkh, spkgglgc tjb wjihb pbrlid ia iooupktlig, tjb ugdboirktbd ektbrlkh tjbrbairb ioouplbs k spbolkh phkob `y tjb oigobgtrktlig riugd ìtj jiusb



001 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

TK@HB ;:

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dboirktbd pittbry. Gue`brs ia sjbrds

@rbkm-**

Dboirktlig _btthbebgt Vlt tjriucj Titkhtbrrklg alhhlgcs* ojkggbh

K @ihh @bkmbr (& dbrlv.) ?6 1 2 4;@ @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr ?; 0 1 ?<

O stk`s 0; 6 6 0;D ojkggbhhlgc 06 1} 2 ?;}B phkstl o dboirktlig 03 ; 6 0:A criivbs wltj algb lepr. 1 6 6 1C dbbp criivbs ? 6 6 ?J ùeps ; 6 6 ;

L algcbrtlp, Q-eitla 20 0 ;; 12N — vbr t.= riws 46 0 ? 42

M — jirlz .= hlgbs 4; ; 4 41H — i`l.= riws 4 6 ; 2E gklh leprbssligs ; 6 6 ?G rbbd leprbssligs 6 ; (pit) (pit)}6 leprbssligs ia9 6 6 ; ;— ugohksslalbd algcbrt lp 2; 0 ? 21

Titkh ??6 0? ?< ?<0

* Gi 02:/?6; bxohudbd.

** Tjb sjbrds arie tjb jlcjbst pkrt ia tjb alhhlgc (alc. :<) krb git lgohudbd.

TK@HB ;<

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dboirktbd kgd ugdboirktbd pittbry. Sblcjt lg crIEaEl

_btthbebgttbrrklg

Vltalhhlgcs"

@rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh * *

Dbpislt ;Tip ia

dbpislt ;

Titkh

Dboir ktbd 0;61 ?01 130 06 ?;04Rgdboirktbd 1;:; ;?: 23 ;<6 1211

Titkh :0:3 414 30< 0;6 <1<6

PktliDboir. > ugdboir. ;>? 0>; ;6>; ;>;6 ;>0

* Gi. 02:/?6; (alc. :1) (;:0 ces) lgohudbd. La wb bxohudb tjl s algd tjb vkhubskrb ;44>;?: 5 ;>;, titkh wblcj t 0:0 ces.

* * Tjb `lc pit wltj rbbd leprbssligs kgd tjb hike wblcjt arkcebg t bxohudbd.



VITTBP\ - IOORVKTLIG VJK_B_ 003

phkgs kgd gbxt ti tjb cuhhy. Lg vlbw ia tjb aklrhy jlcj pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktlig ia tjb @@kssiolktlig lg tjb plts kgd tjb vbry jlcj pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktlig ia tjb @S@-kssiolktlig lgtjb cuhhy alhhlgc, lt wks khrbkdy ohbkr tjkt tjb titkh sbtthbebgt ektbrlkh eust lgohudb k pjksbwltj oiepkrktlvbhy hltthb dboirktbd pittbry. Tjls eust `b oirrbhktbd wltj tjb algds lg tjb uppbr

eist pkrt ia tjb dbpislt ; lg tjb cuhhy, wjbrb tjb pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktlig wks khsi hiw. _i tjbhkrcbst pkrt ia tjb ugdboirktbd pittbry, wjloj ls slelhkr lg aire ti tjb @S@ pittbry eust jkvbirlclgktbd arie tjb ohislgc stkcbs ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig. Durlgc tjls hkst pjksb tjb ojkrkotbrlstlodboirktbd pittbry (@@ kgd @S@) ia tjb prbobdlgc pjksbs wlhh jkvb `bbg hkrcbhy orusjbd lgtjb obgtrb ia tjb sbtthbebgt, wjloj bxphklgs tjb sekhh qukgtltlbs ia tjbsb typbs aiugd tjbrb.

4.1.?.3. Oigohusligs> tjb iooupktlig pjksbs.

Ti rbokpltuhktb, wb eky sky tjkt lg tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka sbtthbebgt tjb pittbry usbd tjbrbugdbrwbgt ojkgcbs, wjloj okg `b dlvldbd lgti tjrbb oigsboutlvb stkcbs, oivbrlgc tjb wjihbpbrlid ia tjb iooupktlig.

Vjksb ;) ls dlstlgculsjbd `y tjb ioourrbgob ia cbgulgb @bhh @bkmbrs, sieb ia Qbhuwb typb,dboirktbd wltj k dbgtktbd spktuhk. Tjb rbst ia tjb pittbry sjiws eisthy ojkggbhhlgc ks dboirktlig, sieb lg tjb aire ia jirlzigtkh zlc-zkc hlgbs, kgd, ti k sekhhbr bxtbgt, algcbrtlp leprbssligs.Jbkvy plgojbd-iut abbt kppkrbgthy di git ioour. Kìut 26% ia tjb pittbry ls dboirktbd.Typlokh ia tjls pjksb krb tjb algds ia eist ia tjb plts.

Vjksb 0) ls dlstlgculsjbd `y tjb ioourrbgob ia @S dboirktlig bspbolkhhy ia tjb wldbhy wiugdtypb. Eist ia tjb pittbry ls dboirktbd wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs, tjb Q-eitla dielgktlgc.Pbhktlvbhy hltthb ojkggbhhlgc ioours, kgd ls okrbhbsshy bxboutbd. Oirdigbd rles, pbrairktligsugdbr tjb rle, kgd jbkvy, iatbg plgojbd-iut `ksbs ioour air tjb alrst tleb. Tjbrb ls rbhktlvbhyarbqubgt (khtjiucj lt ls stlhh git k jlcj pbrobgtkcb) tbepbrlgc wltj qukrtz kgd crkgltb crlt.Kìut <6% ia tjb pittbry ls dboirktbd. Typlokh ia tjls pjksb krb tjb algds arie dbpislt ; iatjb `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhy.

Vjksb ?) ls dlstlgculsjbd `y k sekhh pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktbd pittbry (;6-06%). Tjb aires jkvbgit ojkgcbd kgd lgohudb oirdigbd rles, pbrairktligs kgd jbkvy, plgojbd-iut `ksbs. Typlokhia tjls pjksb krb tjb algds arie tjb tip ia tjb algd-hkybr lg tjb cuhhy kgd kppkrbgthy tjb hkrcbstpkrt ia tjb ugdboirktbd pittbry arie tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg.

Durlgc pjksb ; lt ls pri`k`hb tjkt tjb wjihb bxokvktbd tbrrklg wks ioouplbd. Lg pjksb0 tjb iooupktlig eivbd ti sieb bxtbgt tiwkrds tjb cuhhy, kgd lg pjksb ? lt sbbes tjkt tjbiooupktlig wks hleltbd ti tjb jlcjbst pkrt ia tjb tbrrklg kgd tjb `kgm ia tjb cuhhy. Tjb wbstbrgpkrt ia tjb sltb wks tjbg kppkrbgthy gi higcbr lg usb ks k ykrd.

K gue`br ia bhbebgts okggit `b kttrlùtbd ti kgy igb ia tjb pjksbs, ir la tjby okg, ighywltj crbkt rbsbrvb= ir tjby eky jkvb `bhigcbd ti eirb tjkg igb pjksb.

Algkhhy wb eust bepjkslzb tjkt tjb pjksbs dbalgbd kìvb krb lg rbkhlty ighy tjb rboicglzk`hb stkdlk ia kg bltjbr oigtlguius ir dlsoigtlguius iooupktlig. @y ebkgs ia tjb pittbry kgd ltsalgd olrouestkgobs khigb gbltjbr rbkh oigtlgulty gir tjb bxlstbgob ia sjirt tleb lgtbrruptligsokg `b dbeigstrktbd. Oigtlgulty sbbes, jiwbvbr, vbry hlmbhy kt hbkst arie pjksb 0 ti pjksb ?.



00: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Lg pjksb 0, jiwbvbr, si ekgy gbw bhbebgts krb lgtriduobd tj kt lg iur iplglig tjbrb eky jkvb`bbg kg jlktus `btwbbg tjb pjksbs ; kgd 0, ir k git rboicglzk`hb lgtbrebdlktb pjksb.

4.1.4. HIKE (alc. <4)

Hueps ia alrbd hike wbrb aiugd sokttbrbd ivbr tjb wjihb sbtthbebgt. Tjbsb wbrb khhsjkpbhbss, sekhh, kgd vbry sekhh plbobs. Tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb siebwjkt hkrcbr hueps lsdbgsbr lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb sbtthbebgt, wjloj oiuhd ebkg k dktlgc eklghy lg tjb alrstpkrt ia tjb iooupktlig. Tjb dlstrlùtlig (alc. 3:) ls suoj tjkt kgy oiggbotlig wltj tjb Elddhb@rigzb Kcb jbkrtj gi. 0< ls ughlmbhy.

Tjrbb i`nbots ia alrbd hike ebrlt spbolkh kttbgtlig.— Lg plt 44, wjloj itjbrwlsb dld git oigtklg kgy algds, sieb plbobs ia k hkrcb, dlso-sjkpbd

hike wblcjt wbrb aiugd. Tjb wblcjt jks k dlkebtbr ia kìut ;4 oe. kgd ls kìut 1W oe. tjlom.

Alc. <4. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Hike wblcjt kgd huep ia pit tb r's ohky. _okhb ;>0.



HIKE, AHLGT 00<

Tjb twi arkcebgts wjloj wbrb prbsbrvbd wblcjbd 466 kgd ;26 crkes, arie wjloj ls eky `bdbduobd tjkt tjb irlclgkh wblcjt ia tjb oiephbtb i`nbot wks kìut ; mc. Lg tjb elddhb tjbrbkrb twi jihbs, ekdb `bairb alrlgc. Tjb riucj lggbr surakobs ia tjbsb sjiw tjkt tjb wblcjt wksmgbkdbd kriugd twi stloms ir `rkgojbs. Ks suoj lt okg jkvb airebd pkrt ia k gue`br ia

lephbebgts> k dlcclgc stlom, k alsj-trkp, bto. K hkrcb gue`br ia pilgts ia dlaabrbgob `btwbbgtjb plbobs ia hike arie tjb jbkrtj kgd tjb wblcjt dbsorl`bd jbrb, ekmb oigtbepirkgbltyughlmbhy. Tjb algd sjiuhd `b lgohudbd lg tjb sbtthbebgt ektbrlkh.

— Sb jkvb khrbkdy dbsorl`bd tjb arkcebgt ia k sboigd dlso-sjkpbd wblcjt arie tjb alhhlgcia tjb cuhhy ?4. Tjb arkcebgt wblcjs kìut ;?6 crkes, wjloj ebkgs kg irlclgkh wblcjt ia kìut466 crkes.

— Arie tjb iooupktlig hkybr ti tjb bkst ia plt ^ ;; oiebs k plbob ia alrbd hike (gi. ?12)wjloj ls euoj `lccbr tjkg tjb itjbr plbobs aiugd sokttbrbd kìut. Eirbivbr, tbepbrlgc ektbrlkh (piugdbd pittbry kgd ùrgt ìgb) ls vlsl`hb lg tjb ohky, ks krb tjb ohbkr leprbssligs ia tjbalvb algcbrs ia k rlcjt jkgd. Tjb oihiur vkrlbs arie rbd (3.2 P 2/:-;6 P2/1) ti vbry pkhb ybhhiw(;6 \P 3/?) kgd dkrm crky (3.2 \P 4/6). Tjb ebksurbebgts krb :.3 Z 1.: x 2.1 oe. Tjlseust `b k plbob ia pittbr's ohky tjkt abhh (`y ojkgob 9) lg tjb alrb kgd wks alrbd tjbrb lg k eklghyixldlzlgc bgvlrigebgt. Tjls privbs tjkt pittbry wks ekdb ig tjb sltb ?2.

4.1.2. AHLGT (alcs. <2-<:)

_okttbrbd ivbr tjb wjihb sbtthbebgt sltb 433 plbobs ia ahlgt wbrb aiugd. Tjb jlcj dbgsltyia algds lg tjb wbst privbs tjkt tjb ahlgt `bhigcbd eklghy ti tjb alrst ir tjb alrst twi iooupktligpjksbs. Lt irlclgktbs pkrthy, jiwbvbr, arie tjb hkst pjksb, slgob lg tjb hbvbh oirrbspigdlgc titjls pjksb lg tjb cuhhy wb aiugd igb ahkmb ia crby crkguhkr ahlgt. Bvbg tjb algds arie tjb jbkrtjgi. 0< lgohudb k sorkpbr (oa. p. ;<?).

Aklrhy sekhh pb``hbs wbrb usbd ks rkw ektbrlk h= tjby wbrb kppkrbgthy oihhbotbd arie

keigc tjb Ebusb sjlgchb. Sb eust ekmb kg bxobptlig jbrb ighy air tjb hkrcbst lephbebgtskgd rbtiuojbd ahkmbs (alc. <3 k-b). _lgob gi rkw ektbrlkh ia oiepkrk`hb dlebgsligs ioours,wb eust kssueb tjkt tjby wbrb lepirtbd ks suoj lgti tjb sbtthbebgt. Tjb ahlgt tjkt wks usbdls ia jlcjhy lgoigslstbgt qukhlty kgd vkrlbs arie chkssy ti oikrsbhy crkguhkr. Tjb oihiur ls khsivkrlk`hb> arie hlcjt crby ti `hkom kgd arie pkhb ybhhiw ti irkgcb kgd `riwg. Tjb siurobs iatjbsb ahlgts wbrb hlmbhy ti jkvb `bbg tjisb gbkrbst ti jkgd, wjloj wbrb tjb Girtj @rk`kgt skgdcriugds ir tjb tjbg kotlvb oiursb ia tjb Ebusb ig tjb igb jkgd, kgd ig tjb itjbr tjb lob pusjbdrldcbs ia tjb Rtrbojt jlhhs. Tjb alrst hky kt k dlstkgob ia kt hbkst ?6 me. tjriucj tjb pbkt krbkkgd kt rlcjt kgchbs ti tjb eklg rlvbr kres. Tjb sboigd lgvihvbd k dlstkgob ia kt hbkst 46 me.khigc tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb.

Ia tjls ektbrlkh 36% dibs git sjiw trkobs ia wirmlgc ir usb, ;2% ls shlcjthy rbtiuojbd

kgd ;2% (1< plbobs) jks `bbg wirmbd lgti sieb mlgd ia krtlakot. Tjls aklrhy jlcj pbrobgtkcbdibs git, jiwbvbr, ebkg k ekxleue usb ia tjb ahlgt, air keigc tjb ahkmbs tjbrb krb ekgy

> '' _bb p. 006 kgd alc. ::.'•'•' Sb rbkhlzb tjk t tjb tbepbrlgc ls ugusukh kgd t jkt tjb huep elcjt irlclgktb arie tjb hktbr E@K vlslt ti tj b

tbrrklg.



0?6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

p q r

Alc. <2. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Ahlgt. _orkpbrs, ìrbrs kgd tjb outtlgc-bdcb ia k ahlgt kxb . _okhb ;>;.





0?0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

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Alc. <1k, `. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Twi crkpjs sjiwlgc tjb rbhktlig `btwbbg hbgctj (;),wldtj (`) kgd tjlomgbss (d) ia tjb ahlgt sorkpbrs.

; sorkpbr kro 8 ;:6¶0 sorkpbr kro W ;:6¶? sorkpbr kro 5 ?16¶ (oirb sorkpbrs)4 sorkpbrs wltj supbralolkh rbtiuojb

2 gi. 0<

L wldb, sorkpbr kro 8 ;:6¶LL riug d, sorkpbr kro W ;:6¶

LL L higc, sorkpbr kro 8 ;:6¶LQ oirb sorkpbrs



AHLGT 0??

Alc. <3. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Qkrlius ahlgt krtl akots, k oirb kgd k qukr tz pb``hb usbd ks rbtiuojilr. _okhb ;>;.



0?4 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

criups jks `bbg ekdb, kooirdlgc ti tjb slzb ia tjb sorkpbr kro ?:. K obgtrkh phkob ls ioouplbd`y riugd, ;0-02 ee. hkrcb sorkpbrs wltj k wldb sorkpbr kro (7 ;:6¶) kgd k aklrhy hkrcb vkrlbtylg tjlomgbss. Twi itjbr criups krb airebd kooirdlgc ti rbhktlvb wldtj kgd hbgctj, ìtj wltjk sekhh sorkpbr kro. Tjb slzb ia tjb sorkpbr kro wlhh jkvb `bbg dbtbrelgbd eklghy `y tjb sjkpb

ia tjb ahkmb. Sb okg kssueb tjkt tjb sekhh riugd sorkpbr (alc. <2 k-b) ,wltj k abw oirb sorkpbrs(alc. <2 g, i) ks kg bxtrbeb aire, oigstltutbs tjb ighy ohbkr typb, kgd tjkt hbss sultk`hb ahkmbswbrb wirmbd ti k criup ia hbss okrbauhhy ekdb sorkpbrs ia wldb vkrlbty. Twi hkrcb, riugd kgdrbhktlvbhy tjlg sorkpbrs (alc. <2 a,c.) krb bxobptligkh `y rbksig ia tjblr slzb. Tjb sorkpbrs wltjsupbralolkh rbtiuojb oirrbspigd lg sjkpb ti tjb itjbr ektbrlkh. Tjb ekrclgkh pisltlig ia sorkpbrgi. 0< privldbs k oigalrektlig ia tjb dktlgc katbr tjb Q@@/@S@ iooupktlig.

Lg kddltlig ti tjb sorkpbrs tjbrb ls k elgirlty ia itjbr krtlakots. Ia : ìrbrs 2 krb lrrbcuhkrlg sjkpb. Tjb tjrbb itjbrs (alc. <2 p-r) lgohudb twi ojkrkotbrlstlo plbobs ia trlkgcuhkr sjkpb,ekdb `y rbtiuojlgc k higc ahkmb khigc ìtj sldbs. Tjb hkst bxkephb ls vbry sekhh kgd ls ekdbarie tjb outtlgc bdcb ia k ahlgt kxb.

Tjb itjbr lephbebgts krb>— K hkrcb ahkmb, wltj rbtiuojb kgd euoj dkekcb `y usb khigc ìtj sldbs (alc. <3 k).— K arkcebgt ia k hkrcb ahkmb, lgtbgslvbhy rbtiuojbd khigc tjb sldbs. Vissl`hy jkha ia

kg irlclgkhhy trlkgcuhkr krtlakot. Lg vlbw ia tjb oigdltlig ia tjb rbtiuojbd bdcbs tjb plbob wkskppkrbgthy usbd ks k sorkplgc lephbebgt (alc. <3 `).

— K hkrcb ahkmb ia wjloj tjb sjkpb wks ojlbahy dbtbrelgbd `y k `lc plbob ia oirtbx. Ltls rbtiuojbd khigc igb sldb kgd kt tjb pilgt, wjbrb tjb prbssurb ùh` jks `bbg rbeivbd `ysupbralolkh rbtiuojb (alc. <3 o).

— Kg lrrbcuhkr ahkmb, lgtbgslvbhy rbtiuojbd khh riugd. K pkr t jks `bbg `rimbg iaa (alc. <3 d).— Kg kheigd-sjkpbd krtlakot ir mglab, ekdb `y supbralolkh rbtiuojb kt igb sldb. Hkrcb

pkrts ia tjb oirtbx krb stlhh prbsbgt (alc. <3 b).— K sekhh, rbotkgcuhkr ahkmb, rbtiuojbd kgd dkekcbd `y usb (alc. <3 a).— Tjb tkgc ia kg krriw-jbkd (9) (alc. <3 c.).— Jkha ia k hbka-sjkpbd krtlakot, `rimbg (ugalglsjbd 9) katbr rbtiuojlgc (alc. <3 l).Ia lgtbrbst ls k arkcebgt ia tjb outtlgc bdcb ia k ahlgt kxb (alc. <2 s) okholgbd kgd alrb-

orkombd. Tjb arkcebgt oiebs arie tjb dlrbot vlolglty ia plt 03/0;;, ticbtjbr wltj vkrliusslelhkr plbobs ia okholgbd kgd alrb-orkombd ahlgt, pissl`hy arie tjb skeb kxb. Lg vlbw ia tjbtrkobs ia alrb lg tjls plt k oiggbotlig wltj tjls kgd tjus k dktlgc lg pjksb 0 ls pri`k`hb. Tjbkxb jks kg ivkh sbotlig, wltj ahkttbgbd sldbs, kgd lts outtlgc bdcb wks kìut 2 oe. lg wldtj.K sboigd vbry sekhh arkcebgt ia k ahlgt kxb ls tjb khrbkdy ebgtligbd sekhh ìrbr. Tjls ls,jiwbvbr, tii sekhh ti pbrelt kgy oieebgt ig lts sjkpb. Keigc tjb ahkmbs tjbrb krb gi arkcebgts ia kxbs.

4.1.1. SIPMBD _TIGB ?" (alc. <:)

_tigb `bkrlgc trkobs ia jkvlgc `bbg wirmbd (22 plbobs) wks sokttbrbd khh ivbr tjb sbtthbebgtsltb. Tjb hkrcb kgd ojkrkotbrlstlo plbobs krb, jiwbvbr, hleltbd ti tjb krbk lg wjloj tjb pittbry

?: @y sorkpbr kro wb ebkg tjb kgchb ia tjb olrohb sbcebgt tjkt sjiws rbtiuojb.?< Sb tjk gm Er O. N. Ivbrwbbh, Hbldbg, wji ckvb us jls iplglig ig tjb usbd stigb kgd wji ekdb k pbtricrkp jlo

rbpirt ig tjb sekhh kxb arkcebgt.



SIPMBD _TIGB 0? 2

Alc. <:. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Sirmbd stigb . _okhb ;>0.k-o `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs b-a qubrg stigb arkcebgtsd arkcebgt ia krriw-sjkat strklcjtbgb r c arkcebgt ia pbrairktbd kxb

ls oigobgtrktbd. Tjls sbbes ti us, jiwbvbr, ti `b kg lgsuaalolbgt rbksig air khhittlgc tjls pkrtia tjb ektbrlkh bxohuslvbhy ti tjb hkst iooupktlig pjksb.

Tjb aihhiwlgc plbobs kgd typbs krb ti `b dlstlgculsjbd>

— K arkcebgt ia k siombtbd kxb (alc. <: c). Tjb sekhh slzb ia tjb arkcebgt ekmbs kgyrboigstruotlig lepissl`hb. K ahkt uppbr surakob, lg wjloj k sjkat jihb wks ìrbd vbrtlokhhy,kgd k ahkt sldb ekmlgc kg i`tusb kgchb wltj tjb uppbr surakob, krb rboicglzk`hb. Tjb stigb

usbd ls kg kepjlìhltb ia ugmgiwg siurob.— K stigb wltj k sjkhhiw criivb ls ugdiu`tbd hy tjb arkcebgt ia krriw-sjkat seiitjbgbr

(alc. <: d). Tjb stigb ls k skgdstigb oigslstlgc ia skgd ugusukhhy rloj lg abhdspkr.— K criup ia i`nbots eky `b lgohudbd ugdbr tjb jbkdlgc ia `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs

(alc. <: k-o), khh ekdb arie k okrbauhhy sbhbotbd eksslvb qukrtzltb oigslstlgc ia obebgtbd ohbkgskgd. Ighy igb ls ekdb ia qukrtz sjiwlgc k strigc rbsbe`hkgob ti tjb kìvb-gkebd qukrtzltb.



0?1 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

K titkh ia ;: `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs, kgd arkcebgts ia tjbe, krb hleltbd ti tjb jlcjbst pkrtia tjb sltb kgd tj b `kgm ia tjb cuhhy (alc. :6). Lg tj b wbstbrg pkrt tjb y di git kppbkr kt khh.@bokusb ia tjls dlstrlùtlig wb `bhlbvb tjkt tjb alrst iooupktlig pjksb kt hbkst eust `b bxohudbdair dktlgc. Tjb ioourrbgob ia twi arkcebgts kt tjb `kgm ia tjb cuhhy elcjt lgdloktb tjkt tjby

wbrb pri`k`hy usbd durlgc tjb sboigd (@S@) pjksb. Lt okggit, jiwbvbr, `b dbtbrelgbd wjbtjbrtjb plbobs ia stigb lg qubstlig hky jbrb ig tjb kppriprlktb surakob, ir drippbd tjriucj tjbhiisb pbkt dbpislt ti k hiwbr hbvbh.

— K gue`br ia plbobs ia crkgltb kgd skgdstigb wb lgtbrprbt ks arkcebgts ia qubrgstigbs.Tjby khh jkvb igb wjbttbd (ir wirg) surakob kgd krb rbhktlvbhy tjlg. Igb plbob (alc. <: a) lsugdiu `tbdhy jkha ia tjb ruggbr ia k jkgd qubrg, wjloj jks `boieb si tjlg `y pritrkotbd usbtjkt lt jks `rimbg. Tjbsb qubrgstigb arkcebgts khsi krb ighy aiugd lg tjb obgtrkh pkrt ia tjbsbtthbebgt . Khh tjb typbs ia crkgltb usbd krb git vbry ojkrkotbrlstlo kgd eky `b arie girtj brg ir siutjbrg siurobs. Igb plbob, aiugd lg tjb cuhhy alhhlgc ls, jiwbvbr, aklrhy obrtklghyia girtjbrg irlclg.

— K gue`br ia plbobs ia qukrtzltb wltj igb wjbttbd akobt kgd ohbkrhy git arkcebgts ia

k `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrig krb lgtbrprbtbd ks plbobs ia wjbtstigbs. Tjb qukrtzltb usbd ls aklrhyvkrlk`hb kgd gbvbr tjb mlgd usbd ti ekmb tjb `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs.— K gue`br ia qukrtz pb``hbs, pissl`hy usbd ks rbtiuojilrs, lg vlbw ia tjb trkobs ia

dkekcb. Igb ia tjbe ls k ojkrkotbrlstlo plbob kgd tjbrb ls gi diu`t tjkt tjls wks usbd ks krbtiuojilr (alc. <3 j).

Sltjlg tjb sbtthbebgt-tbrrklg tjbrb wks k dbgsb oigobgtrktlig ia k hkrcb gue`br (3<plbobs) ia hkrcb kgd sekhh pb``hbs kt k dbptj ia kìut 46 oe. ugdbr tjb airebr surakob (alc. :6gi. ?6:). Tjbrb wks gi bvldbgob ia kgy plt jbrb, ùt ks tjbrb wks gi suoj trkob kt tjb ix ùrlkhbltjbr, kgd ks ùrlkh plts cbgbrkhhy wbrb ighy dlstlgculsjk`hb wltj crbkt dlaalouhty, git euojlepirtkgob gbbd `b kttkojbd ti tjls. Sb okg tjlgm ia k dbpit ia stigbs air sieb diebstlousb lg tjb sbtthbebgt, suoj ks air bxkephb tjb tbepbrlgc ia pittb ry. @ut lt ls khsi pissl`hb tj kt

tjb stigbs wbrb `riucjt kt tjls spit `y k gkturkh okusb, air bxkephb arizbg lg kg lob-ahib durlgctjb airektlig ia tjb rldcb. Lg tjkt oksb wb wiuhd, jiwbvbr, bxpbot eirb ia suoj oigobgtrktligs.Eirbivbr, tjbrb sbbes ti jkvb `bbg sieb sbhbotlig, git ia tjb dlebgsligs, ùt ia tjb mlgdia stigbs> tjb ektbrlkh oigslsts kheist bxohuslvbhy ia qukrtz kgd qukrtzltb, wltj ighy igbpb``hb ia k siat ohky-stigb.

4.1.3. SIPMBD SIID 8¶ (alc. <<)

Lg tjb cuhhy 0: plbobs ia wiid `bkrlgc eirb ir hbss ohbkr trkobs ia jkvlgc `bbg wirmbdwbrb aiugd. Ia tjbsb 01 wbrb rboivbrbd, ùt hktbr alvb wbrb rbnbotbd, ks tjby sjiwbd gi slcgs ia

wirmlgc katbr ohisbr study. Khh tjb wirmbd plbobs ia wiid wbrb aiugd `bgbktj —;:6 oe. GKVugdbr ir kt tjb `ksb ia skgd 0= tjby krb tjbrbairb ohbkrhy kssiolktbd wltj tjb itjbr krojkbihiclokh rbeklgs. Sb clvb giw k dbsorlptlig ia tjb plbobs.

46 Sb tjkgm jbrb Er K. Qiirrlps, Kestbrdke, wji ekdb tjb dbtbrelgktligs ia tjb wiid spbolbs usbd.



Alc. <<. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Sirmbd wiid. _okhb ;>4, bxobpt b.k-o, a-c pilgtbd pists.d `bke, wirmbd wltj kg kdzb ig twi ippisltb sldbs.

b arkcebgt ia tbgig.



0?: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

— K sbcebgt ia tjb plg ia k plg-jihb oigstruotlig sjiws k okrbauhhy trleebd `hugtpilgt kgd prinbotlgc ahkgcb. Lt ls ekdb ia wiid arie tjb purclgc ùomtjirg (Pjkegus oktjkr-tlok H.), k trbb wjloj eust jkvb criwg rkrbhy lg tjb surriugdlgc vbcbtktlig (sbb p. ;::) kgd wksokrbauhhy sbhbotbd lg irdbr ti ekmb tjls plg (alc. << b).

— Kg khdbr-wiid pist kìut 1 oe. tjlom, ia wjloj 4; oe. jkvb `bbg prbsbrvbd, wksahkttbgbd wltj kg kdzb ig twi ippisltb sldbs ti k tjlomgbss ia ?.?-4.? oe. Igb bgd wks out ktkg kgchb wltj k abw piwbrauh kxb `hiws (alc. << d).

— Tbg pihbs wbrb out ti k pilgt (alc. << k, `, o, a, c). Tjbsb tbg plbobs oieprlsb khh pihbsaiugd lg k vbrtlokh pisltlig, phus alvb shiplgc (wksjbd ivbr) pihbs kgd igb hylgc jirlzigtkhhy.Tjby wbrb khh riugd tjlg trbb-trugms wltj k dlkebtbr ia 4W-3 oe. prbsbrvbd ti k hbgctj ia ;?W-16 oe. Tjb pilgtlgc wks digb ig igb sldb (alvb pihbs), ig twi ippisltb sldbs (twi pihbs) ir igtwi kdnilglgc sldbs (igb pihb). Trleelgc ti k pilgt ig khh sldbs wks digb ig twi pihbs. Tjbkrbk trleebd cbgbrkhhy sjiws gi eirb tjkg tjb trkobs ia aiur ir alvb `hiws wltj k `rbkdtj ia upti 1 oe. Tjls ebkgs, lg iur vlbw, baalolbgt wirm wltj kg kvbrkcb-slzb kxb. Lt okggit `b dbtbrelgbd wjbtjbr tjls wks k ahlgt, stigb ir `rigzb kxb. Tjb typb ia ahlgt kxb, aiugd lg tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg alts tjb sokrs wbhh, jiwbvbr. Tjb wiid usbd wks kcklg khdbr (Khgus chutlgisk),wltj igb bxobptlig (ksj, Arkxlgus).

— Tjb itjbr plbobs krb alvb trlkgcuhkr, twi ahkt plbobs ia sphlt wiid kgd twi plbobs iaùrgt wiid, igb ia wjloj, pilgtbd kgd ;0 oe. lg hbgctj, wks aiugd lg vbrtlokh pisltlig.

Bxkelgktlig ia tjb spbolbs ia wiid ojisbg air tjb wirmbd plbobs sjiws tjkt khdbr, wjlojwks lg phbgtlauh supphy, wks gbkrhy khwkys usbd (tk`hb 0;). Tjb ighy bxobptligs krb tjb tjlggbstvbrtlokhhy phkobd pilgtbd pihb (ksj) kgd tjb arkcebgt ia tjb wiidbg plg (purclgc ùomtjirg).

TK@HB 0;

Eihbgkkrscrkka, Sirmbd wiid

Khh

plbobsoihhbotbd

Sirmbdplbobsighy

[ubrous sp. ikmArkxlgus bxobhslir H. ksj. ; jl us chutlgisk (H.) khdbr

Pjkegus okljkrtlok H. ùomtjirgRgmgiwg —

;

;00

;;

;

;<

;

Titkh 01 0;

Igb okg ighy cubss wjkt tjb augotlig ia tjb pihbs mgiombd lgti tjb airebr cuhhy ìttiewks. Tjb sltuktlig ia tjb vbrtlokh pists kgd tjisb wksjbd sldbwkys sjiws gi rbcuhkrlty iakgy mlgd. Tjb shbgdbrgbss ia tjb pihbs wiuhd sbbe ti ruhb iut tjb pissl`lhlty ia kgy jbkvyoigstruotlig suoj ks k `rldcb. Lg iur vlbw tjb eist koobptk`hb suppisltlig ls tjkt tjby airebd



AKRGKH PBEKLG_ 0? <

sieb pkrt ia tjb alsjlgc bqulpebgt ia tjb lgjk`ltkgts> wb jkvb itjbr priias tjkt tjby prkotlsbdalsjlgc. Sb lekclgb tjkt gbts kgd trkps wbrb akstbgbd ti tjb pihbs. Lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjbsboigd pjksb ia kotlvlty (skgd 0) ia tjb cuhhy eist ia tjb pihbs wbrb wksjbd ivbr ti k shiplgcir jirlzigtkh pisltlig, ùt tjby wbrb git okrrlbd kwky `bokusb tjby wbrb oivbrbd wltj skgd0 ir stlhh alrehy be`bddbd.

Twi ojkrkotbrlstlo plbobs kgd tjb plg jkvb `bbg prbsbrvbd wltj Kcrlokh-O.

4.1.:. TJB AKRGKH MBEKLG_ 4; (tk`hb 00)

K gue`br ia ìgbs, `kdhy ir vbry `kdhy prbsbrvbd, wbrb aiugd sokttbrbd lg tjb cuhhy alhhlgckgd tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg, 0:< ia wjloj jkvb `bbg lgdbgtlalbd 40. Tjb eist kgd hbkst `kdhyprbsbrvbd ìgbs okeb arie dbpislt ; ia tjb cuhhy alhhlgc kgd `bhigc tjbrbairb ti tjb sboigd(@S@) iooupktlig pjksb ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Lg tjb dlstrlùtlig 4? wb aiugd oigobgtrktligs igìtj sldbs ia tjb obgtrkh pkrt ia tjb cuhhy kgd ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm. Lg tjb obgtrkh pkrt ia tjbcuhhy k abw ìgbs wbrb aiugd ig tjb skgd 0. Tjby krb khh oktthb ìgbs. Tjbsb jkvb git `bbglgohudbd lg tjb oiugt hlsts ks tjby eust pbrjkps `b oiggbotbd wltj tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcblgjk`ltktlig lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty. Tjb skeb kpphlbs ti twi nkw ìgbs aiugd kt k jlcjbrhbvbh gbkr tjb girtj sbotlig, lgdloktbd lg alc. 14. Lg tjb crby iooupktlig hkybr ia tjb sbtthbebgtsltb tjb oigdltligs wbrb euoj hbss akviurk`hb air prbsbrvktlig. Tjb algds oigslstbd ojlbahy iaeihkr tbbtj. @igbs arie tjb ;1tj obgtury skgd dlcclgc sltb jkvb git `bbg lgohudbd lg iur rbpirt,khtjiucj tjby wlhh `b hkrcbhy prbjlstirlo. Ks tjbrb kppbkrbd ti `b gi bssbgtlkh dlaabrbgobs`btwbbg tjb oiepisltlig ia tjb algds lg tjb cuhhy kgd lg tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg, ks tjbrb ls jkrdhykgy tleb dlaabrbgob, kgd slgob tjb gue`brs krb vbry sekhh gi dlstlgotlig jks `bbg ekdb `btwbbgìtj algd-criups kgd khh ìgb ektbrlkh jks `bbg trbktbd ks k wjihb.

Tjb hkrcb eknirlty ia ìgbs oiebs arie diebstlo kglekhs (<0%). Jugtlgc hkrcb kgdsekhh wlhd kglekhs kgd `lrds pri`k`hy wks ia hleltbd lepirtkgob ks k siurob ia aiid lg Eihb

gkkrscrkka.Oktthb (@is tkurus) wbrb tjb eist lepirtkgt diebstlo kglekhs. Ighy k abw ìgbs oiuhd

`b ebksurbd, ùt tjb ebksurbebgts tjkt oiuhd `b tkmbg alt lg tjb sbqubgob aiugd air Jbmbhlg-cbg kgd Qhkkrdlgcbg. Tjb oktthb wbrb shkucjtbrbd kt khh kcbs (tk`hb 0?). Tjb rbekrmk`hb algdia tjb oiephbtb smbhbtig ia k yiugc kglekh ia kìut ;W ybkr ihd wlhh `b dlsoussbd hktbr lg oiggbotlig wltj tjb crkvbs. Ia hltthb lepirtkgob wbrb tjb plcs (_us diebstlous), wjloj kcklg wbrbshkucjtbrbd k t khh kcbs (tk`hb 0?). Lg tjb tjlrd phkob okeb tjb sekhh ruelgkg ts (sjbbp/cikt,Ivls krlbs/Okprk jlrous). Istbihiclokhhy lt ls dlaalouht ti sbpkrktb tjbsb twi spbolbs, ùt lgJbmbhlgcbg ks wbhh ks lg Qhkkrdlgcbg tjb jirg-oirbs ir smuhhs ia ìtj spbolbs wbrb aiugd,si lt ls rbksigk`hb ti kssueb, tjkt ìtj wbrb mgiwg lg Eihbgkkrscrkka. Ks tjb dic (Okgls

4; Elss Dr K. T. Ohksig dld tjb tleb-dbviurlgc wirm ia ldbgtlaylgc tjb ìgbs. _jb ekdb k rbpirt wjloj wb usbdlg wrltlgc tjls pkrkcrkpj. Tjb rbsuhts ia jbr lgvbstlcktlig wlhh `b pu`hlsjbd `y jbr lg eirb dbtklh.

40 Lg tjls gue`br tjb juekg rkdlus (8•Ɛ. p. 02?) ls git lgohudbd. Kgth br arkcebgts wbrb hbat iu t ia oigsldbrkt lig.Gi kttbept wks ekdb ti ldbgtlay tjb arkcebgtkry rl`s kgd vbrtb`rkb.

*½ _bb p. ;:3 kgd alc. 12.



046 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

TK@HB 00

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Kglekh ìgbs

Gue`br i/ /i

@is tkurus oktthb

_us diebstlous plc

Ivls krlbsnOkprk jlrous sjbbp/cikt

Bquus ok`khhus jirsb

0;:

??

;4

0

013 ( <0. 4% )

:4?;;

;3 ( 2.<%)

?;;

2 ( ;.3%)

:;.3;0.4

2.0

6.3

Diebstlo kglekhs titkh

0;:

??

;4

0

013 ( <0. 4% )

:4?;;

;3 ( 2.<%)

?;;

2 ( ;.3%)

;66.6

Okstir al`br `bkvbr

Obrvus bhkpjus rbd dbbr

Khobs khobs bhmRrsus krotis `riwg `bkr

_us soriak wlhd ìkr

Slhd kglekhs titkh

Kvls sp. `lrds

Kolpbgsbr sturli sturcbigVlsols sp. alsjbs

Elsobhhkgbius titkh

0;:

??

;4

0

013 ( <0. 4% )

:4?;;

;3 ( 2.<%)

?;;

2 ( ;.3%)

Titk h 0:< (;66.6 %)

TK@HB 0?

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Ekgdl`hbs ohksslalbd `y tjb kcb

Oktth b ;-1 eig tjs 0

0:-?4 eigtjs ?

7 ? ybkrs 4

Vlc o. 1 eigtjs 0

o. 0 ybkrs ?

7 0 ybkrs 0

Titkh ;1



AKRGKH PBEKLG_ 04 ;

akelhlkrls) wks git k ebkt kglekh, tjb k`sbgob ia tjls spbolbs keigc tjb ìgbs dibs git lephytjbrb wbrb gi dics kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Lgtbrbstlgc krb twi arkcebgts ia jirsb (Bquus ok`khhus)ìgbs> tjb prixlekh bgd ia k rkdlus kgd tjb prixlekh bgd ia tjb rlcjt tl`lk ia k yiugc kglekh. Kstjby wbrb tii arkcebgtkry ti tkmb ebksurbebgts ia tjbe lt ls lepissl`hb ti sky wjbtjbr tjbykrb arie wlhd ir diebstloktbd kglekhs. Tjbrb krb sieb akots, jiwbvbr, tjkt eky succbsttjkt tjby krb arie bkrhy diebstloktbd kglekhs. Lg tjb alrst phkob, tjb ekrsjy bgvlrigebgt wksgit vbry sultk`hb air jirsbs= sboigdhy, khsi lg hktbr sbtthbebgts, ks air lgstkgob Ouhbeìrc 44,wjbrb ekgy jirsb-ìgbs wbrb aiugd, gi wlhd kglekhs ioourrbd= kgd tjlrdhy, lg tjb trkgsltligpbrlid arie Gbihltjlo ti @rigzb Kcb tjb diebstloktbd jirsb sprbkd ivbr Buripb. Tjb jirsbìgbs wbrb ìtj aiugd lg tjb wbstbrg `kgm zigb lg tjb cuhhy dbpislt (;). Tjby ugdiu`tbdhy`bhigc ti tjb diebstlo rbausb ia tjb sbtthbebgt, kgd tjb pissl`lhlty tjkt tjby `bhigc ti k hktbrpbrlid tjkg tjb sboigd iooupktlig pjksb okg `b bxohudbd. Tjbsb `bhigc ti tjb ihdbst rbeklgsia tjb diebstloktbd jirsb lg tjls oiugtry 42.

Tjb wlhd kglekhs tjkt wbrb jugtbd wbrb tjisb tjkt oiuhd `b bxpbotbd lg tjb vlolglty ia tjbsbtthbebgt sltb. Ia tjb rbd dbbr (Obrvus bhkpjus) k abw higc ìgbs kgd twi kgthb r arkcebgtswbrb aiugd. Lgtbrbstlgc ls tjb algdlgc ia bhm (Khobs khobs). Tjls spbolbs wks git aiugd lg kgy ia

tjb QH Ouhturb sltbs, wjloj jkd, oigtrkrlhy ti Eihbgkkrscrkka, gi dlrbot oiggbotlig wltj tjbskgd krbk lg tjb bkst "1. Khsi tjb wlhd ìkr (_us soriak) kgd tjb `riwg `bkr (Rrsus krotis)wbrb prbsbgt. Tjb rbhktlvbhy guebrius ìgbs ia `bkvbr (Okstir al`br) krb ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjbekrsjy bgvlrigebgt wltj lts ekgy arbsj wktbr orbbms.

Alsjlgc okg jkvb `bbg euoj eirb lepirtkgt tjkg kppbkrs arie tjb tk`hb, kgd elcjt jkvb`bbg ia slelhkr lepirtkgob ks alsjlgc wks bhsbwjbrb lg slelhkr bgvlrigebgts lg tjb wbstbrgGbtjbrhkgds 43 ks k siurob ia supphy air kglekh pritblgs. Tjls ls succbstbd `y itjbr algds bspbolkhhy arie tjb crkvbs kgd lt sbbes tjkt alsjlgc pkrthy oiepbgsktbd air tjb sekhh lgtbrbst iajugt lgc kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb k`sbgob ia alsj wkstb eky `b tjb rbsuht ia t jb rktjbr piiroigdltligs air prbsbrvktlig. Eirbivbr, alsj wkstb itjbr tjkg tjb `lc sturcbig ìgb phktbstjriwg lg tjb cuhhy wks pri`k`hy okrrlbd kwky euoj eirb rbkdlhy `y tjb ourrbgt tjkg jbkvy

kglekh ìgbs. Lt sbbes ti us tjkt lt ls ugnustlalk`hb ti drkw oigohusligs arie tjb tk`hb 00kìut tjb lepirtkgob ia alsjlgc ks oiepkrbd wltj jugtlgc kgd oktthb `rbbdlgc. Sb prbabr tirbhy ig itjbr bvldbgob, suoj ks tjb pihbs lg tjb `bd ia tjb cuhhy, tjb hike wblcjt arkcebgtarie tjb cuhhy alhhlgc kgd tjb dktk privldbd `y tjb crkvbs, bspbolkhhy crkvb L L.

Tjb bepjksls ig oktthb rklslgc kgd tjb vbry sekhh lgtbrbst lg jugtlgc eust algd tjblr okusblg tjb bgvlrigebgt. Ks wb mgiw (oa. p. ;?3 kgd ;::), tjb ohky wbdcbs ia tjb strbke rldcb iaabrbdphbgtlauh crkzk`hb hkgd. Tjb hkgdsokpb kgd tjb boigiey ia Eihbgkkrscrkka rbsbe`hb tjbQhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb sbtthbebgts ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs ti k hkrcb bxtbgt kgd oigtrkst ti tjisbkhigc tjb bstukrlgb orbbms (oa. p. ??0).

44 Hiuwb Miilnrkkgs ;<11½.« Oa. p. ??6.41 @ut Er C. Mirtbgì ut vkg dbr _hulns lgairebd eb tj kt tjbrb krb twi bhm igbs arie tjb Sbstbrg Gbtj brhkgds

lg tjb oihhbotlig ia tjb Gktligkh Eusbue ia Cbihicy kt Hbldbg> kg kgthbr arie _tiepwlnm kgd k smuhh arkcebgt wltjtjb kgthbrs skwg iaa arie Jbusdbg. @itj plbobs krb, jiwbvbr, ugdktbd.

43 Air bxkephb kt Qhkkrdlgcbg kgd Jbmbhlgcbg kgd durlgc tjb bkrhlbst pjksb ia Qiirsojitbg.



040 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

4.3. TJB CPKQB_

4.3.;. LGTPIDROTLIG= TJB OBEBTBP\.

Lg tjb sbt thbebgt tbrrklg alvb ahkt crkvbs wbrb aiugd. Tjrbb ia tjbe wbrb juekg lgjuektligs, igb oigtklgbd tjb smbhbtig ia kg ix kgd igb wks k plt wltjiut smbhbtkh rbeklgs ir crkvbciids, ybt jkvlgc khh tjb ojkrkotbrlstlos pbouhlkr ti ùrlkh plts lg Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd lgcbgbrkh. Tjb crkvbs wbrb diouebgtbd `y vbrtlokh pjiticrkpjs tkmbg wltj tjb kld ia k rid igk trlpid 4:. Arie tjbsb pjiticrkpjs (Vls LQ, QLLL, Z, ZLL), arie su`sldlkry ebksurbebgtstkmbg lg tjb albhd kgd `y rbabrbgob ti tjb smbhbtkh ektbrlkh, tjb drkwlgcs lg tjls pu`hloktligwbrb ekdb. Tjb kgtjripihiclokh dlsousslig ia tjb smbhbtigs wks wrlttbg `y Elss K. Mglp 4<.Jbr rbpirt ls kddbd ks Kppbgdlx Q ti tjls pkpbr. Tjb kgtjripihiclokh dktk lg tjb dbsorlptligia tjb crkvbs wbrb tkmbg arie tjls rbpirt.

Tjb ciid stktb ia prbsbrvktlig ia tjb smbhbtigs kgd ia tjb ìgb crkvb ciids ls okusbd alrsthy`y tjblr pisltlig `bhiw tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb, slgob sjirthy katbr tjb lgjuektlig ugtlh rbobgttlebs. Tjb ìt ties ia tjb crkvbs hlb giw kìut tjb prbsbgt criugd wktbr tk`hb, ùt sieb dbokdbskci tjb drklgkcb ia tjb pkrobhs gbkr tjb hiw "rbkr dymb" ia tjb pihdbr wks euoj wirsb kgdoigsbqubgthy tjb smbhbtigs wbrb wbhh ugdbr wktbr. K jlcj hleb oigtbgt elcjt `b k sboigdakotir. @ut tjb skgd ia tjb rldcb ls ighy vbry hiokhhy rloj lg hleb kgd tjls cbgbrkhhy wks git tjboksb lg tjb bxokvktbd pkrt> ighy gbkr crkvb L k aklrhy jlcj hleb oigtbgt oiuhd `b dbeigstrktbd.Lt sbbes, ks la tjbrb tjb ugusukhhy tjlomhy dbvbhipbd iooupktlig hkybr (l.b. tjb plt alhhlgc kìvbtjb crkvb) jkd oigsldbrk`hy jlgdbrbd pbroihktlig kgd si jkd prbvbgtbd tjb rbeivkh ia hlebarie tjb skgd.

@bokusb tjb ìgb jkd `bbg prbsbrvbd kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, sieb gbw bhbebgts wbrb kddbdti tjb Q@@ crkvb ciid kssbe`hkcb> tjb ìgb alsj-jiims kgd tjb kgthbr jiim.

Tjb alvb crkvbs khh hlb lg k riw kpprixlektbhy khigc tjb tip ia tjb skgd rldcb (tjb hlgb

hlgmlgc tjb jlcjbst pilgts) kgd tjb kxls hlgb ia tjb algd oigobgtrktlig. Tjb lgtbrvbglgc dlstkgobs sjiw crbkt rbcuhkrlty>

crkvb LL — crkvb LL L :.6 e.crkvb LL L — crkvb L ;2.2 e.crkvb L — ix ùrlkh <.2 e.ix ùrlk h — crkvb LQ :.: e.

Lt ls gitbwirtjy tjkt tjb dlstkgob `btwbbg crkvb LLL kgd crkvb L ls kheist twlob tjkt ia tjbitjbr dlstkgobs. Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt `btwbbg ìtj crkvbs tjbrb wks k slxtj crkvb wjloj dlskppbkrbd wjbg tjb eidbrg dltoj wks `blgc duc. Tjls rbcuhkrlty oigvlgobs us tjkt wb jkvb git

4: Sb jbkrtlhy tjkgm tjb stkaa-ebe`brs kgd tjb tbojglolkgs ia tjb Lgstltutb air Vrbjlstiry, Hbldbg, air tjblrjbhp durlgc tjb bxokvktlig ia tjb crkvbs kgd air tjb ekmlgc ia tjb vbrtlokh pjiticrkpjs.

4< Sb krb euoj lgdb`tbd ti Vria Dr N. Julzlgck, Lgstltutb ia Juekg @lihicy, Rtrbojt. Jb vlsltbd tjb bxokvktlig wjbg tjb crkvbs L kgd LL wbrb dlsoivbrbd kgd ckvb jls oieebgts ig tjb smbhbtigs, wjlhb tjby wbrb lg sltu.

Ti Elss K. _. Mglp wb krb lgdb`tbd air tjb bxjkustlvb kgtjripihiclokh rbpirt sjb ekdb ia tjb smbhbtigs.



CPKQB L 04?

ivbrhiimbd kgy crkvbs. Tjbrb sbbebd ti `b sieb pissl`lhlty ia tjls wjbg tjrbb crkvbs wbrbdlsoivbrbd igb katbr tjb itjbr kt tjb bgd ia iur alrst ipbrktlig= tjby wbrb eisthy jkrdhy rboicglzk`hb lg tjb hbvbhs ia tjb bxokvktlig plts. Durlgc tjb sboigd ipbrktlig gigb ia tjbe okg jkvbbsokpbd i`sbrvktlig, jiwbvbr, `bokusb wb tiim k crbkt dbkh ia okrb kgd triu`hb git ti elss kgy.

Lt sbbes ti us ti `b lepirtkgt tjkt, lg vlbw ia tjb kìvb ebgtligbd rbcuhkrlty, wb krb nustlalbd lg tkhm lgc ia k obebtbry. Tjls ls git k oksb ia k gue`br ia lsihktbd ùrlkhs, ùt ia tjb rbpbktbd usb ia tjb sltb `y k criup ia pbiphb wji wbrb kt hbkst akelhlkr wltj tjb cbgbrkh sltuktligkgd kppkrbgthy wltj tjb bxkot sltuktlig ia tjb itjbr crkvbs, tjb hioktlig ia wjloj lg khh pri`k`lhlty wks git, jiwbvbr, ekrmbd `y k `krriw ùt elcjt jkvb `bbg vlsl`hb `y kgitjbr ekrm .Ig tjb `ksls ia tjbsb oigsldbrktligs lt ls dlaalouht ti oigoblvb tjkt tjls hltthb obebtbry bxlstbdair higc= lt ls eirb hlmbhy tjkt wb krb jbrb oigobrgbd wltj k aklrhy sjirt pjksb lg tjb iooupktligpbrlid. Lt ls bvbg pissl`hb tjkt tjb obebtbry rbprbsbgts k sjirt pbrlid wjbg tjb sltb wks gitioouplbd. La tjls ls tjb oksb, tjbg tjbsb wbrb git lgtbrebgts lg tjb sbtthbebgt ltsbha, ùt kairebr sbtthbebgt sltb wks `blgc usbd air ùrlkh purpisbs. Katbr dlsousslgc tjb lgdlvldukhcrkvbs, wb sjkhh bxkelgb wjkt oigtrlùtlig ti tjb sihutlig ia tjbsb pri`hbes ls ekdb `y tjbakots wjloj bebrcb.

4.3.0. CPKQB L (alcs. ;66-;64, Vls. LQ-QLL, ZLLL)

Crkvb L wks tjb alrst crkvb ti `b dlsoivbrbd (`y ojkgob) lg tjb alatj wbbm ia tjb alrstipbrktlig, durlgc tjb dlcclgc ia sbotligs ig wjkt wks tjiucjt ti `b k rbausb plt lg tjb elddhbia plt K<, gbxt ti tjb girtj wkhh ia jiusb L. Tjb plt dlaabrbd siebwjkt lg lts rbcuhkr ivkh sjkpbkgd lts dkrmbr alhhlgc arie tjb gblcjìurlgc plts, si tjkt eirb kttbgtlig tjkg usukh wks pkldti lt. Tjb bxkelgktlig ia k vkcub dlsoihiurktlig ugdbr tjb alhhlgc ia tjb plt hbd ti tjb smuhh`blgc dkekcbd `y k spkdb kgd tjb dlsoivbry ia tjb crkvb. Tjb sbotlig plt wks alhhbd up, kgdwb `bckg ti bxokvktb `y ebkgs ia hbvbhhlgc iaa.

Alvb ia tjb phkgs drkwg ia blcjt hbvbhs krb lhhustrktbd jbrb (alcs. ;66, ;6;). Lg tjb hiwbsthbvbh kg lrrbcuhkr, rbotkgcuhkr, vlihbt-crby trkob oiuhd `b ekdb iut> tjb rbeklgs ia k tle`brokslgc ia tjb ùrlkh plt. K tjlombglgc ia tjb trkob kt tjb oirgbrs lgdloktbd tjkt tjby jkd `bbgrblgairobd `y vbrtlokh pihbs, ia wjloj tjb trkobs sjiw k dlkebtbr ia ;4-06 oe. Lg bkoj oirgbrkppkrbgthy stiid twi pihbs. Ks trkobs `bhiw criugd wktbr hbvbh jkd oiephbtbhy dlskppbkrbd,lt okggit `b dbtbrelgbd jiw dbbp tjb pihbs wbrb mgiombd lgti tjb criugd. Ighy kt igbphkob wks k aklgt trkob ti `b sbbg ia tjb iuthlgb ia tjb plt ltsbha lg wjloj tjb okslgc wks ekdb.Tjb hkrcb ivkh "rbausb p lt " (36 Z ;?6 oe.), vlsl`hb lg tjb jlcjbst hbvbh, lg wjloj ugairtugktbhygi algds wbrb ekdb, eust jkvb oieb lgti `blgc durlgc tjb oihhkpsb ia tjls ùrlkh ojke`br.Lg tjb lgtbrebdlktb hbvbhs tjb ùrlkh plt oildd `b sbbg ks k riugdbd rbotkgchb ia shlcjthy dlrtyskgd, lg wjloj tjb rust airektlig wks dlaabrbgt lg ojkrkotbr arie tjkt iutsldb lt. Tjb okuskh

rbhktligsjlp ia "rbausb plt" kgd ùrlkh ojke`br ls lhhustrktbd `bst `y tjb supbrpisltlig ia tjbeist ojkrkotbrlstlo hbvbhs, ks sjiwg lg alc. ;60. _tkrtlgc arie tjb phkgs lt wks pissl`hb ti oigstruot twi oriss-sbotligs tjriucj tjb crkvb wjloj khsi pbrelt k `bttbr lgslcjt lg lts struoturb(alc. ;6?).

Tjb ùrlkh ojke`br hky kheist bxkothy lg kg B-S irlbgtktlig kgd lts lgtbrlir ebksurbebgtswbrb ;?6/;?2 Z :6/<2 oe. Tjb silh trkobs ia tjb okslgc wbrb 3-;6 oe. wldb, wjloj lgdloktbs



044 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

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Alc. ;66. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L. Vhkg ia tjb crkvb kt vkrlius hbvbhs. Dbptj `bhiw GKV . _okhb ;>06.

Alc. ;6;. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L. _okhb ;>:. ;20 > sieb sekhh sjbrds. ;2? > alg-rky ia plmb.;22k > pjkhkgcb ia rlcjt aiit. ;22` > sekhh plbob ia ìgb. ;23 > Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr.





041 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. ;60. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L._upbrpisltlig ia tjb phkgs ia tjrbb ojkrkotbrlstlo hbvbhs >

tjlg hlgb 5 —;;6, ebdlue hlgb 5 —;0 2, jbkvy hlgb 5 —;26 oe. _okhb ;>06.

tjb usb ia jbkvy phkgms ia pissl`hy kìut 4 oe. tjlomgbss. Tjb jblcjt ia tjb ojke`br wlhhgit jkvb `bbg eirb tjkg kìut 26 oe. Tjb dlstkgob `btwbbg tjb ahiir kgd hbvbh ?, lg wjlojk pkrt ia tjb riia oigstruotlig wks rboicglzk`hb ks k vlihbt-crby trkob, wks 0: oe., wjlhb tjbrbausb plt wks k ciid 06 oe. dbbp. Qkrlius i`sbrvktligs ebgtligbd `bhiw sjiw tjkt tjb okslgcwks k sihld oigstruotlig wjloj oiuhd jkvb rbeklgbd stkgdlgc air kt hbkst k abw dbokdbs. Tjbahiir ia tjb crkvb hky kt —;12 oe. GKV.

Tjb oriuojbd smbhbtig (alc. ;6;, VL. LQ) hky git bxkothy ig lts hbat sldb, ùt turgbd siebwjkt ig lts `kom, wltj tjb jbkd ti tjb bkst kgd akolgc siutj. Tjb jkgds wbrb aihdbd `bairb tjbojbst, tjb jkgd ia tjb hbat kre (tjb hiwbr igb) ig tjb rlcjt jkgd, kgd ìtj pkhes diwgwkrds.Tjb wrlst nilgt ia tjb hbat kre wks tjbrbairb oiephbtbhy turgbd riugd, si tjkt rkdlus kgd uhgk

orissbd bkoj itjbr. Ks tjb ìdy dboiepisbd tjb kre ìgbs eust jkvb twlstbd aurtjbr ks tjbsmbhbtig sbtthbd diwg. @itj hbcs wbrb `bgt ti kg kgchb ia kìut <6¶ `btwbbg tjb abeur kgd tjbsplgb. Tjb mgbbs wbrb sjkrphy `bgt ti kg kgchb ia 06-?6¶ `btwbbg tjb abeur kgd tjb tl`lk. Tjbpbhvls jkd `boieb siebwjkt dlsphkobd. Tjb rlcjt ugdb rkre wks gi higcbr oiggbotbd wltj tj bjuebrus, ùt jkd rihhbd ir shlppbd shlcjthy iut ia phkob. Tjb rl`s ugdbr tjb rlcjt juebruswbrb sphlgtbrbd. Tjb smuhh, hiwbr nkw kgd k gue`br ia obrvlokh vbrtb`rkb wbrb khsi gi higcbr



CPKQB L 043

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Alc. ;6?. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L. _ojbektlo sbotligs (oa. alc. ;60)dbrlvbd arie tjb drkwg phkgs. _okhb ;>06.

oiggbotbd kgktielokhhy. Katbr tjb oiephbtb dboiepisltlig ia tjb ìdy, lgohudlgc tjb slgbws,tjb smuhh kppkrbgthy tue`hbd ksldb ugtlh tjb airkebg ekcgue hky uppbreist. Tjb hiwbr nkwkgd sieb obrvlokh vbrtb`rkb oigsbqubgthy abhh ksldb 26. Tjls okg ighy jkvb `bbg pissl`hb `bokusbkg ugdbrcriugd jihhiw spkob eust jkvb `bbg prbsbrvbd air sieb dbokdbs, dub ti tjb strigcoigstruotlig ia tjb ùrlkh ojke`br.

Tjkt igb ebtktkrskh kgd jkha ia tjb pjkhkgcbs ia tjb abbt krb elsslgc kgd tjkt igb ia tjbsbls dlsphkobd ivbr kìut 06 oes wlhh `b eklghy tjb wirm ia kglekhs.

Tjb smuhh (VL. ZLLL) ls ekrmbdhy `rkojyorkglo kgd ugusukhhy `rikd (kg lgdbx orkglousia <4.1) kgd sjiws k vbry ohbkr phkgioolpltkhy. Khh tjb orkglkh suturbs krb stlhh ipbg. Lg tjbhiwbr nkw ìtj E?'s jkvb git criwg tjriucj. Lg tjb uppbr nkw tjb rlcjt E? jks kheist criwg

tjriucj kgd tjb hbat E?

ls prbsbgt ùt hiisb. Tjb krtlouhkr bgds (bplpjysbs) jkvb git ybt criwgalxbd ti tjb higc ìgbs. Tjb smbhbtig ls tjkt ia kg kdihbsobgt, vbry pri`k`hy ekhb, ia kìut ;2ybkrs ia kcb. Tjb higc ìgbs krb git vbry riùst . Tjb kgtjripihiclokh hbgctj ia tjb ìdy,bstlektbd arie ebksurbebgts ia tjb higc ìgbs, ls ;10-;1? oe. Ebksurbebgts arie tjb vbrtlokh

26 Tjls ls kooirdlgc ti tjb oieebgts ia Vria Dr N. Julzlgck.



04: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

pjiticrkpj (VL. LQ) ckvb ;14 oe., kgd tjus tjb twi bstlektbs oirrbspigd vbry wbhh. Tjb lgdlvldukh wiuhd obrtklghy jkvb `boieb tkhhbr lg ekturlty. Tjb tbbtj sjiw gi rbduotlig. Ighy k abweihkrs krb shlcjthy wirg 2;.

Kt tjb tjrikt sldb ia tjb obrvlokh vbrtb`rkb k arkcebgt ia k alsj ìgb wks aiugd (alc. ;6;

gi. ;2?= VL. QLL@). Lt ls tjb 0.;1 oe. higc arkcebgt wltj krtlouhkr bgd ia k alg-rky ia kg ugpklrbdalg (tjb `bhhy- ir tjb `kom-alg) ia k plmb (Bsix huolus H.). Tjb pisltlig (bxkot algd spit)ia tjb alg-rky arkcebgt succbsts strigchy tjkt tjb ìy jkd irlclgkhhy tjls tlgy ìgb lg jls tjrikt. Khtjiucj kg irdlgkry alsj ìgb jkrdhy okg jkvb okusbd dbktj, wb eust kssueb tjb oigtrkryia tjls rbhktlvb hkrcb i`nbot. Lt ls hlmbhy tjkt tjb alg-rky, wjbg stuombd lg tjb ìy's tjriktokusbd k sbrlius lgabotlig kgd kg k`sobss, wjloj uhtlektlhy elcjt jkvb okusbd dbktj 20. Sbjkrdhy oiuhd cbt k eirb drkektlo priia ia tjb oigsueptlig ia alsj.

Gbkr tjb pbhvls hky k abw sekhh, ugdboirktbd `bkmbr sjbrds wjloj jkd kppkrbgthy oiebjbrb arie tjb alhhlgc ia tjb ùrlkh plt (alc. ;6;, gi. ;20).

Alc. ;64. Eihbgkkrscrkka . @bhh @bkmbr ia Qbhuwb typ b arie crkvb L. _okhb ;>0.

K @bhh @bkmbr jkd `bbg phkobd ks k clat lg tjb crkvb gbkr tjb mgbbs (alc. ;6;, gi. ;23).Ks tjb tle`br okslgc ia tjb plt dbokybd skgd abhh lgti tjls oirgbr, ks kppbkrs arie kg lgtbrruptliglg tjb silh trkob kgd k vkcub pkhb dlsoihiurktlig lgsldb tjb crkvb tjbrb. Tjls okusbd tjb `bkmbrti akhh kcklgst tjb rlcjt mgbb ia tjb smbhbtig. Tjb @bhh @bkmbr (alc. ;64, VH QLL K) ls ;?.3 oe.jlcj, tjb bxtbrgkh dlkebtbr ia tjb rle ls ;?.;-;?.2 oe. kgd ia tjb `bhhy ;?.: oe. K ohbkr gbom

2; Tjbsb kgtjripihiclokh rbekrms krb dbrlvbd arie tjb rbpirt ia Elss Mglp, Kppbgdlx Q.20 Tjls sekhh alg-rky jks `bbg bxkelgbd kgd ldbgtlalbd `y Dr Nijkggbs Hlpslmkkr, Eusbue air Gkturkh Jlstiry,

Citjbgùrc, _wbdbg, tjriucj tjb mlgd lgtbrebdlkry ia Elss Dr K. T. Ohksig, Criglgcbg.



CPKQB L 04 <

kgd `bhhy `bgd dlvldb tjb `bkmbr lgti tjrbb kpprixlektbhy bqukh pkrts, k dlvlslig koobgtuktbd`y tjb dboirktlig. _tkrtlgc arie tjb tip wb okg dlstlgculsj>

— tjrbb jirlzigtkh hlgbs ugdbr tjb rle,— k `kgd ia sekhh hlgbs orisslgc bkoj itjbr i`hlqubhy,

— k `kgd ia :-< jirlzigtkh hlgbs, rbkojlgc ks akr ks tjb gbom `bgd,— k `kgd ia 1-: (lg cbgbrkh 3) zlczkc hlgbs ig tjb sjiuhdbr,— k riw ia vbrtlokh hlgbs ig tjb `bhhy `bgd hleltbd ig ìtj sldbs `y tjrbb surriugdlgc hlgbs,— k riw ia 4-1 zlczkc hlgbs,— 0-4 (lg cbgbrkh ?) jirlzigtkh hlgbs kt tjb `ksb.

La tjb dbslcg ia tjb dboirktlig ls okrbauhhy ojisbg, ks usukh lg @bhh @bkmbrs, tjb bxboutligls rktjbr orudb, kgd git digb wltj k dbgtktbd spktuhk ir k sjkrp i`nbot, ùt wltj k aklrhy`rikd phklg spktuhk. Tjb itjbr ojkrkotbrlstlos khsi sjiw tjkt tjls ls git igb ia tjb `bst bxkephbsia k @bhh @bkmbr. Tjb rle ls slephy riugdbd, tjb `ksb ls ahkt, tjb wkhhs krb rktjbr tjlom1-: ee.). Tjb surakob, wjloj ls git pkrtlouhkrhy seiitj wks git pihlsjbd. Tjb pkhb oihiurvkrlbs arie vbry pkhb ybhhiw ti hlcjt ybhhiwlsj `riwg (;6 \P 3/?-1/4) wltj sieb crbylsj ekrms.

Tjbrb ls jkrdhy kgy slcg ia tbepbrlgc bxobpt k abw sekhh pb``hbs kgd k hltthb piugdbd pittbry.Tjb pittbry ls git bspbolkhhy jkrd. Ks lt hky ig lts sldb tjb ipbglgc jks `boieb shlcjthy dbairebd, okuslgc k sekhh orkom.

Tjb `bkmbr obrtklghy dibs git `bhigc ti tjb `bst `bkmbr pittbry usbd lg tjb sbtthbebgt.K abw sjbrds wbrb aiugd lg tjb plts wjloj wbrb slelhkr lg qukhlty ti tjb `bst `bkmbr pittbrymgiwg lg tjls oiugtry. Ekgy ia tjb @@ sjbrds arie tjb iooupktlig hkybr krb ia `bttbr qukhltypittb ry. Ks tjb ùrlkh clats lg tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs wbrb cbgbrkhhy sbhbotbd arie tjb `bst pittbry ,wb eust kssueb tjkt tjls ls kg bxobptlig ti tjb ruhb ir tjkt tjb crkvb `bhigcs ti k pjksb lg tjbsbtthbebgt wjbg gi `bttbr pit tbry wks lg usb. Tjb eist hlmbhy dktlgc lg tjls oksb ls tjb bgdia tjb alrst (Q@@) iooupktlig pjksb, wltj tjb pissl`lhlty ia k siebwjkt bkrhlbr ir hktbr dktlgc.

Air k ;4O dbtbrelgktlig usb wks ekdb ia tjb elddhb sbotlig ia tjb hbat abeur wltj tjb

r b _ R h t > CrG 2;?; ?1?2 » 46 (;1:2 @O) ìgb.

Tjls dktb oirrbspigds vbry wbhh wltj tjb mgiwg dktk kgd oigalres tjb kìvb-dlsoussbdkrojkbihiclokh-typihiclokh dktlgc.

Pbokpltuhktlig

Kìut ;366 @.O., kt kìut tjb bgd ia tjb alrst iooupktlig pjksb, k ìy ia kìut ;2 ybkrsia kcb kgd kìut ;1? oe. tkhh wks ùrlbd lg k oriuojbd pisltlig ig jls hbat sldb kgd wltj jlsjbkd ti tjb bkst, lg k ùrlkh ojke`br hylgc koourktbhy lg kg Bkst-Sbst irlbgtktlig. Tjb ojke`br, ebksurlgc kìut <6 Z ;?6 oe. kgd wltj tjb ìttie kt —;12 oe. GKV, wks sihldhy oigstruotbd kgd hky leebdlktbhy kcklgst tjb girtjbrg wkhh ia k oigtbepirkgbius jiusb. Ks kùrlkh clat k Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr ia oiepkrktlvbhy okrbhbss bxboutlig wks phkobd gbkr tjb mgbbs.Tjb smuhh ls phkgioolpltkh-`rkojyorkglo.



026 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

4.3.?. CPKQB LL (alcs. ;62-;6<, Vls. QLLL-LZ, ZLQ-ZQL)

Crkvb LL wks aiugd ig _kturdky, 04tj _bptbe`br, ;<11, wjbg k abw ìys `bckg dlcclgc

lg kg ipbg bxokvktlig plt. Airtugktbhy tjby wbrb okucjt lg tjb kot, si tjkt tjb dlstur`kgobwks hleltbd ti k sekhh krbk kriugd tjb gbom kgd smuhh ia tjb smbhbtig.Tjb prbsbgob ia k crkvb wks lgdloktbd lg tjls oksb ighy `y k abw lrrbcuhkr crby ekrms lg

tjb ybhhiw skgd `btwbbg tjb hkrcb riugd plts lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia @3. Gir wks kgy ohbkrhyekrmbd plt rbvbkhbd durlgc tjb su`sbqubgt hbvbhhlgc iaa. Ighy `btwbbg kìut —;26 oe. GKVkgd tjb ìttie ia tjb ùrlkh plt (—;2< oe. GKV) dld k aklgt ùt ugelstkmk`hb trkob, kìut2-;6 oe. wldb, ivkh kgd hlcjt vlihbt lg oihiur, `boieb kppkrbgt riugd tjb smbhbtig (alc. ;61).Ks wltj crkvb L, wb oigsldbr tjls ti `b tjb trkob ia k sjirlgc up ia tjb ùrlkh plt, air wjloj, lgvlbw ia tjb sjkpb, wlombrwirm wlhh jkvb `bbg usbd, rktjbr tjkg phkgms. Tjb lgtbrlir ebksurbebgts krb :6 Z ;42 oe. Tjb kxls ls riucjhy irlbgtktbd __@-GGS, pkrkhhbh ti tjb cuhhy,kcklgst wjloj tjb crkvb dlrbothy hlbs. Tjb jblcjt ia tjb ùrlkh ojke`br oiuhd git `b dbtbrelgbd.Tjb rblgairobebgt ia tjb crkvb plt wks hbss sihld tjk g tj kt ia crkvb L> gi pkrts ia tjb smbhbtig

jkd rihhbd ir shlppbd iut ia phkob.

Tjb smbhbtig hky lg k oriuojbd pisltlig ig lts hbat sldb wltj tjb jbkd ti tjb siutj, akolgcwbst. Tjb eist gitbwirtjy abkturb wks tjb k`sbgob ia k gue`br ia ìgbs, wjloj eust jkvbdlskppbkrbd durlgc tjb dlcclgc ia k plt (gi. ;<<) wjloj outs tjriucj tjb crkvb ig tjb wbstbrgsldb (alc. ;62, ;63, VH LZ K). Lg tjb alhhlgc ia tjls plt igb ia tjb elsslgc pkrts ia tjb smbhbtig,tjb ;2.2 oe. higc prixlekh pkrt ia tjb hbat rkdlus (VL. ZLQ), wks aiugd. Tjbrb wks gi slcg,jiwbvbr, ia khh tjb itjbr elsslgc pkrts, wjloj oigslstbd ia kheist khh tjb hbat hbc, bxobpt air tjbuppbr bgd ia tjb abeur (tjb pbhvlo nilgt), kgd tjb hiwbr bgd ia tjb tl`lk wltj tjb aiit. Tjb skebkpphlbs ti tjb hbat kre> ighy tjb tip ia tjb sjiuhdbr-nilgt ia tjb juebrus kgd tjb hbat jkgd wltjtjb wrlst-nilgts ia tjb uhgk kgd rkdlus rbeklg. Tjb wjihb ia tjb rlcjt jkgd wltj tjb wrlst kgdeist ia tjb rkdlus ls khsi elsslgc. Lt ls ourlius tjkt tjb pkrts gkebd krb git `rimbg iaa kt tjb

pilgt wjbrb plt gi. ;<< wks duc, ùt sieb dlstkgob `bjlgd tjls lg tjb ugdlstur`bd skgd. Sjbrbtjb plt wks duc lt sbbes tjkt ighy tjb pkrts ia tjb smbhbtig tjkt prinbotbd eist wbrb tiuojbddurlgc tjb dlcclgc> tjb hbat mgbb, tjb hbat bhìw kgd tjb rlcjt jkgd. Tjkt tjb arkoturb dld gitioour wjbrb tjb dlcclgc tiim phkob, ùt lg tjb skgd `bjlgd lt, sbbes ti `b girekh. Tjb ìgb nilgtswjloj krb stlhh prbsbrvbd jkd git kt khh, ir ighy shlcjthy, `bbg airobd iut ia tjblr oirrbot kg ktie-lokh pisltligs, wjloj privbs tjkt tjb tbgdigs ia tjb dbkd pbrsig jkd git ybt sbrliushy rittbd 2? .Tjb kppbkrkgob ia tjb sbpkrktb rkdlus arkcebgt lg tjb plt ;<< alhhlgc, ig tjb itjbr jkgd,suppirts tjb kssueptlig tjkt tjb ìdy wks lg kg kdvkgobd stktb ia dboiepisltlig. Khh tjlslephlbs k tleb dlaabrbgob ia twi ir tjrbb dbokdbs `btwbbg tjb crkvb kgd plt ;<<. Tjb dlstur`lgcplt wks lgtbgtligk hhy rbalhhbd leebdlktbhy katbr tjb dlcclgc wltj tjb silh tj kt jkd `bbg rbeiv bd=tjls ls kppkrbgt arie tjb gkturb ia tjb alhhlgc, wjloj oigslstbd bgtlrbhy ia tjb skeb hiisb skgd,

wltj k sekhh ohky oigtbgt, ks tjb criugd lg tjb vlolglty, kgd wjloj ighy dlaabrbgtlktbd ltsbha `ytjb siebwjkt dlsslelhkr silh priobssbs okusbd `y tjb dlstur`bd struoturb ia tjb skgd. Lt wksighy kt k euoj jlcjbr hbvbh tjkt k sekhhbr, lrrbcuhkr plt wks sbbg, wltj k "girekh" alhhlgc (oa.

2? Tjls ls kooirdlgc ti tjb oieebgts ia Vria Dr N. Julzlgck.



CPKQB LL

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ee •

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Alc. ;62. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL kgd surriugdlgcs. Bxtbgt ia plts kt k jlcjbr hbvbh lgdloktbd wltj k tjlg hlgb.

Algd gue`brs bgolrohbd. Dbptj lg oe. `bhiw GKV. _okhb ;>06.



020 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. ;61. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL. _okhb ;>:. Oa khsi gitb 22.



CPKQB LL 02?

alc. ;62). Tjls dbprbsslig wlhh jkvb `bbg okusbd `y tjb sbtthbebgt ia tjb skgd wjloj jkd `bbgtjriwg `kom. Lg kddltlig ti tjb kìvb-gkebd rkdlus k abw vbry sekhh sjbrds wbrb aiugd lgtjb p lt = twi ia tjbe wbrb dboirktbd wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs, ig igb lg k Q-eitla kgd igtjb itjbr krrkgcbd lg hlgbs (alc. :1 gi. ;<<). _okttbrbd kìut lg tjb itjbrwlsb ohbkg alhhlgc tjbrb

wbrb sekhh plbobs ia ojkroikh, suaalolbgt ti aire k

;4

O skephb. Lg vlbw ia tjblr ioourrbgob,ìtj tjb ojkroikh kgd tjb sjbrds krb lg sboigdkry pisltlig. Tjby eust jkvb `bbg hylgc kt tjbsurakob kgd `bokeb elxbd up wltj tjb skgd wjbg lt wks tjriwg `kom 24.

Lt ls vbry kstiglsjlgc tjkt wb rboivbrbd kgitjbr elsslgc ìgb arie tjb cuhhy alhhlgc.Lt ls tjb ;:.2 oe. higc pkrt ia tjb itjbr (rlcjt) rkdlus (VL. ZLQ), tjkt alts wbhh ti tjb dlstkhkrtlouhkr bgd tjkt wks prbsbrvbd lg tjb crkvb 22. Lt wks aiugd lg tjb "juelo `kgd" (l.b. dbpislt(;)) lg tjb alatj squkrb arie tjb wbst, siutjbrg riw (oa. alc. 12) durlgc tjb 2tj wbbm ia tjb alrstipbrktlig, si kìut twi wbbms `bairb crkvb LL wks dlsoivbrbd kgd bxokvktbd. Tjb ìgb wksgit rboicglzbd lg tjb albhd ùt hktbr `y Elss Ohksig, durlgc jbr study ia tjb kglekh rbeklgs.Tjb ìgb ls lepirtkgt air twi rbksigs. Alrst, wb okg sky giw tjkt tjb pbiphb wji duc plt;<< dld git di tjls air tjb juekg rbeklgs kgd tjkt tjby tjrbw tjbe kwky lg tjb cuhhy. Lt lsrbksigk`hb ti kssueb tjkt tjb itjbr elsslgc ìgbs hlb lg tjb git bxokvktbd pkrts ia tjb cuhhyalglgc. _boigd, lt ls k vbry lepirtkgt ojrigihiclokh mby. Tjb algd sltuktlig ia tjls ìgb privbstjkt tjb dlstur`kgob (plt ;<<) ia crkvb LL ioourrbd lg tjb sboigd iooupktlig pjksb. _i plt;<< ls oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb cuhhy algds kgd crkvb L L shlcjthy ihdbr> lt ls dktbd nust `bairbir lg tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb iooupktlig pjksb 0.

Tjb qubstlig wjbtjbr tjb crkvb wks dlstur`bd lgtbgtligkhhy ir `y kooldbgt ls bspbolkhhylgtbrbstlgc. Sb okg ighy iaabr k abw ldbks `y wky ia kgswbr. Lt ls gitbwirtjy tjk t tjb dlrbotlig,sjkpb kgd ebksurbebgts ia plt ;<< oigaire ti tjisb ia k ùrlkh plt> ivkh, dbbp, wltjaklrhy stbbp sldbs, kgd ;;6 Z ;16 oe. lg slzb. Vissl`hy tjb dlcclgc ia k sboigd ùrlkh pltdlstur`bd tjb bkrhlbr crkvb. Tjb bebrclgc juekg rbeklgs wbrb tjriwg kwky lg tjb cuhhy,tjb lgtbgtlig ti ùry k pbrsig wks k`kgdigbd kgd tjb plt wks leebdlktbhy rbalhhbd. Lt lsbqukhhy pissl`hb tjkt tjb sltuktlig ia tjb crkvb wks ugmgiwg kgd tjkt tjb oiursb ia bvbgts

wks kg kooldbgt kgd ybt tjkt siebìdy wlsjbd ti ùry gbkr tjb bkrhlbr crkvb k pbrsig wjijkd dlbd hktbr. _lgob wb rbaiugd sieb ia tjb rbeivbd ìgbs wb okg sky tjkt tjb i`nbot wksgit tjb pkrts ia tjb ìdy tjbesbhvbs. _i wb okg bxohudb rbksig ia ekclo ir rbhlclig air tjbdlstur`kgob ia tjb crkvb. K eirb priakgb purpisb sbbes eirb hlmbhy, gkebhy kg irdlgkrycrkvb ri``bry. Oisthy crkvb ciids suoj ks k oippbr dkccbr ir k wrlst cukrd elcjt vbry wbhhjkvb hklg lg tjb dlstur`bd krbk. Eirbivbr, tjbsb krb tjb typb ia ùrlkh clats ia k criwg ekg.Tjb akot tjkt k `lc pkrt ia tjb wlombrwirm wks dlstur`bd kgd tjbg tjb smbhbtig, lg twi phkobs,oigalres lg iur iplglig tjls hkst kssueptlig ia lgtbgtligkh dlstur`kgob ia tjb crkvb. Khh wbokg sky wltj kgy obrtklgty, jiwbvbr, ls tjkt git euoj rbspbot wks sjiwg ti tjb dbkd pbrsigkgd tjkt tjb dlstur`kgob tiim phkob sjirthy katbr tjb ùrlkh. Algkhhy, wb eust ebgtlig tjbpissl`lhlty tjkt tjb dlstur`kgob elcjt jkvb `bbg tjb wirm ia dics. Tjb rbalhhlgc ia tjb plt

kgd tjb rboivbry ia sieb ia tjb ìgbs ekmbs tjls, jiwbvbr, vbry ughlmbhy.

24 Air tj b ojkroikh sbb p. 02<, air tjb sjbrds sbb p. 0;:.22 Tjb krtlouhkr bgd ls git sjiwg ig tjb phkg (alc. ;61) `bokusb lts trub pisltlig ls git obrtklg> lt wks shlcjthy

dlsphkobd wjbg tjb smbhbtig wks ohbkgbd. Lts kpprixlektb pisltlig ls vlsl`hb ig tjb pjiticrkpj VL. QLLL.



024 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. ;63. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL. Pboigstruotlig ia tjb irlclgkh pisltlig ia tjb elsslgc smbhbtkh pkrts.@igbs rboivbrbd iutsldb tjb crkvb krb jktojbd, tj b itjb r elsslgc ìgbs krb `hkom. _okhb ;>06.

Lg spltb ia tjb k`sbgob ia lepirtkgt smbhbtig pkrts, tjb pisltlig ia tjb dbkd pbrsig oiuhd`b bxkothy dbtbrelgbd (alcs. ;61, ;63). Tjb oriuojbd smbhbtig hky ig lts hbat sldb, wltj tjbjbkd ti tjb siutj, akolgc wbst. Tjb kres hky aihdbd `bairb tjb `rbkst. Tjb hbat kre pilgtbdarie tjb ìdy kgd wks `bgt strigchy kt tjb bhìw, si tjkt tjb jkgd hky `bairb tjb `rbkstwltj lts `kom uppbreist. Tjb rlcjt kre hky ivbr tjb hbat kgd wks shlcjthy `bgt kt tjb bhìw,si tjkt tjb (elsslgc) rlcjt jkgd eust jkvb rbstbd ig tjb (elsslgc) hbat bhìw. @itj hbcs wbrb`bgt strigchy, tjb rlcjt igb ti kg kgchb ia 36¶ ti tjb splgb, tjb (elsslgc) hbat hbc ti kìut;66¶. @itj mgbbs wbrb `bgt kt k sjkrp kgchb. Ighy tjb pbhvls wks siebwjkt dlsphkobd `ytjb prbssurb ia tjb skgd alhhlgc ia tjb ùrlkh plt. Tjb itjbr dlshioktligs wbrb okusbd `y dlstur`kgob durlgc tjb dlcclgc ia plt ;<<. Ighy aiur pjkhkgcbs ia tjb jkgds kgd alvb ia tjb abbtkrb elsslgc. Tjls elcjt `b tjb rbsuht ia vkrlius okusbs> tjb prbjlstirlo kgd rbobgt dlstur`kgob,

tjb wirm ia kglekhs, dboky kgd pbrjkps k shlcjt okrbhbssgbss durlgc tjb bxokvktlig.Khtjiucj tjb smuhh wks siebwjkt dbairebd katbr dbktj, rbhlk`hb ebksurbebgts wbrb

pissl`hb. Tjb smuhh (VL. ZLQ-ZQL) wks ohbkrhy `rkojyorkglo wltj kg lgdbx orkglous ia :4.2kgd sjiws k ohbkr phkgioolpltkhy. Arie tjb pktt brg ia tjb smuhh suturbs kgd tjb wbkr ia tjbtbbtj lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb pbrsig dlbd kt kìut ?6 ybkrs ia kcb. Khh tjb tbbtj jkd oieb tjriucj,ùt k gue`br, bspbolkhhy arie tjb hiwbr nkw, krb elsslgc ks k rbsuht ia tjb dkekcb okusbd durlgc



CPKQB LL 022

tjb wbbmbgd ebgtligbd kìvb. Tjb tbbtj sjiw ohbkr trkobs ia wbkr, ìtj lg tjb uppbr kgd tjbhiwbr nkw. Tjb smuhh clvbs tjb leprbsslig ia `bhigclgc ti k ekhb pbrsig. Ebksurbebgts ia tjbrlcjt abeur, tl`lk kgd juebrus wiuhd sbbe ti lgdloktb k ìdy jblcjt ia ;1? oe. Ebksurbebgtsarie tjb vbrtlokh pjiticrkpj sjiwbd kìut ;10 oe. Tjb higc ìgbs krb git vbry riùst. Tjb

hbat is oixkb wks ohbkrhy pktjihiclokhhy dbairebd (VH ZQ). \bt gi ekglabst lrrbcuhkrltlbs wbrbaiugd lg tjb abeur kgd tl`lk wjloj okg `b hlgmbd wltj tjb kìvb ebgtligbd dbairektlig 21.Tjb oirpus stbrgl ia tjb smbhbtig oigslsts ia tjrbb pkrts wjloj jkvb git ybt criwg ticbtjbr,wjloj sjiuhd jkvb `bbg tjb oksb kt kg kcb kìvb 02 ybkrs ".

Tjb crkvb ciids (alc. ;6:) oigslstbd ia k plom-sjkpbd kgthbr lephbebgt, tjrbb ìgb alsjjiims kgd kg kwh, kgd aiur plbobs ia ahlgt (k sorkpbr, twi rbtiuojbd ahkmbs, kgd igb ugwirmbdahkmb).

Tjb plom-sjkpbd lephbebgt jkd `bbg phkobd kt tjb `kom ia tjb ìdy. Lt jkd `bbg `rimbglgti tjrbb plbobs lg tjb rbobgt dkekcb= airtugktbhy igb ia tjbe rbeklgbd lg pisltlig, si tjkttjb irlclgkh phkob oiuhd `b bxkothy alxbd. Tjb plom ls 42 oe. higc kgd ekdb arie k gkturkhhytjriwg rlcjt kgthbr tlgb ia k rbd dbbr, `y `rbkmlgc iaa tjb oriwg kgd tjb sboigd kgd tjlrdtlgbs. Tjb `rbkm wks digb orudbhy wltjiut alrst wbkmbglgc tjb phkob ia arkoturb `y okrvlgcir kgy itjbr tbojglqub. Tjb `rimbg bgd ia tjb eklg `rkgoj jks, jiwbvbr, `bbg trleebd tisieb bxtbgt. Tjb `rkgoj sbbes ti jkvb `bbg wirg siebwjkt seiitj kt tjb phkob wjbrb tjbcrlp eust jkvb `bbg. Tjb ighy tlgb hbat (tjb byb tlgb) jks k sekhh wirg surakob kt lts pilgt kgdhigcltudlgkh sorktojbs, wjloj wbrb obrtklghy okusbd `y wbkr. Tjb sekhh akobt kt tjb tlp oiuhdbvbg jkvb `bbg ekdb lgtbgtligkhhy 2:. K crbkt pkrt ia tjb risb kt tjb rbkr sldb ia tjb kgthbrjks dlskppbkrbd `y sieb aire ia usb. Lt wks usbd bltjbr ti `bkt ig ir wltj lt. Lg pkrkcrkpj4.<.4.2 wb wlhh dlsouss lts pissl`hb usb (p. ?64). Tjbsb pissl`lhltlbs oieprlsb kg kcrlouhturkh jibir k alsj trkp hlatbr. Lg tjb hkst oksb tjb lgstruebgt elcjt khsi jkvb `bbg usbd ti mgiom tjbpihbs, ig wjloj tjb gbts kgd trkps wbrb tlbd, lgti tjb `bd ia tjb cuhhy.

Tjb tjrbb ìgb alsj-jiims (alc. ;6:, VL. LZ @) hky lg arigt ia tjb ìdy gbkr tjb elsslgcrlcjt jkgd. Tjby krb 4.?, ?.;, kgd 0.3 oe. higc kgd aksjligbd arie k ahkt ir ourvbd plbob ia

ìgb. Ohbkrhy tjb plbob ia ìgb wks alrst ìrbd ti ekmb tjb `bgd ia tjb jiims kgd tjbg out tisjkpb. Tjbrb krb gi `kr`s kgd gi bybs. Tjb hkrcbst jiim jks twi gitojbs riugd tjb tip airtjb alrebr kttkojebgt ia tjb hlgb. Lg oiipbrktlig wltj Dr P. @iddbmb wb ekdb sieb bxpbrlebgts ti dbtbrelgb tjb pissl`hb wky ia usb kgd tjb alsjbs tjkt elcjt jkvb `bbg okucjt 2< .

Tjb ahlgt hky gbkr tjb rlcjt mgbb, tjb sekhh, okrbauhhy wirmbd sorkpbr sbpkrktbhy, tjb tjrbbahkmbs tiuojlgc bkoj itjbr. Lt okggit `b dbtbrelgbd wjbtjbr tjby krb tjb rbeklgs ia igb oiepisltb lephbebgt ir wjbtjbr tjby wbrb phkobd tjbrb ks sbpkrktb clats. Lt ls gitbwirtjy, jiwbvbr,tjkt tjb rbtiuojbd sldb ia igb ahkmb kgd tjb sldb, wltj dkekcb `y usb, ia k sboigd ahkmb wbrb

21 @ut tjb hbat hbc ls kheis t oiephbtbhy elsslgc !23 Kooirdlgc ti Elss K. _. Mglp, tjb oirpus stbrgl pissl`hy `bhigcs ti k tjlrd lgdlvldukh. Tjls ls, jiwbvbr, lepissl

`hb air krojkbihiclokh rbksigs. @btwbbg tjb smbhbtkh rbeklgs arie crkvb LL khsi igb bplpjyslo dlso wks aiugd, tjkt eust

`bhigc ti kgitj br lgdlvldukh, ùt git ti tjb ìy ia crkvb L. Tjb kgtjripihiclokh d ktk ia crkvb LL krb khsi dbrlvbd arieKppbgdlx Q.

2: Sb dlsoussbd tjls qubstlig wltj Er C. Mirtbgìut vkg dbr _hulns, Hbldbg, wjie wb tjkgm air jls vkhuk`hbkdvlob.

2< Tjb bspbrlebgts krb dlsoussbd lg pkrkcr kpj 4.<.:.3 kt p. ???. Sb tjkgm Dr @iddbmb air jls bgtjuslkst lo jbhpkgd air jls kdvlob. Dr @iddbmb ls igb ia tjb eist iuts tkgdlg c alsjbry bxp brts lg tjb Gb tjbrhkgd s. Jb ls k stkaa-ebe`bria tjb Gktligkh Lgstltutb air Alsjbry Pbsbkroj kt LNeuldbg.



Alc. ;6:. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb ciids arie crkvb LL.Alsj jiims, kwh kgd ahlgt> sokhb ;>;, kgthbr> sokhb ;>0.



CPKQB LL 023

dlrbotbd iutwkrds. Tjb tjlrd ahkmb ls ugwirmbd. Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt, wjbg plt ;<< wks duc,sieb eirb plbobs ia ahlgt kgd sieb alsj-jiims wbrb hist khrbkdy lg prbjlstirlo tlebs.

Lt ls kttrkotlvb ti vlbw khh tjb crkvb clats ks kssiolktbd wltj alsjlgc. Tjls ls ugdiu`tbdhytjb oksb wltj tjb alsj-jiims. Tjb ahlgts elcjt jkvb `bbg usbd air sorkplgc sokhbs iaa tjb alsj,kgd tjb jiim wb jkvb khrbkdy lgtbrprbtbd ks k alsj-trkp hlatbr. Tjb crkvb's sltuktlig khigcsldbtjb cuhhy khsi lgohlgbs us ti oigsldbr lt ks tjb crkvb ia k alsjbrekg.

Sjbg tjb smbhbtkh rbeklgs wbrb studlbd lg tjb Lgstltutb air Juekg @lihicy, Rtrbojt, siebarkcebgtkry kglekh ìgbs lg k vkrlk`hb stktb ia prbsbrvktlig wbrb aiugd keigc tjb juekgrbeklgs. Tjbsb krb tjb sboigd elhm-eihkr ia kg ix, k arkcebgtkry hbat uhgk ia k sjbbp ir ciktkgd tjrbb ìgb sphlgtbrs. Eirbivbr kg lephbebgt wks aiugd> k arkcebgtkry kwh, wltj k jlcjhypihlsjbd surakob (wjloj pilgts ti k higc usb), pri`k`hy ekdb iut ia k ebtkpidkh. Tjb pilgtwks rbobgthy `rimbg iaa (alc. ;6:, gi 06:). Tjls okg `b skld ia tjb rbhktligs ia tjbsb algds wltjtjb lgtbrebgt> tjby eust jkvb `bbg elxbd up wltj tjb smbhbtkh pkrts tjkt wbrb git oihhbotbdigb `y igb, ùt oihhbotlvbhy, l.b. `btwbbg tjb ìgbs arie tjb rbobgthy dlstur`bd krbk gbkrtjb smuhh kgd `rbkst ir `btwbbg tjb rl`s. Tjb alrst pissl`lhlty sbbes eist pri`k`hb. Lg vlbwia tjb akot tjkt gi wirmbd ìgbs wbrb aiugd kt khh keigc tjb oihhbotbd ìgb ektbrlkh arie

tjb sltb, lt ls jlcjhy pri`k`hb tjkt tjb kwh igob airebd pkrt ia tjb crkvb lgvbgtiry. Tjb itjbrìgbs, jiwbvbr, krb irdlgkry rbausb tjkt cit bltjbr lg prbjlstirlo tlebs ir rbobgthy elxbd upwltj tjb skgd ia tjb crkvb alhhlgc.

Gbkr tjb jbkd bgd ia tjb crkvb kgd ig lts kxls hlgb, ùt wltjiut outtlgc koriss lt, tjbrbwks k hkrcb plt (gi. 0;6) wltj kùgdkgt trkobs ia alrb khigc lts wkhhs kgd ahiir (alc. ;62). Tjb pltls pbrabothy riugd (dlkebtbr kìut ;46 oe.), jks stbbp sldbs kgd k aklrhy ahkt ahiir. Tjb pboldlkrsltuktlig ia tjls rbekrmk`hb plt okg ighy `b bxphklgbd `y kg bxkot oigtbepirkgblty wltj crkvbLL , wjloj ls oigalrebd `y tjb ;4O dktb (p. 02<). Tjb vbry sokgty algds arie plt 0;6 oigslst ighyia twi dboirktbd sjbrds, igb ia wjloj phklghy oiebs arie tjb gbom ia k Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr(alc. :1). Ks tjbsb sjbrds krb vbry pri`k`hy lg k sboigdkry pisltlig wb eust tkmb tjls dktlgcks k tbrelgus pist qubrg air tjb plt kgd kooirdlgchy air tjb crkvb tii 16. Tjls lephlbs lts phkolgc

kt tjb bgd ia pjksb L ir hktbr. Sb lgtbrprbt tjb plt ks tjb rbeklgs ia k hkrcb alrb wjloj ùrgbdks kg bhbebgt lg tjb ùrlkh obrbeigy. Sltj tjb oigtbgts ia tjb plt k sekhh eiugd wks pbrjkpstjriwg up ivbr tjb crkvb . Gi trkobs ia tjls wbrb aiugd, jiwbvbr. Tjb itjbr plts lg tjb criupkriugd crkvb LL oigtklg jkrdhy kgy ojkroikh, ybt tjby krb ia slelhkr sjkpb, kgd tjb algds lgtjblr alhhlgcs lgdloktb k dktlgc lg tjb skeb iooupktlig pjksb. Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt tjby khsi phkybdk pkrt lg tjb ùrlkh obrbeigy.

Sb wlhh kt hkst ebgtlig k algd, tjkt ig vkrlius criugds (tjb sltuktlig, sieb strktlcrkpjlokrcuebgts, ;4O dktbs, lts bxtrkirdlgkry ojkrkotbr kgd oiepkrk`hb algds kt itjbr bxokvktligs),eust `b `riucjt lg oiggbotlig wltj crkvb LL. Ig tjb wbstbrg `kgm ia tjb cuhhy kt kìut 2 e.dlstkgob ti tjb girtj-bkst ia crkvb LL k oigobgtrktlig ia ojkroikh kgd sjbrds arie igb pitwks aiugd. @y tjblr slelhkr bxtbgslig kgd oigobgtrktlig lt wks ohbkr tjkt ìtj, ojkroikh kgd

sjbrds, `bhigcbd ticbtjbr. Ighy k jkha ia tjb oigobgtrktlig wks sltuktbd lg tjb bxokvktligplt. Sb krcubd kìvb (p. ;:2) tjkt tjb algds irlclgktb arie k pjksb wjbg tjb pkrt ia tjb `kgm

16 Sjbg wb oigvbrt tjb hlgb ia rbksiglgc, tjb wbhh-aiugdbd dktb s ia crkvb L L p rivb tj kt tjb sjbrds krb lgdbbd lgsboigdkry pisltlig.



02: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. ;6<. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL, surriugdlgc abkturbs kgd algds

tj kt krb `riucjt lgti oiggbotlig wltj lt. _okhb ;>066.

oigobrgbd wks git, ir ighy shlcjthy, oivbrbd wltj pbkt kgd si eky `b phkobd `bairb, ir oigtbepirkgbiushy wltj tjb ihdbst algds lg tjb cuhhy alhhlgc. Tjls ebkgs `bairb ir kt tjb `bclgglgcia tjb iooupktlig pjksb 0. Tjkt ìtj oigobgtrktligs pkrthy oilgoldb wltj k shlcjt oigobgtrktligia diebstlo rbausb (oa. alc. 12 o, d) okg `b tjb rbsuht ia tjb hiokh tipicrkpjlokh sltuktlig.

Tjkt tjls ls kg ugusukh algd bebrcbs ohbkrhy arie tjb akot tjkt tjbsb krb kheist tjb ighysjbrds aiugd durlgc tjb wjihb bxokvktlig wjloj alt bkoj itjbr kgd ekdb iut lg tjls oksbkheist jkha ia tjb uppbr pkrt ia k pit. Kg iooksligkh sjbrd wjloj dibs git alt alhhs lg tjb ploturbtjkt ls oiephbtbd `y k `ksb sjbrd aiugd sieb dlstkgob kwky lg squkrb `4, wjloj ls ugdiu`tbdhyk pkrt ia tjb pit lg vlbw ia lts wirmekgsjlp, oihiur, aire kgd slzb, kgd khsi `y k sjbrd aiugdlg tjb dlrbot vlolglty `bkrlgc tjb skeb rbbd leprbssligs ks tjls pit 1 ; . Tjb rbst ia tjb pitpri`k`hy hlbs air tjb eist pkrt stlhh lg tjb criugd.

Tjb pit (alc. ::) ls prbsbrvbd ti k jblcjt ia ;: oe. wjloj ls lgorbksbd ti 06 oe. `y tjbsjbrd wjloj dibs git alt. Tjb irlclgkh jblcjt wks pri`k`hy kìut 03.2 oe. Tjb iutbr dlkebtbria tjb rle ls kìut 0; oe, ia tjb `bhhy kìut 06 oe., wjloj ebksurbebgts okggit, jiwbvbr,`b bxkothy alxbd `bokusb ia tjb arkcebgtkry ojkrkotbr ia tjb pit. Lt jks kg _-sjkpbd prialhb.Tjb rle ls turgbd iutwkrds, tjb `bhhy (kt kìut jkha tjb jblcjt) ls siebwjkt koobgtuktbd,tjb koobgtuktbd aiit ls eksslvb. Dlrbothy ugdbr tjb tjlom, riugd rle kgd sbpkrktbd arie lt`y k dbbp criivb, rugs k prigiugobd oirdig. Lg tjb criivb tjbrb krb k hkrcb gue`br ia aklrhysekhh pbrairktligs kt dlstkgobs ia ;W-? oe. Eist ia tjb pit ugdbr tjb oirdig ls dboirktbd wltj

1; Tjkt tjls ls tjb skeb squkrb lg wjloj tjb rkdlus wks aiugd, elcjt `b purbhy kooldbgtkh.





016 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

tjb leebdlktb vlolglty ia tjb cuhhy, k ?6-ybkr ihd ekg, ;1?/;14 oe. tkhh, wks ùrlbd lg k oriuojbd pisltlig upig jls hbat sldb lg k ùrlkh plt sltuktbd kt —;16 oe. GKV kgd wltj k __B-GGSirlbgtktlig, wltj jls jbkd ti tjb __B kgd akolgc wbst. Tjb ivkh ùrlk h plt wks :6 x ;42 oe.kgd rblgairobd wltj wlombrwirm. Tjb ekg wks clvbg ùrlkh clats ia kg kgthbr jiim, tjrbb sekhhìgb alsj-jiims kgd aiur plbobs ia ahlgt, arie wjloj wb eky kssueb tjkt jb wks k alsjbrekg.Jls smuhh wks ohbkrhy phkgioolpltkh-`rkojyorkglo. Kt tjb jbkd bgd ia tjb crkvb k hkrcb alrbwks ùrgt lg k plt ks k pkrt ia tjb augbrkh obrbeigy. K hkrcb pit, kttrlùtk`hb ti tjb @S@Ouhturb kgd lg bvbry rbspbot rbsbe`hlgc tjb ektbrlkh ia tjb iooupktlig pjksb 0, wks usbd lg tjlsobrbeigy kgd tjriwg lgti tjb `kgm zigb ia tjb cuhhy ticbtjbr wltj tjb rbeklgs ia k alrb._jirthy (kìut 06 ybkrs) katbr tjb lgtbrebgt k plt wks duc, pkrth y dlstur`lgc tjb crkvb kgdrbsuhtlgc lg tjb hiss ia sieb ia tjb smbhbtkh pkrts. Tjb plt wks alhhbd up leebdlktbhy katbr tjbdlcclgc kgd tjb rbeivbd juekg rbeklgs wbrb pkrthy hbat lg tjb plt kgd pkrthy tjriwg lg tjbcuhhy .Tjb pisltlig ia tjb rkdlus lg tjb cuhhy dbeigstrktbs tjkt tjb dlstur`kgob tiim phkobdurlgc pjksb 0.

4.3.4. CPKQB LLL (alcs. ;;6-;;?, Vls. Z-ZL K)

Crkvb LL L, lg tjb elddhb ia @3, wks ighy vlsl`hb lg tjb bxokvktlig `y k abw lrrbcuhkr crbyekrms. Ighy katbr dlcclgc ti sieb dbptj dld kg B-S irlbgtktbd, rbotkgcuhkr plt wltj riugdbdoirgbrs ia :6 Z ;06 oe. rbvbkh ltsbha, eklghy `y k dlaabrbgt oihiurlgc ia tjb gkturbh rust(alc. ;;6). Lg oiepkrlsig wltj tjb itjbr crkvbs tjb plt wks vbry sjkhhiw, ighy rbkojlgc —;0? oe.GKV. Tjbrb wks gi bvldbgob ia rblgairobebgt ia tjb plt `y sieb wky ia okslgc. K ourlius pjbgiebgig, air wjloj wb jkvb gi bxphkgktlig, wks tjb prbsbgob ia twi dltoj-hlmb trkobs oiggbotlgc wltj tjb wbstbrg bgd ia tjb crkvb plt. Tjb bxtrbeb bkstbrg bgd ia tjb crkvb jkd `bbg dlstur`bd durlgc tjb ;1tj obgtury skgd-dlcclgc ipbrktligs.

Tjb smbhbtig ia k sekhh ojlhd (alc. ;;0, VL. Z) hky, siebwjkt ti tjb bkst ia tjb elddhb,

lg tjb plt, wjloj wks akr tii `lc air lts iooupkgt. Lt wks git hylgc bxkothy ig lts rlcjt sldb,ùt wks turgbd k hltthb ig lts `kom, wltj lts jbkd ti tjb wbst kgd akolgc siutj. Tjb hbat kre rbstbdig tjb rl`s kgd wks `bgt ti kìut <6¶ kt tjb bhìw si tjkt tjb jkgd hky lg arigt ia tjb `bhhy.Tjb hiwbr (rlcjt) kre wlhh khsi jkvb hklg lg tjls pisltlig, khtjiucj tjls kre wks git i`sbrvbdlg sltu. Tjb hbcs wbrb drkwg up ti kgchbs ia :6¶ kgd <6¶ `btwbbg tjb abeur kgd splgb. Tjb mgbbswbrb wbhh `bgt. Tjb uppbr pkrt ia tjb pkpbr-tjlg smuhh jkd `bbg prbssbd lgti tjb orkglkh okvlty`y tjb criugd hylgc ig tip ia lt. K gue`br ia sekhh jihbs wbrb ekdb wltj ebksurlgc pbcs`btwbbg kgd tjriucj tjb pkrts ia tjb smbhbtig `y tjb skeb pbiphb wji dlstur`bd crkvb LL,wltjiut tjblr `blgc kwkrb ia tjls smbhbtig. Gbkr tjb mgbbs k abw hiisb smbhbtkh pkrts wbrbaiugd, gkebhy tjb rlcjt sokpuhk kgd ohkvlohb, kgd k abw rl` arkcebgts. Tjbsb eust jkvb `bbgdlsphkobd `y dlcclgc kglekhs.

Tjb smbhbtkh rbeklgs krb pri`k`hy tjisb ia k abekhb ojlhd ia kìut ;W ybkrs ia kcb. Tjb stktbia prbsbrvktlig ekdb lt lepissl`hb ti tkm b rbhlk`hb ebksurbebgts air k oiepkrktlvb bgqulry.Tjb hbgctj ia tjb ìdy, dbtbrelgbd lg tjb bxokvktlig pjiticrkpj, ls 32-31 oe. 10.

Lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb crkvb plt, gbkr tjb jbkd, hky k sekhh `bkmbr ks tjb sihb ùrlkh

10 Tjb kgtjripihiclokh dktk ia crkvb LLL krb dbrlvbd arie Kppbgdlx Q.



CPKQB LLL 01;

Alc. ;;6. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L LL kgd surriugdl gcs. _okhb ;>06.

GKV

-;66 -

Alc. ;;;. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL L. _ojbektlo wbst-bkst sbotlig. _okhb ;>06.



010 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Alc. ;;0. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL L, smbhbtig. _okhb ;>4.

clat. Lt hky kt k siebwjkt jlcjbr hbvbh tjkg tjb smbhbtig, ti `b bxkot tjb hiwbst pilgt ia tjb`bkmbr wks sltuktbd o. 06 oe. kìvb tjb ìttie ia tjb crkvb (alc. ;;;). Sb eust kssueb tjkt

lt wks phkobd lg tjb crkvb git `bairb ùt durlgc tjb alhhlgc up ia tjb crkvb plt. Tjb pkrt ia tjbwkhh ia tjb `bkmbr hylgc jlcjbst wks si tjiriucjhy pbgbtrktbd `y riits kgd dbstriybd tjkt ltwks lepissl`hb ti prbsbrvb lt1? . Tjb `bkmbr wks, eirbivbr, siebwjkt dbairebd `y tjb prbssurbia tjb criugd. Lt ls ;?.; oe. tkhh, tjb dlkebtbrs ia rle kgd `bhhy krb ìtj kìut ;0.1 oe., kgd tjbwkhh tjlomgbss ls kìut 1 ee. Tjb `bkmbr (alc. ;;?) jks k jlcj `bhhy kgd k auggbh-sjkpbd gbom.Tjb gbom ls koobgtuktbd `y k sjkhhiw criivb. Tjb surakob ugdbr tjls ls dboirktbd wltj algcbrtlpleprbssligs phkobd lg Q-eitlas, riucjhy krrkgcbd lg kìut glgb jirlzigtkh riws. Kt tjb wldbstpkrt k gkrriw `kgd jks `bbg hbat ugdboirktbd. Tjb pittbry ls `hkom wltj k hlcjt crky (0.2 \ 3/0)surakob= lt ls tbepbrbd wltj piugdbd pittbry. Lt ls git pissl`hb ti kttrlùtb tjb slephb diebstlo`bkmbr ti igb ia tjb iooupktlig pjksbs, kt tjls pilgt ia tjb dlsousslig. Sb wlhh gbbd tjb dktkprbsbgtbd lg sbotlig 4.< ti cbt kg lgslcjt lgti tjls qubstlig. Sb ighy okg sky tjkt wb sjiuhd

jkvb bxpbotbd k trub @bhh @bkmbr ks k crkvb clat lg tjb alrst pjksb kgd tjkt algcbrtlp leprbssligs,kppbkrbd ti jkvb `bbg eirb oieeig lg pjksb 0 tjkg durlgc pjksb ;. @ut tjbsb krb git bgiucjkrcuebgts ti pbrelt k dktlgc katbr pjksb ;.

1? Tjk gms ti tjb tbojglokh smlhh ia Er @. O. Dbmmbr, tjbg kt tjb Lgst ltu tb ia Vrbjl stiry, Hbldbg, tjb crbkt br pkr t

ia tjls sekhh pit jks `bbg prbsbrvbd.



CPKQB LQ 01?

Alc. ;;?. Eihbgkkrscrkka. @bkmbr arie crkvb LL L. _okhb ;>0.

Khsi lg tjb plt alhhlgc, kìut 06 oe. kìvb tjb sjiuhdbrs ia tjb smbhbtig, hky k vbry `kdhywbktjbrbd plbob ia crkgltb (alcs. ;;6, ;;; gi. 06<) wjloj elcjt `b k crkvb clat ir okeb tjbrbkooldbgthy durlgc tjb alhhlgc ia tjb plt.

Iwlgc ti tjb hkom ia sultk`hb ektbrlkh gi ;4O dbtbrelgktlig oiuhd `b okrrlbd iut.Tjb ojlhd smbhbtig wks rbeivbd lg lts bgtlrbty. Ti di tjls tjb surriugdlgc skgd wks

bxokvktbd ugtlh k `hiom ia skgd, ks sekhh ks pissl`hb ybt aklrhy jlcj, rbeklgbd ugdbr tjbsmbhbtig. K sjkrpbgbd stbbh phktb wks prbssbd ugdbr lt `y uslgc spkdbs ks k hbvbr kgd, ig tjbitjbr sldb ia tjb `hiom ia skgd, uslgc k wiidbg ìkrd ti clvb oiugtbr-prbssurb. Kriugd tjb`hiom ia skgd kgd ig tjb stbbh phktb k wiidbg arkeb wks ùlht, katbr wjloj tjb okvltlbs wbrbalhhbd up wltj skgd kgd tjb smbhbtig wks oivbrbd wltj sjbbt phkstlo kgd skgd. Tjb wjihb,wblcjlgc kìut 36 mc., wks hlatbd `y twi ebg kgd, oiephbtbhy lgtkot, wks sbgt `y okr ti tjbLgstltutb ia Juekg @lihicy lg Rtrbojt.

4.3.2. CPKQB LQ (alc. ;;4)

Lg tjb wbst ia plt ^;6 crkvb LQ `bokeb vlsl`hb wltj tjb skeb ojkrkotbrlstlos ks crkvb L(hbvbh 0) kgd crkvb L LL , ks suoj ùrlkh plts bhsbwjbrb khsi cbgbrkhhy krb rbvbkhbd. Tjb aklrhysekhh plt (16 Z ;62 oe.) wks irlbgtktbd lg kg B-S dlrbotlig kgd wks rbotkgcuhkr lg sjkpb wltjriugdbd oirgbrs. Tjb sldbs wbrb prkotlokhhy vbrtlokh. Tjb ìttie ia tjb plt hky kt ir `bhiw—;26 oe. GKV, tjb prbsbgt criugd wktbr hbvbh. Tjb alhhlgc wks pkhb ybhhiw wltj k abw ekrms ia"dl rty silh" lg tjb uppbr hbvbhs, kgd wks dlstlgculsjbd arie tjb ugdlstur`bd silh bspbolkhhy`y k dlaabrbgt oihiurlgc ia tjb gkturkh rust. Qbry okrbauh sbkroj rbvbkhbd, jiwbvbr, gbltjbr ksmbhbtig gir crkvb ciids, si tjkt wb eust oigohudb tjkt tjb plt, arie bvbry pilgt ia vlbw kcrkvb plt, wks gbvbr usbd ks suoj kgd ls, lg akot, k obgitkpj.



014 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

. >>> .- .

G

/

26oe

Alc. ;;4. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Vhkg ia crkvb LQ kt twi hbvbhs. _okhb ;>06.

4.3.1. Ix CPKQB (alcs. ;;2-;;1, Vls. ZL @-ZLL)

Lg tj b aiurtj wbbm ia tjb sboigd ipbrktlig k ìvlgb kglekh's smbhbtig wks aiugd gbkrtjb g irtj sbotlig ia plt ^;6 wjbg sbotligs wbrb out koriss k gue`br ia sekhh lrrbcuhkr dlsoihiurk-tligs. Ti bxkelgb kdbquktbhy khh tjb silh trkobs lg tjb surriugdlgcs tjb plt wks bghkrcbdgirtjwkrds `y ebkgs ia k sekhh bxtbgslig.

Gi trkob wks aiugd ia kgy plt wjktsibvbr, khtjiucj lt wks ohbkr arie tjb smbhbtig's pisltlig tjkt tjb kglekh jkd `bbg ùrlbd lg k plt. Tjb kglekh hky kt criugd wktbr hbvbh (kìut—;26 oe. GKV), k dbptj kt wjloj silh trkobs jkvb oiephbtbhy dlskppbkrbd. @ut gi plt wksi`sbrvbd kt k jlcjbr hbvbh bltjbr. Khh tjls lgdloktbs kg bspbolkhhy ohbkg alhhlgc ia tjb plt, wjlojeky ebkg k dktlgc bkrhy lg tjb iooupktlig pbrlid. Tjb plt ls hioktbd, jiwbvbr, siebwjkt

ekrclgkhhy lg tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg kgd lg kg krbk wjbrb tjb "iooupktlig hkybr" jks git `bbgvbry strigchy dbvbhipbd.

Khh i`sbrvktligs, gkebhy tjisb rbhktlgc ti tjb pisltlig ia tjb smbhbtig, tjb sltuktlig lgoiepkrlsig wltj tjb juekg crkvbs, kgd tjb sltuktlig lg tjb sbtthbebgt, rbautb kgy ldbk tjkttjb kglekh cit ùrlbd kooldbgtkhhy kgd `y gkturkh airobs, air bxkephb durlgc tjb skgdlgc-upia tjb rlvbr ks wksjbd-up okrrlig.



IZ CPKQB 012

Alc. ;;2. Eihbgkkrscrkka. _mbhbtig ia k yiugc diebstlo ix. _okhb ;>:.

Tjb ix wks kìut ;-N ybkrs ihd, kgd lts sbx okggit `b dbtbrelgbd. Lt wks aklrhy sturdykgd sjirt-jirgbd 14.

Tjb kglekh hky ig lts hbat sldb, lg k G-_ dlrbotlig, wltj lts jbkd ti tjb girtj. Tjb gbomwks aihdbd `kom, si tjkt tjb smuhh rbstbd ig tjb rlcjt sjiuhdbr-`hkdb. Tjb rbkr hbcs wbrb

14 Ldbgtlalbd `y Elss Dr K. T. Ohksig, Criglgcbg.



011 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

strbtojbd iut khigc tjb `bhhy ivbr tjb ebtkokrpkhs ia tjb arigt hbcs, wjloj wbrb aihdbd rlcjt`kom. Tjb tklh hky `btwbbg tjb hbcs kgd khigc tjb ugdbr`bhhy. Lt wks gitbwirtjy tjkt eist iatjb pjkhkgcbs wbrb elsslgc arie ìtj airbabbt (oa. alc. ;;1). Tjb twi hkst pjkhkgcbs ig tjb hbatkgd rlcjt wbrb elsslgc arie tjb rlcjt airbaiit, ks wbrb khh tjrbb pjkhkgcbs, hbat kgd rlcjt,arie tjb hbat airbaiit, kgd khsi tjb dlstkh krtlouhkr bgds ia tjb ebtkokrpkh, wjloj jkd `bbg`rimbg iaa kt tjb criwlgc-zigb.

rlcjt hbat

Alc . ;;1. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Ix smbhbtig. Airbabbt, elsslgc pjkhkgcbs jktojbd. _okhb ;>4.

Lt ls lepirtkgt tjkt tjb arigtkh hbcs wbrb `bgt `bhiw tjb rbkr hbcs, kgd tjkt tjby hky igk dbptj wjbrb prbsbrvktlig oigdltligs wbrb vbry ciid. _i tjb akot tjkt tjb pjkhkgcbs wbrb elsslgc ls obrtklghy git tjb rbsuht ia piir oigsbrvktlig. Ighy tjb uppbreist smbhbtkh pkrts wbrb lg

k `kd ir bvbg vbry `kd oigdltlig> tjb smuhh, tjb obrvlokh vbrtb`rkb kgd tjb rlcjt trkgsvbrsb pri nbotligs ia tjb itjbr vbrtb`rkb. Tjb pjkhkgcbs ia tjb rbkr hbcs wbrb khsi lg k piir stktb, ùt ltwks kttbstbd tjkt khh wbrb prbsbgt, khtjiucj tjb jiia pjkhkgcbs ia tjb uppbreist (rlcjt) hbc oiuhdgit `b prbsbrvbd. Air tjb lgtbrprbtktlig ia tjb hkom ia tjb ebgtligbd pjkhkgcbs okrbhbssgbssdurlgc tjb bxokvktlig okg `b bxohudbd. Lt elcjt `b tjb wirm ia dlcclgc kglekhs, ùt wb digit tjlgm tjls vbry hlmbhy. Eist pri`k`hb sbbes ti us tjkt tjb airbabbt ia tjb ix wbrb out iaa



CPKQB_ - OIEVKPL_IG 013

wjbg lt wks ùrlbd. Tjls elcjt jkvb `bbg tjb oksb wjbg tjb kglekh wks smlggbd `bairb tjbùrlkh12 . @ut wjy tjb rbkr pjkhkgcbs krb stlhh prbsbgt tjbg 9

Ks ti tjb dktlgc ia tjb ix crkvb wb gkeb tjb aihhiwlgc krcuebgts. Alrst, tjb sltuktligdbeigstrktbs k rbhktlig ti tjb itjbr crkvbs> tjb ix ùrlkh sbbes ti `b pkrt ia tjb obebtbry,wjloj ebkgs kg kcb kìut ;366 @.O. _boigd, wb elcjt usb tjb hkom ia k vlsl`hb plt alhhlgc kskg krcuebgt lg akviur ia k vbry bkrhy dktb, k eiebgt wjbg tjb iooupktlig hkybr wks git ybtairebd. Igb tjlgms lg tjls oksb ia kg lgltlktlig skorlalob. @ut wb skld khrbkdy tjkt tjb ekrclgkhpisltlig ia tjb crkvb eust jkvb phkybd khsi k rihb. Eirbivbr, tjb itjbr crkvb plts (bsp. crkvb LL )wbrb hlmbwlsb jkrdhy dlsobrgk`hb. Ti `rlgc sieb ohkrlty lgti tjls pri`hbe, k ebtkpidkh wks ;4Odktbd, ùt wltj k dlskppilgtlgc rbsuht>

CrG 10;: 4?:2 » ;62 @.V. (04?2 @.O.) (ìgb)

Tjls dktb eust `b kt hbkst ? obgturlbs tii ihd, lg vlbw ia khh tjb cbihiclokh kgd krojkbihiclokhbvldbgob. _i wb wlhh hbkvb tjls ;4O dktb iut ia oigsldbrktlig. Lt ls git pissl`hb ti bxphklg tjbdlsorbpkgoy kt tjb eiebgt.

Tjb qubstlig wjy tjb ix wks ùrlbd okggit `b kgswbrbd, slgob tjb bxokvktlig ltsbha

clvbs us jkrdhy kgy lgairektlig ig tjls pri`hbe. Sb ighy okg sky tjkt k oiggbotlig wltj tjbobebtbry sbbes eirb pri`k`hb tjkg igb wltj tjb sbtthbebgt kt tjls pilgt ia tjb dlsousslig.@ut tjls tjbiry ls sbrliushy ugdbrelgbd `y tjb sltuktlig lg kgitjbr "iooupktlig obgtrb" igtjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb (Ittihkgd-Iistblgd), wjbrb ighy igb crkvb, oigtklglgc kplc, wks aiugd lg kg krbk ia 06 Z 46 e. @ut wb eust rbabr ti sbotlig 4.<.3. air aurtjbr oieebgt.

4.3.3. OIEVKPL_IG IA TJB CPKQB_

Tjb dktk kìut tjb lgdlvldukh crkvbs krb jbrb sueekrlzbd ti akolhltktb oiepkrlsig.

Tjb irlbgtktlig ia tjb crkvbs wks B-S ir kìut G-_. K akotir lg tjb irlbgtktlig oiuhd`b bltjbr k pissl`hb ouhturkh trkdltlig ir tjb dlrbotlig ia tjb rldcb kgd cuhhy.

Tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjb plts krb aklrhy uglaire= tjb hkrcb plt air tjb sekhh ojlhd lsrbekrmk`hb lg tjls rbspbot.

Tjb dbptj ia tjb plts privldbd us wltj k rbhlk`hb, ohisbhy dktbd criugd wktbr tk`hb, airtjby oiuhd git jkvb `bbg duc dbbpbr tjkg tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb ia tjkt tleb ks tjby wiuhdleebdlktbhy jkvb alhhbd up `y sbbpkcb. Tjb ìtties ia tjb crkvb plts khh hlb `btwbbg —;12 kgd—;26 oe. GKV, wjlhb tjb dbptj ia tjb plt ls dbpbgdbgt upig tjb jblcjt ia tjb phkob (alc. ;;3).Ighy crkvb LLL (tjb ojlhd's) dlvbrcbs ekrmbdhy arie tjls. Tjb ahiirs hlb lg twi crkvbs dlrbothy`bhiw tjb prbsbgt criugd wktbr hbvbh, bxobpt air crkvb LL. Tjbrb tjb criugd wktbr tk`hb lsgiw rbhktlvbhy jlcj dub ti tjb dlrbot prixlelty ia tjb eilst cuhhy alhhlgc. @ut wjbg tjb cuhhy

wks ipbg, tjb pjrbktlo surakob jbrb eust jkvb shipbd eirb stbbphy tiwkrds tjb ipbg wktbr.Tjb ahiir ia crkvb LQ khsi hky `bhiw tjb prbsbgt criugd wktbr hbvbh= tjb plt hbat trkobs diwg ti

12 Oa. Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<36, 2.



01: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

TK@HB 04

Eihbgkkrscrkka. _urvby ia tjb dktk arie tjb crkvbs

Crkvb L Crkvb LL Crkvb LLL Crkvb LQ Ix

C r k v b p l t

irlbgtktlig kpprix.

irlbgtktlig bxkot

ebksurbebgts (oe)

dbptj (oe)

ìttie kt ...oe GKV

struoturbs

B-S

;6¶ _. ia B.

;?6/;?2 x :6/<2

:<— ;12

rbotkgcuhkr ojke`br

GGS-__B

06¶ B. ia _.

;42 x :6

1?— ;2<

ivkh ojke`br

B-S;6¶ _. ia B.

;06 x :6

?<

— ;00

gigb

B-S

2¶G.iaB.

;62 x 16

10

— ;26

gigb

G-_;2¶ B. ia _.

o. 1?

o. — ;26

gigb

_ m b h b t i g

ig tjb... sldb

dbtklhs pisltlig

jbkd lg tjb...hiimlgc...

kgchb kt pbhvls

kgchb kt tjb mgbbskres, jkgdssbx

kcbhbgctj (oe)

smuhh, lgdbx

smuhh, typb

hbatturgbd ig tjb `kom

bkstsiutj

<6¶sjkrp

`bairb `rbkstekhbo. ;2 yrs.

;10-;1?

<4.1`rkojyeirpjlbphkgioolpltkh

hbat

strlothy

siutj

wbst

36¶ & ;66¶

sjkrp

`bairb `rbkstekhb

o. ?6 yrs.

;1?-;14:4.2

`rkojyeirpjlbphkgioolpltkh

rlcjtsiebwjkt

turgbd ig

tjb `kom

wbstsiutj

:6¶ & <6¶

sjkrp

`bairb `rbkst

abekhb

h l yrs.

32-31 —

hbat

girtj

XX ybkrs

crkvb clats

;4O dktbs, ìgb;4O dktbs, itjbr

Qbhuwb @.@.

;1:2 » 46 @.O.

kgthbr jiim, kwh

? alsj jiims

4 ahlgts;1:6 » 46 @.O.

;1:2 » 46 @.O.

diebstlo`bkmbr

gigb gigb

04?2 » ;62 @.O.

tjls hbvbh, ùt tjb hkom ia algds ekdb lt lepissl`hb ti dbtbrelgb tj b dbptj ia tjb ahiir ltsbha.

Tjbrb eust jkvb `bbg k criugd wktbr tk`hb ia kìut —;16 oe. GKV ir shlcjthy hiwbr kt tjbtleb ia tjb obebtbry, kìut ;1<6-;1:6 @.O. Sb i`tklgbd tj b skeb rbsuht `ksbd ig tjb sbdlebgts kgd algds lg tjb cuhhy.

Tjb struoturb ia tjb crkvbs vkrlbs. Lg twi lgstkgobs rblgairobebgt ia tjb ùrlkh ojke`brioours, ybt tjbsb twi crkvbs krb ia rktjbr dlaabrbgt ojkrkotbr. Tjbrb krb gi lgdloktligs ia surriugdlgc struoturbs ir `krriws.



CPKQB_ - OIEVKPL_IG 01<

Alc. ;;3. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dbptjs ia tjb crkvbs kgd tjb prbsbgt criugd wktbr tk`hb.

skgdrldcb '

//N//////////É///////////////

- S

jiusbh Y B

///////////////NR//////////'//

Alc. ;;:. Eihbgkkrscrkka. _ojbektlo rbprbsbgtktlig ia tjb dlrbotligs ia vkrlius abkturbs. P 5 ix ùrlkh.

Tjb dbkd lg khh oksbs hlb lg k oriuojbd pisltlig, khtjiucj tjbrb ls k aklrhy oigsldbrk`hbvkrlktlig lg dbtklhs. Tjb pisltlig ia tjb kres lg pkrtlouhkr vkrlbs wldbhy, bvbg tjiucj tjb jkgdswbrb khwkys hkld lg arigt ia tjb `rbkst. Tjb `komwkrd tu rg lg crkvbs L kgd LL L ks kcklgst tjb

smbhbtig hylgc bxkothy ig lts sldb lg crkvb L L ls kg lepirtkgt dlaabrbgob. @itj ebg wbrb ùrlbd ig

tjblr hbat sldbs, wltj tjblr jbkds lg k oiepkrk`hb dlrbotlig lg tjb crkvb. Sb okg sky tjktcrkvb LL sjiws k ohiomwlsb ritktlig ia kìut 36¶ lg rbhktlig ti crkvb L. Tjb hltthb clrh jbs ig jbr

rlcjt sldb, wltj jbr jbkd lg tjb itjbr dlrbotlig akolgc siutj, wjloj dlrbotlig kcklg ls slelhkrti tjkt ia tjb itjbr twi. Tjrbb smbhbtigs privldb gk turk hhy lgsuaalolbgt bvldbgob ti dbduobkgy ruhb.

Kgtjripihiclokhhy tjb ighy twi ebksurk`hb smbhbtigs (L kgd LL) krb vbry slelhkr. @itj



036 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

smuhhs krb ohbkrhy `rkojyorkglo kgd phkgioolpltkh. Tjb ìdy hbgctj oirrbspigds wbhh (ùt tjbìy wks git ybt auhh-criwg !), ks dibs tjb hleltbd riùstgbss ia tjb ìgbs.

— Crkvb-ciids wbrb bgoiugtbrbd wltj bkoj smbhbtig. Tjb vkrlktlig ls aklrhy oigsldbrk`hb>tjb ojlhd jkvlgc k slephb hltthb pit, tjb ìy k `bttbr plbob ia pittbry kgd tjb ekg sieb bqulpebgt, usbd ti i`tklg aiid. Khsi tjb pisltlig ia tjb crkvb ciids lg rbhktlig ti tjb smbhbtig vkrlbd.

4.3.:. TJB OBEBTBP\> DKTLGC KGD PBHKTLIG TI TJB _BTTHBEBGT.

Tjb lgtbrprbtktlig ia tjb dktk privldbd `y tjb crkvbs rbqulrbs tjb pripiskh ia k gue`br iaeirb ir hbss hlmbhy khtbrgktlvbs, wjloj lgorbksb lg gue`br tjb eirb igb cibs lgti dbtklh. Lt lslgdlsputk`hb tjkt tjb iooupktlig kgd tjb obebtbry oilgoldb ìtj lg spkob kgd tleb, khtjiucjtjb obebtbry wks lg usb air ighy k pkrt ia tjb iooupktlig pbrlid.

Tjb k`sihutb durktlig ia tjb obebtbry ls dlaalouht ti dbtbrelgb. Jbrb lt ls eklghy tjb lgtbrprbtktlig ia tjb dktk oigobrglgc bkoj ia tjb crkvbs wjloj ls ia lepirtkgob. @y bepjkslzlgc tjbdlaabrbgobs kgd uslgc tjb ekrclg ia brrir ia tjb ;4O dktbs wb okg aire k sbqubgob ia tjbhigcbst pissl`hb durktlig ia tjb obebtbry, khtjiucj bvbg si tjls okg jkvb hkstbd gi higcbr tjkgkìut twi obgturlbs. Tjb sbqubgob lg tjls eidbh ls ks aihhiws> ix (lgltlktlig skorlalob kìut ;:[email protected].), crkvb L (;326 @.O.), crkvb LL (;132 @.O.), crkvb LLL (;166 @.O.). Tjb obebtbry tjus ioouplbs kheist tjb bgtlrb pjksbs ; kgd 0, ks wb dbalgbd tjbsb wjbg dlsousslgc tjb pittbry. _ilg tjls eidbh tjb ùrlkhs tiim phkob obrtklghy lg tjb ioouplbd sbtthbebgt. Tjls "higc ojrigihicy"jks ti iur iplglig, jiwbvbr, k rktjbr krtlalolkh ojkrkotbr. Sb prbabr ti rbnbot tjls eidbh lgakviur ia tjb khtbrgktlvb lgtbrprbtktlig, wjloj strbssbs tjb oigtbepirkgblty ia bvbgts> khhcrkvbs eky jkvb `bbg duc lg k sjirt pbrlid kìu t ;1<6/;1:6 @.O. _uppirtlgc tjls lgtbrprbtk tligkrb tjb oirrbspigdlgc ;4O dktbs kgd tjb pisltligs ia tjb crkvbs L kgd LL lg tjb rbhktlvb ojrigihicy ia tjb iooupktlig. Tjb rbcuhkr hky-iut ia tjb obebtbry kgd tjb sekhh gue`br ia crkvbskrb khsi eirb lg kooirdkgob wltj k sjirt pbrlid ia usb. Tjb "sjirt ojrigihicy" kppbkrs ti ekmb

eirb sbgsb kgd lt sbbes `bst ti kssueb k pbrlid ia sieb dbobgglk air tjb obebtbry. Tjls vlbwlephlbs k vbry sekhh ojrigihiclokh dlstkgob ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr arie crkvb L kgd tjb hkrcb,typlokh @S@ Ouhturb pit arie tjb cuhhy `kgm. _i wb okg sky tjkt tjb obebtbry jks tjbojkrkotbrlstlo> "trkgsltlig arie Q@@ ti @S@". Lg sbotlig 4.<.2 (p. ?62 a.) wb wlhh oigobgtrktbig tjls pri`hbe kgd dbeigstrktb tjkt tjb "iutsldb bvldbgob" 1: oigalres tjkt durlgc tjbpbrlid lg wjloj tjb obebtbry wks lg usb, tjb ojkgcb tiim phkob arie tjb hktb @@ Ouhturbti k oiephbx ia algds tjkt eky `b ohksslalbd ks @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr Ouhturb.

Tjb rbhktlig `btwbbg tjb obebtbry kgd tjb sbtthbebgt ls tjb sboigd pilgt air dlsousslig.Lt ls k oiephbx pri`hbe, slgob si eky sbqubgobs kgd rbhktligsjlps, akotukhhy tjb oiephbtb lgtbrgkh ojrigihicy ia tjb sltb, krb lgvihvbd. Tjb obebtbry jks k mby pisltlig lg tjb oigstruotlig ia kojrigihiclokh eidbh ia tjb sltb. Tjb eist lepirtkgt rbhktligsjlps krb sjiwg lg tjb sojbeb

kt alc. ;;:. Tjb hkrcb sojbeb kt alc. ;;< ls k oirrbhktlig tk`hb ia tjb vkrlius ojrigihiclbs ia tjbsbtthbebgt kgd aires k sojbektlo rbprbsbgtktlig ia tjb cbihiclokh kgd krojkbihiclokh bvbgts kttjb sltb. Sb jkvb tjb sbqubgobs>

11 Oa. p. 03<.



LGTBPGKH OJPIGIHIC\ 03;

8g t l i g

L @ Ew k «

r k v b >

I ? «;

r k v b >

k I « r k v b >

; •N r k v b >

•k i k bg ;

(4).

> 0 W

at

, jbkrtj 0< —|h466]

'jiusbJ

;;1:6 - jlktus9

;h1:_r ;'—' '—' W- jiusb L

«--; h " ];:?6| ; 8. jiusb 6 '

Alc. ;;<. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Ojrigihiclokh rbhktligsjlp ia tjb eist lepirtkgt abkturbs.

— ia tjb cuhhy dbpislts (6, ;, 0, ? bto.),

— ia tjb pihhbg zigbs (;, 0, ? bto.),

— ia tjb iooupktlig pjksbs, `ksbd ig tjb krojkbihiclokh ektbrlkh (pittbry) (;, 0, ?, (4)),— ia tjb silh trkobs (jiusb L, jlktus (9), jiusb LL),— ia tjb ;4O dktbs (;:?6, o. ;1:2, ;466 @.O.).Tjb pihhbg zigbs kgd tjb cuhhy dbpislts krb sbha-bvldbgthy alrehy hlgmbd ticbtjbr. @y

ebkgs ia tjb cuhhy algds tjb iooupktlig pjksbs oiuhd `b bkslhy hlgmbd ti tjls systbe tii. Tjbobebtbry ls ia euoj kld wjbg wb wkgt ti kttrlùtb tjb jiusbs ti k spbolkh pjksb. Sb bstk`hlsjbdtjb aihhiwlgc sbqubgob ia rbhktligsjlps>

— jiusb L `bhigcs ti tjb bkrhy silh trkobs,— crkvb L ls oigtbepirkgbius ir shlcjthy hktbr tjkg jiusb L,— crkvb LL ls oigtbepirkgbius (;4O dktbs) wltj crkvb L,— tjb `bclgglgc ia iooupktlig pjksb 0 ls oigtbepirkgbius ir shlcjthy hktbr tjkg crkvb LL.

Aihhiwlgc tjls hlgb ia rbksiglgc, jiusb L ls dktbd ti iooupktlig pjksb ; ir ti tjb hkst pkrtia lt. Jiusb LL ls hktbr kgd eust `bhigc ti pjksb 0 kgd/ir pjksb ?. Tjb dlstrlùtlig pkttbrgsia tjb pit tbry lgairebd us tjkt tjb jiusb kt hbkst `bhigcs ti pjksb ?, slgob tjb ugdboirktbdbhbebgt oigobgtrktbs lg tjb zigb, prbolsbhy oivbrbd `y jiusb LL. Lg tjls eidbh tjbrb ls riieair k "jiusb 6", tjkt elcjt jkvb bxlstbd lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb bxokvktlig, durlgc tjb `bclgglgc ia pjksb ;. Tjbrb ls khsi riie air tjb suppisbd jlktus `btwbbg tjb jiusbs L kgd LL durlgc

(tjb alrst pkrt ia) pjksb 0.Lg tjls eidbh, wjloj alts khh dktk `bst, tjb crkvb albhd ltsbha ls alxbd lg `btwbbg tjb pjksbs

; kgd 0 lg k trkgsltligkh pjksb ;/0. Sb eust oigohudb tjkt lt ls git pissl`hb ti ekmb iut wjbtjbrtjb sbtthbebgt wks ioouplbd ir git. Tjb pjksb ;/0 wlhh jkvb `bbg sjirt kgd elcjt `b slephytjb bgd ia pjksb ;. Jiusb L stlhh elcjt jkvb `bbg lgjk`ltbd. Eirbivbr tjb cuhhy algds di gitgbobsskrlhy lgohudb tjb eiebgt wjbg tjb gbw algd oiephbx ia pjksb 0 wks lgtriduobd air tjb



030 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

krojkbih. krojkbihiclokh iooup;4

O kgd jlst.pihhbg cuhhy cbihiclokh abkturbs

pbrlids abkturbs ktlig dktbs zigbs dbpislts

kgd pjksbs

ouhturbs trkgscr.

pjksbs

Elddhb

Kcbs

L K

H@ K

E@K

JQ_

@S@

Q@@

E@@

QH

dlmb `rbkojbs

Erbohkektlig

gi

iooupktlig

lg tjb

dlstrlot

iooupktlig

gbkr`y kt

sltb gi. 0W0:

jbkrtj gi.0< (4) +

ngdboirktbd pittbry

jiusb LL

cuhhy algds

obebtbry

(5 iooup. jlktus9)

jiusb L9

eist ia plt algds

;/0*

; •

;;;; ;;

h h t j o b g t . K . D .

316 » ?2 @.O.

;466; ?2

;1:6 t 46;1:2 * 46;1:2 t 16

;1<6 » ?6 '

;:?6 » 26

0?46» 46

02?6;46

-;13

igb 4

zigb ;

L @

L K

I@

IK

De lgugdktlig ohky

pbkt ivbrcriwtj

(wiid pbkt)

alhhlgc ia obgtrkh ojkggbh

(trbbs, pbkt)

obgtrkh ojkggbh

rbcbgbrktlig ia gkturkh

vbcbtktlig

rbbd/sbdcb pbkt ig cuhhy `kgms

D Isboigd kotlvlty pjksb

sieb brislig

cuhhy alhhbd wltj

ohkyby pbkt/juelo skgd

dbbpbst cuhhy dbpislts

(git prbsbgt lg trbgoj O (_)

airektlig ia

`rbkm-tjriucj cuhhlbs

ogz"airektlig ia

_ojiigrbwibrd strbke rld

(oa. Jkzbgdigm)

Alc. ;06. Eihbgkkrscrkka. _ojbektlo ojrigihiclokh rbprbsbgtktlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt.



LGTBPGKH OJPIGIHIC\ 03?

alrst tleb. Tjby elcjt oieprlsb ighy k (tjb hktbr) pkrt ia lt. _i k sbbelgc iooupktlig jlktus,wjloj elcjt `b oigohudbd arie tjb suddbg ojkgcb lg tjb pittbry `btwbbg tjb pjksbs ; kgd 0elcjt ebrbhy irlclgktb arie k hkom lg iur lgairektlig.

Eust wb hbkvb giw tjb qubstlig> "ùrlkh lg tjb sbtthbebgt ir durlgc k jlktus 9" ugkgswbr

bd 9 Sb di git tjlgm si. Tjbrb krb krcuebgts tjkt phbkd air tjb hkst-gkebd pissl`lhlty. Alrst,tjb ojrigihiclokh pisltlig ltsbha lg `btwbbg tjb twi wbhh rboicglzbd iooupktlig pjksbs. _boigd,wjy gi pbiphb wbrb ùrlbd `bairb kgd katbr tjls sjirt pjksb ;/0, lg tjb tleb wb mgiw tj kttjb tbrrklg obrtklghy wks ioouplbd 9 Tjlrd, wb mgiw twi itjbr crkvbs ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrdstrbke rldcb kgd ìtj wbrb obrtklghy git sltuktbd lg k sbtthbebgt. Kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd gijuekg crkvbs wbrb aiugd lg tjb 46 Z 06 e. hkrcb krbk wjloj wb bxokvktbd kgd wjloj obrtklghyoieprlsbd tjb obgtrb ia tjb @bkmbr sbtthbebgt tjbrb. _i ùrlkh lg tjb sbtthbebgt obrtklghywks git oieeig prkotlob. Ti iur iplglig lt's obrtklghy khhiwbd ti oigsldbr tjb jk`lts i`sbrvbdkt tjbsb sltbs kppriprlktb khsi ti Eihbgkkrscrkka, slgob khh Q@@ /@S@ iooupktlig obgtrbs("sbtthbebgts") ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb akotukhhy airebd ticbtjbr k wjihb, l.b.k higc sbtthbebgt oigslstlgc ia slgchb akres, ia wjloj "Eihbgkkrscrkka" ls igb, ks wb bxphklgbdkt p. ;61 a.

Katbr tjb airbcilgc oigsldbrktligs lt ls lgtbrbstlgc ti ekmb kg kpprixlektlig ia tjb tlebtjb obebtbry wks lg usb. Air tjls purpisb wb eust stkrt arie tjb aihhiwlgc prbsueptligs>

— Tjb obebtbry wks lg oigtlguius usb `y tjb lgjk`ltkgts ia igb ia tjb akre sltbs ig tjb_ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Kìvb (p. ;6<) wb dbeigstrktbd tjkt k gue`br ia 3 lgjk`ltkgtskppbkrs ti `b tjb eist hlmbhy.

—- Tjb eirtkhlty rktb lg suoj k akre sltb wks kìut 26¶/ii pbr ybkr (`k`lbs ia hbss tjkgigb ybkr ihd lgohudbd) ir kìut 46 ¶/ii pbr ybkr, wjbg wb bxohudb tjbsb 13.

Pbksiglgc arie tjbsb stkrtlgc pilgts wb krrlvb kt igb ùrlkh bvbry 4 ybkr, wjloj ebkgsk durktlig ia kìut 06 ybkrs air k obebtbry oigslstlgc ia 2 crkvbs. K durktlig ia k abw dbobgglkoigours wbhh wltj tjb dktk ebgtligbd bkrhlbr lg tjls pkrkcrkpj kgd tjb eidbh wb wirmbd iutair tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka sbtthbebgt. Lt wiuhd ebkg tjkt tjb sjirt jlktus `btwbbg tjb pjksbs ;

kgd 0 (l.b. pjksb ;/0) elcjt jkvb jkd k slelhkr sjirt durktlig.

13 Eiddbrekg (;<36, 061) usbd shlcjthy hiwbr vkhubs lg bstk`hlsjlgc tjb gue`br ia lgjk`ltkgts ia tjb Hlgbkr@kgdobrkelo sbtthbebgt ia Bhshii> k eirtkhlty rktb ia ?6-46¶/ii ia wjloj ; /0- ; /? wks airebd `y ojlhdrbg ia hbss tj kg ;6ybkrs ihd, wji wbrb cbgbrkhhy git ùrlbd lg tjb @kgdobrkelo obebtbrlbs. Tjb `bst dbeicrkpjlo dktk air k Hktb Gbihltjlooieeuglty krb clvbg `y @uojvkhdbm & Miutbomy ;<36, 030 a. Lg tjb _ojgurmbrkelm obebtbry ia Qlmhitlob ?? .:% ia tjblgdlvldukhs wbrb git auhhy criwg (l.b. lgakgs ir nuvbglh). Tjb vbry hiw rktb ialgakgs L (; lgdlvldukh wltjiut crkvb ciidslg k sekhh plt crkvb ?/;<14, p. 012) kcklgst tjb jlcj pbrobgtkcb ialgakgs LL (0; lgdlvldukhs ir ;3.<%) ebkgs lg iur iplglig tjkt tjb vbry yiugc ojlhdrbg wbrb git ùrlbd lg tjb obebtbry. Tjb ebkg kcb ia tjb lgdlvldukhs aiugd ls 01.?,wjloj clvbs k eirtkhlty rktb ia kìut 46¶/ii- Sjbg wb tkmb tjb lgakgs L eirtkhlty lgti kooiugt tjls vkhub eust jkvb`bbg kìut 26¶/ii air tjb bgtlrb oieeuglty. Sb eust rbekrm jbrb tjkt kppkrbgthy Lgakgs L krb tjb ojlhdrbg ia hbsstjkg ; ybkr, Lgakgs LL ;-1 ybkrs kgd Lgakgs LL L kì ut 3-;4 ybkrs ihd (sbb tjb dbsorlptlig ia tjb crkvbs). Abust btkh.

;<11 bstk`hlsjbd air k criup ia _ojgurmbrkelm pbiphb tj kt 41% wbrb Nucbgdhloj= wjbg ihdbr algds wbrb oigsldbrbd tiitjls pbrobgtkcb wks ?:%. @ut tjby krcubd tjkt tjb prbdielgkgob ia ekhb ivbr abekhb algds lephlbd tjkt tjbrb eustkhsi jkvb `bbg k sbhbotlig ia kduhts ivbr nuvbglhbs ks k rbsuht ia tjb wky ia oihhbotlgc. Lg tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb obebtbryia _lgcbg-Jijbgtwlbh (Cbrjkrdt (;<14)) ??% ia tjb titkh ia ?1 lgdlvldukhs wbrb git auhhy criwg. Ia tjb 46 lgdlvldukhslg tjb @bhh @bkmbr obebtbry kt Gäjbrebeelgcbg (@rbltlgcbr ;<?<) ;3 pbrsigs (ir 40.2%) wbrb yiugcbr tjkg ;4 ybkrs,kgd ? pbrsigs (3.2%) `btwbbg ;2 kgd 06 ybkrs ihd. Khh tjbsb dktk kcrbb tjkt tjb pbrobgtkcb ia git auhhy criwg lgdlvldukhs ls vbry jlcj (?:-41%) kgd tjkt k eirtkhlty rktb ia kìut 46%i (ir 26¶/ii, lgakgs L lgohudbd) ls vbry hlmbhy.



034 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

4.:. _REEKP\ KGD OIGOHR_LIG_

4.:.;. BGQLPIGEBGT

_ltuktlig

Durlgc tjb trkgsltlig arie Gbihltjlo ti @rigzb Kcb lg tjls oiugtry, `btwbbg ;:66 kgd ;[email protected]., k sekhh sbtthbebgt hky lg tjb jbkrt ia tjb _iutj Jihhkgd pbkt krbk, lg tjb prbsbgt pihdbrEihbgkkrscrkka. Lg tjb sbtthbebgt Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs kgd @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbrs wbrb usbd.Lt wks igb ia k sbrlbs ia slelhkr iooupktlig obgtrbs, hylgc ig tjb si-okhhbd _ojiigrbwibrdstrbke rldcb, kgd ticbtjb r airelgc k higc rl`ìg sbtt hbebgt wltj wldbhy sbpkrktbd akrebr'sjiusbjihds.

Tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb

Tjb eirb tjkg ?2 me. higc _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb ls airebd `y tjb skgdy `bd dbpisltsia k airebr rlvbr oiursb, wjloj air k sjirt pbrlid (kìut 0;66-;:26 @.O.> trkgscrbsslig pjksbO LQ `), dlrbothy prbobdlgc tjb lgjk`ltktlig, trkvbrsbd tjb pbk t rbclig. Tjb rlvbr ahiwbd tjriu cjarie tjb rlvbr ohky krbk ti tjb bstukrlgb krbk gbkr Pittbrdke, kgd wks kotlvb lg k pbrlid wjbgtjb rlvbr-ohky suaabrbd jbkvlbr kgd arbkmlsj sbdlebgtktlig. Kt jlcj wktbr hkrcb krbks ia tjbpbkt ig ìtj sldbs ia tjb rlvbr wbrb ahiidbd, rbsuhtlgc lg kg bxtbgslvb ohky dbpisltlig. Plcjtkatbr tjb kotlvb pjksb tjb skgdy `bd dbpislts airebd k aklrhy bvldbgt rldcb, rbstrlotlgc tjbgirtj-siutj wktbr olrouhktlig. Ahiidlgc tiim phkob kgd kt sieb pilgts `rbkm-tjriucj cuhhlbswbrb airebd.

Qbcbtktlig kgd akugk

Tjb skgd rldcb ìrb k hiaty tle`br vbcbtktlig wltj ikm, bhe, ksj kgd khdbr. Iutsldb tjlsgkrriw strlp ia ckhhbry airbst wks k rktjbr ipbg khdbr `rusjwiid vbcbtktlig wltj kg kùgdkgtcriwtj ia jbr`s. Ks jugtlgc phkybd k vbry elgir rihb lg su`slstbgob iur mgiwhbdcb ia tjb wlhdkglekhs hlvlgc gbkr tjb sbtthbebgt ls dbalolbgt. @bkvbr, rbd dbbr, ìkr kgd `bkr wbrb keigctjbe, ks ls privbd arie okrokss rbausb. Air tjb alrst tleb lg tjb prbjlstiry ia tjb SbstbrgGbtjbrhkgds tjb bhm khsi kppbkrs. Tjls kglekh, hlmb ekg, wlhh jkvb ekdb usb ia tjb skgdystrbke rldcb. Tjb itjbr kglekhs tii pri`k`hy hlvbd tjbrb eist ia tjb tleb.

Tjb Q@@/@S@ jkehbt

Kìut ;:26 @.O., sjirthy katbr tjb airektlig ia tjb skgd rldcb kgd ia tjb trkgsvbrsb cuhhlbstjriucj lt, pbiphb uslgc Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs bstk`hlsjbd tjbesbhvbs ig kg kìut 4 me. higc

strb toj lg tjb prbsbgt pihdbrs Eihbgkkrscrkka, Ittihkgd kgd Ciudrlkkg. Lg tjls pbrlid tj bskgd rldcb eky jkvb airebd kg lepirtkgt dry bkst-wbst oieeugloktlig riutb `btwbbg tjboikst kgd tjb skgd rbclig ia tjb obgtrkh Gbtjbrhkgds (tjb Qbhuwb) wjbrb tjb obgtrb ia tjb Q@@Ouhturb wks sltuktbd. Tjb sbtthbebgt hky kìut jkha wky tjls riutb. Lt oigslstbd ia sbvbrkhuglts ir iooupktlig obgtrbs, sbpkrktbd `y dlstkgobs ia ?66 ti ;666 e. kgd prbabrk`hy aiugdbdig tjb `kgm ia k trkgsvbrsb cuhhy ir ig k rbhktlvbhy jlcj pilgt ia tjb rldcb. Bkoj ia tjb iooupk-



_REEKP\ KGD OIGOHR_LIG_ 032

tlig uglts, ia wjloj "Eihbgkkrscrkka" ls tjb eist wbstbrhy, oigslstbd ia igb ir kt eist twiakelhlbs ir akrebr's jiusbjihds. Tjb titkh gue`br ia lgjk`ltkgts ia tjb bgtlrb sbtthbebgt wksbstlektbd kt ?6-16 pbrsigs, ojlhdrbg lgohudbd.

Tjb gkrriw strlp ia skgdy kgd wbhh-drklgbd silh ia tjb strbke rldcb ltsbha (o. ;66 e. wldb)

wks tjb ighy hkgdsokpb uglt, sultbd air kcrlouhturb. Ks tjb pihhbg dlkcrke sjiws ekgy trbbsig tjb rldcb wbrb out diwg> wb okg sky tjkt tjls strbtoj ia tjb rldcb wks sbrliushy dbairbstbd.Tjb albhds wbrb hklg iut tjbrb, lg `btwbbg tjb jiusbs kgd `byigd tjb iutbreist ti tjb bkstkgd ti tjb wbst. Tjb ohky wbdcbs kt ìtj sldbs iaabrbd crkzk`hb hkgd ti k dlstkgob ia siebjugdrbds ia ebtrbs. Cilgc akrtjbr kwky arie tjb rldcb tjb hkgdsokpb `bokeb eirb kgd eirbekrsjy kgd crkdukhhy ojkgcbd lgti k pbkt swkep.

4.:.0. TJB _LTB "EIHBGKKP_CPKKA"

Ojkrkotbr

Tjb bxokvktlig rbpirt ia tjb sltb "Eihbgkkrscrkka" privldbs k ohisbr vlbw ia igb ia tjb"iooupktlig uglts" kgd tjus khsi privldbs k `bttbr lgslcjt lg tjb struoturb ia tjb bgtlrb sbtthbebgt.

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka twi ivkh jiusbs, bkoj eirb tjkg 06 e. higc, wbrb ùlht oigsboutlvbhy.Itjbr pist jihbs elcjt `b tjb rbeklgs ia igb ir twi itjbr ùlhdlgcs ir struoturbs hlmb sjbdskgd abgobs. Tjb ìtj jiusbs kgd tjb vkrylgc kcbs kt wjloj oktthb kgd plcs wbrb shkucjtbrbdkrb krcuebgts lg akviur ia k oigtlgulty lg tjb iooupktlig ia tjb tbrrklg. Aurtjbr gbltjbr tjbpihhbg dlkcrke gir tjb krojkbihiclokh ektbrlkh clvbs rbksig ti kssueb igb ir eirb `rbkms lgtjb iooupktlig ia kgy hbgctj. Ighy lg tjb sjirt pbrlid wdlbg tjb tbrrklg wks usbd ks k obebtbrytjb sltb pri`k`hy wks uglgjk`ltbd.

Ojrigihicy

Lt wks pissl`hb ti dlvldb tjb titkh iooupktlig pbrlid lgti aiur pjksbs.

Vjksb ;

Tjb alrst pbiphb ti bstk`hlsj tjbesbhvbs wbrb tjb usbrs ia purb Q@@ pittb ry, sjirthy katbrtjb airektlig ia tjb rldcb kgd ia tjb trkgsvbrsb cuhhy. Tjb priobss ia slhtlgc up jkd git ybtstkrtbd lg tjb cuhhy, si tjkt wb eust kssueb tjkt ipbg ahiwlgc wktbr ioourrbd lg lt. K rbhktlvbhyhkrcb pkrt ia tjb bxokvktbd sltb kgd bspbolkhhy khsi tjb siebwjkt hiwbr wbstbrg pkrt wkstkmbg lgti usb. Ighy k sekhh gue`br ia tjb algds irlclgktb arie tjls pjksb> rbprbsbgtktlvb krb tjb

algds arie eist ia tjb plt alhhlgcs, ojkrkotbrlzbd `y kg kssiolktlig ia Q@@ pittbry wltj pitsdboirktbd `y ojkggbhlgc kgd hbss arbqubgthy wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs. Tjb plts tjbesbhvbseky, jiwbvbr, `b pkrthy ia k siebwjkt hktbr dktb. Jiusb L ls dktbd ti tjls pjksb, bspbolkhhytjb bgd ia lt. Vissl`hy tjb pist jihbs lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb bxokvktlig krb tjb trkobs ia kgitjbr (bkrhlbr ir supphbebgtkry 9) ùlhdlgc. K ;4O dktb ia ;:?6 l 26 @.O. elcjt dk tb tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb iooupktlig.



031 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Vjksb ;/0

Lg tjb obebtbry kgd kssiolktbd wltj lt, wb algd bhbebgts ia ìtj tjb prbobdlgc Q@@ kgdtjb su`sbqubgt @S@ kssiolktligs. Tjb obebtbry tjus jks tjb ojkrkotbrlstlo> trkgsltlig arieQ@@ ti @S@, kgd si okg `b skld ti oigstltutb k pjksb ;/0. Tjls pjksb eust jkvb `bbg sjirt

kgd rbstrlotbd ti tjb dbobgglk kriugd ;1:6 @.O.Tjb obebtbry oigslsts ia ? ir 4 ahkt crkvbs, phus tjb crkvb ia kg ix, hylgc lg k riw ig tjb

orbst ia tjb rldcb. Lt ls bxobptligkh air tjb Gbtjbrhkgds kgd tjb rbsuht ia tjb wbt oigdltligs tjktwbhh-prbsbrvbd smbhbtkh ektbrlkh wks aiugd. Vrlekrlhy `bokusb ia tjls lt wks pissl`hb ti clvbk dbtklhbd ploturb ia tjb ùrlkh rltukh ia bkoj lgtbrebgt. Tjb obebtbry lgohudbs tjb crkvbs ia kekg ia kìut ?6 ybkrs, k ìy ia ;2, k hltthb clrh ia ;W, k ;W ybkr ihd diebstlo ix kgd k obgitkpj.@itj ebg jkd smuhhs ia tjb phkgioolpltkh `rkojyorkglo typb.

Tjb jiusb phkg L ls shlcjthy ihdbr ir oigtbepirkgbius ti crkvb L. Tjls rbhktligsjlp,jiwbvbr, clvbs gi bxphkgktlig ia tjb pri`hbe wjbtjbr tjb tbrrklg wks kotukhhy ioouplbd durlgclts usb ks k obebtbry, ir jkd `bbg tbepirkrlhy k`kgdigbd. @ut tjbrb krb sieb krcuebgts lgakviur ia tjb kssueptlig ia k sjirt jlktus ia tjb sltb `btwbbg tjb pjksbs ; kgd 0, wjbg lt wks

lg usb ks k obebtbry, pbrjkps `y tjb lgjk`ltkgts ia tjb gbkr`y sbtthbebgt gi. 03/0:.Sltj tjb jbhp ia tjb crkvbs kg kvbrkcb criugd wktbr hbvbh ia kìut —;16 oe. GKV. kt

kìut ;366 @.O. okg `b dbtbrelgbd.

Vjksb 0

Tjb sboigd iooupktlig pjksb ls ojkrkotbrlzbd `y tjb usb ia @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbrs. Itjbrabkturbs ia tjb pittbry krb> k vbry jlcj pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktlig (<6%), tjb prbdielgkgobia algcbrtlp leprbssligs (bspbolkhhy lg Q-eitlas), tjb ioourrbgob ia oirdigbd rles, pbrairktligsugdbr tjb rle, jbkvy `ksbs kgd k siebwjkt jlcjbr pbrobgtkcb ia stigb tbepbrlgc tjk g airebrhy.Pbprbsbgtktlvb krb tjb algds lg tjb alrst slhtlgc-up dbpislts ia tjb cuhhy> durlgc pjksb 0 tjbcuhhy wks crkdukhhy alhhbd up wltj juelo skgd kgd ohkyby pbkt up ti kìut tjb ebkg criugd

wktbr hbvbh.Lg tjb sbtthbebgt tjb kotlvlty wks eivbd eirb tiwkrds tjb cuhhy. Sb okggit kttrlùtb k

jiusb wltj obrtklgty ti tjls pjksb> jiusb L wks k`kgdigbd kt tjls tleb, pbrjkps jiusb LL wkskhrbkdy ùlht ir k git rboicglzk`hb jiusb lg tjb dlstur`bd cuhhy `kgm zigb.

Tjb kooiugt ia tjb boigiey ia tjb oieeuglty, dbsorl`bd `bhiw, rbsts eklghy ig tjb algdslg tjb cuhhy kgd prlekrlhy oigobrgs tjls pjksb 0. Lt ls, jiwbvbr, ughlmbhy tj kt tjb su`slstbgobia tjb bkrhlbr kgd hktbr lgjk`lt kgt s sjiwbd slcglalokgt dlaabrbgobs.

Vjksb ?

Kt tjb bgd ia tjb iooupktlig pittb ry wks ighy shlcjthy dboirktbd. Lg sjkpb kgd itjbr ojkrkotbrlstlos lt dibs git, jiwbvbr, dlaabr arie tjkt ia pjksb 0. Jiusb LL wks lgjk`ltbd lg tjls pjksb.

Tjb siebwjkt hiwbr wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb tbrrklg wks k`kgdigbd. Tjb algds krb oigobgtrktbdlg k gkrriw strlp kt tjb jlcjbst pilgt kgd ig tjb `kgm ia tjb cuhhy. Vissl`hy tjbsb krb tjb alrstlgdloktligs ia tjb wktbr `boielgc triu`hbsieb, wjloj eky jkvb `bbg tjb rbksig wjy tjb sbtthbebgt wks uhtlektbhy kìgdigbd. Tjls tiim phkob wbhh `bairb ;466 @.O., hbt us sky kìut ;[email protected]. Tjb rbgbwbd ahiw ia wktbr tjriucj tjb trkgsvbrsb cuhhy, wjloj aihhiwbd, ks wb mgiw,eky `b oiggbotbd wltj tjb Dugmlrm 6 trkgscrbsslig pjksb.



_REEKP\ KGD OIGOHR_LIG_ 033

4.:.?. _R@_L_TBGOB BOIGIE\

Orip akrelgc

Tjkt kcrlouhturb wks prkotlsbd ls kppkrbgt arie tjb ioourrbgob ia elhhstigb arkcebgts,k slgchb leprbsslig ia crklg (Blgmirg 9) 1: lg k sjbrd kgd bspbolkhhy arie tjb pihhbg dlkcrke.Tjb ugusukhhy jlcj vkhubs air Obrbkhlk kgd trkom wbbds lgdloktb tjkt tjb albhds hky lg tjb dlrbotvlolglty ia tjb sbtthbebgt> obrtklghy ig tjb bkstbrg `kgm ia tjb cuhhy ùt pri`k`hy khsi ig tjbstrbke rldcb ti tjb wbst ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Tjb titkh krbk ia krk`hb hkgd (priduotlvb kgd `krb),`bhigclgc ti tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka "iooupktlig uglt" keiugtbd 4-3 jk.

Oktthb akrelgc

Oktthb akrelgc wks ia suprbeb lepirtkgob air tjb ebkt supphy ia tjb oieeuglty ktEihbgkkrscrkka, lg oiepkrlsig ti jugtlgc> <0% ia tjb okrokss rbausb okeb arie diebstlo

Alc. ;0;. Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tbgtktlvb rboigstruotlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt kgd lts surriugdlgcs.

1: Dr vkg ^blst bxkelgbd tjb leprbsslig ùt jb oiuhd git ldbgtlay lt wltj obrt klgty, `bokusb ia tjb hkom ia

ohbkr ojkrkotbrlstlos. Blgmirg crklg (Trltloue eigioiooue) sbbebd tjb eist hlmbhy. (Hbttbr ia Dr vkg ^blst ti tjbPEI

<-4-;<1:).



03: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

kglekhs, ia wjloj oktthb airebd `y akr tjb crbktbst pkrt (:;W%). Arie kg boigielokh pilgt iavlbw tjls prbdielgkgob, `bokusb ia tjb hkrcb slzb ia tjb kglekhs, ls bvbg crbktbr. Tjb lepirtkgob ia oktthb `rbbdlgc ls bepjkslzbd `y tjb kglekh wjloj, lg kgy oksb k skorlalob, jkd `bbgùrlbd. Lg tjb sboigd kgd tjlrd phkob oieb plcs kgd sjbbp ir cikts. Twi ìgbs obrtklghy ia tjb

diebstloktbd jirsb krb keigc tjb ihdbst dktbd lg tjls oiugtry.@y tjblr koobgt ig oktthb akrelgc, tjb lgjk`ltkgts tiim kdvkgtkcb ia tjb `rikd strbtojbsia crkzk`hb hkgd, iaabrbd `y tjb ohky wbdcbs kt ìtj sldbs ia tjb skgd rldcb.

Jugtlgc kgd alsjlgc

Sjlhb jugtlgc wks ia eidbst lepirtkgob tjls pri`k`hy wks git tjb oksb wltj alsjlgc.Vriia ia tjls ls sbbg, git lg kglekh rbausb, ùt lg tjb crkvbs (tjb alsj-jiims lg crkvb LL kgdtjb alg rky lg crkvb L) kgd lg tjb cuhhy lg tjb aire ia pilgtbd wiidbg pihbs kgd tjb hikewblcjt arkcebgt. Tjb ojilob ia tbrrklg khsi kppbkrs ti lgdloktb tjls. Tjb aklrhy guebrius sekhhsorkpbrs wiuhd `b bspbolkhhy usbauh lg tjls alsjlgc kotlvlty. Lg vlbw ia tjb prbsbgob ia ighyk slgchb ìgb phktb ia tjb sturcbig, tjb oktojlgc ia tjls alsj wks pri`k`hy git ia lepirtkgob ks

wks tjb oksb kt sieb ia tjb eirb wbstbrhy Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb sltbs. Eirb pri`k`hy tjb oktojbsoigslstbd ia plmb, bbh, rikoj kgd pbroj <:k, wjloj lgjk`lt tjb stlhh ir shucclsj wktbr ia tjb pbktrbcligs. Jugt lgc ekdb ighy k sekhh oigt rlù tlig tjbrbairb, ks wb jkvb skld, ti tjb su`slstbgobboigiey = lt wlhh jkvb `bbg khsi smlgs kgd aurs tjk t wbrb tjb i`nbotlvb, ks wlhh kppbkr arietjb hlst ia wlhd kglekhs.

Lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb Q@@/@S@ pbiphb kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tiim kdvkgtkcb ia tjblr bgvlrigebgt kgd ekdb tjb `bst usb ia lt.

4.:.4. HKTBP ABKTRPB_

Katbr tjb k`kgdigebgt ia tjb tbrrklg ks k sbtthbebgt lt wks iooksligkhhy usbd kìut ;[email protected]. `y tjb lgjk`ltkgts ia k gbkr`y sbtthbebgt, pissl`hy ti ci alsjlgc lg tjb cuhhy, wjloj lgtjb ebkgtleb eust jkvb ugdbrcigb k sboigd kotlvlty pjksb.

Tjb bgd ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig wltjlg k wldb rkdlus okeb kìut :66 @.O., wjbg gbkrhy khhlgjk`ltk`hb dbpislts wbrb oivbrbd wltj pbkt. Ighy lg tjb ;0tj obgtury K.D. dld oihiglzktligkgd pkrobhhlgc iut ia tjb obgtrkh pbkt rbclig ia tjb Kh`hkssbrwkkrd tkmb phkob. Lg tjb ;1tjobgtury tjb iwgbr usbd tjb tbrrklg air dlcclgc skgd plts. Durlgc jbkvy ahiids okusbd `y dlmb`rbkojbs slgob tjkt tleb tjb skgd plts alhhbd up wltj ohky kgd tjb prbjlstirlo sbtthbebgt tbrrklgkgd tjb surriugdlgc oiugtrysldb ivbr k wldb krbk `bokeb oivbrbd wltj k ?6-46 oe. tjlom

hkybr ia ohky. Ks k rbsuht ia oiepkotlig, oigsbqubgt upig lgtbgslvb krtlalolkh drklgkcb, tjbprbjlstirlo oigtiurs ia tjb hkgd jkvb kcklg `boieb vlsl`hb durlgc rbobgt obgturlbs.

1: k Oa. khsi tjb bxpbrlebgts okrrlbd iut `y Dr P. @iddbmb, dlsoussbd kt p. ???.



OIGTBZT - LGTPIDROTLIG 03<

4.<. ORHTRPKH VPBJL_TIPLO OIGTBZT

4.<.;. LGTPIDROTLIG

Bspbolkhhy lg kg bxokvktlig, wjbrb ekgy lgtbrrbhktligs krb lgvihvbd (ks tjkt kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls), tjb "lgsldb bvldbgob" sjiuhd `b sbpkrktbd arie tjb "iutsldb bvldbgob". Sltj tjbalrst, tjb i`sbrvktligs kgd kgkhysbs kgd tjb oigohusligs `ksbd bxohuslvbhy ig tjbsb krb ebkgt>=wltj tjb hktbr tjb oiepkrk`hb rbsuhts ia itjbr lgvbstlck tligs kgd tjb cbgbrkhlzktligs `ksbdig tjbsb.

_bpkrktlgc ìtj criups ia lgairektlig, wb kvild rbksiglgc arie tjb igb criup ti tjb itjbrti rbkoj k prboigoblvbd tjbiry. Sb tjlgm lgduotlig (ti drkw oigohusligs arie dktk) ls tjb eirbpripbr wky ia krojkbihiclokh rbksiglgc. K sboigd rbksig ti sbpkrktb ìtj criups ia bvldbgobls tjb prbabrbgob ti dbsorl`b tjb rbsuhts ia tjb bxokvktlig arie k gbutrkh pilgt ia vlbw, gitlgahubgobd `y tjb ourrbgt tjbirlbs, si tjkt tjbsb okg `b usbd bvbry tleb ks `kslo dktk lg cbgbrkh

studlbs kgd air oiepkrlsig.Sb trlbd ti clvb tjb "lgsldb bvldbgob" ig tjb airbcilgc pkcbs ùt wb rbkhlzbd tjkt lt lsjkrdhy pissl`hb ti aihhiw tjb kìvb prlgolphb oigsbqubgthy kgd ti mbbp tjb pu`hloktlig rbkdk`hbkt tjb skeb tleb. Igb jks ti usb sieb wbhh bstk`hlsjbd akots, air lgstkgob lg ojrigihiclokhrbspbot, lg tjkt stkcb.

Katbr tjb dbsorlptligs kgd tjb oigohusligs tjb rbsuhts eust `b ojbombd ti tjb iutsldblgairektlig. Tjbsb oigsldbrktligs elcjt hbd ti k eirb dbtklhbd lgslcjt lg tjb lgvbstlcktbdi`nbot ir rbvbrsl`hy lt elcjt kppbkr tjkt tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka bvldbgob oigtrlùtbs ti k `bttbrcbgbrkh ugdbrstkgdlgc ia tjb pbrlid oigobrgbd. Kssueptligs ekdb ig tjb airbcilgc pkcbs elcjt`b oigtrkdlotbd ir kaalrebd.

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka lgairektlig ig twi dlaabrbgt albhds ia rbsbkroj jks oieb ti hlcjt.Alrst, tjb purbhy prbjlstirlo dktk, rbhbvkgt ti iur mgiwhbdcb ia tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs. _boigd,dktk ia cbihiclo-cbicrkpjlokh ojkrkotbr, rbhbvkgt ti tjb dbvbhipebgt kgd iooupktlig jlstiryia tjb rbclig, lg wjloj tjb sltb ls sltuktbd. Tjb alrst twi pkrts (bspbolkhhy pkrt LL) ia tjls ìimclvb tjb oigtbxt ia tjbsb cbihiclo-cbicrkpjlokh dktk. _i lg tjls sbotlig ighy tjb ouhturkh prbjlstirlo oigtbxt ia Eihbgkkrscrkka gbbd ti `b dlsoussbd.

Igb ia tjb eknir pri`hbes lg tjb aihhiwlgc dlsousslig ls tjb gitirlius hkom ia lgairektligig itjbr kspbots ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb tjkg tjb `bkmbrs tjbesbhvbs. Tjb ektbrlkh arieekgy rbcligs, akotukhhy oivbrlgc kheist tjb bgtlrb dlstrlùtlig krbk, jks `bbg dbsorl`bdeigicrkpjlokhhy. @ut bvbrywjbrb tjb kvklhk`hb ektbrlkh pbrelttbd git euoj eirb tjkgwirmlgc iut k `bkmbr typihicy 1<.

1< Sb hlst jbrb tjb eist lepirtkgt rbcligkh survbys>

Gbt jbrh kgd« — @ur soj ;<??, Qkg dbr Skk hs & Chks `br cbg ;<24, ;<2<, Qkg dbr Skk hs ;<14½.

@bhc lue — Ekrl bg ;<4:, ;<20, Db Hk bt ;<1?.

Girtj brg Cbr ekg y _tbcbg ;<40, _tru vb ;<22.

Pjbl ghkg d — _tkep auss ;<0<, Kh`r bojt ;<?4, Jia ekg g ;<?:, Ckt br ekg g ;<4?.

Ebssbg — _kgc ebls tbr ;<2;.

Rpp br Pjlg b — _kgc ebls tbr ;<14", Mñst br ;<12/'11 .



0:6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

4.<.0. _ILH TPKOB_

4.<.0.;. Vist jihbs

K oiepkrlsig ia tjb pist jihbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka wltj tjisb ia tjb ugelstkmk`hb jiusbphkgs ia tjb abw obgturlbs ihdbr QH Ouhturb kgd tjb sieb obgturlbs yiugcbr Bhp Ouhturb sjiwseuoj slelhkrlty.

Kt Jkkestbdb (QH) tjb jbkvlbst pist jihbs wbrb ?6 oe. lg dlkebtbr. Kt Dbvbgtbr (BHV)tjb dlkebtbrs wbrb 06-?6 oe., kgd kt Bhp tjb skeb= bxkot ebksurbebgts, jiwbvbr, wbrb gitclvbg 36. Tjb dbptjs wbrb k ekxleue ia 42 oe. kt Jkkestbdb, 26-:6 oe. kt Bhp kgd eirb tjkg;6-06 oe. (eist pri`k`hy irlclgkhhy kìut 16-36 oe.) kt Dbvbgtbr. Tjb pists tjbesbhvbs ktQhkkrdlgcbg sbbe ti `b siebwjkt tjlggbr (;6-;1 oe.) g tj kg tjb pist jihbs. Tjb dlaabrbgtsilh oigdltligs ia tjb dlaabrbgt tbrrklgs sbbe ti jkvb jkd k aklrhy sekhh lgahubgob ig tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjb pist jihbs. Kt Qhkkrdlgcbg lt ls tjiucjt tjkt tjb pist jihbs lgdloktb phkobs wjbrbk pist wks puhhbd iut ia tjb criugd. Itjbrwlsb tjb wiid wiuhd jkvb rbeklgbd 30. Kt Eihbgkkrs

crkka lt ls eirb hlmbhy tjkt tjb phkobs wjbrb tjb pists jkd dbokybd wbrb crkdukhhy alhhbd wltjtipsilh. Kt Bhp strigc pidzihlsktlig ioourrbd lg tjb hiisb alhhlgcs.

Tjb slelhkrltlbs krb si crbkt, jiwbvbr, tjkt wb eky sky tjkt tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjb pist-jihbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka krb lgdbbd tjisb tjkt eky `b bxpbotbd lg k jiusb ia oigsldbrk`hb slzb.

4.<.0.0. Tjb jiusb phkgs

Bkrhy kgd Elddhb Gbihltjlo

_lgob Qkg Claabg 3? dbkht kt hbgctj wltj prbjlstirlo jiusb phkgs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds tjbektbrlkh jks `bbg oigsldbrk`hy lgorbksbd. Arie tjb Bkrhy kgd Elddhb Gbihltjlo wb ighy mgiwtjb jiusb ia tjb Hlgbkr @kgdobrkelo Ouhturb khtjiucj tjls ls rbekrmk`hy wbhh-diouebgtbdwltj ;<3 jiusb phkgs 34. Air tjb TP@ tjb Døeebr _bb jiusbs krb tjb gbkrbst jiusb phkgs 32.

_kxigy-Tjurlgclk — Gbuekgg ;<0:.@ijbelk — _tiomy ;<0:, Jknbm ;<10.Crbkt @rlt klg — Vlcc itt ;<1?, Ohkrmb ;<11, ;<36= Hkgt lgc & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30.

Skhbs — Crlaaltjs ;<23.Arkgob — Krgkh & @hkgob ;<2<, Plq ubt bt kh. ;<1?, L'Jbhciukoj ;<1?, Culhklgb ;<13._pklg — Okstlhhi ;<0:, E.K. _eltj ;<2?, @hkgob ;<1;, _kgceblstbr ;<11, @hkgob ;<3;,H blsgbr ;<4?-'12._krdlg lk — @rky ;<14.Cbgbrkh — _kgceblstbr ;<1?, Cbrs`koj ;<23, _kgceblstbr ;<14".

3¶ Jkkestbdb-Db @rk`brs> Trlepb @urcbr ;<16/'1;, Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1? bsp. ;<10, 06-0;,

Qkg Claabg ;<2:, 46= Dbvbgtbr-Ekrclngbg Bgm> Eiddbrekg ;<22"= Bhp> Sktbrìhm ;<14".9 l Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<11, 21.90 Ks gitb 3;, 22-21.3? Qkg Claabg ;<24o, ;<2:.E Eiddbrekg ;<1:." Pblgortj ;<?<.



OIGTBZT - JIR_B VHKG_ 0:;

Tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb

Lg tjblr sltuktlig kgd dktlgc tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb jiusb phkgs krb tjb ohisbst ti tjisbia Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjby oiuhd `b tjblr dlrbot prbdbobssirs, la oigsldbrk`hb ouhturkh ojkgcbsjkd git ioourrbd lg tjb lgtbrvbglgc obgturlbs, wjloj wlhh obrtklghy git jkvb hbat ùlhdlgc

trkdltligs ugdlstur`bd. Tjb QH Ouhturb wks aihhiwbd `y tjb Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr Ouhturb,wjloj lg lts turg wks aihhiwbd `y tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Lg tjb pbrlid ia tjb bkrhy @bhh @bkmbrOuhturb eirbivbr, k jlktus lg lgjk`ltktlig lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds oiuhd `b bstk`hlsjbd '¶.@ut ti wjkt bxtbgt di khh tjbsb ouhturkh ojkgcbs slcglay khsi btjglo ir kgtjripihiclokh ojkgcbs 9

Ti wjkt bxtbgt wbrb bhbebgts suoj ks ùlhdlgc trkdltligs khsi rbphkobd `y gbw igbs 9

Tjb QH Ouhturb jiusbs krb ia tjb twi-klshbd typb wltj obgtrkh rldcb-pihb, arie sekhh tikvbrkcb slzb, oieeig lg Buripb girtj ia tjb Khps kt tjls tleb. Tjbrb ls, jiwbvbr, k aklr keiugtia vkrlktlig.

Tjrbb jiusb phkgs kt Jkkestbdb " krb twi-klshbd kgd ?.2 Z : e. lg slzb. Tjb rldcb-pihbwks suppirtbd `y aiur pists, tjb wkhh oigstruotlig wks sltuktbd wltjlg tjb iutbreist riw iariia suppirtlgc pists. Tjb pist-jihbs jkvb khrbkdy `bbg dlsoussbd.

Kt Jbmbhlgcbg 3:

kgd Hbldsojbgdke 3<

lt wks pissl`hb ti dbtbrelgb ighy tjkt tjb jiusbswbrb rbotkgcuhkr, ùt jiusb phkgs oiuhd git `b rbtrkobd lg tjb oigauslig ia pist jihbs.

Kt Qhkkrdlgcbg tjrbb jiusb phkgs krb mgiwg, ebksurlgc ?.2 Z 3.0, 2 Z ;6 kgd 2.2 Z ;6 e.Tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjb alrst jiusb (outtlgc ;?) :6 oigaire ti tjisb ia Jkkestbdb. Tjb sboigdjiusb (outtlgc ;2) :h jkd k obgtrkh riw ia 4 pists, ig bkoj sldb ia wjloj, ;.2 e. dlstkgt, k riwia riia suppirts, kgd ; e. iutsldb tjkt tjb wkhhs, airebd ia sekhh pists. Tjb jiusb phkg ia tjbtjlrd jiusb (outtlgc ;6) :0 jks `bbg pu`hlsjbd. Lt eust jkvb `bbg tjb hkst ia k gue`br ia jiusbswjloj wbrb ùlht igb katbr tjb itjbr ig tjb skeb sltb. Tjb rldcb-pihb wks suppirtbd `y 1 uprlcjtskt rbcuhkr dlstkgobs (;.:6-0.;6 e.). Tjb wkhhs sjiw tjbesbhvbs ti `b shlcjthy ourvbd riws iasiebwjkt tjlggbr pists, `btwbbg wjloj wktthb wirm wlhh jkvb airebd tjb irlclgkh wkhh. TjbGB bgd wks siebwjkt `rikdbr (2.:6 e.) tjkg tjb _S bgd (2.?6 e.). @itj klshbs wbrb oivbrbd

`y k slgchb spkg arie tjb rldcb-pihb. Tjb riws ia suppirtlgc pists kgd tjb wkhhs tjus oilgoldbd.Tjb sbqubgob usbd jbrb eky jkvb k ojrigihiclokh vkhub, air wjlhb Jkkestbdb jks k vbry bkrhydktlgc, tjb hkst dbsorl`bd jiusb lg Qhkkrdlgcbg eust `b oigsldbrbd ks `blgc vbry hktb. Alrst,tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb jiusbs sjiw tjkt tjb ùlhdlgc ektbrlkh kvklhk`hb lg tjb SbstbrgGbtjbrhkgds pbrelttbd tjb oigstruotlig ia jiusbs suoj ks tjisb wb bgvlskcb lg Eihbgkkrscrkka,kgd tjkt tjls wks lg akot okrrlbd iut sieb obgturlbs bkrhlbr. _boigd, tjb dbvbhipebgt ia tjbjiusb ks smbtojbd kìvb eky `b rbckrdbd ks k eidbh air jiusb ; kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb ioourrbgob ia shlcjthy ourvbd wkhhs lg tjb jiusb lg outtlgc ;6 ls khh tjb eirb rbekrmk`hb. Eirbivbr,tjb oigstruotlig kgd tjb sjkpb ia ìtj bgds ia tjls jiusb okggit bkslhy `b dbtbrelgbd. Tjb

31 _bb p. 03 kgd 43, Tjbrb krb aiur obgturlbs `btwbbg tjb bgd ia Qhkkrdlgcbg kgd tjb `bclgglgc ia Eihbgkkrs

crkka.33 Oa. gitb 36.3: Eiddbrekg ;<2?½, Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1? bsp. ;<10, ;?-;<.3< Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13 bsp. <<-;6;.:6 Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<11, 21.:; Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13, ;66 kgd alc. 01.:0 Chks`brcbg bh kh. ;<11, 22-2<, phkg kt alc. ?;.



0:0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

qubstlig krlsbs ks ti wjkt bxtbgt tjb ùlhdbrs ia tjls jiusb khrbkdy jkd oigtkots wltj tjb VA@Ouhturb.

Tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs

Dktk kìut tjb jiuslgc ia tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs tjbesbhvbs krb sokrob lg tjls oiugtry.Tjb kheist oiephbtb k`sbgob ia pist jihbs lg oie`lgktlig wltj tjb kssuebd (khtjiucj giwkdkys git cbgbrkhhy koobptbd) giekdlo ojkrkotbr ia tjb @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb (VA@ Ouhturb) hbdlgdbbd ti tjb suppisltlig tjkt tjbsb pbiphb hlvbd lg tbgts ir itjbr slelhkr hlcjt oigstruotligs.Lt sbbes ti us tjkt wb eust clvb tjls sbrlius oigsldbrktlig. L t kcrbbs wltj t jb crbkt ei`lhltyia tjb usbrs ia tjb vkrlius `bkmbrs wjloj bebrcbs arie tjb typihiclokh studlbs. Sjy krb tjbtrkobs ia tjb pkhlsskdb ohbkr kt Kghi, wjlhb trkobs ia jiusbs krb oiephbtbhy hkomlgc :?

9

Tjb olrouestkgobs lg wjloj tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbrs wbrb aiugd kt Qhkkrdlgcbg khsilgdloktb tjkt tjb bxlstbgob ia tjblr usbrs wks git vbry stktlo. Khh i`sbrvktligs lgdloktb k vbrysjirt stky ia k abw dkys ir wbbms dktbd kìut ;<46 @.O. Tjb algds oigslstbd ia twi vbry sekhhalgd oigobgtrktligs kgd tjb trkobs ia sekhh juts ùlht ia tjlg pists. Igb ia tjbsb ebksurbs

kìut ? Z 3 e. :4

. Tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg tjls algd kgd tjkt ia Eihbgkkrscrkka sbbes ti us ti`b ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg tjb bkrhlbst pjksb kgd tjb bgd ia tjb @bhh @bkmbrOuhturb lg tjls oiugtry. La lg tjb alrst pjksb wb krb oigobrgbd wltj gig-sbtthbd pbiphb wji stkyighy k sjirt tleb lg igb phkob wjbrb tjby brbot ighy privlsligkh sjbhtbrs, lg tjb hktbr (Qbhuwb)pjksb wb krb oigobrgbd wltj kg bstk`hlsjbd akrelgc oieeuglty.

Ti oiephbtb tjls ploturb lt okg `b ebgtligbd tjkt pist-jihbs krb mgiwg ig k gue`br ia@bhh @bkmbr sltbs lg tjls oiugtry, ùt gi jiusb phkgs. Tjls wks tjb oksb lg Ittihkgd-Iistblgd,Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic :2, Iistwiud :6, Ebbrhi Jbktj :3, Krgjbe-Cuhdbg @idbe ::.Kt Didbwkkrd :<, wjbrb eirbivbr tjb oigdltligs wbrb akviurk`hb, ks wlhh kppbkr arie tjbbxobhhbgt jiusb phkgs arie tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb, ugairtugktbhy gi silh trkobs oiuhd `b kttrlùtbd ti tjb Q@@ iooupktlig.

Tjb Bhp kgd DM_ Ouhturbs

Tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb jiusb phkgs (Bhp Ouhturb kgd DM_ Ouhturb), aiugd kt Dbvbgtbr,Bhp, Kgcbhshii, ^lndbrvbhd, Didbwkkrd, Glngsbh, kgd Ebdbe`hlm kgd tjb slelhkr Hktb @rigzbKcb jiusb phkgs kt Jiicmkrspbh <6, krb ks gbkr ks tjisb ia tjb QH Ouhturb lg hioktlig, ùt k

:? Sktbrìhm ;<16. _bb khsi air bxkephb P. P. Ohkrmb ;<16, 10 kgd 12= _lepsig (bd.) ;<3;, ;?0.

«8• Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<11, bsp. 10-12= Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1? bsp. ;<10, 0< kgd 0?0-0?2. L tjkgmDr N. K. @kmmbr, Kestbrdke, air sjiwlgc eb tjb ekps kgd air khhiwlgc eb ti rbabr ti tjbe jbrb. Tjb tjrbb pistsig tjb kxls hlgb kgd tjb ;? pists ia tjb wkhhs jkd k dlkebtbr ia ighy kìut : oe.

:2 Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<1<;;.:1 Qkg Claabg ;<1;, ;<10, ;<11, Db Sbbrd ;<11, khsi ;<13, Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1? bsp. ;<10, 0??-0?4.

:' Qbrhlgdb ;<3;.:: Qkg Claabg ;<2:, bsp. ?<-46= Eiddbrekg ;<22 k , bsp. ?;= Kggukh Pbpirt PEI ;<?<, 2 kgd diouebgtktlig

PEI. Ti us, jiwbvbr, tjb sjbrds di git sbbe ti `b `bkmbr wkrb gir tjb pist jihb oigalcurktligs ti ì jiusb phkgs.:< Juhst ;<13 kgd pbrs. oiee.:6 Dbvbgtbr> Eiddbrekg ;<22k.

Bhp> Sktbrìhm ;<14½.Kgcbhshii> Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<1;, ;<12`, ;<11, ;<13.



OIGTBZT - JIR_B VHKG_ 0:?

abw obgturlbs hktbr lg tleb. Tjbrb krb twi vbry dlaabrbgt typbs. Aklrhy `lc riugd juts wltj kdlkebtbr up ti : e. aire k typlokh _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds bhbebgt, wjloj alts bgtlrbhy lg tjbpkttbrg ia tjb ouhturkh rbhktligs ia tjb DM_ Ouhturb lg tjkt krbk wltj _iutjbrg Bgchkgd <;.Tjb sboigd typb ls tjkt ia tjb higc tjrbb-klshbd akres ia tjb Bhp typb, k typlokh girtjbrg

bhbebgt. Lg tjb rlvbr rbclig (Didbwkkrd, ^lndbrvbhd= ùt khsi Glngsbh!) ìtj typbs ioour khigcsldb bkoj itjbr. Tjb Bhp typb ls tjb ihdbst aire ia tjb tjrbb-klshbd jkhh jiusb, ojkrkotbrlstloia tjb rbcligs khigc tjb Gbtjbrhkgds- Cbrekg Girtj _bk oikst. Lt ls pissl`hb lg iur oiugtry tiaihhiw tjb dbvbhipebgt ia tjls typb ia jiusb arie tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcbti jlstirlokh tlebs.

Tjb Bhp typb ia jiusb ls tjrbb-klshbd kgd higc ti vbry higc> kt Bhp ;0.6 - 4;.? e., ktKgcbhshii ;: - 12 e. (33.2 e. lg eirb tjkg igb ùlhdlgc pjksb). Tjb hkrcb jiusbs kt Bhp krb 2.4 -4.4 e. wldb, tjb sekhhbr igbs 4.: - ?.3 e. @iugd bgds wltj tjb bgtrkgob tjbrb sbbe ti `b tjbeist oieeig. @botkgcuhkr bgds khsi ioour, jiwbvbr. Tjb bgtrkgob okg iatbg `b dlstlgculsjbd`y twi pists ig bkoj sldb ia tjb kxls, ùt kt Kgcbhshii tjby eky ioour lg tjb higc sldbs kswbhh. Bspbolkhhy kt Bhp, kgd hbss arbqubgthy kt Kgcbhshii, k twi-riiebd dlvlslig okg `b gitbd.Lg k stkhh pkrt ìxbs air tjb oktthb wbrb ekdb `y phkolgc hbss jbkvy pists `btwbbg tjb riiasuppirts. Tjb itjbr pkrt wks tjb hlvlgc krbk. Tjb wkhh pists kgd tjb siebwjkt jbkvlbr riiasuppir ts krb cbgbrkhhy lg igb hlgb, khtjiucj l t ls git vbry strklcjt. Tjbsb uglts cbgbrkhhy stkgd0 - ? e. kpkrt, khtjiucj sekhhbr kgd hkrcbr dlstkgobs khsi ioour.

Lg iur vlbw lt okg `b kssuebd tjkt jiusb LL kt Eihbgkkrscrkka oirrbspigds lg ekgy rbspbots ti tjb Bhp typb, khtjiucj tjbrb krb ohbkr dlaabrbgobs. Lt ls pissl hb lg akot ti rbckrd tjbBhp typb ks k sbqubgob ti tjb dbvbhipebgt wjloj wb jkvb khrbkdy ebgtligbd lg oiggbotligwltj tjb sbqubgob ia jiusb L kgd jiusb LL. Tjb ksyeebtrlokh ivkh aire ia jiusb L dbvbhips lgtitjb rbcuhkr spiih aire ia jiusb LL, kgd tjbg lgti tjb Bhp typb wltj lts twi pkrkhhbh wkhhs.Tjbrb ls k dbvbhipebgt arie twi-klshbd (jiusb L) ti tjrbb-klshbd (BHV), wltj jiusb LL iooupylgckg lgtbrebdlktb pisltlig. Tjb ioourrbgob ia bxtrk pists lg tjb kxls hlgb, eisthy lg sekhh criupsia kìut ?, lg tjb Bhp typb, suppirts tjls rbksiglgc <0. Tjb k`kgdigebgt ia tjb jbkvy elddhbpists rbsuhtbd kutiektlokhhy lg k gkrriwbr wldtj lg tjb Bhp typb. _u`sbqubgthy tjbrb ls k ohbkrtbgdbgoy tiwkrds bvbr higcbr jiusbs.

_ieb aurtjbr dbtklhs eky `b ebgtligbd. Tjb lgtbrgkh dlvlslig lgti stkhh kgd hlvlgc pkrtls git mgiwg lg Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjls elcjt `b irlclgkh ir elcjt `b okusbd `y tjb dlskppbkrkgobia khh sjkhhiw silh trkobs. Tjb cbgbrkh kppbkrkgob ia tjb sbtthbebgt khsi sjiws rbekrmk`hb slelhkrltlbs. Tjbrb krb khwkys k abw hkrcb akres wltj iutùlhdlgcs, wjloj krb oigtlgukhhy rbùlht igkheist tjb skeb spit. Tjb crkvbs hlb lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Khtjiucj tjbeirpjihicy ia tjb tbrrklg pri`k`hy phkys k pkrt lg tjls, tjbrb bxlsts k obrtklg rbcuhkrlty lg tjb

^lndbrvbhd> Juh st ;<12, ;<11.Didbwkkrd> Juhst ;<13.Glngsbh> @bbx & Juhs t ;<1:.Jiicmkrspbh> Oa. p. 40 gitb <:, bsp. @kmmbr bt kh. ;<1:.Ebdbe`hlm> J. J. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<1:, — & @kmmbr ;<1:.

« _bb Chks`brcbg ;<24, ;<1<, L. A. _eltj ;<1;.E Sktbrìhm ;<14½, ;66= tjb jiusbs 4.1,3 kgd <.



0:4 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

irlbgtktlig ia tjb jiusbs> `btwbbg SGS-B_B kgd GGS-__B <?. Algkhhy wb drkw kttbgtligti tjb ioourrbgob ia siebwjkt ourvbd wkhhs (jiusb 2 kt Bhp, tjb ihdbst jiusb kt Beebrjiut <4,kgd ia pists ig tjb kxls hlgb ùt iutsldb tjb jiusb (Bhp).

Buripbkg oigtbxt <2

Tjb ivkh oigstruotlig ls bxobptligkh lg wiidbg jiusbs lg eist ia Buripb. Lt dibs, jiwbvbr,ioour iooksligkhhy lg tjb Gbihltjlo. Tbojglokhhy suoj k oigstruotlig sbbes ti jkvb `bbg keigctjb pissl`lhltlbs <1. Sb eust kssueb, jiwbvbr, tjkt tjb ivkh aires, git vbry sultbd ti wiidoigstruotligs, wbrb ìrriwbd arie k ùlhdlgc tbojglqub lg itjbr ektbrlkhs, suoj ks stigb kgdsids (ir tbgts9).

Ks wb jkvb khrbkdy skld, @bkmbr Ouhturb jiusbs kgd Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb jiusbs krb bxtrbebhy rkrb. K abw riugd ju ts wbrb rbpirtbd kt 6 rgb muh kgd Mhblg Eblgsdira, kg ivkh Sijgcru`b(plt dwbhhlgc) ia 1 Z ;2 e. wltj pists phkobd khigcsldb igb sldb kt _ojbhdltz kgd k abw sekhhrbotkgcuhkr juts wltj sugmbg ahiirs kt Ekybg, Blabh= Eøjhjble, Mr. Mi`hbgz= Jkaabg-Ebjr,Mr. @bbs <3. Khh krb oiggbotbd wltj tjb @ktt hb Kxb Ouhturb. Kt Iaabg, Mr. Hødlgcjkusbg <:,

pist jihbs wbrb aiugd lg k @S@ sbtthbebgt. Sltj k hltthb ciid wlhh sieb riugd ir ivkh struoturbselcjt `b dlstlgculsjbd.

Tjb abw jiusb phkgs arie tj b Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb, suoj ks kt Vistihiprty, Ozbojishivkmlk,kgd Orbstkuhtk, _wltzbrhkgd " , lgdloktb k oigtlgukt lig ia tjb rbotkgcuhkr Hktb Gbihltjlo

_? GG B — __S > Bhp.GGS — __B > Dbvbgtbr.GS — _B > Didbwkkrd, Kgcbhshii.SGS — B_B > Jiicmkrspbh, Bhp , Eihbgkkrscrkka.

<4 Beebrjiut ls tjb girtjwkrd bxtbgslig ia tjb Kgcbhshii bxokvktlig. Qkg dbr Skkhs dbalgbd tjb typb, dktbd

kìut ;466 @.O., kt tjb @rigzb Kcb—Lrig Kcb syepislue kt Kssbg 02/01-2-;<30.<2 Lg tj b aihhiwlgc ighy k cbgbrkh iuthlgb ls clvbg. Gi kt tbe pt ls ekdb ti clvb k oiephbtb rbvlbw ia tjb Gbihltj lokgd Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb jiusbs. Cbgbrkh lgairektlig ig Gbihltjlo kgd @rigzb Kcb jiusbs lg> Pkdlc ;<?6, _tlbrbg ;<?4,@uthbr ;<?:, Ojlhdb ;<4<, @klhhiud & Elbc db @iiazjble ;<22, Krgkh & @urgbz ;<21, _ojhittb ;<2:, Ohkrm ;<12, Vlccitt;<12, Eøhhbr Mkrpb ;<1:, _lepsig (bd.) ;<3;.

<1 Sb gkeb sieb Gbihltjlo ivkh jiusbs ir jiusbs wltj riugd bgds. @yhkgy (Hbgcybh Ouhturb)> Eøhhbr Mkrpb;<1:, gi. 026, bsp. Tka. ;<4 J. ^bgcñvkrmigy (Hbgcybh Ouhturb)> Eøhhbr Mkrp b ;<1: gi. 044, Tka. ;::. Quîbdih> _ojeldt;<42, _ojhbttb ;<2:, ;?3 kgd Tka. :<. Jur`k givk (9) (^sbhlzbr Cruppb, oigtbepirkgbius wltj _tloj`kgdmbrkelj)>

Eøhhbr Mkrpb ;<1:, gi. 023, Tka. ;<1. Ourvbd wkhhs krb wbhh-mgiwg ojkrkotbrlstl os ia kieb_tloj`kgdmbrkelj kgd@issbg jiusbs (Eøhhbr Mkrpb ;<1:, Tka. 0;?, 0?4). K rbekrmk`hb ivkh jiusb phkg wks aiugd kt Slttbgwktbr, Mr. Rbhzbg,Bkst Glbdbrskojsbg (Qiss ;<14). Tjb ;1 Z 1 e. twi-klshbd jiusb wks dlvldbd lgti tjrbb `y twi trkgsvbrsb wkhhs. Tjbjiusb ls dktbd `y ebkgs ia tjb pittbry ti k hktb pjksb ia tjb TP@ Ouhturb. K abw sjbrds wltj oirdig dboirktlig sjiw,jiwbvbr, tjb prbsbgob ia kgitjbr, ugmgiwg bhbebgt.

< ' Mhblg Eblgsdira> _ojwkgtbs ;<?<, 0;;.

6rgb muh> @rigdstb d ;<16, ;3?-;34= @bombr ;<20._ojbhdltz> Kebgdb & Arkubgdir a ;<01.Ekybg> Skcgbr ;<?:.Eøjhjble> Skcgbr ;<?:/'?<.Jkaabg-Ebjr> _tuomekgg ;<;4.

<½ _tlbrbg ;<26, gi. ;14.<< Vistihip rty> _iudsmy ;<2?, Vlccitt ;<12, alc. 1?. Orbstkuhtk> @urmk rt ;<41.



OIGTBZT - JIR_B VHKG_ 0:2

jiusb ia eidbst dlebgsligs lg Obgtrkh Buripb. Khigc tjb Girtj _bk oikst Bhp jiusbs wbrbtjbg ùlht, jiwbvbr ;6¶.

Pbkh pkrkhhbhs air ìtj tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka phkgs eust `b siucjt ig wldbhy sbpkrktbd pilgtslg Sbstbrg Buripb. Lg vlbw ia tjb sokrolty ia ektbrlkh, tjb wldb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb @bhh @bkmbrOuhturb kgd tjb ohbkr ouhturkh oigtkots ivbr higc dlstkgobs, tjls jks git ti `b oigsldbrbdks k dlaalouhty.

Lg Crbkt @rltklg lg rbobgt ybkrs k abw jiusbs jkvb `bbg aiugd. Kt Girtjig, Lshb ia Jkrrls,tjb Jb`rldbs ;6;, kg ivkh jiusb phkg ia < Z 2 e. wks aiugd lg ;<12 lg dugb dbpislts `btwbbg kGbihltjlo kgd kg Lrig Kcb hbvbh= lt wks dktbd `y ebkgs ia sieb Gbombd @bkmbr sjbrds. Tjbwkhh wks airebd ia hiisbhy plhbd stigbs, irlclgkhhy kìut 0 e. jlcj, sjirlgc up tjb skgd iutsldbtjb duc-iut dwbhhlgc. Tjb riia wks suppirtbd `y k gue`br ia pists phkobd kìut ; e. arie tjbwkhh. Tjb ivkh typb ia jiusb ls k airblcg bhbebgt lg Crbkt @rltklg khsi, khtjiucj riugd jiusbsioour tjbrb `bsldb rbotkgcuhkr igbs lg tjb Gbihltjlo ;60. Khtjiucj kìut ;66 diebstlo sltbskrb mgiwg, aurtjbr dktk kìut jiusbs krb rbekrmk`hy abw ;6?. Kt Bkstig Diwg, Slhtsjlrb ;64,tjbrb krb sieb plts, surriugdbd `y pist jihbs, pissl`hy sbksigkh ir tbepirkry dwbhhlgcs ia tjbelgbrs, ia tjb ahlgt elgbs tjbrb. Kt @bhhb Tiut, _ussbx ;62, sekhh riugd juts (dlke. ? e.)kppbkr ti jkvb `bbg ùlht.

Pktjbr hkrcb ivkh jiusbs ioour lg tjb _iutjbrg Arbgoj Ojkhoihltjlo, bspbolkhhy lg tjb Oiu-rigglbg ia Vrivbgob kgd tjb oigtbepirkry Vkstburs dbs Vhktbkux(Aigtùxlbg kgd Abrrbrlbg LL)ia Hkgcubdio. Tjby krb ùlht ia hiisbhy plhbd stigbs, tjb typlokh Ebdltbrrkgbkg trkdltlig,wltj riia oigstruotligs ia dlaabrbgt mlgds> ekdb `y dry oir`bhhlgc ir oigstruotbd arie wiidir wktthb. Tjb jiusbs krb arbb-stkgdlgc ir krb ùlht-ig. Vkrtlouhkrhy air tjb tbojglqub ia hiisbhyplhbd stigbs, tjb riugd kgd ivkh aire ls tjb eist sultbd. L t ls ia lepir tkgob jbrb tj kt tjbsbOjkhoihltjlo criups jkd ouhturkh oigtkots wltj tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Lg kddltlig ti tjbsbhkrcb ivkh jiusbs, sekhh riugd kgd rbotkgcuhkr juts wbrb ùlht ;6 b.

;66 A i r lgstkgob> Plstiat, Sbst Nuthkgd, bsp. jiusb LLL, 06 Z 1 e., Hktb @rigzb Kcb (@bombr ;<1:)= Girddira,

Kggue, ;6 Z 4 e., Bkrhy ir Elddhb @rigzb Kcb (_truvb ;<24).;6; _lepsig ;<11. Vriabssir K. O. Tjieks, Hblobstbr, mlgdhy lgairebd eb kìut ì tj riugd @bhh @bkmbr jiusbs,

bxokvktbd `y hlle kt Cwrh ùg. Katbr tjls pkrt ia tjb ekgusorlpt wks oiephbtbd tjb ìim ia _lepsig (bd.) ;<3; kppbkrbdlg wjloj jb clvbs k oiephbtb kooiugt ia khh @bkmbr jiusbs lg tjb @rltlsj Lshbs. Tjb ioourrbgob ia riugd juts wltj dlk-llM'trls ia up ti tl lg. sbbes «rlh bstk`hlsjbd gbw air tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb.

;60 Ohkrm ;<12, ;?;-;??= _lepsig (bd.) ;<3;, ;?3.;6? Ohkrmb ;<11, ;:;= Ohkrmb ;<36, 02:.;64 _tigb ;<2:, 11 = _lepsig (bd.) ;<3;, ;?2 a., alc. 02 @.;62 @rkdhby ;<36.;61 Kt Tiurbhhbs, Qklhjkuquês, Jìrkuht> twi oiephbtb ivkh jiusbs ebksurlgc ;6 Z 2 kgd ;? Z 2 e., Krgk] &

@urgbx ;<21/'23, :: kgd alc. ?3.?. Kt Okgtb Vbrdrlx, Okhvlssig, Ckrd> twi ivkh ir rbotkgcuhkr (wltj riugdbd oirgbrs)phkgs ia kìut ;2 Z 2 e., Bsokhig db Aigtig ;<1?, 011-01<. Kt Oiqubttb, _t. Ekrtlg-db-Higdrbs, Jìrkuht> sbvbg oiephbtb ir pkrtlkhhy prbsbrvbd phkgs wltj dlebgsligs wltjlg tjb wkhhs> ?-2 `y 3-;? e., Bsokhig db Bigtig ;<1?, 043-04<=;<11, 216-214. Itjbr sltbs sbbe ti clvb hbss dbtklhbd ir hbss rbhlk`hb lgairektlig, suoj ks Ikcglêrb ;<1? (bsp. ?4<-?2?),;<11 (bsp. 163) ig Ekrtlcubs. _ekhh riugd juts kt Aigtìulssb> Hiuls bt kh. ;<43. Tjb airtlaloktligs, rb-usbd ir ekdb`y tj b @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb suoj ks Hbìus (Krgkh & Crkgbh ;<1;, Krgkh & _kgceblstbr ;<1?), Qlhhk Givk db _äi Vbdri(di Vkoi & _kgcebls trr ;<61), ^keùnkh (_kgcebls tbr & _oju `kr t ;<3;) krb hbat iut ia oigsldbrktlig jbrb . Tjby airek sbpkrktb ojkptbr lg ùlhdlgc trkdltligs. Lt ls dlaalouht ti bstk`hlsj wjbtjbr tjby lgahubgobd tjb oieeig ùlhdlgctrkdltligs, kgd la si ti wjkt dbcrbb.



0:1 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Oigohuslig

Sjbg wb vbgturb ti sueekrlzb tjbsb sokgty dktk, tjb alrst gitbwirtjy pilgt ls tjb hkomia jiusbs durlgc tjb wjihb @bkmbr pbrlid lg Girtj-wbstbrg Buripb. Kt tjb bgd aklrhy hkrcb riugdivkh jiusbs kppbkr ti ioour kt vkrlius phkobs, lg kddltlig ti tjb sokttbrbd algds ia sekhh juts.

Dibs tjls aire dbvbhip arie succbstbd tbgts ia tjb prbobdlgc @bkmbr criups, ir jks lt dbvbhipbd arie tjb sekhh riugd juts ia tjb Ebdltbrrkgbkg krbk 9

Lg iur oiugtry tjb hkrcb Bhp typb, euoj `bttbr sultbd ti wiid oigstruotlig, dbvbhipbdqulomhy, ùt lt ls hleltbd ti tjb dlstrlots khigc tjb Girtj _bk oikst ia Jihhkgd ti Dbgekrm.Lg Crbkt @rltklg tjb dbvbhipebgt tiim kg bgtlrbhy dlaabrbgt oiursb, tiwkrds k typb ia riugdjut;6 3 , wjloj khsi okeb ti `b usbd lg tjb _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds durlgc tjb Elddhb @rigzbKcb. Lg Obgtrkh Buripb tjb sekhh, rbotkgcuhkr, twi-klshbd jiusb ia tjb Hktb Gbihltjlo rbeklgbdlg usb durlgc tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb.

4.<.0.?. Tjb plts

Tjb sekhh riugd plts krb k oieeig abkturb ia (Hktb) @bkmbr sbtthbebgt sltbs, khtjiucj tjbykrb git rbstrlotbd ti sbtthbebgts ia tjls pbrlid. Vlts ia tjls typb wbrb aiugd air lgstkgob kt Kghikgd _ojlpìrc (@S@);6 :. Kt Bhp (E@K);6 < slelhkr plts ioour lgsldb tjb jiusbs. Khtjiucj tjbsbplts sbbe ti jkvb phkybd k obrtklg rihb lg tjb sbtthbebgt, tjblr augotlig ls ugohbkr.

K sboigd typb ia plt, kssiolktbd wltj `bkmbr sbtthbebgts (ùt khsi git rbstrlotbd ti tjbsb)krb tjb wldb jirsbsjib-sjkpbd dbprbssligs. Tjbsb wbrb aiugd kt Kghi, Kgcbhshii, _ojlpìrc,Bbsbrvbhd kgd Jkps g i , ùt khsi lg tjb @kgdobrkelo obebtbry ia Bhshii h u . Kìut augotligkgd irlclg ia tjbsb plts tjbrb ls stlhh euoj dlsousslig. Eiddbrekg succbstbd tjkt tjby elcjtekrm tjb phkobs ia upriitbd trbbs.

4.<.?. TJB _BTTHBEBGT ALGD_

4.<.?.;. Tjb @bhh @bkmbr pittbry

Tjb typihicy kgd tjb rbhktligs ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lg tjls oiugtry jkvb khrbkdy`bbg dbsorl`bd sbvbrkh tlebs kgd lg bxtbgsi, pkrtlouhkrhy `y Qkg dbr Skkhs ;;0. Jbrb wb pripisbti ekmb ighy k abw rbekrms kgd air tjb rbst ti rbabr tjb rbkdbr ti tjbsb pu`hloktligs.

@btwbbg kìut 0666 kgd ;366 @.O. tjb lepirtkgt hiokh criup ia Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrsdbvbhipbd kgd ahiurlsjbd lg tjb obgtrkh Gbtjbrhkgds. Bhsbwjbrb, bspbolkhhy lg tjb privlgob iaDrbgtjb, tjb bvihutlig wks hbss spbotkouhkr kgd hbd ti kgitjbr hiokh criup wltj aires kgddboirktlig ia k eirb slephb kppbkrkgob.

l½9 Air bxkephb> Ltaird Jlhh (@urstiw & Jihhbyekg ;<23), Tjirgy Diwg (_tigb ;<4;)= Aix ;<14, :1 a.

"7: Sktbrìhm ;<16, 30-34= Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10, alcs. ;1, ?6.;6< Sktbrìhm ;<14, air lgstkgob tjb jiusbs 2 kgd ;0.

lh½ Sktbrìhm ;<16, :<= Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<12k, ½, ;<10, 040 a.= Qkg ^blst ;<1:, 16 = Qbrwbrs ;<30, ;;-;0.

ul Eiddbrekg ;<36, 30-3?.lh 0 @ursoj ;<??, Qkg dbr Skkhs & Chks`brcbg ;<22, ;<2<, Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<14½, @uthbr & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<11.



OIGTBZT - VITTBP\ 0:3

Tjlg- kgd tjlom-wkhhbd @@ pittbry okg `b dlstlgculsjbd. Qbrhlgdb ;;? alxbd tjb dlvldlgchlgb kt kìut 2 ee. Eist crkvb pitt bry ls tjlg-wkhhbd. Tjlom-wkhhbd pit tbry ls rkrbhy aiugdlg eirb ir hbss oiephbtb plbobs. Lt pri`k`hy oiebs arie hkrcbr `bkmbrs (b.c. tjb Driuwbg`bkmbr) R4. Lg sbtthbebgts suoj ks kt Ebbrhi Jbktj lt ls euoj eirb oieeig. Sb jkvb git

ekdb tjls dlstlgotlig, ùt ìtj sirts ioour kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ;;2

.K criup ia "Jy`rld @bkmbrs" oie`lgbs tjb ojkrkotbrlstlos ia @bhh @bkmbrs kgd tjb ihdbr

Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbrs (VA@). Khtjiucj tjby wbrb irlclgkhhy oigsldbrbd ti `b k elxbdaire kgd wbrb phkobd hktbr tjkg tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbrs, ;4O-dktbs giw privb kg ihdbr kcb.Tjb ldbk tjkt tjby krb airbruggbrs ia tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbrs kgd bvbg lgtbrebdlktb `btwbbgtjbsb kgd Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbrs sbbes giw ti jkvb euoj rbksig.

_jbrds ia Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbrs krb bgtlrbhy hkomlgc lg tjb algd criup kt Eihbgkkrscrkka,ks ls tjb oksb wltj tjb Khh Ivbr Oird @bkmbr (Qkg dbr Skkhs typb 0 LL `). Tjbrb krb, jiwbvbr, k abwsjbrds wjloj eky oieb arie 0 L L k `bkmbrs kgd arie Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbrs ;;1. Tjb arkcebgtkryojkrkotbr ia tjb ektbrlkh, jiwbvbr, dibs git pbrelt ia kgy obrtklgty lg suoj kg kttrlùtlig.Tjb sjbrds oiuhd nust ks wbhh jkvb airebd pkrt ia tjb dboirktlvb eitlas ia hktbr @bhh @bkmbrs.

Eirbivbr, tjb prbsbgob ia k abw typihiclokhhy bkrhy sjbrds dibs git privb kg bkrhy iooupktlig,slgob sieb krojklo bhbebgts okg khwkys ioour lg hktbr diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs ;;3. Khtjiucj iooupktlig lg Eihbgkkrscrkka lg tjb skld pbrlid (kìut 0;66-;<66 @.O. lg ;4O-ybkrs) ls ughlmbhyair cbihiclokh rbksigs, wb okggit bgtlrbhy bxohudb tjls lg vlbw ia tjb arkcebgtkry ojkrkotbria tjb pittbry ;;:.

Lt ls ohbkr arie tjb vkrlbty ia eitlas usbd tjkt tjb ektbrlkh ls ojlbahy arie hktb @bhh @bkmbrs.Sb okg pilgt iut k abw sjbrds tjkt eust jkvb oieb arie rbkh Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs, ìtj keigctjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg algds kgd tjisb arie tjb plt alhhlgcs ;;<, si tjkt tjb dbslcgktlig "Qbhuwb@bhh @bkmbr kssiolktlig" ls nustlalbd. Tjls ls oigalrebd `y twi akots.

Alrst, tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs krb dlstrlùtbd ivbr k wldbr krbk tjkg ebrbhy tjb Qbhuwbdlstrlot. Lg kgy oksb wb eust lgohudb lg lt tjb "Plnm vkg Glnebcbg" jlhhs (Glnebcbg, Slnojbg,_t.-Skhrlom), Girtj Hleùrc (Ebbrhi), tjb girtjbrg pkrt ia Girtj @rk`kgt (Ouym, Jkps, Iss),tjb Rtrbojt jlhhs (Pjbgbg, Hbbrsue, Ekkrs`brcbg, Jbt Ciil) kgd tjb oikstkh krbk (Eigstbr,Elngsjbrbghkgd) ;0¶. Tjb cbicrkpjlokh pisltlig tjbrbairb nustlalbs iur kssueptlig ia k Q@@kssiolktlig. _boigd, tjb `bkmbr arie crkvb L ls k cbgulgb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr (oa. p. ?6;).

';? Qbrhlgdb ;<3;.;; 4 Eiddbrekg ;<3;.;; 1 Air lgstkgob alc. 33, gi. ?62/?63 (tjlom), gi. 0;6 (tjlg-wkhhbd).;;;; Mir lgstkgob alc. :; , ;st riw gis. 0 kgd 1 arie tjb hbat, ?rd riw gis. ; kgd 2 arie tjb hbat. Alc. :1, `ksb sjb rd

gi. ;<4 kgd gi. ??:.;;3 Ohkrmb ;<11, ;:;, ;:?.;;: Kt kgy rktb tjb sbtthbebgt jks k tbrelgus pist qubrg ia kìut 0666 @.O. air cbihiclokh rbksigs (oa. p. <3).;; < Air lgst kgob alc. :;, ;st riw tjb tjlrd arie tjb hbat kgd tj b rle kgd `ksb sjbrd lg tjb 0gd riw. Alc. :1 gis.

0;6 kgd ?62/?63.

"I Oa. ekp lg Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<14½ (alc. ;?).Glnebcbg Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?.Slnojbg @ursoj ;<??, Tka. LL-0, ;;;-;0, ;?, ;2, ;1._t.-Suh llm Cribgekg-vkg Skktbr lgcb ;<11½.

Ebblhg Qorwors ;<14.

Ouym @ickbrs ;<13.



0:: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Ti sueekrlzb, wb pripisb tjkt tjb @bhh @bkmbr pittbry kt Eihbgkkrscrkka eky `b okhhbdk Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr kssiolktlig kgd tjkt bkrhy @bhh @bkmbr bhbebgts okggit `b dbeigstrktbdig kooiugt ia tjb arkcebgtkry ojkrkotbr ia tjb ektbrlkh.

4.<.?.0. @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr pittbry

Tjb @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr pittbry wks alrst oieprbjbgslvbhy dbsorl`bd `y Eiddbrekg ;0;,katbr jls algds ig tjb Ekrclngbg Bgm gbkr Dbvbgtbr. Lg rbobgt ybkrs lt jks kriusbd bspbolkhlgtbrbst, ks okg `b sbbg arie tjb pu`hloktligs ia Sktbrìhm, @hibebrs, Hkgtlgc kgd Qbrhlgdb ;00 .Lg vlbw ia tjbsb studlbs tjbrb ls gi pilgt lg dbkhlgc kt hbgctj wltj @S@ pittbry jbrb. Sboigalgb iursbhvbs ti k rbsueb kgd k abw kddltligs ti pilgts dlsoussbd lg tjb kìvb-ebgtligbdpu`hloktligs.

Oigsldbrk`hb oigauslig prbvklhs kìut tjb oirrbot tbrelgihicy ia tjb vkrlius dboirktlvbtbojglqubs wjloj hbd ti @S irgkebgtktlig. Rgairtugktbhy tjb irlclgkh kgd eist koourktbdbsorlptlig `y Eiddbrekg (vlz.> tjrbkd-wiugd stkep dboirktbd `bkmbr pittbry) jks gbvbr`bbg tkmbg lgti cbgbrkh usb, ùt jks `bbg rbphkobd `y k slephbr, ùt hbss sjkrphy dbalgbd

dbslcgktlig.Tjb eist lepirtkgt ojkrkotbrlstlos ia tjb @S@ pittbry krb jbrb dbsorl`bd>— Dboirktlig wltj k tjrbkd-wiugd stkep, prbdielgkgthy wltj k rlcld oirb, siebtlebs

oie`lgbd wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs (lg Q-eitla, vbrtlokh ir jirlzigtkh), rkrbhy wltj oirdleprbssligs, criivbs ir leprbssligs ia k dbgtktbd spktuhk.

— Tjb dielgktlgc eitla ls tjb jirlzigtkh ir shlcjthy i`hlqub hlgb rugglgc riugd tjb pit._urriugdlgc `kgds ia igb ir k abw zlczkc hlgbs, siebtlebs wltj vbrtlokh leprbssligs, krboieeig. Twi-tjlrds ir tjb wjihb ia tjb pit ls dboirktbd.

— Vbouhlkrltlbs wjloj ioour krb> oirdigbd rles, pbrairktligs `bhiw tjb rle kgd vbryrkrbhy k `lc bkr (ighy wltj sekhh `bkmbrs) ir dboirktlig ig tjb lggbrsldb ia tjb rle. K gue`bria `bkmbrs jkvb ojkggbhbd dboirktlig lgstbkd ia @S leprbssligs, khtjiucj lg khh itjbr rbspbots

tjby krb ldbgtlokh, pkrtlouhkrhy lg tjb eitlas usbd, tjb oie`lgktlig wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs,tjb wirmekgsjlp kgd tjb vkrlktlig lg aires.

— K dlstlgotlig eust `b ekdb `btwbbg sekhh `bkmbrs kgd hkrcb pits. Tjb hkttbr iatbgjkvb k jbkvy aiit wltj k ìwh-sjkpbd (oigokvb) lggbr prialhb. Tjb hkrcb pits iatbg jkvb kjlcj `bhhy kgd kg koobgtuktbd gbom `bgd.

Jkps Qbrwbrs ;<30.Iss Rursoj ;<?3.Pjbgbg Qkg dbr Skkhs & Chks`brcbg ;<2<, alc. 06 = Hkg tlgc & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<3;, gitb ;1.Hbbrsue hhbu slgm ;<1?, ;<13.

Ekkrs`brcbg Hkgtlgc & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<3;.Jbt Ciil (Jlhvbrsue) Pbei uojk eps ;<0:, @ursoj ;<?2.Eigstbr _tuu rekg ;<12, Chks`brcbg & Kddlgm _kephiglus ;<12.

Elngsjbrbghkgd Qbrwbrs ;<1:.Lg Cbrekgy Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs krb aiugd ks akr ks tjb Gbuwlbd @kslg. Oa. S. Mbrstbg ;<?:, gitb ;;. Kg

kddltligkh algd> Vlbpbrs ;<30 (@irgjble).;0 ; Eiddbrekg ;<22"= sbb khsi Eiddbrekg ;<24, ;<2<`, ;<2<¶.

;00 Skt br` ihm ;<2<, L<16, 3?-3 4= ;<14½= @hibebrs ;<1:, Hkg tlg c ;<1<½. Qbrhlgdb ;< 3;= sbb khsi L. A. _el tj

;<22 bsp. <-;6= Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10, Ohkrmb ;<36, bsp. ekp alc. Z kt p. ;?1.



OIGTBZT - VITTBP\ 0:<

— Tjb wirmekgsjlp ls slcglalokgthy lgabrlir ti tjkt ia tjb prbobdlgc `bkmbr typbs.Air tbepbrlgc stigb crlt (piugdbd crkgltb) ls eist iatbg usbd.

— Lt ls pissl`hb ti dlstlgculsj k typihiclokh sbqubgob lg wjloj okrbauhhy dboirktbd plbobs,wltj ohisbhy wiugd stkeps, krb tjb ihdbst, kgd okrbhbsshy dboirktbd pittbry, wltj wldbhy wiugd

stkeps, tjb hktbst. Tjb yiugcbst kppbkrs ti `b tjb criup ia jirlzigtkh ir i`hlqub stkepleprbssligs lg vbrtlokh riws.Tjb @S@ pittbry wks dktbd `y Eiddbrekg ti tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb ks k dlrbot suoobssir

ia tjb pittbry ia tjb "trub @bkmbr Ouhturbs" (l.b. tjb Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr kgd @bhh @bkmbrOuhturbs). Tjls dktlgc wks oigalrebd `y gbw bvldbgob, pu`hlsjbd `y Sktbrìhm. Hkgtlgc rbobgthy sueekrlzbd tjb kvklhk`hb dktlgc lgairektlig kgd ohklebd tjkt lt sjiwbd k dktlgc `btwbbg;:66 kgd ;466 @.O. ;0?. Tjls lephlbs kg ivbrhkpplgc ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ig tjb igb jkgdkgd tjb Bkrhy Jlhvbrsue Ouhturb ig tjb itjbr. Tjb hkom ia ohisbd algds kgd algd-kssiolktligsls k aireldk`hb jkgdlokp air k ciid dktlgc.

Tjb `bst krcuebgt air tjb oigtkot wltj tjb @bhh @bkmbrs ls tjb bxlstbgob ia k criup iaia sekhh `bkmbrs iooupylgc kg lgtbrebdlktb pisltlig `y tjblr aire kgd tjb dboirktlig tbojglqubs

bephiybd

;04

. Tjb oigtkot wltj tjb Jlhvbrsue pits ls lhhustrk tbd `bst `y tjb pit arie Qirstbg-ìsoj, dktbd `y k `rigzb plg ti tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb ;02.Lg oiggbotlig wltj jls bxokvktligs ig tjb Ebbrhi Jbktj, Qbrhlgdb bxkelgbd ;? diebstlo

kssbe`hkcbs lg wjloj @bhh @bkmbr sjbrds ioour. Ighy lg twi oksbs di @S@ sjbrds kppbkr ti`b "struoturkhhy" elsslgc (l.b. lg spltb ia suaalolbgt sjbrds). Jb oigohudbd arie tjls tjkt ohisbhywiugd @S@ pittbry (ia wjloj jls algds kppbkrbd lg tjb eklg ti oigslst) kgd tjb Hktb @bhh@bkmbrs wbrb oigtbepirkry ;01. _ieb okutlig kppbkrs ti `b gbobsskry jbrb, jiwbvbr, air eirbtjkg jkha ia tjb studlbd algd-criups krb ihd kektbur oihhbotligs. Lt ls prbolsbhy tjb eist rbobgt,okrbauhhy bxokvktbd algd-criups tjkt lgdloktb tjkt tjb @@ kgd @S@ bhbebgts di git cbgbrkhhyci ticbtjbr ;03.

K sekhh algd-criup kt Qhkkrdlgcbg oigslstbd bxohuslvbhy ia bkrhy (E)@@ ektbrlkh. Kt Iistwiud E@@ kgd Q@@ ioourrbd ticbtjbr, Didbwkkrd kgd Jkps rbvbkhbd ighy Q@@ sjbrds, kdbpislt kt Qbhsbg kgd k criup ia riugd plts kt Kghi ighy @S@ sjbrds ;0:. Lt ls i`vlius tjkt lgkgy oksb wb krb oigobrgbd wltj ìtj k purb Q@@ pbrlid kgd k pbrlid lg wjloj wldbhy wiugd`kr`bd wlrb wks usbd bxohuslvbhy. @itj elcjt `b sbpkrktbd `y k pbrlid lg wjloj hktb @bhh@bkmbrs kgd ohisbhy wiugd @kr`bd Slrb dboirktlig ci ticbtjbr. Lg tjls rbspbot wb kcrbbwltj Qbrhlgdb tjkt tjb ldbgtlokh dlstrlùtlig pkttbrgs ia tjb @@, @S@ (khh ohisbhy wiugd,wltj igb bxobptlig) kgd Vit @bkmbr sjbrds lg tjb bxokvktlig ig tjb Ebbrhi Jbktj suppirts

;0>; Eiddbrekg ;<22½, bsp. 40= Sktbrìhm ;<16, N. G. Hkgtlgc ;<1<.;04 Sb gkeb tjb `bkmbrs arie Dlbvbr, Beebg, Drln`br (Eiddbrekg ;<22k, VH LL), [ubrbgstbdb, Mr. Keebrhkgd

(îhhbr ;<1?), Jbbm, Mr. Kjkus (Qiss ;<13, Tka. ;3.;6= Kh`rbojt ;<?4, ;?2, Tka. ;<.0), I`brblgzlgcbg, Mr. Akhhlgcìstrh(Kseus ;<24).

;02 Eiddbrekg ;<2<¶. Itjbr algds ia @S-dboirktlig ig JQ_ pits krb> Slnojbg (Chks`brcbg ;<24, alc. 1?.?),Qicbhbgzkgc (Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11` kgd iwg i`sbrvktligs).

;01 Qbrhlgdb ;<3;, 46-4;.;03 Sb eus t rbkhlzb tj kt tjb ihd kek tbur oihhbotligs krb lgsuaalolbgthy diouebg tbd, bspbolkhhy ks akr ks tjb algd

spit ls oigobrgbd. Igb "sltb" elcjt lgohudb ektbrlkh arie vkrlius sbtthbebgts.

;0: Oa. p. 0<? kgd tjb hlt. oltbd tjbrb.



0<6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

tjb oigtbepirkgblty ia tjbsb tjrbb criups ia pittbry tjbrb. @ut ti wjkt bxtbgt jkvb prbsbrvktlig oigdltligs lgahubgobd tjb prbsbgt dlstrlùtlig 9

Sjkt ls tjb typihiclokh kgd ojrigihiclokh pisltlig ia tjb @ S@ pit tbry ia Eihbgkkrscrkka 9Lg tjb sbtthbebgt sltb wldbhy wiugd stkeps prbdielgktb, khtjiucj ohisbhy wiugd stkeps

krb iooksligkhhy aiugd

;0<

, ùt tjbrb ls gi trkob ia tjb vbrtlokh riws ia jirlzigtkh leprbssligs.Tjb hkst @S@ pjksb ls tjbrbairb k`sbgt kgd tjb elddhb pjksb dielgktbs. Tjb ohisbhy wiugdleprbssligs rbprbsbgt bltjbr kg iooupktlig `btwbbg pjksb ; kgd pjksb 0, oigtbepirkry wltjtjb obebtbry (!), ir tjby aire kg krojklo bhbebgt durlgc pjksb 0.

Tjb @S@ sjbrds arie tjb cuhhy khh jkvb leprbssligs arie wldbhy wiugd stkeps. Tjb@S@ kssiolktlig airelgc pjksb 0 ls tjbrbairb oigtbepirkry wltj tjb @S@ hkybr kt Qbhsbgkgd tjb sekhh riugd plts kt Kghi. Obrtklghy, wjbg wb kdd k gue`br ia @S@ sjbrds arie tjbsbtthbebgt sltb, lt kppbkrs ti `b k ojkrkotbrlstlo algd-criup ia tjls pbrlid lg wjloj khh typihiclokh bhbebgts krb prbsbgt.

4.:.?.?. Vit @bkmbrs

Vit @bkmbrs krb up ti 26 oe. lg jblcjt, rbhktlvbhy tjlg-wkhhbd (3-;; ee.), rlojhy dboirktbdpits, wltj k ojkrkotbrlstlokhhy eirb ir hbss prigiugobd ziglgc ia tjb dboirktlig ;?6. Twi aire-typbs okg `b dlstlgculsjbd> tjb Gbombd Vit @bkmbr wltj k prigiugobd gbom `bgd kgd k typbwltj kg _-prialhb, wjloj Hbjekgg dlvldbs lgti twi typbs ig dboirktlvb criugds> tjb TruepbtVit @bkmbr kgd tjb @bhtbd Vit @bkmbr, Tjb dktlgc ia tjb Vit @bkmbrs eust `b dbtbrelgbd `ytypihiclokh krcuebgts kgd `y ipbg kssiolktligs, ks ohisbd algds wltj Vit @bkmbrs krb vbryrkrb ;?;. Qbrhlgdb ;?0 rbobgthy kgd nustlalk`hy dlsputbd Hbjekgg's dktlgcs= priduolgc kephbkrcuebgts jb pripisbd tjkt wb sjiuhd ksslcg khh Vit @bkmbrs ti tjb pbrlid ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh@bkmbr. Tjb rbhktligsjlp `btwbbg tjb Gbombd Vit @bkmbr kgd tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr okggit`b dbglbd. Tjb _-prialhbd Vit @bkmbr sjiws, jiwbvbr, k gue`br ia pilgts ia slelhkrlty ti tjbhkrcb @S@ pits> tjb aire, tjb sekhh aiit, tjb jihbs ugdbr tjb rle kgd tjb dboirktlig pkttbrg.

Sb wiuhd drkw kttbgtlig ti tjb vkcub ìugdkry `btwbbg Gbombd kgd _-prialhbd Vit @bkmbrs.Lg akot, k oigtlguius typihiclokh sbrlbs okg `b pripisbd, ia wjloj tjb Vit @bkmbrs ia Qbhp kgdJulgbg ig tjb igb jkgd, kgd tjisb ia Drlbsojb @brc kgd Bdb ig tjb itjbr, krb tjb bxtrbebs ;??.

;0< Ia. gitb 0:.;? 6 Hbjekgg ;<12 ckvb k rbvlbw ia tjb Dutoj V it @bk mbrs= hktbr algds krb pu`hlsjbd `y Hbjekgg ;<14,;<13k, ` ,o ,

Juhst ;<12/'11, ;<36, Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<13, ;<3?. Air k dbtklhbd ojkrkotbrlstlo ia Vit @bkmbrs sbb Hbjekgg ;<12,aurtjbr Eiddbrekg ;<22`, Qbrhlgdb ;<3; kgd tjb hltbrkturb oltbd tjbrb.

;? ; Igb ohisbd algd ls tjb Glnebcbg Vit @bkmbr (Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?). Khh itjbr kssiolktligs krb hbss ohisbd,wltj tjb bxobptlig ia tjb obgtrkh crkvb ia k `krriw kt Bdb. Tjb Vit @bkmbr (Hbjekgg ;<12, gi. ?= @ursoj ;<??,2:) aiugd tjbr b hky iutsldb tjb `krriw, ù t tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr lg tjb obgtrkh crkvb oigtklgbd k sjbrd arie

kgitjbr Vit @bkmbr. Tjb Vit @bkmbr aiugd `bhiw tjb `krriw kt Jkgbgdirp gbkr Qkkssbg (Hbjekgg ;<12, gi. ;=Jihwbrdk & Bvbhblg ;<;;, 00, ka`. 03-0:) jks gi dlrbot kssiolktlig wltj tj b ohuesy `bkmbr (wltj @S leprbssligs !)aiugd lg tjb obgtrb. Tjls `bkmbr eist pri`k`hy `bhigcs ti k sboigdkry crkvb kgd si aires k tbrelgus kgtb qubrg.

;? 0 Qbrhlgdb ;<3;, ?:.;? ? Qbhp> Juhst ;<12/'11, ;<36= Julgbg> Hbjekgg ;<12, gi. ;6= Drlbsojb @brc> Hbjekgg ;<13¶= Bdb> Hbjekgg

;<12, gi. ?. Lgtbrebdlktb aires `btwbbg tjb Gbombd kgd tjb _-prialhbd Vit @bkmbrs krb lg iur iplglig tjb Vit @bkmbrsHbjekgg ;<12 gis. 4, 2 kgd ;3 kgd tjb spbolebg arie _pbuhdb (Hbjekgg ;<14).



OIGTBZT - VITTBP\ 0<;

Vit @bkmbrs krb tjb sjiw plbobs ia tjb diebstlo pittbry. Tjkt wb pissbss suoj k hkrcb gue`br (kìut ;2) ia eirb ir hbss oiephbtb bxkephbs ia tjbsb hkrcb pits ls `bokusb tjby wbrb dbhl`brktbhy ùrlbd. La tjb algd olrouestkgobs krb wbhh diouebgtbd, tjby kppbkr ti jkvb `bbg ùrlbdrbvbrtbd. Tjb arbqubgt k`sbgob ia ìtties kcrbbs wltj tjls ;?4. Eirbivbr, wjihb pits ir hkrcbplbobs ia pits krb rbcuhkrhy aiugd lg ir gbkr ùrlkh eiugds ir crkvbs ;?2. Git ighy `y tjblrbxtbrgkh kppbkrkgob ir aire, ùt khsi `bokusb ia tjbsb algd olrouestkgobs ;?1, Vit @bkmbrs,

Plbsbg`bojbr, kgd hkrcb @S@ pits aire igb criup, wjloj wb okg gkeb ticbtjbr "@bkmbrVits" ;?3. @y tjblr oigobgtrktlig ig tjb Qbhuwb tjb Vit @bkmbrs aire k rbcligkh criup wjlojokg `b hlgmbd wltj tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs. Ks ls tjb oksb wltj tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs, tjbyiibgr, jiwbvbr, lg sekhh gue`brs (khsi ks sjbrds lg diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs) lg k euoj hkrcbrkrbk ;?:.

Tjb purpisb ia tjb alrst typb ia ùrlkh (wltj rbvbrtbd pits) ls lhhustrktbd `y tjb algd ia

;?; Tjls ls tjb oksb wltj tjb Vi t @bkmbrs arie tjb TNddbhbrebbr (Jihwbrdk ;<6<, p. ?< kgd ka`. ZLQ, lg sltu pjiticrkpj lg tjb PEI krojlvb), Drlbsojb @brc (Hbjekgg ;<13¶, Juhst ;<36), Brebhi (Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<13½, Juhst;<36) kgd Qbhp (Juhst ;<12/'11, ;<36).

;?1 Vit @bumbrs gbkr, ugdbr ir lg `krriws>Bdb (@ursoj ;<??, 21, VL. Q. 1= Hbje kgg ;<12, gi. ?).Jkgbgdi rp (Jihwbrdk & Bvbhblg ;<;;, 00, ka`. 0:= Hbjekgg ;<12, gi. ;).TNddbhbrebbr (Jihwbrdk ;<6<, ?<, ka`. ZLQ= Hbjekgg ;<12, gi. ;;).Drlbsojb @brc (Hbjekgg ;<13).Glnebcbg (Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?).

;?1 Hkrcb @S pits ùrlbd upsldb diwg>Db Qhbddors> Sktbr` ihm ;<2<, ;<<-0;6.

Ø`koj-Vkhbg`brc> @iggbr Nkjr `øoj br ;13, ;<13, 4;:-4;<.Hkrcb @S pits kssiolktbd wltj `krriws>

_tbcbrbgsb Qbhd, Ieebg> @ursoj ;<??, 26, Tka. Q. 0= Eiddbrekg ;<22, alc. ;.Brebhisb Jbldb, `krriw LL Eiddbrekg ;<24, ?<.(khsi Q kgd ZQL)>

j'lololl`ghtbr ùrlbd upsldb diwg>Hbusdbr Jbl> Eiddbrekg ;<22¶, 46.Kkhdbg> Eiddbrekg ;<23.

Bojt > @hibebrs ;<3;._bb khsi tjb gitbs ;?<, ;40, ;44.

;?3 w 6 e u s t khsi lgohudb lg tjls criup ia "@bk mbr Vi ts" > tjb Bgchlsj hkrcb "rus tlo ktbd " @bkmbr vbssbhs (Ohkrmb

;<36, alcs. ;;?, ;0?-;01, ;0<, 0?6, ?11, ?13, <;2, <;1)= tj b hkrcb Bkrh y @rigz b Kcb pit s arie Dbg ek rm (Chi` ;<20, gis

211-23?= Ekcgussig ;<4:/'4<) kgd tjb hkrcb `bkmbr s arie tjb Pjl gb dlstrlo t (_kgceblst br ;<2;, :6 kgd Tka. L. ;1=

Mistbr ;<12/ '11, Tka. ;1.0, ;1.4= Plqu bt bt kh. ;<1?, alc. ;<.4, 06 .? = ûes tblg ;<11, ;?0 (sjbrds ighy). Tjb Du to j Vi t

@bkmbrs aire k (rbekrmk`hb) pkrt ia tjls criup.

;?: XXX. e h h : t strbss jbrb tjkt tjb ekp `y Hbjekgg (;<12) ighy clvbs tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb eirb ir hbss oiephbtb

Vit @bkmbrs kgd si ia tjb jk`lt ti ùry tjbsb air k spbolkh rbksig. @ut tjls jk`lt jks jkd k wldbr dlstrlùtlig> iutsldb

tjls oiugtry k abw oiephbtb trub Vit @bkmbrs wbrb aiugd> lg @bhclue, khigc tjb Hiwbr Pjlgb kgd lg Bkst Bgchkgd>

Hieebh> Ekrlbg ;<20, alc. ;?4.3.

Slggbmbgdigm, Cbhdbrg> Cbsojwbgt ;<16, Tka. < & arigtlsplbob= khsi @iggbr Nkj rù oj ;42, ;<46,0;: kgd Tka. 43.0.

@b`rk> Rbgzb ;<1;, gi. ;, Tka. ;.

Gbu stk dt, Mr . Arlzhkr> Rbgzb ;<1;, .411. ;, Tka. ?½ / ` .

Vrblst , Mr. @ltùrc> Gkojrlojtbg`hktt aør Dbutsojb Qirzblt ;2, ;<?<, 024, Tka. 12.;.

Cøtbrshij> Hkgcb ;<2<.

Brhb, Mr. Pbomhlgcjkusbg> Cøgtjbr ;<16, @lhd ?1.

Bgc hkg d> Hbj ekg g ;<13", Ohkrmb ;<36.



0<0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

k hkrcb ugdboirktbd pit kt Ebtzbgdira/Sixdira ;?< . Tjb pit, lg lts aire ldbgtlokh wltj tjb hkrcb@S@ pits, wks phkobd ivbr k dlsj wltj @S dboirktlig ;46. Tjb bgohisbd riie wks lgtkot ksk okvlty, lg wjloj k smuhh hylgc ig tjb dlsj wks pbrabothy prbsbrvbd. K oiepkrk`hb lgtbrebgt iak smuhh wltj k hkrcb pit rbhktbd ti tjb @S@ pittb ry ls mgiwg ti us arie tjb itjbr bxt rbeltyia tjb dlstrlùtlig krbk (Hhkgoklojlska, Chkeirckg, Skhbs) ;4 ;. Sb di git mgiw, jiwbvbr,wjbtjbr tjb pit wks phkobd `bsldb ir ivbr tjb smuhh. Lg k ahlgt elgb sjkat kt Algdig, _ussbx, khkrcb pit wltj oirdbgbd rle kgd @S@ leprbssligs lg zigbs wks lgvbrtbd ivbr k orbektlig ;40 .Tjls kppbkrs ti ioour eirb arbqubgthy lg Bgchkgd. _iig katbrwkrds lt `bokeb k vbry oieeigtypb ia lgtbrebgt;4 ?. K ùrlkh oiepkrk`hb wltj tjisb kt Algdig kgd Sixdira ls tjb orbektliglg k hktb _ojgurmbrkelm `bkmbr, pritbotbd `y kg lgvbrtbd ugdboirktbd Plbsbg`bojbr, arie tjb"Gbihltjlo urgalbhd" kt _kgdb ;44 . Vit @bkmbrs, tjbrbairb, elcjt jkvb `bbg ùrlbd upsldb-diwgks k pritbotlig ia pkrtlkh lgtbrebgts, b.c. ighy tjb smuhh ir itjbr pkrts ia tjb ìdy (sbb khsip. ?;0).

Ks Vit @bkmbrs eky `bkr ivbr euoj ia tjblr surakob k aklrhy hiisb kgdugzigbd dboirktlig,lt ls git bksy ti ekmb k pbrobgtkcb bstlektb ia tjb pripirtlig ia Vit @bkmbrs lg diebstlokssbe`hkcbs. Tjb dlebgsligs ia tjb sjbrds khsi phky k pkrt lg tjls.

Ighy k abw sjbrds arie Eihbgkkrscrkka okg `b ktrlùtbd ti Vit @bkmbrs `y rbksig ia tjblrdboirktlig. Tjbsb krb sieb sjbrds `bkrlgc dboirktlig typb @ ;42. Tjkt Vit @bkmbr sjbrds khsiioour lg M, C kgd L sbbes hlmbhy, ùt okggit `b privbd. Ighy igb sjbrd ;41, aiugd ticbtjbr wltjk abw itjbrs arie tjb skeb pit, sjiws k Gbombd Vit @bkmbr-hlmb prialhb. Tjb dboirktlig, jiwbvbr, ls tii okrbhbss kgd tjb wkhh tii tjlom air k cbgulgb Vit @bkmbr. Tjb algds arie tjb plts krbsi sokgty tjkt tjb hkom ia Vi t @bkmbrs gbbd git kriusb surprlsb, ùt tjbl r k`sbgob lg tjb cuhhyalhhlgc sbbes ti us ti `b slcglalokgt. Vit @bkmbrs kppkrbgthy di git (kgy higcbr) `bhigc ti tjls@S@ kssiolktlig. Tjb sekhh gue`br ia Vit @bkmbr sjbrds kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls pri`k`hy tjbrbsuht ia tjb prbpigdbrkgob ia ektbrlkh arie pjksbs 0 kgd ?.

4.<.?.4. Diebstlo pittbry

Tjb hkrcbst pkrt ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka pittbry dibs git `bhigc ti kgy ia tjb prbvliushydbsorl`bd criups. Tjb sjbrds krb tjisb ia pits wjloj wb mgiw, lg tjbl r oiephbtb aires, ks Plbsbg`bojbr kgd sekhh rustloktbd `bkmbrs, ùt eklghy ks sjbrds arie diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs.Euoj hbss kttbgtlig jks `bbg dbvitbd ti tjb hkttbr tjkg ti crkvb pittbry. Lg rbobgt ybkrs,jiwbvbr, tjls kttl tud b jks ojkgcbd kgd k abw algd-criups, kooiugts ia sieb ia wjloj krb pu`hlsjbd, jkvb `boieb kvklhk`hb air oiepkrktlvb study. Sb jkvb utlhlzbd sieb ia tjbsb algdlgcslg iur dlsousslig kìvb.

;? < Sbcbwltz ;<16.;4 6 Git rboicglzbd ks suoj `y tjb bxokvktir, ùt ohbkrhy rboicglzk`hb arie tjb drkwlgcs.;4 ; Crlaaltjs ;<23, alc. 3.;, wltj h ltb rkturb = Ohkrmb ;<36 alc. ?2< (okt. gi. ;:23).;4 0 Nbssup ;<36, 3<= Ohkrm ;<36, okt. gi. <<?.;4 ? L. A. _eltj ;<1;, ;;3 air Sbssbx `loiglokh kgd oihhkrbd urgs.;4 4 _ojwkgtbs ;<?1, _truvb ;<22, 2?, Tka. ;:, khsi L. A . _eltj ;<22, ;0= oiepkrk`hb algds krb tjisb arie Ekgg-

jkcbg (Mbrs tbg ;<11) kgd Ihdbshib- @huebgdira (_ojwkgtbs ;<?1, :0, Tka. 4.;). Ohkrmb ;<11, ;<; stktbd> "_ieb ia tjbsbhkrcbr (vlz. @kr`bd Slrb) vbssbhs jkvb `bbg aiugd lgvbrtbd ivbr orbektlig ùrlkhs lg @rltklg kgd ig tjb oigtlgbgt."

;42 plc :0 typ b B, bsp. 0gd. riw, ìtj sjbr ds kt tjb hbat.

;41 plc# :4 ) b : p, uppbr riw, tjb obgtrkh sjbrd.



OIGTBZT - VITTBP\ 0<?

— Kt Iistwiud (Girtj Jihhkgd) ;43 sjbrds ia Ekrltleb kgd Qbhu wb @bhh @bkmbrs ioourticbtjbr wltj pittbry dboirktbd wltj ojkggbhhlgc kgd algcbr-tlp leprbssligs lg Q-eitlas.Cbgulgb Vit @bkmbr sjbrds krb git lgohudbd lg tjb sekhh algd-criup.

—• Kt Jkps (Girtj @rk`kgt) ;4k twi sekhh oigobgtrktligs ia sjbrds wbrb aiugd, dktbd y-

sjbrds ia Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs. Lg igb oigobgtrktlig hky k ùrlkh plt kgd tjb rbeklgs ia tjbcrkvb lgvbgtiry, gkebhy k Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs ig tjb hiwbr pkrt.36 sjbrds (1; %) krb dboirktbd. Ia tjbsb, 06% krb dboirktbd wltj k dbgtktbd spktuhk, tjbi tjbrsair tjb eist pkrt wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs, pkrt louhkrhy lg Q-eitlas. _pktuhk leprbssligskgd criivb hlgbs ioour ig iooksligkh sjbrds. Kt hbkst igb (rle) sjbrd `bhigcs ti k cbgulgb Vit

@bkmbr.

— Kt Didbwkkrd (Cbhdbrhkgd);4 < k oigobgtrktlig ia @bhh @bkmbr pittbry wks aiugd lg

k Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt. Ia ?2< sjbrds ;6? (kìut ?6%) krb dboirktbd , ia wjloj ?; okebarie (Qbhuwb) @bhh @bkmbrs. Tjbrb krb gi Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbrs. Lg tjb rbeklgdbr ia tjb dboirktbd pittbry algcbrtlp leprbssligs lg vkrlius eitlas oiepkrk`hb wltj tjisb ia Eihbgkkrscrkkaprbdielgktbd. Tjb Q-eitla ls rkrb, jiwbvbr, ks ls ojkggbhbd dboirktlig. Cbgulgb Vit @bkmbrs

krb obrtklghy rbprbsbgtbd.- Kt _ojlpìrc (Drbgtjb);2 g @S@ pittbry wks kheist tjb ighy dktk`hb bhbebgt> wldbhy

wiugd stkeps wbrb eisthy usbd. _jbrds arie ugdboirktbd pits kg d wltj algcbrtlp, gklh kgd

spktuhk leprbssligs ks k dboirktlig krb ia siebwjkt dlaabrbgt wirmekgsjlp, ùt jkvb tjb skebdlstrlùtlig. Khh tjb akots suppirt tjb oigtbepirkgblty ia ìtj typbs ia pittbry. K tjlrd typb,dboirktbd wltj ojkggbhlgc ls piirhy rbprbsbgtbd. K hkrcb pit wltj spktuhk leprbssligs lg

jirlzigtkh riws kgd k oirdigbd rle wks aiugd lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty kgd ls obrtklghy oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb sbtthbebgt algds. Tjb pit sjiws crbkt slelhkrlty ti tjb hkrci pit arie Eihbgkkrscrkka. Ighy lg tjb sjkpb ia tjb ìttie tjbrb ls k oigsldbrk`hb dlaabrbgob.

— Kt Eigstbr (_iutj Jihhkgd) ;2; diebstlo @bkmbr pittbry lgohudbd E@@ (9), Q@@ kgd

@S@ sjbrds. Tjb rbst ia tjb pitt bry sjiws ojkggbhhlgc, algcbrtlp kgd gklh leprbssligs (khsi

lg Q-eitla). Cbgulgb Vit @bkmbrs krb wbhh rbprbsbgtbd.— Tjb sbtthbebgt ig tjb Ebbrhi Jbktj ;20 khsi ylbhdbd @@ sjbrds (gi E@@, sieb Q@@)

kgd (ohisbhy wiugd) @S@ sjbrds, wjloj krb jbrb pri`k`hy oigtbepirkgbius. Ia kìut 4?2

sjbrds kìut ?6% ls dboirktbd. Ia tjbsb @@ (;6%) kgd @S@ (;4%) krb kìut bqukhhy rbprbsbgtbd. Tjb rbeklglgc 31% sjiws eklghy algcbrtlp leprbssligs, ùt khsi ojkggbhhlgc. K abw

sjbrds oieb arie cbgulgb Vit @bkmbrs. Tjb @@ pittbry ls prlekrlhy tjlg-wkhhbd. Tjb @S@kgd bspbolkhhy tj b rbeklgdbr ia tjb dboirktbd pittbry ls prbdielgkgthy tjlom-wkhhbd.

" 3 Qkg Claabg ;<1;, ;<10, ;<11, Db Sbbrd ;<11= sbb khsi Qbrhlgdb ;<3;, ?<.

;4: Qbrwbrs ;<3?, <, W411. : .

;4< w b t j k g m Er P. _. Juhst, Kebrsaiirt, air tj b lgairektlig ig tjb @bhh @bkmbr algds ia Didbwkkrd. Lg tjb

gue`brs ;26 ugdboir ktbd sj brds k rb git tkmbg lgti oigsldbrktlig= khtjiu cj tj by k rb dlaabrbgt arie t j b J Q _/D M _

wkrb tjbl r k t t r lùt lig ti tjb @@ ektbrlkh ls gi t obrtklg.

;26 Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10.;2 ; Chks`brcbg & Kddlgm _ kephiglus ;<12, _tu ure kg ;<12.

l20 Qbrhlgdb ;<3;.



0<4 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

;466

;266

;166

;366

;:66

;<66

0666

typb bhbebgtsEihbgkkrscrkka

itjbr sltbs

JQ_ Qbhsbg (0gd hkybr)

JQ_ @S@0 (?) Qicbhbgzkgc, Slnbgbg, (Qirstbg isoj)

@S@0 0 Qbhsbg (;st hkybr), Kghi (plts)

@S@; Q@@ ;/0 Ebbrhi Jbktj

Q@@ ; Didbwkkrd, Jkps

Q@@ E@@ 9 Iistwiud

E@@ Qhkkrdlgcbg

Alc. ;00. _ojbektlo rbprbsbgtktlig ia tjb ojrigihiclokh rbhktligsjlps ia sieb wbhh-diouebgtbd sbtthbebgt sltbs

ia tjb pbrlid 0666-;466 @.O. lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.

La wb oiepkrb tjbsb dktk, kgd rbabr ti tjisb ia Eihbgkkrscrkka, lt kppbkrs tjkt ighy kabw vbry cbgbrkh oigohusligs eky `b drkwg. Lg akot `bkmbr sbtthbebgts di git ylbhd bgiucjpittbry kgd tjb algd ektbrlkh ls git jieicbgbius bgiucj.

— Tjb pbrobgtkcb ia dboirktbd pittbry vkrlbs arie ?6% (Didbwkkrd, Ebbrhi Jbktj)ti 16% (Jkps). Ticbtjbr wltj tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka algds (tk`hb ;<) lt sbbes tjkt k crbkt vkrlktliglg tjb rktli ia dboirktbd ti ugdboirktbd pittbry ioours. Eirbivbr, tjbrb ls gi rbcuhkrlty girbvihutlig ti `b rboicglzbd.

— Tjb pbrobgtkcb ia cbgulgb @@ sjbrds ia tjb titkh ia dboirktbd sjbrds ls hiw> ?6%(Didbwkkrd), 06% (Jkps), ;6% (Ebbrhi Jbktj). Tjb rbhktlvbhy jlcj pbrobgtkcbs kt Didbwkkrdkgd Jkps oirrbspigd wltj pjksb ; kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, air, rbomigbd ivbr tjb tit kh qukgtl ty arie

tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg, lt ls kìut ;6%. Air pjksb ; lt eust, tjbrbairb, `b sieb tlebs jlcjbr.— Q@@ kgd @S@ pittbry ìtj kppbkr ti `b kssiolktbd kheist bxohuslvbhy wltj pittbrydboirktbd wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs. Tjb Q-eitla prbdielgktbs= ojkggbhbd dboirktlig ioourslg ìtj lg sekhh qukgt ltlbs . Ks akr ks @S@ pit tbry ls oigobrgbd tjls kcrbbs wltj tjb bxlstbgobia oiephbtb `bkmbrs, wjltj ojkggbhbd dboirktlig, wjloj krb ohisbhy rbhktbd ti tjb rbkh @S`bkmbrs . Tjb kssiolktlig @@-ojkggbhhlgc lg pjksb ; kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls ti sieb bxtbgt bxobptligkh.

— Eihbgkkrscrkka rbvbkhs k gue`br ia bhbebgts git ti `b aiugd lg kgy rboirdbd algd-criup> tjb arbqubgt oirdigbd rles, tjb pbrairktligs ugdbr tjb rle, tjb leprbssligs ig tjb rlekgd tjb jbkvy abbt, tjbsb krb khh bhbebgts ojkrkotbrlstlo ia @S@ pittbry kgd kt Eihbgkkrscrkkakrb aiugd lg tjls criup kgd ig ugdboirktbd pittbry, wjloj wb phkobd lg pjksb ?. Tjb k`sbgobia tjbsb bhbebgts lg tjb gkebd algd-criups suppirts tjls dktlgc.

— Tjbrb ls k rbekrmk`hb slelhkrlty `btwbbg tjb pbrobgtkcb dlvlslig ia tjb pittbry lgtitjb vkrlius oktbcirlbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd kt Ebbrhi Jbktj. Ls tjls airtultius 9 Dibs lt ebkgtjkt Ebbrhi Jbktj oivbrs tjb skeb pbrlid, ir ls lt tjb oigsbqubgob ia tjb ojrigihiclokh pisltligia Ebbrhi Jbktj, "jkha-wky" ti Eihbgkkrscrkka9 Sb di git mgiw.

— Algkhhy, wb rbpbkt tjk t rbkh Vit @bkmbrs krb vbry piirhy rbprbsbgtbd kt Eihbgkkrscrkka.Tjls okggit `b tjb rbsuht ia rbcligkh akotirs, lg vlbw ia tjblr ioourrbgob kt Eigstbr kgd khsi



OIGTBZT - VITT BP\ 0 < 2

kt Ittihkgd ;2?, gir okg lt `b okusbd `y tii hltthb ektbrlkh. Tjb rbkh okusb ls hlmbhy ti `b tjbprbpigdbrkgob ia pittbry arie pjksbs 0 kgd ? lg tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrklg.

Iur algkh oigohuslig eust `b tjkt tjb diebstlo kssbe`hkcb (lg akot tjb diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs) kt Eihbgkkrscrkka oirrbspigds rbksigk`hy wbhh wltj tjb dlsoivbrlbs kt k abw itjbr wbhh

diouebgtbd tbrrklgs ia tjb skeb pbrlid.

4.<.?.2. _ieb algkh rbekrms ig tjb pittbry

Tjb hkrcbst pkrt ia tjb sbtthbebgt pittbry kt Eihbgkkrscrkka pri`k`hy irlclgktbs arie Plbsbg`bojbr kgd rbhktbd sekhhbr pittbry. Tjb Plbsbg`bojbr krb typihiclokhhy tjb oigtlguktligia tjb sbrlbs wjloj wb gkebd wjbg dlsousslgc tjb Vit @bkmbrs ;24. Ks k rbsldukh criup tjbykrb lg tjb alrst phkob dbalgbd `y gbcktlvb ojkrkotbrlstlos, tjb k`sbgob ia dbgtktbd spktuhk ir;7X\ leprbssligs kgd ia zigbd dboirktlig. Tjby jkvb k hiisbhy krrkgcbd dboirktlig ia slephbleprbssligs okrrlbd iut wltj tjb algcbrtlp (iatbg Q-eitla), gklh, phklg spktuhk ir k `rimbg-iaapilgtbd i`nbot suoj ks k twlc ir k ìgb. Tjb pit eky `b bgtlrbhy ir ighy twi-tjlrds dboirktbd._iebtlebs tjby krb wjihhy ugdboirktbd. Tjby jkvb kg _-prialhb ia dlvbrcbgt aires, sbhdie ls

lt kgcuhkr. Tjb ìttie okg `b sekhh kgd jbkvy kgd oigokvb lgsldb, ir `rikd kgd ahkt. Oirdigbdrles ioour arbqubgthy= euoj hbss oieeig ls k riw ia pbrairktligs `bhiw tjb rle ;22.

Tjb dktlgc ia tjbsb pits rbsts eklghy ig typihiclokh krcuebgts suppirtbd `y k abw (ipbg)kssiolktligs> tjb Driuwbg pit ;21 elcjt `bhigc ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr sjbrds tjbrb, tjkt ia _ojkhmjihz ;23 ti k sekhh @bhh @bkmbr, tjb ugdboirktbd Ebtzbgdira pit ; 2 : `bhigcs ti k @S-dboirktbddlsj, kgd tjb Kkhdbg pit; 2< ti tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb.

;2 ? Oa. gitb ;2; (Eigstbr)= Ittihkgd> dktk ia tjb kutjir.;2 4 Oa. Qbrhlgdb ;<3;, ?3. Vit @bkmbrs wbrb khsi sbbg ks k rbcligkh criup ia tjb Plbsbg`bojbr `y _tkep auss ;<0<,

:< kgd CNktbrekgg ;<4?. @S pits wbrb lgohudbd lg tjb Plbsbg`bojbr `y _truvb ;<22, 4?, ;?;-;?0. Pbek rmk `hy tjb

abw Dutoj Plbsbg`bojbr krb khh aiugd iu tsldb tj b Qbhuwb. Ti us tj b aihhiwlgc eirb ir hbss oieph btb Plbsbg`bojbr krb

mgiwg> _ojlpìrc (Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10), Driuwbg (Eiddbrekg ;<3;), Kkhdbg (Eiddbrekg ;<23), Pjbgbg (pbrs. oieeEr N. \pby, Kebrsaiirt), Bojt (pbrs. oiee. Er N. J. A. @hibebrs, Kebrsaiirt). Tjb arkcebgtkry Pjbgbg pit (jblcjt

o. 46 oe.) wks aiugd ticbtjbr wltj sjbrds ia JQ_/DM_ pits lg "crkvb 2;<" ia tjb Ebrivlgclkg obebtbry tjbrb. Lt ls

ivbr khh dboirktbd wltj K-algcbrtlp leprbssligs kgd jks k prialhb hlmb eist hkrcb @S pits> bvbrtbd rle, jlcj `bhhy kgd

sekhh jbkvy ì tti e wltj pritr udl gc aiit. Tjb Boj t pit (@hibebrs ;<3;, giw lg tjb Ekks trlo jt e usbu e) ls 2;.2 oe.

jlcj kgd sjiws k ohisb slelhkrlty ti sieb @S pits (bsp. Eid dbr ekg ;<22, alc. ;, gi. 4) lg prialhb kgd krr kgc beb gt

ia dboirktlig. Lt jks kg bvbrtbd rle wltj k riw ia pbrairktligs kgd k oirdig `bhiw, kgd k gkrriw, jbkvy `ksb. Tjb

dboirktlig oigslsts ia shlcjthy i`hlqub higc criivbs, khtbrgktlgc wltj riws ia vbrtlokh algcbrtlp leprbssligs. @itj krb

/// l E llhe-hg r tj kt ig typihiclokh criu gds eu st `b dktb d ti tjb @ S@ Ouhturb . Bspbo lkhhy tjb Bo jt pit sjiws k str igc

rbhktligsjlp ti tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka pit wltj rbbd leprbssligs kgd elcjt `b okhhbd k Plbsbg`bojbr ia @bgtjble typ b.;2 2 Tjb prlgolpkh h l tbrkturb ig Plbsbg`bojbr (kgd sjbrds lg diebs tlo kssbe`hkcbs)> m_tkepauss ;<0< (bsp. Tka.

Z L L ) , ;<46= S. Mbrstbg ;<?:, _tlbrbg ;<26 (gi. <21), _tbcbg ;<24, _truvb ;<22 (bsp. 4?, ;?;-;?0 kgd Tka. 04), Sbcb wltz

;<16, H'bgzb ;<1;, Qibhmbh ;<1?, ;<1:. Hb jek gg (;<12, 03) krcu bs kckl gst tj b dlaabrbgtlkt lig ia tj b Plbsbg`bojbr lg

tjb @bgtjble kgd "Eilshlgcbg" typb. Lg iur iplglig tjb @bgtjble typb ls wbhh dbalgbd, wjlhb tjb Eilshlgcbg typb

ls ebrbhy k jbtbricbgbius rbsldukh criup.;2 1 Eiddbrekg ;<3;.

'•'• M. Mbrstb g ;<2;, _tr uvb ;<22, Tka. 0;.;6 & ;;, khsi Tka. ;2 (Mk t. gis. ?30-?3?). Tjb upp br pkr t ls dboi rktb d

wltj k twi-tiitjbd spktuhk. Tjb prialhb ls kgcuhkr hlmb sieb Vit @bkmbrs. Tjb kssiolktlig wltj k sekhh @bhh @bkmbr ls

git bgtlrbhy obrtklg.;2 : Oa. gitbs ;?<, ;46.;"" Eiddbrekg ;<23.



0<1 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Lt sbbes ti us tjkt tjb okrbauh kgkhysls ia diebstlo kssbe`hkcbs eky khsi oigtrlùtb oigsldbrk`hy ti dktlgc. Plbsbg`bojbr ia tjb "@bgtjble typb" krb lg tjls wky dktbd `y tjb @S@kssiolktlig arie tjb cuhhy alhhlgc kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, wjbrb khh tjb ojkrkotb rlstlos ia tjls typbioour. Khsi tjb pit wltj rbbd leprbssligs, wjloj typihiclokhhy kooirds pbrabothy wltj tjb

sjbrds arie tjb cuhhy, eky `b okhhbd k Plbsbg`bojbr ia tjb @bgtjble typb. Lt aires k ciidpkrkhhbh ti tjb wbhh-mgiwg pit arie Bspbrmb, Mr. Gbustkdt ;1¶. Ighy tjb dboirktlig wltj rbbdleprbssligs ls bxobptligkh. Oiepkrk`hb leprbssligs `y ebkgs ia k rbbd, `rimbg ìgb ir itjbroyhlgdrlokh i`nbot krb mgiwg, jiwbvbr, ig `bkmbrs ia vbry dlvbrcbgt aire ;1;, wjloj kt hbkstpkrthy irlclgktb arie tjb skeb pbrlid. Ks wb jkvb khrbkdy succbstbd tjb pit sjiws k strigcrbhktligsjlp ti tjb hkrcb @ S pits git ighy `y lts aire ùt khsi `y tjb krrkgcbebgt ia lts dboirktlig.

Tjb ugdboirktbd pittbry arie tjb cuhhy alhhlgc lgohudbs twi lgtbrbstlgc bhbebgts. Alrst,lg tjb hltthb plg kg lgdloktlig ia tjb prbsbgob ia jkgdhbd `bkmbrs. Jkgdhbd `bkmbrs krb vbryrkrb lg tjls oiugtry kgd krb bxohuslvbhy mgiwg arie tjb @S@ pjksb. _boigd, tjb iutwkrd`bgt rle (alc. ::, uppbr hbat) kgd k ìttie sjbrd (alc. :<, rlcjt) dbeigstrktb tjb prbsbgob ia

`bkmbrs wltj tjb aire ia tjb "lgtbrebdlktb @@-@S@ typb", hlmb tjisb ebgtligbd lg gitb ;04.Algkhhy, k oieebgt ig pjksb ? kt Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd ig tjb prbpigdbrkgob ia ugdboirktbdpittbry tjbrb. Lg tjb Obgtrkh kgd _iutjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds tjb alrst Jlhvbrsue urgs ioour lg tjboiursb ia tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb. Tjb hkom ia Jlhvbrsue pit sjbrds lgdloktbs tjkt pjksb ? eustjkvb bgdbd bkrhlbr, obrtklghy, tjbrbairb, `bairb ;266 @.O. Tjb ;4O dktb ;466 @.O. ia tjb jbkrtjgi. 0< kgd tjb bvldbgob ia tjb pihhbg dlkcrke oigalres tjls. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd wb mgiw tjk t @ Sdboirktlig ioours obrtklghy up ti tjb ioourrbgob ia tjb alrst Jlhvbrsue pits. Lg akot wb algd tjktgbkrhy khh tjb dboirktlvb eitlas ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka @S@ kssiolktlig (pjksb 0) rbour igJlhvbrsue pits. Lt ls igb ia tjb rbksigs wjy wb tjlgm tjb JQ_ Ouhturb okggit rbprbsbgt kpurb leelcrktlig ks Chks`brcbg succbsts, ùt `bkrs k strigc kutiojtjigius stkep ;10. TjbJQ_ Ouhturb ls tjb hiclokh suoobssir ia tjb @S@ Ouhturb kriugd tjb siutjbrg Girtj _bk, ùtwltj k euoj eirb rbcligkh ojkrkotbr. Lg ìtj ouhturbs, jiwbvbr, lgtbgslvb oigtkots korisstjb Girtj _bk eust jkvb bxlstbd.

_i kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb JQ_ pjksb wks git kttklgbd= ighy kg lepivbrlsjebgt ia dboirktlig ioours. Tjls okg `b k hiokh pjbgiebgig ir tjb ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb pjksb dlrbothy `bairbtjb JQ_ urgs. Lg kgy oksb wb eust kssueb tjkt sieb ia tjb dboirktbd pittbry, lgohudlgc tjktwltj @S dboirktlig, arie tjb sbtthbebgt sltb `bhigcs ti tjls hkst pjksb. Tjb dlskppbkrkgobia tjb dboirktlig lg tjb oiursb ia tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb, eirbivbr, oigaires hiclokhhy ti tjbcbgbrkh tbgdbgoy lg tjls oiugtry wjloj dbvbhips lgti tjb oiephbtbhy ugdboirktbd pittbryia tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb> lg tjb girtj tjb Møeebrmbrkelm ia tjb Bhp Ouhturb, lg tjb siutjtjb Drkmbgstblg urgs.

;16 Nkoi` Arlbsbg ;<2<, K``. ;2; = _truvb ;<22, Tka. 04.4.;1 ; @bkmbr s wltj leprbssligs ia rbbds ir oiepkrk`hb oyhlgdrlokh i`nbots> sbb Bhzlgck ;<14, Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?.

Aurtj br> Sktbrìhm ;<2:, alc. 1.0= Qkg dbr Skkhs & Chks`brcbg ;<24, VL LL.0, Q LL L. 0? = Ohkrmb ;<36, alc. 21. Iutsldbtjb Gbtjbrhkgds> _kgceblstbr ;<2;. :6, Tka. ;.;1= Mistbr ;<12/'11, Tka. 02.2= Plqubt bt kh. ;<1?, alc. 4.4, <.4, 06.?=_truvb ;<22, K``. ;0= Ohkrmb ;<36 alcs. 23, 01?, <6<, <;0, ;6:1.

;: 0 Chks`brcbg ;<1<.



OIGTBZT - AHLGT 0<3

4.<.?.1. Tjbahlgt

Rgairtugktbhy euoj hbss kttbgtlig jks `bbg pkld ti gbihltjlo ahlgt tjkg ti tjb pittbry irtjb Vkhkbi- kgd Ebsihltjlo ahlgt. Ebbrhi Jbktj ls, lg akot, tjb ighy eirb ir hbss auhhy diouebgtbdahlgt oiephbx ia tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs lg tjls oiugtry kgd lts surriugdlgcs ;1?.

Tjb dlvbrcbgobs arie Ebbrhi Jbktj algd kg bxphkgktlig lg tjb dlaabrbgt cbicrkpjlokhsltuktlig. Ebbrhi hlbs ig tjb rlvbr Ebusb, wltj gkturkh ahlgt supphlbs lg tjb aire ia crkvbh lglts dlrbot bgvlrigs. Eihbgkkrscrkka hlbs lg tjb elddhb ia k pbkt rbclig, kìut ?6 me. kwkyBrie tjb gbkrbst gkturkh ahlgt supphlbs (rlvbr crkvbh kgd brrktlos). Ig ìtj sltbs hiokh ahlgt-wirmlgc tiim phkob. Tjb dlaabrbgobs lg tjb qukhlty ia trbktebgt krb git gitlobk`hb. Ig ìtj sltbs kabw hkrcb krtlakots wbrb aiugd, lg kddltlig ti tjb priduots ia tjb siebwjkt piir hiokh ahlgtlgdustry. Sb eust kssueb tjkt tjb hkrcb `hkdbs wbrb git ekdb kt tjb sltbs, ùt lepirtbd lgtitjb sbtthbebgt, si tjkt tjb prbsbgob bhsbwjbrb ia spbolkhlzbd ahlgt wirmbrs eust `b oigsldbrbd._uoj hkrcb `hkdbs di git kppbkr ti ioour kt _ojlpìrc.

Tjb eist lepirtkgt dlaabrbgob `btwbbg Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd Ebbrhi Jbktj ls tjb k`sbgobia krriw-jbkds, Varlbeb (kwhs) kgd Dihojspltzb (dkccbr pilgts) kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjls okg

`b rbhktbd ti tjb sekhh lepirtkgob kttkojbd ti jugtlgc ks wks privbd `y tjb ìgb rbausb.Kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd kgd Ittihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic khsi ighy igb dkekcbd krriw-jbkdwks aiugd ig ìtj phkobs ;14. Krriw-jbkds krb, jiwbvbr, git typlokh sbtthbebgt algds, kgd ltsbbes ti us ojkrkotbrlstlo tjkt eist krriw jbkds kt Ebbrhi wbrb aiugd `y kektburs lg tjb tipsilh`bairb tjb bxokvktlig.

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb plbob sjiwg kt alc. <6 o ls rbhktbd ti tjb Varlbeb. Tjb Dihojspltzbsbbe ti eb rbhktbd ti tjb `hkdbs wltj rbtiuojb.

Tjb pbrobgtkcb ia krtlakots oigalres tjkt ia Ebbrhi (;<%). K jlcj pbrobgtkcb ia sorkpbrsls aiugd tjbrb khsi (16%), ks kt _ojlpìrc. Lg ìtj phkobs oirb sorkpbrs ioour ;12, kgd k abwsorkpbrs wltj supbralolkh rbtiuojb. _orkpbrs kt _ojlpìrc kttrlùtbd ti tjb TP@ Ouhturb kooird,jiwbvbr, khsi vbry wbhh wltj tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka typihicy, ks wbhh ks tjb abw sorkpbrs aiugd

kt Eigstbr. Twi ia tjbe okg `b dlrbothy oirrbhktbd ti tjb @@ Ouhturb. Tjb skeb kpphlbs titjb sorkpbrs arie Qbhsbg (@S@) kgd Qicbhbgzkgc (JQ_). Tjb slephb, gig-typlokh airestjbrbairb kppbkr ti jkvb jkd k higc hlab. Qkrlius mlgds ia krriw-jbkds, la ia hbss okrbauhhy sjkpbdaires, khsi ioour kt Qicbhbgzkgc (JQ_) hE .

Tjb kheigd-sjkpbd krtlakots (alc. <6 b) kppbkr ti `b ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjls pbrlid. K spbolebgwltj rbtiuojb ig igb sldb wks keigc tjb crkvb ciids ia tjb Q@@ crkvb kt tjb Eittbgmulh. Kabw wltj rbtiuojb ig ìtj sldbs wbrb aiugd kt _ojlpìrc keigc @S@ diebstlo rbausb. Ariek `krriw kt tjb Sbbmriesb ^kgd oiebs kg kheigd-sjkpbd krtlakot wltj rbtiuojb ig ìtj sldbs

l|l>7 QLE hlgdb ;<3;, ??, 4? (Ebbrhi Jbktj) , Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10, 0?6, 040 (_ojlpìrc). Sb wlhh git t ry ti oiepkrbwltj @bkmbr ahlgt oiephbxbs iutsldb tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, suoj ks @bhhb Tiut, _ussbx (Pkdhby ;<36). Tjls sbbes git vbryslcglalokgt lg tjls stktb ia rbsbkroj.

«•½ Ia. Kpp. L, gis. LLL-hh kgd ;;;-01 ( 5 Kpp. Lh h , gis. ?1 kgd 40). Typb ks Qbrhlgdb ;<3;, alc. 1, 0gd ri w,4t jhQigl tjb hbat kgd Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10, alc. 0:, gi. 26.

;12 Ai r lgst kgo b Qkg dbr Skk hs ;<10, alc. 0<, gi . 1:.;11 Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11`, alc. 41, Chks`brcbg ;<1<, alc. ;? (Qicbhbgzkgc), iwg i`sbrvktligs (Qbhsbg),

Chks`brcbg & Kddlgm _kephiglus ;<12, alc. ;?.4 (Eigstbr).



0<: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

kgd k jkgdhbd criivb-dboirktbd `bkmbr. Tjblr pissl`hb kssiolktlig ls, jiwbvbr, git bstk`hlsjbd ;1:.

K pkrkhhbh air tjb trlkgcuhkr ìrbrs wks aiugd `y us kt Ciudrlkkg ;1<. Lt jks, ig tjb skebcbihiclokh criugds ks krb vkhld air Eihbgkkrscrkka, k tbrelgus qist qubrg ia 0666 @.O.

_lomhb arkcebgts wbrb git aiugd kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, gir kt Ittihkgd, _ojlpìrc ir EbbrhiJbktj. Tjby khsi kppbkr ti `b k`sbgt lg Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgts. Lg tjb Kh`hkssbr wkkrd,ig tjb itjbr jkgd, wb mgiw ia k abw Hktb @rigzb Kcb kgd/ir Bkrhy Lrig Kcb tbrrklgs, wjbrbslomhb arkcebgts ioour. Khh tjls oigalres suoj k hktb dktlgc ia slomhbs lg tjls oiugtry, ksippisbd ti tjkt ekdb, air bxkephb, lg Dbgekrm ; 3¶.

Tjb arkcebgt ia tjb ahlgt kxb (alc. :3 s) aires igb ia tjb abw lgdloktligs ia tjb typb iaahlgt kxb usbd lg iur oiugtry durlgc tjb @@ Ouhturb kgd tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb. Sb mgiw ighytjb crkvb algds kt Hugtbrbg e , keigc wjloj wbrb twi ahlgt kxbs . Tjby krb ia tjb typb ia riucjwirmekgsjlp (la git bvbg riucjbr) wjloj ls cbgbrkhhy aiugd lg VA@ Ouhturb crkvbs ;30. Iurkxb arkcebgt ls, jiwbvbr, k pkrt ia igb ia k euoj eirb okrbauhhy ekdb typb.

Tjb ahlgt ektbrlkh ls lg ohbkr oigtrkst ti tjkt ia tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb `y tjb k`sbgobia kxb-ahkmbs kgd trkgsvbrsb krriw-jbkds. Tjb sorkpbrs arie Eihbgkkrscrkka kppbkr ti `b iaalgbr wirmekgsjlp kgd ti pissbss itjbr ;/`/j rktlis. Hkrcb `hkdbs wltj rbtiuojb jkvb git `bbgrboirdbd kt QH Ouhturb sltbs ;3? .

4.<.?.3. Tjb wirmbd stigb

Pbobgthy N. G. Hkgtlgc dlstlgculsjbd twi rbhktbd typbs ia pbrairktbd kxbs (tjb typbs"Beebg" kgd "ûldvbhdb"), tjkt krb aiugd lg @bhh @bkmbr kgd Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb crkvbs. @itjjkvb k higc hizbgcb sjkpbd iuthlgb ;34 . @ut lg cbgbrkh wb okg sky tjkt ighy vbry rkrbhy dipbrairktbd kxbs ir arkcebgts ia tjbe ioour lg Hktb @bhh @bkmbr ir Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb oigtbxt ;3 2.Tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka arkcebgt wltj lts strklcjt sldbs kgd eidbst slzb clvbs ighy vbry hltthblgairektlig. Sb ighy okg sky tjkt lt ls git lepissl`hb tjkt lt ls tjb arkcebgt ia k pbrairktbdstigb kxb ia Beebg typb.

;1: Eittbgmulh> Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<14½, alc. ;0= _ojlpìrc> Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10, alc. 0:, gis. 1:, 46= Sbomriesb^kgd> MEI b ;<?1/;.01 kgd 04, Eiddbrekg ;<22`, alc. 4. ;;.

;:< PEI lgv. gi. j ;<3;/;. ?0= Kpp. Lhh, gi. 41.;3 6 Ia. air lgstkgob Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11`,— & Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk ;<1;. Tjb `rigzb slomhb lg tjb

Jblhii dbpit, oieebgtbd ig bxjkustlvbhy `y @rugstlgc (;<10), okg `b prbabrk`hy oigsldbrbd lg iur iplglig ks kpriduotia tjb Dutoj Hktb @rigzb Kcb `rigzb lgdustry.

;3; @uthbr & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<11, ;02a., alcs. ;?`, 42, 41. Arie Crbkt @rltklg, Ohkrmb (;<36, 44:) ebgtligs ighy4 ahlgt kxbs. _lgob stigb kxbs krb khsi ugmgiwg ks crkvb ciids lg @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs, wb krb vbry lhh-lgairebd kìut khh

Jbhh @bkmbr kxbs. K diebstlo plt kt _ojlpìrc (Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10,0?2, 026) clvbs tjb slgchb kssiolktlig lg tjls oiugtry.;30 Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<14", 00, 4<.;3 ? Oa. Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?, ;<10 ?6, alc. := Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<11, alc. 01= Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13,

0?.;3 4 Vbrs. oiee. N. G. Hkgtlgc, Criglgcbg.l'2 _bb air bxkephb> Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<10, alc. 0<, @hibebrs ;<1:, alcs. 4 kgd 2, @bhh kgd Jiaaekgg ;<46, Tka

;1, gi. 3.



OIGTBZT - SIPMBD _TIGB 0<<

Tjb krriw-strklcjtbgbr ;31 ls k vbry ojkrkotbrlstlo lephbebgt air tjls pbrlid. Tjbsb lephbebgts wbrb arbqubgthy dlsoivbrbd lg crkvbs kgd aire k ojkrkotbrlstlo ltbe ia @bhh @bkmbrOuhturb krojbry bqulpebgt tjkt pri`k`hy rbeklgbd lg usb lg tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb. Sb ebgtlig jbrb tjb algds kt Ebbrhi (Q@@) ;3 3, Jkps (Q@@);3 :, Rddbhbrebbr (hktb Q@@ ir @S@) ;3<

kgd Titbraiut (JQ_);: 6

lg tjls oiugtry. Lg Girtjbrg Cbrekgy ;:;

, Bgchkgd ;:0

kgd bspbolkhhylg _iutjbrg _okgdlgkvlk ;:? tjby ioour oieeighy lg tjb @bkmbr elhlbu kgd lg tjb Bkrhy@rigzb Kcb. Tjby krb khsi mgiwg, jiwbvbr, lg itjbr pbrlids> lg iur oiugtry spbolebgs wbrbaiugd lg @kgdobrkelo sbtthbebgts kt _lttkrd kgd Ok`brc ;:4, kgd lg tjb @khtlo krbk lg tjbVlttbd Skrb Ouhturb ;:2.

Tjb `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs krb k euoj eirb oieeig typb ia krtlakot tjkg wiuhdkppbkr arie pu`hloktligs. Tjby krb git vbry spbotkouhkr kgd oigsbqubgthy ighy lgoldbgtkhhyrbpirtbd. Igb bxkephb wks aiugd lg k `krriw kt Qkkssbg l:1 , pissl`hy `bhigclgc ti Elddhb@rigzb Kcb pittbry. Kt ^wkkcdlnm ;:3 (Elddhb @rigzb Kcb) arkcebgts ia slelhkr stigbs wbrbaiugd, ks khsi kt Blst ;: : (bgd ia Elddhb @rigzb Kcb). Sb mgiw ia tjrbb bxkephbs arie tjb Qbb-gbgùrc bstktb `btwbbg Hlssb kgd Jlhhbcie ;:<, wjbrb @@ Ouhturb, Bkrhy kgd Elddhb @rigzb

Kcb algds wbrb ekdb. Kgitjbr spbolebg wks aiugd, ticbtjbr wltj kg ugdboirktbd Jlhvbrsueurg, kt Slnojbg ;<6. Lg tjb LNssbhebbr pihdbrs ;<; k abw bxkephbs krb mgiwg. Tjb rbhktlvbhyhktb dktlgc ig criugds ia dlstrlùtlig kt Eihbgkkrscrkka (pjksb 0/?, oa. p. 0?1) ls oigalrebd `ytjbsb algds. Tjb augotlig ia tjb `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs ls, jiwbvbr, stlhh ugohkrlalbd. Tjbykrb obrtklghy git stigbs usbd air `bktlgc ;<0, ùt rktjbr air sieb mlgd ia ru``lgc ir seiitjlgcwirm. Krb tjby pbrjkps wjbtstigbs air `rigzb lephbebgts 9

;31 Krriw sjkat seiitjbr ir strklcjtbgbr= Cbrekg> Vablh(sojkat)strbombr (chättbr).;33 Qbrwbrs ;<14, alc. 4= k pklr airelgc pkrt ia k crkvb lgvbgtiry wltj Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr.;3: Qbrwbrs ;<30, K``. <, arkce bgt, pk rt ia diebs tlo rbausb.;3< Jihwbrdk ;<; hk , ka`. 4 k slgchb plbob airelgc pkrt ia k crkvb lgvbgtiry wltj k sekhh ti @S @bkmbrs rbhktbd

`bkmbr (oa. gitb 040).;:6

Chks`brcbg ;<24, alc, 40¶, k slgchb plbob.;:; Air lgstkgob> Pkd`brc gbkr Jøhstbg (Mrihh ;<?:, k pklr lg Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb (@S@) kssiolktlig)= Ekr`bomMr. Jirmbg (_tlbrbg ;<26, gi. <:, lsihktbd algd gbkr @@ kgd @S@ sjbrds)= Jijbgjir stbr @brcbg, Mr. @iojiht(_tlbrbg ;<26, gi. 44, lsihktbd algd lg urgalbhd, hktb `bkmbr algds gbkr`y)= _tlbrbg ;<26, gi. ??4 (lsihktbd algd) kgd gi.;0:1 (arkcebgt wltj Gbihltjlo rbausb)= Qiss ;<13, Tka. ;3.1> arkcebgt , lsihktbd algd= _t ruvb ;<22> twi plbobs lg BkrhyElddhb @rigzb Kcb elhlbu kt Girddira.

lss Crlebs ;<?:, alc. 4.0= Ohkrm ;<1?, alc. ;1= Kggk`hb & _lepsig ;<14, gis. 0:2-0<6 ( Piugdwky), gis. 0;;-0;:(Slhsaird), gis. ?:0-?:< (Oihhlgcìurgb), khh crkvb criups dktlgc arie tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb @rigzb Kcb. Gi krriw sjkatseiitjbrs krb ebgtligbd `y Ohkrmb ;<36 (bsp. 44:).

«½ Chi` ;<20, gis. ?00, 2?<= Airsskgdbr ;<??, K``. 46, 40.« " @itj ugpu`h lsjbd > PEI ; ;<?3/4.4? (Ok`brc), ; ;<2</;0.;<0 & 026 (_lttkrd). K pkrkhhbh ti tjb Ok`brc spbolebg

ls lhhustrkt bd `y @klh hiud & Elbc db @iiazjble ;<22, VH. QL LL . ;1.L " Oa. gitb ;:?.

ls« Jihwbrdk & Bvbhblg ;<;;, ka`. 04.;:3 Eiddbrekg ;<14k, bsp. ?2.

l:: Juhs t ;<1<, 033 kgd alc. 4.

l:< PEI j ;<?6/3.06-0?.;<6 Eusbue Arkgs @hibebg, Slnojbg, gi. @h.6.13.;<; Oiee. Er C. D. vkg dbr Jbldb, _ojimhkgd. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr, pkrobh V;4= Bkst Ahbvihkgd Vihdbr, pkrobh

C 40 (@@ ouhturb 9).;<0 Tjb `khh-sjkpbd pihyjydrigs sjiw k suppbralolkh rbsbe`hkgob ti tjb Mirg qubtsojbr, rbcuhkrhy aiugd lg Lrig



?66 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Ks air tjb oigobgtrktlig ia stigbs gi. ?6:, wb wiuhd ebgtlig air purpisbs ia oiepkrlsigtjb oihhbotlig ia sekhh pb``hb dbpisltbd lg k plt (gi. 1<) kt Ebbrhi Jbktj. Qbrhlgdb tjlgms iarkw ektbrlkh air tjb tbepbrlgc ia pittbry. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka gi qukrtz wks lgohudbd lg tjboigobgtrktlig wjlhb stigb (l.b. qukrtz) tbepbrlgc wks git arbqubgt. Tjb pri`hbe ia tjb augotlig

ia tjbsb stigbs rbeklgs ugsihvbd.

4.<.?.:. Tjb wirmbd wiid

@itj kt Qhkkrdlgcbg ;<? kgd kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ikm, hleb kgd bhe krb kheist oiephbtbhyhkomlgc lg tjb dbtbrelgktlig hlsts. Tjb khdbr ls euoj eirb arbqubgt kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjkgwks tjb oksb kt Qhkkrdlgcbg. Tjls elcjt `b bxphklgbd `y tjb usb kgd tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjbpihbs> kt Qhkkrdlgcbg tjbsb wbrb jbkvlbr kgd wbrb usbd air tjb ùlhdlgc ia jiusbs.

Tjb ebtjid ia wirmekgsjlp ls aklrhy vkrlbd kt Qhkkrdlgcbg ;< 4. Tjb jiusb ;6, ig tjb wbstbrg`kgm, jkd pihbs okrbauhhy trleebd khh riugd ti k pilgt, wltj sekhh akobts. Tjb pihbs ig tjbbkstbrg `kgm, iatbg ia sphlt wiid, wbrb okrbhbsshy out kgd usukhhy katbr riucj gitojlgc wbrb `rimbg tjriucj kgd git aurtjbr trbktbd. Tjb wky ia outtlgc kt Eihbgkkrscrkka dlaabrs arie ìtj

tjbsb tbojglqubs. Tjb pihbs tjbrb wbrb pilgtbd wltj k abw piwbrauh `hiws ia kg kxb ig igb irtwi sldbs.

Tjb arkcebgt ia tjb tbgig, ks usbd lg k eirtlsb kgd tbgig oigstruotlig, ls wbhh pkrkhhbhbdlg tjb wiidbg tbephb kt @krcbriistbrvbhd ;<2. Tjb tbgigs tjbrb krb `lccbr lg khh rbspbots.Tjby krb tjlombr (;6-;2 oe.) kgd oigsldbrk`hy higcbr (?6-32 oe.) kgd jkvb k wldbr ahkgcb.Tjls sekhh tbephb `bhigcs ti tjb Bhp Ouhturb. Lt ls prbolsbhy tjls ouhturb tjkt eky `bst `b rbckrdbd ks tjb oigtlguktlig ia wjkt wb jkvb aiugd kt Eihbgkkrscrkka.

Sb mgiw k abw bxkephbs ia pihbs mgiombd lg tjb ìtties ia cuhhlbs wltj sjkhhiw wktbr igprbjlstirlo sltbs lg tjls oiugtry. Lg tjb ìttie ia tjb sjkhhiw cuhhy kt Ouhbeìrc ;<1 wb dldalgd k abw pihbs, `bhigclgc ti tjb kdnilglgc Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgt. Tjb cuhhy, jiwbvbr, tjbgjkd tjb ojkrkotbr ia k ekrsjy dbprbsslig rktjbr tjkg tjkt ia ipbg wktbr kgd tjb pists oiuhd

bkslhy `b lgtbrprbtbd ks tjb rbeklgs ia abgobs. Lg tjb cuhhy kt Qhkkrdlgcbg, `bsldbs tjb rbeklgsia gbts kgd tjb akeius islbr wbbh (alsj trkp), k oigsldbrk`hb gue`br ia bghlgbd pists, ohisbhysbt ticbtjbr wbrb ugoivbrbd. Tjb alsjlgc bxpbrt @iddbmb tjiucjt tjby wbrb tjb rbeklgs ia`hiomlgcs, usbd lg trkpplgc tjb sturcbig, rbprbsbgtbd tjbrb wltj hkrcb qukgtltlbs ia lts ìgbphktbs. Khsi tjb gbts, wltj k ebsj wldtj ia ;? oe. wbrb pri`k`hy usbd air sturcbig alsjlgc ;<3.

Kcb elhlbu. [ukrtzltbs wbrb khsi iatbg usbd air tjbsb, ùt tjby jkvb hkrcbr dlebgsligs kgd sjiw tjb `bktbg surakobsia piugdlgc stigbs, tjb rbsuht ia tjblr usb, vlz. tjb `bktlgc kgd piugdlgc ia crklg.

;< ? Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<11, 1;. Siid skephbs arie tjb orbbm `kgm zigb, trbgoj 3>khdbr 1? jkwtji rg 0ksj ?: bhe ;jkzbh ;; eiug tklg-ksj ;ekphb < ybw-trbb ;

;< 4 Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<11, 21, 2<.'"•½ Sktbrìhm & vkg ^blst ;<1;=

;4O dktb > CrG ;220, ?046 » 12 @.V. (;0<6 @.O.), Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<1?.;<1 Dktk `y tjb kutjir.;< 3 @iddbmb ;<3; kgd pbrs. oiee. _bb khsi Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<11, 41= Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?,

;<1?, 43-4:.



OIGTBZT - CPKQB CIID_ ?6;

Lg tjb Rppbr Pjlgb lg sieb phkobs pihbs jkvb `bbg aiugd wjloj wbrb irlclgkhhy lgtbrprbtbdks Ahusspakjh`kutbg, ùt wjloj Ohkrm ;<: prbabrs ti sbb ks tjb rbeklgs ia oigstruotligs air tjboktojlgc ia elcrktiry alsj ks skheig. _lgob tjb sturcbig elcjt jkvb `bbg prbsbgt air boihiclokhrbksigs ig tjb .Eihbgkkrscrkka cuhhy (tjb skheig pri`k`hy git), lt ls pissl`hb tjkt tjb pihbs krb

tjb rbeklgs ia slelhkr struoturbs ks kt Qhkkrdlgcbg. Tjby elcjt jkvb `bbg usbd, jiwbvbr, airtjb sbttlgc up ia trkps (b.c. air bbhs) ks ls stlhh digb lg tjb okgkhs kgd wktbrwkys ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Lt ls lgtbrbstlgc tjkt tjb islbr wbbh, aiugd kt Qhkkrdlgcbg, ls ia tjb skeb typb ks tjb BkrhyKthkgtlo spbolebgs arie Dbgekrm kgd tjb alsj trkps usbd ugtlh k abw ybkrs kci lg tjb Dutoj@lbsìsoj krbk L< <.

4.<.4. TJB CPKQB CIID_

4.<.4.;. Tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr arie crkvb L

Sb okg gkeb tjb `bkmbr arie crkvb L k Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr `bokusb ia lts kgcuhkr prialhb,

lts dboirktlig, wjloj koobgtuktbs tjb aire, kgd tjb wldtj-jblcjt rktli 066.Sb jkvb khrbkdy pilgtbd iut kìvb (p. 04<) tjkt tjls `bkmbr ls git kg iutstkgdlgc spbo

lebg. K phklg (git k dbgtktbd) spktuhk wks usbd, tjb rle prialhb ls vbry slephb, tjb wkhh aklrhytjlom, tjb surakob git si wbhh alglsjbd ks wltj ekgy itjbr @bhh @bkmbrs, tjb dboirktlig (bspbolkhhy tjb zlczkc `kgds) rktjbr okrbhbss kgd tjb aire pripirtligs git vbry `khkgobd. Ks algb,alrst-rktb @bhh @bkmbr pittbry dibs ioour kt Eihbgkkrscrkka 06; wb eust kssueb bltjbr tjk t tjlsls kg bxobptlig ti tjb ruhb ia puttlgc `bst-qukhlty ciids lg tjb crkvb, ir tjkt tjb crkvb `bhigcsti k pbrlid wjbg tjls vbry algb @bhh @bkmbr wkrb wks gi higcbr kvklhk`hb lg tjb sbtthbebgt.Sb ipt air tjls hktbr pissl`lhlty, ks suoj k rbhktlvbhy hktb phkolgc lg tjb jlstiry ia tjb sbtthbebgtls suppirtbd `y tjb ;4O dktb (;1:2 » ?2 @.O.) ia tjb crkvb kgd `y sieb typihiclokh oigsldbrktligs.

Lg tjb typihiclokh sbqubgob ia Qkg dbr Skkhs iur `bkmbr oigaires eist ohisbhy ti tjb typb0Lb , wjloj ls git gbobsskrlhy lg oigahlot wltj tjb vbry hktb dktlgc. Tjb dktlgc ia tjb 0 L a `bkmbrarie _t .-Skhrlom, wbhh `bairb ;3;6 W :6 @.O. 060 oie`lgbd wltj tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka `bkmbrprivbs lgdbbd tjkt tjb bgd ia tjb typihiclokh sbqubgob elcjt `b ia ojrigihiclokh vkhub lgighy k vbry cbgbrkh sbgsb ir git kt khh.

Tjb `kgds wltj surriugdlgc zlczkc hlgbs aire lg iur vlbw kg bhbebgt tjkt okg `b nustlalk`hyclvbg k vbry hktb dktlgc. Sb algd tjb eitla—ùt lg k algbr bxboutlig—ig k hkrcb gue`br iaQbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs ia vkrlius aires. Sb di git wlsj ti spbouhktb kìut tjb irlclg ia tjlseitla. Lt ls k hiclokh bhbebgt keigc tjb vkrlius (@bhh) @bkmbr eitlas. Lt ls, jiwbvbr, gitlobk`hbtjkt tjb surriugdlgc zlczkc `kgd, oigslstlgc ia igb ti k ekxleue ia aiur hlgbs, ls igb ia tjbabw (kgd tjb eist strlmlgc) dboirktlvb eitlas ia @S@ pittbry. Tjls eitla ls khsi prielgbgt lg

;<: Ohkrm ;<4:, 1<.;< < Ohkrm ;<4:, 22 (Brtb`bh hb Ouhturb) = Ohkrm ;<12, 4?-44 kgd VH . L L.06¶ Qkg dbr- Skkhs & Chks`brcbg ;<22, 04-02.

0½' Air lgstkgob alc. :1, gis. 0;6, ??:= alc. :; alrst ? riws, tjb sjbrds kt tj b hbat.060 Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11k, @uthbr & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<11, 24.



?60 EIHBtvKKP_CPKKA

tjb sekhh criup ia `bkmbrs wjloj ioouplbs kg lgtbrebdlktb pisltlig `btwbbg tjb @bhh @bkmbrskgd tjb @S @bkmbrs 06?. Tjb dboirktlig wltj `kgds ia ìhd jirlzigtkh zlczkc hlgbs sbbes titi `b igb ia tjb abw bhbebgts ti survlvb tjb trkgsltlig arie tjb Gbihltjlo ti tjb @rigzb Kcb.Tjb typihiclokh lgtbrebdlktb aire ia tjb zlczkc eitla ia iur `bkmbr, `btwbbg tjkt ig Qbhuwb

@bhh @bkmbrs kgd ig tjb @S @bkmbrs, eky `b bxphklgbd `y tjb ojrigihiclokh lgtbrebdlktbpisltlig.

4.<.4.0. Tjb diebstlo `bkmbr arie crkvb LLL

Tjb sekhh `bkmbr arie crkvb LLL jks tjb shlcjthy koobgtuktbd sjiuhdbr kgd tjb auggbh-sjkpbd gbom (kgd khsi tjb aiit) tjkt eist oigaires wltj sieb vbry bkrhy Vritrudlgc Aiit@bkmbrs lg tjls oiugtry, suoj ks tjisb ia Jbbs kgd _ojlpìrc 064. Ig cbihiclokh kgd krojkbihiclokh criugds suoj k dktlgc (0266-0466 @.O.) ls lepissl`hb. Eirbivbr, tjb `bkmbr ls ighy dboirktbd ig lts hiwbr pkrt! K sboigd ojilob ls tjb @S @bkmbrs, bspbolkhhy tjisb wjloj krb okrbauhhysjkpbd, khtjiucj tjby hkom kg koobgtuktbd sjiuhdbr. Ks diebstlo pittbry wks vbry rkrbhyphkobd lg `bkmbr crkvbs lt ls git surprlslgc tjkt wb pissbss gi bxkot oiugtbrpkrts, air oiephbtb

pits ia tjls mlgd krb oigsbqubgthy rkrb. Tjb akot tjkt ighy tjb hiwbr pkrt ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka`bkmbr ls dboirktbd wjlhb tjb gbom ls ugdboirktbd, ls rbekrmk`hb air `bkmbr wkrb.

Tjb clat ia k @bhh @bkmbr ia eidbrktb qukhlty lg crkvb L kt tjb bgd ia tjb pbrlid oivbrbd `ytjls ouhturb, phus tjls slephb diebstlo pit, clvbg lg crkvb LLL, succbst tjkt tjb vbry hktb @bhh@bkmbr crkvbs krb ojkrkotbrlzbd `y diebstlo ir lgabrlir pittbry ks crkvb clats. Lt ls tjb prbhudbti tjb oiephbtb dlskppbkrkgob ia pittbry lg tjb crkvbs kgd bvbg ia crkvb ciids lg cbgbrkhdurlgc tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb.

Sb wlhh gkeb jbrb k abw crkvbs tjkt jkvb tjb skeb abkturb ia k slephb diebstlo pit kscrkvb clat kgd tjkt air vkrlius rbksigs elcjt dktb arie tjb skeb pbrlid. Lg k oiephloktbd`krriw kt Jøhstbg, Mr. @irmbg 062 k sekhh riugd plt oigtklgbd k sekhh okrbhbsshy sjkpbd `bkmbrwltj _-prialhb, bgtlrbhy dboirktbd wltj algcbrtlp leprbssligs lg Q-eitla. Ighy twi `kgds wbrb

hbat `hkgm (!). Kt _ble, Mr. Hødlcjkusbg 061 k sekhh `bkmbr wks aiugd lg k ivkh ùrlkh plt ks kcrkvb clat ti k orbektlig. Lt ls bgtlrbhy dboirktbd wltj K-eitlas, wltj tjb bxobptlig ia k gkrriwstrlp ugdbr tjb rle. Lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds wb oigsldbr tjb `bkmbr arie tjb sboigd crkvb ia`krriw B, Rddbhbrebbr 063, ks `bhigclgc ti tjb skeb criup kgd pjksb, ticbtjbr wltj tjb sekhh`bkmbr wltj rbbd leprbssligs arie crkvb LL lg tjb Piekg okstrk kt Glnebcbg 06:.

4.<.4.?. Tjb hkrcb `bkmbr wltj rbbd leprbssligs

Tjb typihiclokh phkob kgd tjb dktlgc ia tjb pit wltj rbbd leprbssligs jks khrbkdy `bbgdlsoussbd kìvb (p. 0<1). Sb khsi oieebgtbd ig tjb kssiolktlig ia tjls pit wltj crkvb L L kgd

0¶? Oa. gitb ;04.

064 Sk tb r` ih m ;<2 :, alc. 4= Qkg dbr Sk kh s ;<14½, alc. 1= Qkg dbr Sk kh s ;<10, alc. 06.

062 Mrihh ;<?:, Kh`rbojt ;<?4, ;0<= _truvb ;<22, ;?6-;?;.

061 Kh`rbojt ;<?4, ;?<, .411. 0?.0= khsi L. A. _eltj ;<22½, ;6-;; (dktlgc tjb `bkmbr ti tjb @S @bkmbr wkrb)=

_truvb ;<22, Tka. 04.:.

063 Jihwbrdk ;<;;", 2-< kgd ka`. 4-<, sbb khsi gitb 040.06 : Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?.



OIGTBZT - CPKQB CIID_ ?6?

ig tjb algd-olrouestkgobs ia tjb "@bkmbr Vits" (l.b. tjb Vit @bkmbr-ÙlbsbgiboÄbr-@S pits)lg cbgbrkh (p. 0<; a.).

4.<.4.4. Tjb alsj-jiims

Tjrbb ìgb ir kgthbr alsj-jiims jkvb `bbg aiugd lg tjls oiugtry. K 3.1 oe. higc kgthbrspbolebg wks aiugd lg tjb LNssbh gbkr Ihst06 <, k < oe. higc jiim lg tjb Girtj-bkst Vihdbr 0;¶ekdb ia (bhm 9) kgthbr, kgd k ;;.2 oe. higc wjkhb ìgb jiim khsi lg tjb Girtj-bkst Vihdbr 0R .Lg ektbrlkh kgd sjkpb, kgd `bokusb ia tjblr `kr`s, tjby krb vbry dlaabrbgt arie tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka jiims. Gigb ia tjbe krb dktbd.

Tjb ihdbst alsj-jiims ia Girtjbrg Buripb, tjisb ia tjb Dkglsj Ekclbeisb Ouhturb 0;0,krb ia tjb skeb typb kgd ekdb wltj tjb skeb tbojglqub ks tjisb ia Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjby krbekdb ia ìgb, Q- ir R-sjkpbd kgd wbrb iatbg out katbr k jihb wks ìrbd lg tjb `bgd ia tjbjiim. Tjby jkvb gi `kr`s, ùt iatbg k hltthb mgi` ir k gitoj ti akstbg k hlgb. Sb mgiw tjls typbkhsi arie tjb _wlss ìc sbtthbebgts 0h? , arie tjb si-okhhbd Jugtbdira ig tjb Døeebrsbb (TP@Ouhturb)0; 4 kgd arie k abw obebtbrlbs ia tjb Vlttbd Skrb Ouhturb> Tkgcbreøgdb 0;2 kgd

Istdira 0;1. Tjls typb ia alsj-jiim jks tjbrbairb jkd k vbry higc hlab kgd sbbes ti `b rbstrlotbdti bgvlrigebgts wltj stlhh arbsj-wktbr. Tjls kcrbbs wbhh wltj tjb spbolkh augotlig Ohkrm 0;1

kttrlùtbs ti tjbe> ti jiim ig k hlvlgc `klt air tjb oktojlgc ia plmb. @ut wb eust rbkhlzb tjkt tjbEihbgkkrscrkka jiims krb keigc tjb sekhhbst ia tjls typb (tjb Ekclbeisb jiims krb eisthy2-;6 hkrcb) kgd tjb yiugcbst lg dktb. Tjby krb git gbobsskrlhy usbd lg tjb skeb wky kgd@iddbmb's bxpbr lebgts pilgt lgdbbd ti kgitjbr typ b ia alsjbry kt Eihbgkkrscrkka 0;3.

Alsj-jiims, wjloj krb lg kgy oksb rktjbr ugoieeig, krb rkrbhy aiugd lg crkvbs 0;:. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb alsj-jiims eky `bst `b rbckrdbd ks tjb oiugtbrpkrts, tjb "wbt vbrslig' ia tjboustiekry krojbr's bqulpebgt0; < aiugd lg @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs ig tjb skgdy criugds. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka jugtlgc wks uglepirtkgt> tjb alsjbrekg's cbkr rbphkobd jugtlgc bqulpebgt.

4.<.4.2. Tjb kgthbr jiim

Hkrcb kgthbr jiims ir jibs, hlmb tjb spbolebg arie crkvb LL krb jkrdhy mgiwg lg @bhh

06 < Rgpu`hlsjbd> PEI d ;<0:/;0.;, ìucjt arie Er Duh Airteigd, Ihst= wltj igb `kr` kgd criivbs kriugdtjb tip.

-'" Rgpu`hlsjbd, aiugd kìut ;<26 kgd rbobgthy koqulrbd `y tji _ojimhkgd eusbue. Piugd oriss-sbotlig.0;; Mibhbs ;<2;, ;<3, alc. 40 = Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22 o, ;;6.0;0 Ohkrm ;<4:, ;<?1, 4?= Ohkrm ;<12, 40-4?, alc. ;3, ;:. @rigdstbd ;<16, 16-13, :4-:2= Chi` ;<20, gi. 2??.•R ('jum L<4_. 14, alc. ; ;= ;<12, alc. ;:= Syss ;<1<, K``. :.;?-;1, `kr`hbss jiims 1-;0 oe.0;4 Nkoi` Arlbsbg ;<2<, K``. ;01.0; 2 Tkgcbreøgdb> Vrbuss ;<2?/24= Istdira> @kstlkg ;<1;, _ojuhdt ;<1;. Tjb oikstkh sbtthbebgts (kgd obebtbrlbs)

ks Qkstbr`nbrs jkvb itjbr typbs ia jiims, pri`k`hy eirb sultbd ti sbk-alsjlgc kgd sbk-alsjbs (_tbg`brcbr bt kh. ;<4?,bsp. :1-:3).

071 Ohkrm ;<12, 40-4?, alc. ;3.0;3 Dbsorl`bd kt p. ??? = sbb khsi gitb 2<.0;: Ohkrm ;<4:, 11-13= oa. khsi gitb 0;2= Jäushbr gkebs k abw ìgb alsj-jiims lg crkvbs ia tjb _l`brlkg Chkzmivi

Ouhturb (Jkuslbr ;<10, ;;22, Tka. ;Z.? (Giomin ?) kgd Tka. QLLL.; (Ekmkrivi 0)). Tjb Chkzmivi Ouhturb ls dktbd titjb ;:-;?tj obgtury @.O.

0;< Qlz. krriw-jbkds ia dlaabrbgt typbs, wrlstcukrds, krriw sjkat seiitjbrs.



?64 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

@bkmbr ir @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr oigtbxt. Ighy lg Crbkt @rltklg wbrb k abw jiims aiugd lgcrkvbs 00¶.

Air lts irlclgkh usb wb wlhh gkeb k abw pissl`lhltlbs. Al rst , tjb jiim ls vbry slelhkr ti tjbGbihltjlo ahlgt elgbr's ploms. Tjbsb elcjt jkvb `bbg usbd air outtlgc tjb ojkhm ks wbhh ksair hbvbrlgc `hioms ia ojkhm iut ia tjb wkhhs 00;. Tjkt tjby rbkhhy krb sultbd air jbkvy dlcclgcwirm wks privbd lg tjb Ivbrtig Diwg bxpbrlebgtkh bkrtj wirm 000. Tjb usb ks k elgbr'splom ls, jiwbvbr, bgtlrbhy iu t ia tjb qubstlig kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjbrb lt elcjt jkvb `bbg usbdks k criugd wirmlgc lephbebgt, wjlhb tjb risb elcjt jkvb `bbg dkekcbd lg `rbkmlgc up tjbohids 00?. Air tjb euoj yiugcbr kgthbr jiims arie tjb tbrp eiugds (katbr 166 @.O.) suoj kusb ls cbgbrkhhy koobptbd. Tjby sjiw, jiwbvbr, kg lgtbgslvb pihlsj ig tjb wirmlgc bgd, hkomlgcig iur jiim.

Ls lt pissl`hb tjkt tjb jiim, hlmb tjb alsj-jiims, airebd k pkrt ia tjb alsjbrekg's bqulpebgt 9 Lt oiuhd jkvb `bbg k alsjtrkp hlatbr ir drbdcb. Siidbg jiims ia vbry slelhkr ebksurbebgts kgd sjkpb wbrb ugtlh rbobgthy lg usb lg _wbdbg ti puhh gbts iut ia tjb wktbr 004. KtPi`bgjkusbg obrtklg wiidbg i`nbots wltj sjirt sldb-`rkgojbs rkdlktlgc kt kg i`hlqub kgchbti tjb sjkats wbrb lgtbrprbtbd ks suoj 002. Lg tjb khrbkdy ebgtligbd obebtbrlbs kt Tkgcbreøgdbkgd Istdira, usbd `y k siolbty wltj k oiepkrk`hb boigiey kgd hlvlgc lg k oiepkrk`hb bgvlrigebgt, k abw kgthbr lephbebgts ioour, la ia kgitjbr typb 001. Tjby jkvb k diu`hb pilgt wltj kobgtrkhhy ìrbd jihb lg wjloj wks irlclgkhhy k sjkat, tjus ekmlgc k mlgd ia diu`hb plom kxb.Kt Qästbr`nbrs 003, k oikstkh sbtthbebgt, itjbr typbs ia alsj-jiim ioour kgd tjb oiepkrk`hbkgthbr lephbebgt ls khsi dlaabrbgt. Lt ls kg kgthbr tlgb ìrbd tjriucj kt tjb `ksb, ks wks digblg tjb Ekclbeisb ouhturb . Igb plbob sjiws ohbkrhy tjk t lt wks irlclgkhhy privldbd wltj k sjkat.Ig tjb pilgt trkobs ia wbkr krb vlsl`hb lg tjb sjkpb ia higcltudlgkh sorktojbs. @ut tjb augotligia tjb lephbebgt ls git ohbkr> dlcclgc lephbebgt, gbt hlatbr ir wbkpig 9

Lt dibs git sbbe pissl`hb ti dbtbrelgb wltj kgy obrtklgty tjb wky lg wjloj tjb kgthbrjiim wks usbd. La wb jkd ti ojiisb wb wiuhd clvb prbabrbgob ti lts usb ks k gbt hlatbr arie tjbaklrhy dbbp kgd siebtlebs ojlhhy wktbrs ia tjb cuhhy. Tjls bxphklgs tjb sekhh wbkr kgd tjb

sorktojbs ig tjb pilgt. Tjb risb wiuhd tjbg jkvb `bbg dkekcbd `y lts usb ks k jkeebr tidrlvb lgti tjb cuhhy `bd tjb pihbs ig wjloj tjb trkps kgd gbts wbrb alxbd.

006 Ohkrmb ;<36, okt. gis. 00; (p. 446), 3?< (p. 4?:), :;3 (p. 44;), ;6:? (p. 441), ;?11 (p. 44;). Kgthbr tlgb> gi

;?2 (p. 44;).0 0 ; Ohkrm ;<12, ;32, khsi 4:-4<. _lelhkr jiims wbrb aiugd k t ._plbggbs kgd _ t. Cbbrtr uld lg sekhh g ue` brs .0 0 0 Nbwbhh ;<1?, bsp. 2;-20.0 0 ? Lg tjb Sbstb rg Gbtj brh kgd s tjbsb lephbe bgts krb vbry sokrob. Igb arie Jlhhbcie ls rbpi rtbd (Qkgd brQQk h

;<20, ;6:, VH, LL@). Tjb lephbebgt ls ugdktbd,

Dr J. J. Arbsb, Piomkgnb, lgairebd eb kìut tjb jibs, kt prbsbgt lg usb lg Karlok. Tjbsb krb rktjbr prleltlvb

tiihs, ugspbolkhlzbd lg aire ir augotlig . Tjb kgchb `btwbbg `hk db kgd jkat ls khwky s k sjk rp igb, wjloj ls git t jb oksb

wltj iur kgthbr jiim. Ti us tjls sbbes git slcglalokgt, jiwbvbr, slgob prbjlstirlo pbiphb wbrb git arbb ti ojiisb tjb

eist baalolbgt kgchb, ùt jkd ti wirm wltj k gkturkhhy criwg aire. Air tjb Karlokg jibs sbb @kuekgg ;<44.0 04 _uoj k wiidbg jiim ls lg tjb Jke` urcl sojb s Eusbue aør Qñhmbr mugd b, O kt. gi. 03.;60>00, hbgct j 5 ?3.2 oe.,

hbgc tj ia jiim 5 06 oe. Sb tj kg m Dr Slhjbhe @lbrjb gmb air jls lgaire ktlig ig tjls le phbe bgt.0 " Ohkr m ;<4:, 3;.00;; @kstlk g ;<1;, bsp. <:-;6; & K``. 30½= Vrbuss ;<2?/ '24, Tkgc breø gdb crkvb 0; (Tka. ZZ Q. 4). K slelhkr le

phb ebg t wks aiugd kt tjb Dø eeb rsb b (Dblojeøhhbr ;<1<, W411. 0).0 0 ' _tbg`brcbr bt kh. ;<4?, :3-:< kgd Tka. 06.3, 02, 0:.



OIGTBZT - CPKQB_ ?62

4.<.2. TJB CPKQB_

4.<.2.;. Cbgbrkh rbekrms

Tjb Gbtjbrhkgds jkvb k vbry rloj trkdltlig lg tjb lgvbstlcktlig ia @bkmbr crkvbs, bspbolkhhy`krriws, ùt oiepkrktlvbhy hltthb irdbr jks `bbg orbktbd keigc tjb hkrcb qukgtltlbs ia kvklhk`hbdktk. K dbtklhbd survby hlbs, jiwbvbr, iutsldb tjb rkgcb ia tjls bssky, kgd wiuhd ighy `b pissl`hbkatbr lgtbgslvb study ia albhd diouebgtktlig kgd gitbs ìtj ia kektbur kgd priabssligkhkrojkbihiclsts 00:. _uoj k wirm ls `blgc ugdbrtkmbg `y N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs, kgd N. G. kgd

K. B. Hkgtlgc 00< . Jbrb, jiwbvbr, wb wlhh oigalgb iursbhvbs ti pu`hlsjbd dktk, wjloj krb git

dlsputbd lg lgtbrprbtktlig ir dktlgc, kgd dktk supphlbd `y rbobgt lgvbstlcktligs. Tjls ls ighyk pkrt ia tjb kvklhk`hb ektbrlkh, ` ut lt ls tjb eist lepirtkgt pkrt kgd eirb tjkg kdbquktb air

kssbsslgc t jb vkhub ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka dktk.Alrst, k abw cbgbrkh rbekrms. @urlkh lg obebtbrlbs kppbkrs ti jkvb `bbg oieeig, ùt ls

eklghy rboicglzk`hb wjbg `krriws wbrb rklsbd ivbr tjb crkvbs. Hkrcb criups ia `krriws sbbe,

lg vlbw ia tjb crkvb ciids, ti jkvb `bbg lg usb air k higc tleb. @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs nilg tjisb iatjb Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr Ouhturb. _ekhh criups kppbkr ti rbprbsbgt sjirtbr pbrlids. @ut

lsihktbd `krriws ioour nust ks euoj 0?6.

Ahkt crkvbs krb hbss oieeighy mgiwg, ù t tjby wbrb obrtklghy ks guebrius ks tjb `krriws 0?;. Bspbolkhhy durlgc tjb hkrcb sokhb bxokvktlig ia prbjlstirlo sbtthbebgts, tjb hkst abw

ybkrs, ekgy ahkt crkvbs ia tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs wbrb dlsoivbrbd. Durlgc t jb bxboutlig ia pu`hlowirms lt ls, jiwbvbr, ighy k strlmlgc ùrlkh clat tjkt hbkds ti lts dlsoivbry kgd eist ia tjbewlhh `b dlstur`bd uggitlobd. Sb eust kssueb tjkt k rbhktlvbhy hkrcb gue`br ia dbkd wbrb ùrlbdlg ahkt crkvbs wltjiut gitbwirtjy crkvb ciids.

Hltthb kttbgtlig jks `bbg pkld ti tjb rbhktligsjlp `btwbbg crkvbs kgd sbtthbebgts. Lt kp

pbkrs tjkt tjb crkvbs iatbg jb lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty ia tjb sbtthbebgts durlgc k pbrlid

bxtbgdlgc arie tjb Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr Ouhturb ti tjb urgalbhds ia tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb.Tjls wks kt hbkst tjb oksb lg k gue`br ia bxtbgslvb bxokvktligs, suoj ks Kghi (VA@), Bhp kgd

Kgcbhkhii (BHV). Khsi kt Iistwiud (@@), Jkps (Q@@), kgd Glnebcbg (Q@@)0? 0 sbtthbebgtrbeklgs kgd crkvbs wbrb aiugd ig igb kgd tjb skeb tbrrklg. Tjb arbqubgt ioourrbgob ia sieb`bkmbr sjbrds ir diebstlo pittbry lg kgd ugdbr `krriws khsi lgdloktbs kg kdnkobgt dwbhhlgc

" J B.c. Qle (hlah'l'll. Eiddbrekg, Sktbrìhm, @ursoj, Pbeiuojkeps kgd Jihwbrdk kgd kektbu rs hlmb @bhhbg kgd

@bzkkg.00 < Sb tjkgm Vria, vkg dbr Skkhs kgd bspbolkhhy Er N. G. Hkgtlgc air tjblr jbhp kgd lgairektlig rbhktlgc ti

tjb pri`hbes dlsoussbd lg tjb su`sbqubgt pkrkcrkpjs.0? 6 K hkrcb `krriw criup ls, air lgstkgob, tjkt ia tjb Brebhisb Jbldb (Eiddbrekg ;<24)= sekhh igbs> tjisb kt

Kghi (Sktbrìhm ;<16), _wkhebg (Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<1;) kgd _t.-Skhrlom (Cribgekg-vkgSkktbrlgcb ;<11"). Ks lsihktbd `krriws wb gkeb Ebbrhi (Qbrwbrs ;<14) kgd Eih (@bbx kgd Piissbgs ;<10, ;<1?).

0? ; O'a. Sktbrìhm ;<2:= Qkg Claabg ;<?3> _hbbg, dlsoivbrbd `y tjb algdlgc ia igb rloj crkvb= tjb itjbrs kppbkrbdti `b piir lg crkvb clats. Pbobgthy k t Jlnmbg k crkvb albhd ia 3 VA @ Ouhturb ahkt crkvbs wks dlsoivbrbd kooldbgtkhhy du

rlgc hkrcb sokhb bxokvktligs ia k @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt `y tjb @KL, Criglgcbg.0? 0 Sktbrìhm ;<16, ;<14", Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<12`, ;<11, ;<13, Qkg Claabg ;<1;, ;<10, ;<11, Qbrwbrs ;<30, Hiuwb

Miilnekgs ;<3?.



?61 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

phkob. Tjls akot tjbrbairb hbkvbs tjb pissl`lhlty ipbg tj kt tj b dbkd wbrb lg akot ùrlbd lg tjbsbtthbebgt durlgc lts iooupktlig kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, ks tjb hkgdsokpb ekdb gi itjbr ojilobkvklhk`hb.

Plgc dltojbs ir lgtbrebdlkry dltojbs wltj pkhlskdlgc (ugdbr tjb `krriw, `btwbbg tjb crkvb

kgd tjb `krriw's bdcb), kgd rblgairobd crkvb plts wbrb lg usb lg ìtj tjb VA@ kgd @@ Ouhturb0??

.Ks akr ks tjb hkttbr ls oigobrgbd wb eust, jiwbvbr, `b okrbauh wltj airebr lgtbrprbtktligs iasilh trkobs.

Katbr jkvlgc strbssbd kìvb tjb uglairelty ia k abw cbgbrkh kspbots ia ùrlkh ousties,lg wjkt aihhiws wb dlsouss eklghy tjb pisltlig ia tjb ìdlbs tjbesbhvbs kgd pilgt iut siebdlaabrbgobs `btwbbg tjb vkrlius @bkmbr Ouhturbs lg tjls rbspbot.

4.<.2.0. Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs

Lg tjb pjksb ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb tjb crkvbs krb irlbgtktbd prbdielgkgthylg kg B-S dlrbotlig 0?4 . Ia 01 crkvbs dktbd prbdielgkgthy `y k `bkmbr 0; kppbkr ti jkvb kg

0?: Plgc-dltojbs> VA@ Ouhturb oa. K. B. Hkgtlgc ;<1<, @@ Ouhturb oa. Hk gtl gc & Qkg dbr Skkhs ; <3;, gitb ;2,

Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?, bsp. gitbs 11-1:. L hlst sieb rbhlk`hb i`sbrvktligs ia rblgairobd crkvb plts ia tjb @@ Ouhturb>

— Eih (@bbx & Piissb gs ;<10, ;<1?), plt ??6 x 06 6, rblgairo bebgt 006 Z ;66 oe.

— Sb je (_ojhl ojt ;<2:), pl t 006 5 ;26, rblg air obeb gt ;26 Z ;66 oe.

— _ ojkk lm (5 _oj kym) `kr riw ? (Qkg Claabg ;<4<, 3?), plt 03: Z 042 , rblg airob ebgt ;<2 Z <2 oe.

— Brgst (Qkg Claabg ;<?6 s , 32, K``. 12), pl t ?26 x ;32 wlt j 026 x 3 6/4 2 oe. oiaalg.

— Qkkssb g, `krri w ? (Hk gtlg c & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<3;, alc. <) plt ;26 x ;?6, rblga irobeb gt ;06/;66 x 16 oe. Or bekt lig.

— Ekk rs`b rcbg ( Hkg tlg c & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<3;, ;;:, alc. ;?), plt 006 Z ;?6, rblgai robeb gt ;26 Z :2 oe.

— Eihbgkkrscrkka, crkvb L (tjls pkpbr p. 026) rblgairobebgt> ;?6/;?2 Z :6/<2 oe.

— Ou ym (@ick brs ;<13, ;6), pl t ;16 Z ;;6, rbl gair obeb gt> :2 Z 4: oe.0? 4 Tjb crkvbs usbd krb tjisb ebgtligbd lg gitb 0?2 phus>

;. Skcbglgcbg, `krriw ;, S:S-BG@, wltj igb ir twi @bhh @bkmbrs. Pbeiuojkeps ;<0:.

0. Jlhvbrsue, `krriw ;6, B-S, wltj k oippbr dkccbr kgd ahlgt krriw-jbkds. Pbeiuojkeps ;<0:.

?. Bdb, B-S, wltj wrlstcukrd. @ursoj ;<??, K``. 24.4. Jlhvbrsue, `krriw ;, S_S-BGB, wltj oippbr dkccbr (wltj igb sekhh rlvbt). @ursoj ;<?2, 4<, ka`. 0<, :<.

2. Iss, o. B-S, orbektlig wltj Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr. @ursoj ;<?3.

1. Dlbvbr, B-S, rblgairobd wltj stigbs, wltj vbry hktb @bhh @bkmbr. Qkg Claabg ;<?6 s , K``. 3 b-a= oa. Eiddbrekg

;<22;.

3. Brgst, S_S-BGB, wltj wrlstcukrd. Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, K``. 12.

:. Bxhii-Idiirg, SGS-B_M, wltj bkrhy typi ia @bhh @bkmbr, oippbr dkccbr kgd kwh, cihdbg irgkebgts, ahlgt ahkmbs.

Qkg Claabg ;<43, ka`. 3,:.

<. Hugt brb g (k), B- S, wltj twi Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrs, k oippbr kwh, 4 ousjlig sti gbs, arkc, wrls tcuk rd, ahlgt kxb ,

1 krriw jbkds. @uthbr & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<11, ;0? a.

;6. Hug tbr bg (`), B-S , wltj wrlstc ukrd , ahlgt kxb, 3 krri w-jb kds. @uth br & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<11, ;03 a.

;; . Ouym (k), B-S, wltj sekhh @bhh @bkmbr sjbrd. _ekhh plt (;16 Z ;;6) wltj oiaalg (9) :2 Z 4:. @ickbrs ;<13½, *;6.

;0. Ouym (`), B-S, wltj 0ld-b @bhh @bkmbr. @ickbrs ;<13 s *;6.

;?. Skcbglgcbg , GB-_ S, wltj 0ld-b @bhh @bkmbr. Qkg Bs ;<14, ;<3, 022, VH . ZH QL LL .;4. Jkps, S_S-BGB, wltj (arkcebgtkry) Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr. Qbrwbrs ;<30, 3 a.

;2. B(b)gbrsojkgs, GGS-__B, alvb aiit Q@@ ìwh. Qkg Claabg ;<41, ka`. 3.

;1. Drlbsojb @brc, _pbuhdb, B_B-SGS, @bhh @bkmbr, upsldb diwg lg alhhlgc ia ùrlkh plt. Hbjekgg ;<13¶.

;3. Qkkssb g, `krri w 0, GS -_ B, wltj 0 ½ `bk mbr. Hkg tlg c & Qkg dbr Skkhs ; <3;, ;63, alc. 3, :.

;:. Qkkssb g, `krriw ?, GGS -_ _B , wltj 0Ms bkmbr , oippb r mglab, ke` br ùt tig kgd pb gdk gt. Hkg tlg c & Qkg dbr STkkhs

;<3;, ;;4, alcs. < & ;0.

Air Bkrhy @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs sbb gitb 01<. Sb rbkhlzb, tjkt tjbrb elcjt `b dlsousslig wjy tjb Bxhii-Idiirg crkvb ls lg



OIGTBZT - CPKQB_ ?63

irlbgtktlig `btwbbg SGS-B_B kgd S_S-BGB. Sb mgiw kt tjb eiebgt : eirb ir hbssoiephbtb oirpsb-slhjiubttbs kgd 4 oksbs lg wjloj ighy tjb pisltlig ia tjb jbkd ls dbtbrelgbd 0?2.Tjb slhjiubttbs khh sjiw k oriuojbd oirpsb, hkld diwg ig tjb hbat sldb wltj tjb jbkd ti tjb bkstkgd akolgc siutj. Alvb ia tjbe wbrb dbalgbd ks tjb crkvbs ia ebg `bokusb ia tjb prbsbgob ia

wrlst cukrds ks crkvb ciids. Ia tjb prbsuebd jbkd-slhjiubttbs twi hlb kt tjb bkst bgd, ùt twikt tjb wbst bgd ia tjb crkvb plt. @itj tjb hkttbr i`sbrvktligs krb git, jiwbvbr, lrrbautk`hbpriia tjkt tjby krb lg akot jbkd slhjiubttbs, ks gi rbpirt wks ekdb kìut tjb bgkebh ia tjbtbbtj. Tjb algd ia ke`br `bkds kgd ùttigs gbkr tjb gbom ia igb ia tjbsb twi (Jlhvbrsue)aires gi oigohuslvb priia, air bhsbwjbrb (Jkrbgdbreihbg) tjbsb hky gbkr tjb pbhvls.

Tjb ojlhd crkvb (LLL) kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls tjb alrst lgdloktlig tjkt wiebg wbrb ùrlbddlaabrbgthy arie ebg lg tjb Dutoj @bhh @bkmbr privlgob. Tjkt oirpsb-slhjiubttbs ig tjb rlcjtsldb jkvb git ybt `bbg rbpirtbd eky `b tjb rbsuht, air bxkephb, ia k pivbrty ia crkvb ciidslg tjb crkvbs ia wiebg, ir ia tjb brbotlig ia `krriws ighy (ir prbdielgkgthy) ivbr tjb crkvbsia ebg 0?@.

tjls hlst, wjlhb tjb Bhp kgd tjb Di Bbsb crkvbs krb lg tjb itjbr. Tjb Bxhii-Idiirg crkvb ls dktbd `y tjb kwh ti PblgbmbKh (hlu thbr & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<11, 1;) wjlhb tjb `bkmbr ls typihiclokhhy rktj br bkrhy. _i tjb (git kssiolktbd) bkr hy `bkmbrsarie ìtj itjbr crkvbs elcjt khsi jkvb `bbg lg usb lg tjb skeb pbrlid.

0? 2 Tjbsb krb>;. Jbbrdb, `krriw ?. Irlbgtktlig BGB-S_S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc siutj. Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr gbkr jbkd. Pbeiu-

ojkeps ;<0:.

0. Jkrbgdbreihbg. Irlbgtktlig B-S, akolgc siutj. Srlstcukrd, ke`br ùttigs (Q-pbrairktbd) kgd `bkds, sieb ahlgt.Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, 46 a., K``. 02-0:.

?. Iistbrbgc, @bggbmie, `krriw ;0. Irlbgt ktlig B-S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc siu tj. Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr `bjlgd pbhvls =krriw-jbkds, wrlstcukrd. @ursoj ;<??, ka`. 26.

4. _ojkklm (5 _ojkvm) gbkr Iss, `krriw ?. Irlbgtktlig B-S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc siutj. @iwh gbkr airbjbkd=twi ahlgt ahkmbs. Qkg Claabg ;<4<, 3;-34.

2. Bhspbtbr Jbldb, `krriw 2. Irlbgtktlig B-S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc siutj. Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr gbkr hiwbr hbcs=ahlgt ahkmb. Eiddbrekg ;<24.

1. Ekkrs`brcbg. Irlbgtktlig GB-_S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc _B. 0lo @bhh @bkmbr gbkr tjb abbt= wrlstcukrd, rblgairobdùrlkh plt. Hkgtlgc & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<3;, ;;: a.

3. Hugtbrbg. Irlbgtktlig BGB-S_S (slhjiubttb B-S), ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc siutj. Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr `bjlgd tjbjbkd= wrlstcukrd, oippbr dkccbr, : krriw-jbkds, plbob ia ahlgt, rblgairobd ùrlkh plt. Juhst ;<30.

:. Glnebcbg, `kr riw Q. Irlbg tktli g B-S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc siutj. Bkr hy (0lt7-o) @bhh @bkmbr `bairb airbjbkd=wrlstcukrd. Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?.

<. _pbuhdb, `krriw <. Irlbgtktlig B-S. "Jbkd-slhjiubttb" kt tjb bkst bgd. Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr lg tjb wbst bgd.@ursoj ;<??, K``. 42.

;6. _t.-Skhrlom, `krriw ;, pbrlid ;. Irlbgtktlig B-S. Jbkd-slhjiubttb wltj bgkebh ia tbbtj kt tjb bkst bgd. Qbhuwb@bhh @bkmbr kt tjb wbst bgd. Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11k, 30-:6= pbrs. oiee. Er N. G. Hkg tlgc, Criglgcbg.

;;. @bggbmie. Irlbgtktlig GTS-:B. "Jbkd-slhjiubttb" (gi bgkebh rboirdbd) lg tjb wbst bgd. 0 Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrskt tjb _B sldb ia tjb plt. Qkg Claabg ;<24".

;0. Jlhvbrsue, `krriw 0. Irlbgtktlig S-B. "Jbkd-slhjiubttb" (gi bgkebh rboirdbd) lg tjb wbst bgd. 4 Ke`br `bkdskt tjb prbsuebd phkob ia tjb gbom. Pbeiuojkeps ;<0:.

Twi crkvbs ia tjisb hlstbd kìvb krb rbhktlvbhy bkrhy (gis. 1 kgd :, oa. gitb 036). Eihbgkkrscrkka crkvb L ltsbha ls git

lgohudbd lg tjb hlst.0?1 Lg tjb _kkhb dlstrlot ebg's crkvbs krb eirb arbqubgt kgd rlojbr lg crkvb clats tjkg tjb wiebg's crkvbs.

(Alsojbr ;<21). Tjb @B@ Ouhturb crkvbs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds sjiw tjb skeb abkturb, ebg's oirpsb-slhjiubttbs `blgceuoj eirb arbqubgt kgd kooiepkglbd `y eirb crkvb ciids ia k jlcjbr qukhlty (K. B. a ½kgtlgc L<16),



?6: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Tjb phkolgc ia crkvb ciids sbbes ti `b aklrhy vkrlk`hb> tjb `bkmbr stiid alvb tlebs gbkrtjb hbcs (igob gbkr tjb abbt, igob `bjlgd tjb pbhvls, igob gbkr tjb mgbbs, twlob git spbolalbd).Itjbr crkvb ciids hlb `bjlgd tjb `kom (khsi wrlst cukrds !) ir lg arigt ia tjb ojbst.

4.<.2.?. @kr`bd Slrb @bkmbr crkvbsAir tjb @S @bkmbr Ouhturb wb jkvb khrbkdy rbekrmbd tjkt iur mgiwhbdcb ia ùrlkh ous

ties ls shlcjt, iwlgc ti tjb hkom ia crkvb ciids. \bt tjb abw dktk wkrrkgt sieb oigohusligs.Sb oigsldbrbd blcjt crkvbs wjloj krb kssiolktbd eirb ir hbss strigchy wltj @S@ pittbry 0?3 .Tjby hlb, wltj igb bxobptlig, lg k GS-_B ti G-_ irlbgtktlig. Lg aiur oksbs k oirpsb slhjiubttbwks i`sbrvbd 0?: , bkoj wltj tjb jbkd ti tjb siutj, tjrbb ia tjbe ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc wbstkgd lg igb oksb wltj gi dbtklhs spbolalbd. Sjkt ls vbry gitlobk`hb ls tjb arbqubgt ioourrbgob iasjbrds ir hkrcb plbobs ia @S dboirktbd pits kt tjb aiit ir ig tjb surakob ia tjb `krriw ir ig tjbairebr surakob ugdbr tjb `krriw, lg tjb oksb ia k prlekry crkvb. Lg eist oksbs tjbsb sjbrdshbkd ti kttrlùtlgc tjb ebgtligbd crkvbs ti tjb @S@ Ouhturb. Lg ighy tjrbb oksbs tjbrb wksk @S @bkmbr lg tjb ùrlkh plt. K ahlgt dkccbr ia k _okgdlgkvlkg typb, k sboigd ugdboirktbd

`bkmbr kgd k wirmbd plbob ia ahlgt krb tjb abw kssiolktbd crkvb ciids. Tjb G-_ irlbgtktbdcrkvbs, git dktbd kgd wltjiut crkvb ciids, elcjt irlclgktb khsi arie tjls pbrlid ??<. Itjbrwlsb,tjb alrst crkvbs oigtklglgc dbkd ùrlbd bxtbgdbd ig tjblr `koms sbbe ti ioour durlgc tjls tleb.

Tjb `krriw lgvbstlcktligs kt _t.-Skhrlom privldbd pkrtlouhkrhy vkhuk`hb dktk 046. Sltjlg

0?3 Tjb crkvbs usbd krb>;. Ckstbrbg. SGS-B_B, @S @bkmbr lg alhhlgc ia vbry sjkhhiw ùrlkh plt. Qkg Claabg ;<4;, kÙ. ?;.0. Beebrjiut, `krriw ?. GGB-__S, wltj @S @bkmbr kgd ahlgt dkccbr ia _okgdlgkvlkg typb. N. G. Hkgtlgc ;<1<".?. Brebhisb Jbldb, `krriw 0, pbrlid 0. _B-GS, wltj oriuojbd oirpsb-slhjiubttb ig hbat sldb, jbkd lg _B, akolgc _S.

@S@ sjbrds lg tjb `krriw `bhigc ti tj b 0gd pbrlid. Eiddbrekg ;<24, 00 a., VL. Z ZZ LL L.4. Ieebg, _tbcbrbgsb Qbhd, `krriw ;, pbrlid 0. _-G, wltj oriuojbd oirpsb-sl hjiubttb ig hbat sldb, jbkd siutj, akolgc

S. @lc arkcebgt ia @S pit kt tjb `krriw aiit, pri`k`hy dktlgc tjls pbrlid. Pblgairobd ùrlkh plt. @ursoj ;<??,8•Ɛ. khsi Eiddbrekg ;<22`.

2. Ckstbrbg, `krriw 4?. G-_, @S@ sjbrds lg sboigdkry pisltlig lg tjb skgd ia tjb `krriw. Jkrsbek & Db Pultbr ;<11.1. Beebrjiut, `krriw ;. GS-_B, sieb Gbihltjlo sjbrds, tjb hktbst wltj @S dboirktlig arie tjb `krriw kgd tjb

surakob `bhiw lt. N. G. Hkgtlgc ;<1:, ;14.3. Iudbeihbg, `krriw ;0, pbrlid ;. _B-GS, wltj oriuojbd oirpsb-slhjiubttb, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc _S, jbkd siutj,

kgd wltj igb rbtiuojbd ahlgt ahkmb. Lg tjb aiit ia tjb `krriw, bkst ia tjb crkvb, k oigobgtrktlig ia ekgy sjbrdsia k `lc @S pit. Bxokvktlig @KL ;<26, ugpu`hlsjbd. Vbrs. oiee. Er N. G. Hkgtlgc, Criglgcbg.

:. [ubrbgstbdb, Mr. Keebrhkgd. GGS-__B, oriuojbd oirpsb-slhjiubttb ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc bkst, jbkd siutj.Lg tjb girtj bgd twi `bkmbrs, igb wltj @S dboirktlig, tjb itjbr ugdboirktbd. îhhbr ;<1?, ;62-;63.

<. Bbxt-Mbrmwbc, `krriw 0. B-S, wltj sekhh ahlgt-mglab. Ig tjb airebr surakob kgd `bhiw tjb `krriw tjb sjbrdsia k @S @bkmbr. Hkgtlgc & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<3;½.

Ks bkrhy ks ;<22 Eiddbrekg (;<22`, 40) i`sbrvbd tjkt tjb @S@ crkvbs lg cbgbrkh dbvlktb arie tjb ojkrkotbrlstloB-S @bkmbr irlbgtktlig. Tjb dlrbotlig ia tjb Jkgbgdirp crkvb (Jihwbrdk ;<;;, alc. 03, 0:= oa. gitbs ;?;, 04;) okggit`b dbtbrelgbd, (gi girtj ls lgdloktbd) wjlhb lt ls khsi du`lius wjbtjbr tjb @S `bkmbr `bhigcs ti tjls crkvb. _i tjlscrkvb ls git lgohudbd lg tjb hlst.

0? : Tjb gis. ?, 4, 3, : lg gitb 0?3.0? < Ks air lgstkgob crkvb a0; kt _t. Skhrlom (gitb 046).04 6 Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11k. Sb okg bstk`hlsj tjb aihhiwlgc typihiclokh crkvb sbqubgob>

;. t h ; . B-S crkvb, jbkd slhjiubtt b (wltj bgkebh ia tbb tj, akolgc siutj) lg tjb bkst bgd . 0ra-Qihuwb @bhh @bkmb r lgtjb wbst bgd.



OIGTBZT - CPKQB_ ?6 <

k sjirt pbrlid : ùlhdlgc pjksbs ia tjrbb `krriws wbrb dktbd tjbrb. Lg tjb alvb ùrlkh plts aiugd,sieb ia tjbe wltj trkobs ia tjb ìdlbs, tjb ojkgcb arie B-S irlbgtktbd plts wltj k oriuojbdìdy ti GS-_B irlbgtktbd plts wltj ìdlbs bxtbgdbd ig tjblr `koms kgd jbkd ti tjb siutj (slo !)okg `b i`sbrvbd. Tjb ihdbst crkvb ls dktbd `y k 0 L a Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr, tjb yiugcbst `y k;4O dktb ;3;6 » ?2 @.O. Tjb typihiclokh crkvb sbqubgob oigours hkrcbhy wltj tjb pkhygihiclo-khhy dbtbrelgbd sbqubgob. Ighy crkvb ? ; ls typihiclokhhy siebwjkt bkrhlbr tjkg wks suppisbd.Tjb sekhh obebtbry kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls oigtbepirkry wltj sieb ia tjb crkvbs kt _t.-Skhrlom,gkebhy ?; kgd ;*.

4.<.2.4. Tjb ojrigihiclokh-ouhturkh pisltlig ia tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka obebtbry

Crkvb L kt Eihbgkkrscrkka kppbkrs ti `b k ùrlkh wjloj ls tjiriucjhy lg tjb trkdltlig iatjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr pjksb lg tjls oiugtry, lg spltb ia lts vbry hktb dktlgc.

Crkvb LLL oigaires, `y lts B-S irlbgtktlig kgd `y tjb ebrb akot tjkt k `bkmbr wks prbsbgt,eirb ti tjb Q@@ tjkg ti tjb @S@ trkdltlig. Tjb ùrlkh ig tjb rlcjt sldb elcjt wbhh `b tjbtyplokh ekggbr ia ùrylgc wiebg. @ut tjb typihiclokh rbhktligsjlps ia tjb `bkmbr ti tjb (bkrhy)

@S@ Ouhturb clvbs tjb crkvb k trkgsltligkh ojkrkotbr. Ighy k abw pkrkhhbhs air tjb phkolgc ia tjbpit lg tjb alhhlgc ia tjb ùrlkh plt krb mgiwg 04;.

Crkvb LL jks tjb ojkrkotbrlstlo @S@ irlbgtktlig, wjlhb tjb ekg's pisltlig, eirbivbr,kcrbbs wltj tjkt ia tjb mgiwg oirpsb-slhjiubttbs. Rgdbr wirsb prbsbrvktlig oigdltligs gitekgy crkvb ciids wiuhd jkvb survlvbd, ùt lt wiuhd stlhh jkvb oigtklgbd 4 plbobs ia ahlgt. Dldsieb crkvb ciids dlskppbkr, jiwbvbr, lg tjb dlstur`kgob okusbd `y plt ;<<9 Siuhd krriwjbkds lg phkob iaalsj-jiims jkvb `bbg clvbg lg tjb skgdy rbcligs 9 Ti wjkt bxtbg t ls tjb dlrbotlig ia tjb crkvb lgahubgobd `y tjb kdnilglgc cuhhy 9 La wb lgohudbd lg iur rbomiglgc k ritktligia <6¶ wltj tjb ohiom tjb sl tuktlig ia tjb ìdy ls girekh air tjb Q@@ Ouhturb. Tjb phkolgc ia tjbcrkvb ciids ìtj `bjlgd tjb `kom kgd lg arigt ia tjb ìdy ls girekh lg Q@@ crkvbs. K gue`bria tjbsb krcuebgts krb, jiwbvbr, lgvkhldktbd `y tjb ugelstkmk`hb oiggbotlig wltj tjb rbbd-

leprbssbd pit. Khh tjb olrouestkgobs lg wjloj tjb sjbrd ia tjls pit wbrb aiugd oirrbspigd,eirbivbr, ti slelhkr algds lg kgd gbkr @S@ `krriws. Lg crkvb LL, tjbrbairb, wb eky sky tjkt

0. t?'. B-S crkvb, oriuojbd oirpsb-slhjiubttb ig tjb hbat sldb, jbkd bkst, akolgc siutj. Gi crkvb ciids.?. t0 h . GS-_B crkvb, oriuojbd oirpsb-slhjiubttb ig tjb hbat sldb, jbkd _B, akolgc siutj. Gi crkvb ciids.

4. t h 0 . GS-_B crkvb, oriuojbd oirpsb-slhjiubttb ig tjb hbat sldb, jbkd _B, akolgc _S, _ojhbln'bggkdbh kt tjb tjrikt.

2. t h ? . GS-_B crkvb, oirpsb-slhjiubttb, hbgctj ;.:6 e., strbtojbd ig tjb `kom, jbkd _B. ½4O dkt b CrG 0<<1 ?116 » ?2J.h'. (;3;6 @.O.). Lg tjb pu`hloktlig (p. 34) brrigbiushy> _S-GB.

Tjb pkh ygihiclokh lgvbstlcktligs ckvb ks tjb eist pri`k`hb sbqubgob ia tjbsb alvb crkvbs> h ;, 0;, h0 ,? ; , h?. Tjb typihiclokhsbqubgob clvbs ighy kg bkrhlbr pisltlig ia ?;, ùt ls git lg oigahlot wltj tjb strktlcrkpjy. Lt ls rbekrmk`hb tjkt lg tjbtypihiclokh sbqubgob khh prlekry crkvbs krb ihdbr tjkg t jb sboigdkry crkvbs. Sb tjkg m Ers Dr Cribgekg-vkg Skktb-rlgcb air tjb ippirtuglty ti bxkelgb tjb albhd drkwlgcs ia tjb _t.-Skhrlom `krriws.

04 ; Sb aiugd lg tjb Dutoj hltbrkturb>

— Iggbg, Qkg Claabg ;<.'!6k, K``. :2> k "`bbjbbvb-crkvb" wltj hktb Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr.

— Drlbsojb @brc, Hbjekgg ;<13¶> @bhh @bkmbr upsldb diwg lg tip ia alhhlgc ia k crkvb plt.— Jkgbgdi rp, Brgst, `krriw 1, Jihwbrdk & Bvbhblg ;<;;, 00, ka`. 03, 0:> k @S @bkmbr, lg tjb alhhlgc ia k crkvb plt.Lt ls pissl`hb tjkt tjb `bkmbr hky ig tjb ahiir ia kg ugrboicglzbd sboigdkry crkvb plt. Oa. khsi gitb ;?;.

— Lg k sekhh, ùt dbbp, rbotkgcuhkr plt ia k `krriw kt Brebhi igb @S `bkmbr wks aiugd kt tjb ìttie, tjb itjbrjkhh' wky up tjb alhhlgc. Tjls ls, jiwbvbr, pri`k`hy git k crkvb. Eiddbrekg ;<2< `.



?;6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

tjb @S@ bhbebgts dielgktb. Ighy tjb rbhktlvbhy rlojgbss ia tjb crkvb ciids elcjt aire k

rbelglsobgob ia tjb Q@@ Ouhturb.Lg tjb tjrbb crkvbs ia tjb obebtbry kt Eihbgkkrscrkka wb okg sbb ohbkrhy bxbephlalbd tjb

trkgsltlig arie Q@@ ti @S@ ùrlkh trkdltlig. Crkvb L ls stlhh purb Q@@, crkvb LL jks k eidbst@S@ lgahubgob kgd crkvb LL ls k purb @S@ crkvb. Tjb spktlkh rbhktligsjlp `btwbbg tjb crkvbskgd bspbolkhhy tjb kheist ldbgtlokh ;4O dktbs ia crkvbs L kgd LL lgdloktb tjkt tjb trkgsltligQ@@-@S@ okeb kìut vbry k`rupthy lg ùrlkh rltukh.

Tjb pjksb ioouplbd `y tjbsb crkvbs lg tjb titkh Gbtjbrhkgds crkvb ektbrlkh hioktbs tjb

obebtbry tjbrbairb lg k trkgsltlig pbrlid Q@@-@S@. Sb sjiwbd kìvb (p. 0:<) tjk t tjb bxlstbgob ia k pbrlid lg wjloj Q@@ kgd (ohisbhy wiugd) @S@ wbrb lg usb ticbtjbr elcjt jkvbbxlstbd. Tjls eust jkvb `bbg bxkothy tjb pbrlid `btwbbg pjksb ; kgd pjksb 0 ia Eihbgkkrscrkka,lg wjloj tjb obebtbry khrbkdy ig itjbr tjkg typihiclokh criugds wks phkobd. Sltjlg tjlspbrlid kg k`rupt ojkgcb lg ùrlkh rltukh tiim phkob. Tjls hkst akot ls lhhustrktbd `y tjb kheistoiephbtb hkom ia trkgsltligkh crkvb aires lg iur oiugtry 040.

4.<.2.2. @bkmbr smbhbtigs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds

Air tjb lgairektlig kìut tjb dbtklhs ia tjb ìdy pisltligs, privldbd `y tjb smbhbtkh ektbrlkh kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, tjbrb ls jkrdhy kgy oiepkrk`hb ektbrlkh lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Sjkt tjbrbls jks `bbg prbsbrvbd ighy lg bxobptligkh oksbs, ks gi ìgbs rbeklg prbsbrvbd lg tjb kold hleb-hbss skgd ig wjloj eist ia tjb `krriws hlb. Lt jks khwkys `bbg tjb hiw-hylgc pkrts ia tjlsoiugtry wjloj jkvb ylbhdbd ìgbs kgd smbhbtkh ektbrl kh04 ?, ks giw air tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb,tjkgms ti tjb dkep oigdltligs tjbrb. Tjls kpphlbs ti tjb wjihb ia prbjlstiry kgd ti bkrhyjlstiry. Ighy tjrbb algds krb kvklhk`hb air oiepkrlsig> k crkvb gbkr Glbrssbg, bxokvktbd `y

Jihwbrdk lg ;<63, k crkvb gbkr Iistwiud (;<14) kgd k crkvb kt Ittihkgd (;<1<).Tjb Iistwiud crkvb 044 aires kg bxobhhbgt pkrkhhbh air crkvbh . Lg k crkvb plt, irlbgtktbd

B-S, tjb trkobs ia tjb rblgairobebgt ia tjb sldbs wbrb stlhh ohbkrhy ti `b sbbg. K ekg ia kìut

46, ia riùst ùlhd, wks ùrlbd ig jls hbat sldb wltj jls jbkd ti tjb bkst, akolgc siutj. Vbhvlskgd sjiuhdbr-clrdhb wbrb twlstbd siebwjkt `komwkrds. Tjb hlb ia tjb hbcs wks ldbgtlokh wltj

04 0 Ks suoj B-S irlbgtktbd @S@ crkvbs kgd G-_ irlbgtktbd (hktb) Q@@ crkvbs elcjt `b oigsldbrbd. Sb gkeb

Bbgbrsojkgs (gitb 0?4, gi. ;2) Ckstbrbg kgd Bbxt (gitb 0?3, gis. ; kgd <). Kg lgtbrbstlgc crkvb, lg tjls rbspbot, ls tjb

jlcjbst crkvb ia `krriw B, Rddbhbrebbr. Tjb irlbgtktlig ls B-S, k oriuojbd slhjiubttb ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc siutjwks vlsl`hb. Tjb crkvb ciids oigslstbd ia k slephb `bkmbr, kg krriw-sjkat seiitjbr (oa. gitb ;3<) kgd sieb ahlgt ahkmbs.(Jihwbrdk ;<; h

k, «Ɛ1. ?, 4, 3= ;<;0, ka`. ;). Air typihiclokh rbksigs tjb `bkmbr okg `b phkobd lg tjb bkrhy @S@ pjksb

kgd kt kgy rktb git bkrhlbr tjkg tjb criup ia `bkmbrs gkebd lg gitb ;02.

04? K cbgbrkh rbvlbw' ia tjb smbhbtkh rbeklgs ls clvbg `y Ers Oigstkgdsb-Sbstbrekgg (;<1:) kgd bkrhlbr `y Jul-

zlgck (;<2<), Ig tjb Ebsihltjlo smuhhs sbb Julzlgck ;<2< kgd tjb hltbrkturb oltbd tjbrb kgd lg Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<36/'3;.Kt _wlatbr`kgt Bkrhy Gbihltjlo smbhbtigs wbrb aiugd (sbb p. ;1?)= kt Iistwiud, Glbrssbg kgd Ittihkgd-Iistblgd

Jbhh @bkmbr smbhbtigs (sbb gitbs 044-04:), Lg SbstArlslk (Iistwiud, Critb`ribm, ^wkkcdlnm) Elddhb @rigzb Kcb rbeklgswbrb dlsoivbrbd (gitb 044, Qkg Claabg ;<2?, Eiddbrekg ;<14"). Kt Plnswlnm Piekg smbhbtigs (@hibebrs ;<1<) kt

Mktwlnm k Ebrivlgclkg obebtbry (_kssb ;<;;). Tjb algds lg tjb tbrpbg (Piekg tlebs kgd hktbr) krb dlsoussbd `y Jkh-

`brtsek ;<24.04 4

Db Sbbrd ;<11, ;<13= Chks`brcbg ;<1< bsp . pjiti alc. ;= sbb khsi Qkg Claabg ;<1;, ;<10 (wltj bxokvktligphkg), ;<11. Sb i`tklgbd eirb lgairektlig arie Vria. Qkg Claabg, Vria. Chks`brcbg kgd Elss Ebtz, khh ia wjie L

wlsj Li tjkgm air tjblr arlbgdhy jbhp.



OIGTBZT - CPKQB_ ?;;

tjkt ia Eihbgkkrscrkka crkvb L, tjb kres hky `bgt lg arigt ia tjb ìdy, ùt lg sieb dbtklhs tjbpisltlig dlaabrbd arie tjkt ia crkvb L. Tjb smuhh wks riugd kgd `rikd, kgd pbrjkps ls kphkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa. Tjb crkvb hky wltjlg tjb tbrrklg ia k @@ sbtthbebgt kgd `bhiw k`krriw (`krriw LL), lg wjloj kt hbkst tbg itjbr crkvbs, eist ia tjbe wltj oriuojbd smbhbtigs,

wbrb aiugd. Tjb strktlcrkpjlo pisltlig wks suoj tjkt k @@ kcb sbbebd koobptk`hb air tjlscrkvb, ùt oiuhd git `b privbd. @ut twi ahlgt ahkmbs, aiugd lg tjb ùrlkh plt kgd pbrjkps crkvbciids, suppirtbd tjls suppisltlig. Tjb strlmlgc hlmbgbss ti crkvb L kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls koigalrektlig ia tjls iplglig 042.

Kt Glbrssbg 041 rbeklgs wbrb aiugd ia twi pbrsigs lg igb crkvb plt, dlrbotbd SGS-B_B.Igb ia tjbe hky lg k oriuojbd pisltlig kgd bxkothy ig lts hbat sldb, lts jbkd ti tjb bkst kgd akolgcsiutj. Tjb lgoiephbtb rbeklgs ia tjb sboigd ìdy, bspbolkhhy tjb higc ìgbs, hky ohisb `bjlgdtjb `kom ia tjb alrst ìdy. Tjbrb wbrb gi crkvb ciids wjloj oiuhd pbrelt k dktlgc, ùt khhioktlig ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ls tjb eist pri`k`hb 043.

0 , 2 Tjb strktlcrkpjy kt tjb sltb wks> k crby iooupktlig hkybr wltj @bhh @bkmbr rbausb, oivbrbd `y k hbvbh wltjphiucj-ekrms, ltsbha oivbrbd `y tjb hiw `krriw, wjloj wks tjriwg up lg eirb tjkg igb pjksb. Tjb crkvb dlsoussbd jbrbwks dlsoivbrbd durlgc k rbsoub ipbrktlig (;<14) sieb ybkrs katbr tjb bxokvktlig (;<21-'23) kgd wks git i`sbrvbd kthbvbhs lg ir kìvb tjb phiucj-ekrms. Tjb prbsuebd @@ kcb ia tjb crkvb wks rbobgthy oigalrebd `y k ;4O dktb> CrG1626 ;<26 nz 22 @.O. Tjb itjbr crkvbs wbrb khh duc lg tjb `krriw kgd sltuktbd kìvb tjb pjiucj ekrms. Gigb ia tjbcrkvbs oigtklgbd dktk`hb crkvb clats. _lgob oriss-phiucjbd silhs krb dktbd ti tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb lg k gue`br iaphkobs lg Sbst Arlslk tjb crkvbs wbrb cbgbrkhhy oigsldbrbd ti `b Elddhb ir Hk tb @rigzb Kcb lg dkt b, tjb eirb slgoborissbd phiucj-ekrms khsi ioourrbd `bhiw tjb gbkr`y `krriw L, wjloj jks k ;4O dkt b> CrG 3<3 ;632 » :6 @.O. @uttjb phiucj-ekrms `bhiw ìtj `krriws dlaabr lg kppbkrkgob. @bhiw `krriw LL wb jkvb igb oikrsb orissbd systbe kgdk systbe tkgcbgtlkh ti tjb `krriw, `bhiw `krriw L twi orissbd systbes lg dlaabrbgt dlrbotligs ioourrbd. Qkg Claabgjlesbha (hbttbr ia 0<-3-;<1<) oigsldbrbd igb ia tjbsb systbes ti `b ia @bhh @bkmbr kcb. Sb eust oigohudb tjkt wb ighyokg sky tjkt tjb tbg crkvbs krb hktbr tjkg tjb (Bkrhy) @bhh @bkmbr iooupktlig hkybr.

_ieb krojkbihiclokh krcuebgts krb lg akviur ia k Elddhb ir Hktb @rigzb Kcb dktb> kt Critb`ribm (Qkg Claabg;<2?) k oriuojbd smbhbtig wks aiugd lg k sboigdkry crkvb lg `krriw L, ia wjloj tjb prlekry crkvb jks k ;4O dktbCrG ;16 <32 » 46. Lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb obebtbry kt ^wkkcdlnm (Eiddbrekg ;<14) igb ia tjb dbkd wks ùrlbd

lg k ahbxbd pisltlig ig lts `kom. Ahbxbd ùrlkhs ioour lg tjb tbrpbg ia Criglgcbg kgd Arlbshkgd, wjbrb tjby krb hktbrtjkg 166 @.O. kgd eist pri`k`hy dktb arie Piekg tlebs kgd hktbr. Itjbr krcuebgts, jiwbvbr, akviur kg ihdbr, @bhh@bkmbr, kcb. Tjb irlbgtktlig ia tjb tbg crkvbs ls bltjbr B-S (1x) ir G-_ (?x). Lg tjb B-S crkvbs khh smbhbtigs hlb wltjtjb jbkd bkst, 2 akolgc siutj, ; akolgc girtj. Lg tjb G-_ crkvbs twi smbhbtigs hlb ig tjb rlcjt sldb, jbkd lg tjb girtjbgd, akolgc wbst, igb smbhbtig hlbs wltj tjb jbkd lg tjb siutj bgd. Tjb ùrlkh rltukh oigaires tjbrbairb ciid (khtjiucjgit lg bvbry dbtklh) wjltj tjb @@ kgd @S@ trkdltligs (sbbp. ?61a.). Sb rbekrm tjkt girtj-akolgc lgjuektligs krb gitaiugd lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds ugtlh giw, ùt sieb krb mgiwg wltj KIO @bkmbrs lg Crbkt @rltklg (oa. Hkgtlgc & Qkg dbrSkkhs ;<30). Kg ;;tj crkvb (Db Sbbrd ;<13) oigtklgbd k smbhbtig lg git-kgktielokh pisltlig. Tjls pbouhlkr typb iaùrlkh ls dbeigstrktbd k abw tlebs air tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds (sbb p. ?;0). Igb ia tjb crkvbs (gi000) kt hkst oigtklgbd tjb smuhh kgd itjbr smbhbtkh pkrts ia k jkrb ir rk``lt, pri`k`hy k crkvb clat. Tjb sihutlig ia tjlspri`hbe ia tjb kcb ia tjb crkvbs elcjt uhtlektlhy `b clvbg `y auturb ;4O dbtbrelgktligs ia tjb smbhbtkh ektbrlkh arietjb crkvbs. La lt elcjt kppbkr tjkt wb jkvb ti di wltj k @bhh @bkmbr obebtbry, lt okg `b oigsldbrbd ks k ciid pkrkhhbhia Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb k`sbgob ia crkvb ciids ticbtjbr wltj tjb ioourrbgob ia G-_ dlrbotbd crkvbs wiuhd `b oigsls

tbg t wltj k vbry hktb @bhh @bkmbr dkt b, kppr ixlektbhy oigtbepirkgbius wltj Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb dlsoussbd @bhh@bkmbr crkvb elcjt `b tjb prlekry crkvb ia tjb `krriw lg tjkt oksb. Sjbg tjb tbg crkvbs kppbkr ti `b ia hktbr dktb,tjls wiuhd ebkg k oigsldbrk`hb oigtlgulty ia tjb ùrlkh trkdltligs lgti tjb @rigzb Kcb.

'0"= hhihwbrdk ;<6:. Glbrssbg `krriw C4. Tjb pjiticrkpjs ia tjb smbhbtkh rbeklgs lg -sltu (VL.L hk, ?) sjiw tjblrtrub pisltlig. Tjb smbhbtigs krb prbsbrvbd lg k phkstbr ekgthb> lt ls k elrrir lekcb ia tjb trub pisltlig ùt khsi tjb eistdbtklhbd kgd eist rbhlk`hb. Tjb drkwlgc (VL. ;.0) ls lg oigahlot wltj tjb kgkhysls ia tjb pjiticrkpj kgd gbbd git `b prbabrrbd lg iur iplglig.

0;3 hhulzlgck (;<2<, 2;-20) dlsoussbd tjb kgktielokh rbpirt `y Glbuwbgjuls ;<6: kgd stkt bd tj kt t jb ugdlstur` bd



?;0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

K ùrlkh oiepkrk`hb lg ekgy rbspbots ti tjb Glbrssbg crkvb wks aiugd lg ;<1< kt Ittihkgd,hylgc ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd str bke rldcb kgd si dktbd katbr kìu t 0666 @.O. air cbihiclokhrbksigs. Tjb crkvb plt wks irlbgtktbd GB-_S kgd oigtklgbd k rbobgthy pkrthy dlstur`bd smbhbtig lg k oriuojbd pisltlig, hylgc bxkothy ig lts hbat sldb, lts jbkd ti tjb bkst kgd akolgc siutj.

Lg tjb wbstbrg pkrt ia tjb plt hky tjb ìgbs ia k sboigd pbrsig, pkrtlouhkrhy tjb higc ìgbs,lg k jbkp. Tjb smuhh wks elsslgc khtjiucj tjls spit jkd git `bbg dlstur`bd. Tjb hiwbr nkw wksprbsbgt. Kg khhioktlig ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr ouhturb wks oigalrebd `y k ;4O dktb>

CrG 1?:4 ?:06 » 42 @.V. (;:36 @.O.)

@itj tjb Glbrssbg kgd Ittihkgd crkvbs 04: krb tjb eirb lgtbrbstlgc wjbg wb `rlgc tjbelg rbhktlig ti tjb Vit @bkmbr ùrlkhs. Air tjbrb krb lgdloktligs tjkt lg tjkt oksb wb elcjtjkvb ti di wltj tjb oivbrs ia ùrlkhs ia tjb smuhh ighy 04< . Lg iur vlbw wb krb oigobrgbd kt Itti-hkgd kgd Glbrssbg wltj kg ugusukh typb ia crkvb ciids> tjb ìgbs (ir pkrt ia tjbe) ia k sboigdpbrsig. Tjb gkebd algds jkvb lg oieeig tjb lgtbrbst lg kgd tjb prkotlob ia ùrylgc smbhbtkhpkrts ia abhhiw juekg `blgcs lg gig-krtlouhktlgc pisltligs wltj spbolkh kttbgtlig ti tjb smuhh.

Eust wb kttrlùtb tjb dlstur`kgob ia crkvb LL kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ti tjls 9 Lt ls igb ia tjbpissl`hb lgtbrprbtktligs tjkt tjbrb tjb rbeivkh ia tjb rbeklgs ia tjb dbkd pbrsig wbrb lgdbbdtjb purpisb ia tjb dlcclgc, khtjiucj wb jkvb clvbg sieb krcuebgts kcklgst tjls 02¶.

@itj crkvbs kt Glbrssbg kgd Ittihkgd sjiw aurtjbr tjkt tjb pisltlig ia ìdlbs, bxkothyig tjblr sldbs, wks khsi lg usb durlgc tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb kgd tjk t tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbgcrkvb L kgd crkvb LL lg tjls oiggbotlig ls ia oiepkrktlvbhy sekhh lepirtkgob.

4.<.1. TJB @RPLKH OR_TIE_ ir TJB GBTJBPHKGD_ @BKMBP ORHTRPB_ LG K SLDBP OIGTBZT

4.<.1.;. Tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb

Tjb systbektlo B-S irlbgtktlig bstk`hlsjbd lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds ls ojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb @bhh@bkmbr crkvbs. Tjb eist dbtklhbd dktk air oiepkrlsig, khsi air oiepkrlgc tjb pisltlig ia tjb

smbhbtig vbry pri`k`hb jks k smuhh ia tjb phkgioilpltkh _tblhmipa typb kgd tjkt tjb higc ìgbs krb nust ks riùst ks tjbpistorkglkh smbhbtigs ia tjls " @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb" eisthy krb. _i tjbrb ls gi krcuebgt suppirtlg c tjb dbolslig tjk t tjbsbkrb tjb rbeklgs ia k wiekg, ks Glbuwbgjuls succbstbd. Lg vlbw ia tjb ruhbs lg ùrlkh ousties ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhtu rblg tjls oiugtry, dlsoussbd `bhiw, lt ls eirb pri`k`hb tjkt tjb smbhbtig ls tjkt ia k ekg.

04: Vu`hloktlig lg prbpkrktlig `y tjb kutjir. Twi eirb crkvbs okg pri`k`hy `b kddbd> tjb crkvb dbsorl`bd `y

db Sbbrd (;<13) arie `krriw LL kt Iistwiud (oa. gitb 042) kgd k pkrthy dlstur`bd crkvb dlsoivbrbd lg ;<30 ig tjb

_ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb kt Eihbgkkrscrkka (Kppbgdlx LLL gi. 04 k). Lg tjb git dlstur`bd pkrt sieb smbhbtkh rbeklgs

(uppb r nkw, pkr t ia pbhvls kgd sjiuhdbr `hkd b, sieb higc ìgbs) hky lg crbkt d lsirdb r. Tjl s crkvb ls git d kt bd ù t

vbry pri`k`hy ls ia @bhh @bkmbr Kcb.04 < Oa. tjb dlsousslig kt p. 0<0, osp. ia tjb Ebtzbgdira-Sixdira crkvb.02 6 Tjb ùrlkh typbs ebgtligbd jbrb `bhigc ti k vkst oiephbx ia pkrtlkh, lgkrtlouhktbd kgd/ir uglgtbgtligkh

ùrlkhs, tjkt sjiw ekgy vkrlktligs kgd oivbr kheist tjb wjihb ia tjb prbjlstirlo kgd bkrhy jlstirlo pbrlid. K systbektlostudy ia tjbsb "k`brrkgt" ùrlkhs elcjt rbvbkh lgtbrbstlgc dktk ig ekttbrs ks prbjlstirlo rbhlclig kgd okggl`khlse.L ke lgtbgdbd ti dlsouss tjbsb tjlgcs lg eirb dbtklh lg tjb rbpirt ig tjb Ittihkgd sbtthbebgts kgd crkvbs. L wlhh `b vbrycrktbauh ti kgyigb wji okg lgaire eb ig smuhh ùrlkhs, lgkrtlouhktbd ùrlkhs bto. arie tjb @bkmbr pbrlid kgd tjb Bkrhy@rigzb Kcb. _ieb bxkephbs krb gkebd air lgstkgob `y @bgglgcbr ;<?;, Nkgmuj g ;<?<, _tigb ;<?4, Tlepbh ;<11,Arlomjlgcbr ;<?<, Ekrlgcbr ;<40/'42.



OIGTBZT - CPKQB_ ? ; ?

dbkd, oieb arie tjb _kkhb rbclig. Tjb ouhturkh rbhktligs ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr pjksb lgtjls dlrbotlig ekmb tjls rbclig, lg spltb ia lts crbkt dlstkgob kwky, rbekrmk`hy sultk`hb airoiepkrlsig.

Lg tjb _kkhb rbclig 02; tjb @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs hlb lg k G-_ dlrbotlig. Ebg wbrb ùrlbd ig

tjblr hbat sldbs wltj tjblr jbkds ti tjb girtj kgd wiebg ig tjblr rlcjt sldbs wltj tjblr jbkdsti tjb siutj, khh akolgc bkst. Tjls ebkgs tjbrbairb k ritktlig ia <6¶ lg rbhktlig ti tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.Tjb dbkd hlb strlothy ig tjblr sldbs kgd siebtlebs bvbg jkha ig tjblr `bhhlbs, wltj tjb jkgds lgarigt ia tjblr akobs, tjblr hbcs drkwg up lgti k rlcjt ir sjkrp kgchb, igb hbc iatbg eirb tjkg tjbitjbr. Vittbry wks khwkys phkobd `bjlgd tjb `kom. Crkvbs krb cbgbrkhhy ahkt crkvbs, siebtlebsstigb olsts. Tjbsb krb khh pilgts ia dlaabrbgob arie prkotlob lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Bspbolkhhyks akr ks tjb obebtbry kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls oigobrgbd lt ls lgtbrbstlgc, jiwbvbr, tjkt tjb skebruhbs kpphy air ojlhdrbg's crkvbs ks air kduht crkvbs, gkebhy tjkt tjby jb keigc tjb kduhtcrkvbs kgd tjkt lg cbgbrkh ighy k vbry slephb pit wks clvbg ks crkvb ciid, vbry rkrbhy kdboirktbd `bkmbr. Aurtjbreirb, tjb crkvbs iatbg hlb lg sekhh obebtbrlbs ia 4-;6 crkvbs, wjlojiatbg hlb hbgctjwlsb lg tjb hbgctj dlrbotlig ia tjb obebtbry. Khh tjls kpphlbs bxkothy ti Eihbgkkrscrkka khsi.

Lg kddltlig ti tjbsb dbtklhbd dktk itjbr rbcligs privldb ighy supphbebg tkry lgairektlig.Lg tjb wjihb bkstbrg criup 020, slelhkr G-_ dlrbotbd ahkt crkvbs, wltj tjb dbkd akolgc ti tjbbkst, krb tjb ruhb. Lg @ijbelk kgd Eirkvlk 02? tjbrb ls, jiwbvbr, gi dlaabrbgtlktlig `btwbbgsbxbs> khh tjb dbkd hlb ig tjblr rlcjt sldbs wltj tjblr jbkds ti tjb siutj. _ieb G-_ irlbgtktbd @@crkvbs krb khsi mgiwg lg _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg kgd Girtjbrg Cbrekgy 024. Arie tjb HiwbrPjlgb rbclig 022 kgd Jbssbg 021 wb jkvb gi lgairektlig. Lg tjb Rppbr Pjlgb rbclig 023 tjbrbls k vbry crbkt vkrlbty lg tjb irlbgtktlig ia crkvbs, ù t G-_ kgd GB-_ S kppbkr ti prbdielgktb.Lg _iutjbrg @kvkrlk 02: tjb dlrbotlig ls G-_, wltj k abw bxobptligs (B-S).

Tjb `bst lgairektlig ig (@bhh) @bkmbr ùrlkh ousties lg Crbkt @rltklg ls clvbg `y Ohkrmb 02<.Katbr k alrst chkgob wb cbt tjb leprbsslig ia k oiephbx trkdltlig wltjiut strlot ruhbs. Tjb`bst tjk t okg `b skld ls tj kt cbgbrkhhy tjb irlbgtktlig ls GB-_S, wltj oieeig vkrlktligsti G-_ kgd B-S kgd wltj k sbx-ìugd dlaabrbgtlktlig> ebg jkvb tjb jbkd lg tjb G ti B kgd,wiebg lg tjb _ ti S bgd. @ut Ohkrmb clvbs gi lgairektlig ig tjb sldbs ig wjloj tjb dbkd wbrbùrlbd. Sjbg wb study Ohkrmb's dktk lg eirb dbtklh kgd phit tjbe lg oiepkss-okrds lt `boiebsvlsl`hb tjkt tjb ruhbs (ir tjb k`sbgob ia tjbsb) vkry arie criup ti criup. Tjb qubstlig krlsbs,eirbivbr, jiw rbhlk`hb tjb sbx dbtbrelgktligs krb kgd lg wjloj dbcrbb brrirs lg tjbsb lgahubgobtjb pkt tbrgs . Tjb bkrhlbst `bkmbr criups (KIO, B) sjiw k prbabrbgob air k G-_ dlrbotlig. TjbBuripbkg `bkmbr criup jks bvbg k sbx-ìugd dlaabrbgtlktlig lg GS-_B ekhb crkvbs (jbkd GS)

02 ; Alsojbr ;<21, ;1;-;1<.

-'•- Gkgceblstbr ;<14½.02 ? Gbustupg y & Gbustupgy ;<1;, 3<.02-7 _truvb ;<22, 36-3;.02 2 Cktbrekgg ;<4? ighy rbekrms tjkt tjb _ojgurmbrkelm Ouhturb jks `krriws, tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ahkt crkvbs

kgd tjkt siebtlebs tjb dbkd krb ùrlbd lg k oriuojbd pisltlig.021 _kgceblstbr ;<2;, 10 kgd Tka. ZLZ. ;-2 ebgtligs ighy crkvbs ia tjb "Sbstdbutsojb @bojbrcruppb".

- '3 Mistbr ;<12/'11, 42-43.

02: Puomdbsojbh ;<1:.02< Ohkrmb ;<36, bsp. 023 a., 422-421.



?;4 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

kgd _B-GS abekhb crkvbs (jbkd _B). Tjb G-_ ekhb crkvbs krb oigtlgubd lg tjb S/EP criup.Tjb "cbgbrkh ruhb", clvbg kìvb ls vkhld air sieb hktbr criups (G?, _L, lg hbssbr bxtbgt _0) kgdpbrjkps khsi air G/EP, G4 kgd _?, ig wjloj git euoj lgairektlig ls kvklhk`hb. Tjb criup G0sjiws k pihkrlzktlig ti G-_ (_-G) kgd B-S (S-B) dlrbotligs. Itjbr criups (G/GP, Gh /D )dbeigstrktb k pbouhlkr GS-_B irlbgtktlig (jbkd GS) air tjb abekhb crkvbs.

Hkgtlgc kgd Qkg dbr Skkhs dbeigstrktbd lg tjblr rbvlbw krtlohb ia Ohkrmb's wirm 01¶,tj kt katbr tjb alrst pjksb(s) ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb (KIO, B) k rbcligkh dlaabrbgtlktligia tjb crkvb irlbgtktlig okeb lgti bxlstbgob. Tjls kooiugts ti k hkrcb bxtbgt air tjb wldb rkgcbia vkrlktlig lg tjb crkvb irlbgtktligs. Lg Sbssbx tjb ihdbr G-_ crkvbs oigtlgub, tjb dbkdakolgc bkst (ebg ig tjblr hbat sldb, jbkd G= wiebg ig tjblr rlcjt sldb, jbkd _). Lg \irmsjlrbkgd lg tjb girtjbrg aious krbk tjb crkvbs turg ti k S-B dlrbotlig, tjb dbkd akolgc siutj. Kthbkst lg \irmsjlrb k sbx-ìugd dlaabrbgtlktlig bxlsts (ebg ig tjblr hbat sldb, jbkd B = wiebg igtjblr rlcjt sldb, jbkd S) kgd lt sbbes tjkt tjls elcjt kpphy ti tjb girtjbrg criup ks wbhh.

Sjbg wb try ti sueekrlzb tjb ebgtligbd dktk ig tjb @bhh @bkmbr ùrlkh rltukh, bspbolkhhy tjb crkvb irlbgtktlig, wb okg stktb alrst tjkt twi eklg trkdltligs ioour> tjb igb ia B-Scrkvbs (\irmsjlrb/_oithkgd, tjb Gbtjbrhkgds), tjb itjbr wltj G-_ crkvbs (_kkhb rbclig, Sbssbx,(Rppbr Pjlgb)). _bx-ìugd dlaabrbgobs krb tjb ruhb> tjb ekg ig tjb hbat sldb, jbkd G ir B,tjb wiebg ig tjb rlcjt sldb, jbkd _ ir S, ìtj, tjbrbairb, akolgc lg tjb skeb dlrbotlig. TjbG-_ irlbgtktlig sbbes ti `b kg ihdbr trkdltlig, tjb B-S irlbgtktlig sbbes ti `b lgtriduobdhktbr lg tjb rbcligs lgvihvbd. Sb wlhh wirm tjls iut aurtjbr `bhiw.

4.<.1.0. Tjb @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb

Air kg bxphkgktlig ia tjbsb dlaabrbgobs arie Gbtjbrhkgds prkotlob, bspbolkhhy tjb dlaabrbgob`btwbbg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds kgd tjb _kkhb rbclig, wb eust oigsldbr tjb ùrlkh ousties ia tjb prbobdlgc @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb (55 _ojgurmbrkelm, _lgchb Crkvb Ouhturb, Vri trudlgc Aiit @bkmbrOuhturb). Lg tjbsb tjbrb ls k oigsldbrk`hb uglairelty tjriucjiut GS Buripb. Tjb ùrlkh pltls khwkys irlbgtktbd lg kg B-S dlrbotlig kgd eisthy oivbrbd wltj k `krriw. Tjls kpphlbs tiDbgekrm 01;, Girtjbrg Cbrekgy 010, tjb _kkhb rbclig 01?, @ijbelk kgd Eirkvlk 0_4, tjb RppbrPjlgb rbclig kgd _iutjbrg @kvkrlk 012. Tjb iatbg rblgairobd ùrlkh plt oigtklgs k oriuojbdìdy akolgc siutj. Lt ls lgtbrbstlgc ti mgiw tjkt kt hbkst lg tjb _kkhb rbclig tjb oriuojbdìdlbs krb iatbg twlstbd `komwkrds. Ebg jb ig tjb rlcjt sldb, wiebg ig tjb hbat sldb. Tjlskpphlbs khsi ti tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, wjbrb wb mgiw ;0 oirpsb-slhjiubttbs, khh sjiwlgc k oriuojbdpbrsig, akolgc siutj, ;6 ia tjbe hylgc ig tjb rlcjt sldb kgd twi ig tjb hbat sldb 011. Tjb alrst

01 6 Hkgtlgc & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30.01 ; Chi` ;<44, ;16 a. kgd alc. <3. Bspbolkh hy lg tjb ihdbr pjksb tjb irlbg tktlig ls strlothy B- S= hktbr tj brb ls eirb

vkrlktlig ugtlh kt hkst kppbkr tjb alrst ùrlkhs lg wjloj tjb dbkd krb strbtojbd ig tjblr `kom.0«0 _truvb ;<22, 1: a. Oa. khsi M. Mbrstbg ;<20, Jbgrloj ;<?:, Dblojeøhhbr ;<1?.01 ? Alsojbr ;<21, ;6<-;;6= Abustbh bt kh. ;<11. Alsojbr ;<2? clvbs k sjirt s urvby ia tjb Gbihltjlo crkvb i rlbgtktligs

lg tjb _kkhb dlstrlot.01 4 Ks gitb 02?= @uojvkhdbm & Miutbomy ;<36, bsp. ;<6-;<?.01 1 Ks gitbs 023, 02:.011 _lgob K. @. Hkgtlgc ls prbpkrlgc kg bxjkustlvb study ig tjb ùrlkh prkotlob ia tjb Dutoj VA@ Ouhturb,



OIGTBZT - OPKQB_ ?;2

jkvb euoj rlojbr crkvb ciids= slx jkvb stigb kxbs, kgd twi khsi k `ktthb kxb, lgdloktlgc tjkttjbsb krb tjb crkvbs ia ebg. @bkmbrs krb usukhhy phkobd gbkr tjb mgbbs (2 tlebs) kgd siebtlebsgbkr tjb pbhvls (igob) ir tjb jbkd (twlob). Kxbs hlb lg arigt ia tjb ìdy (gbkr tjb jkgds 9= slxtlebs), ir `bjlgd lt (twlob) Tjb prbdielgkgob ia ekhb crkvbs okg `b bxphklgbd lg tjb skeb wky

ks lg tjb @@ crkvbs.

4.<.1.?. Tjb trkgsltlig ia tjb @ktthb Kxb ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb

Bvbrywjbrb wjbrb lt okg `b dbtbrelgbd tjb dlaabrbgob lg ùrlkh rltukh `btwbbg tjb _lgchbCrkvb Ouhturb kgd tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ls ohbkr. Alsojbr 013 bepjkslzbs tjls air tjb_kkhb rbclig> lg tjb sbqubgob Mucbhkepjirbgmuhtur —_ojgurmbrkelm —Chiombg`bojbrmuhtur —Øgítlob Muhtur tjb ojkgcb lg ùrlkh rltuk h lg tjb alrst kgd hkst trkgs ltlig ls aklrhy sekhh, ùt lgtjb elddhb igb drkstlo, ks wlhh kppbkr arie tjb dktk clvbg kìvb. Lg tjls oiugtry, jiwbvbr,

`ksbd ig kìut ;66 crkvbs, wb di git tjlgm lt rbhbvkgt ti clvb tjb hlst ia ?: wbhh-diouebgtbd crkvbs wjloj wb oieplhbdlg iur cbgbrkh survby ia tjb hltbrkturb ig tjb ùrlkh prkotlob ia tjb vkrlius @bkmbr Ouhturbs. Lg tjb irlbgtktlig tjbrbls k strigc prbabrbgob air B-S, ùt k dbvlktlig up ti 42¶ ls rktjbr oieeig (Sb tjlgm bspbolkhhy ti k eirb _S-GBdlrbotlig). Bvbg G-_ dlrbotbd crkvbs (ks `krriw ?, Giirdsb Qbhd, ^blnbg, Qkg Claabg ;<?6¶, K``. ::) elcjt ioour lgrkrb lgstkgobs. Piugd plts krb git ugusukh. Oa. K. B. Hkgtlgc ;<1<.

VMJ crkvbs wltj oirpsb-slhjiubttbs krb>

;. Bbxt-Mbtbg`brc. Irlbgtktlig S_S-BGB, ig tjb rlcjt sldb, akolgc _. Bkrhy `bkmbr gbkr pbhvls, `ktthb kxb, kxb,ahlgt mglab. Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, K``. ?0-?4.

0. Hkgcbdlnm, `krriw ?. Irlbgtktlig SGS-B_B, ig tjb rlcj t sldb, akolgc _. @bkmbr gbkr tjb mgbbs, kxb, ahlgt ahkmbs,krriw-jbkd. Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, K ``. <4-<2.

."l. Qrbdogjbllg, ahkt crkvb `bhiw `krriw ?. Irlbgtktlig _S-GB, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc _B. Bkrhy `bkmbr gbkr tjbmgbbs. Qkg Claabg ;<40, ka`. ;<= K. B. Hkgtlgc ;<1<, alc. ?.

4. Db Bbsb. Piugd plt wltj GS-_B( 9) irlbgtktbd slhjiubttb akolgc _. Bkrhy `bkmbr gbkr tjb jbkd, twi ahlgt kxbs,igb ahlgt mglab. Sktbrìhm ;<14", :6 a., alcs. ;1, 06.

2. Kghi, `krriw ;. Irlbgtktlig S-B , ig tjb rlcjt sldb akolgc _. Kxb kgd ahlgt ahkmb. K. B. Hkgtlg c ;<1<, alc. 3.1. Kgcbhshi, "ahkt crkvb" (plt ;6). Irlbgtktlig _S-GB, ig tjb rlcjt sldb, akolgc _. Kxb kgd ahlgt ahkmb. K. B. Hkgtlgc

;<1<, alc. 1.

3. Kgcbhshi, `krriw ;6. Irlbgtktlig S_S-BGB, ig tjb rlcjt sldb, akolgc _. @ktthb kxb, ahlgt kxb, crlgdlgc stigb.K. B. Hkgtlgc ;<1<, alc. :.

:. Kgcbhshi, ahkt crkvb plt 4. Irlbgtktlig _S-GB, ig tjb rlcjt sldb, akolgc _B. @ktthb kxb, ahlgt mglab, krriw-jbkd.Vbrs. oiee. Er N.G. Hkgtlgc, Criglgcbg.

<. Bbxt, `krriw Ckhcbg vbbgtnb ;. Irlbgtktlig B-S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc _. @bkmbr, ahlgt mglab. Hkgtlgc & Qkg dbrSkkhs ;<3;".

;6. Jbbrdb, `krriw L. Irlbgtktlig B-S, ig tjb hbat sldb, akolgc _. Bkrhy `bkmbr gbkr tjb abbt, twi ahlgt ahkmbs. Pbeiu-ojkps ;<0:.

;; . Brebhisb Jbldb, `krriw ?. Irlbgtktlig S-B, ig tjb rlcjt sldb akolgc _. Twi hktb `bkmbrs gbkr tjb jbkd, ahlgtmglab. Eiddbrekg ;<24, 00, VL. ZZZLL, VL. QLLL. 0.

;0. Vuttbg. Irlbgtktlig S-B, ig tjb rlcjt sldb, akolgc _. "^lczkc"-`bkmbr, Crkgd Vrbsslcgy dkccbr, `ktthb kxb, ahlgtkxb, Qkg Claabg bt kh. ;<3;.

;?. Ekgdbr. Irlbgtktlig B-S, wltj slhjiubttb (gi dbtklhs ebgtligbd). @ktthb kxb typb K, ahlgt mglab. Jlnszbhbr ;<2<.

;4. _wkhebg, `krriw 1, pbrlid ;. Irlbgtktlig S_S-BGB, ig tjb rlcjt sldb, akolgc _. Hktb `bkmbr gbkr tjb mgbbs.[reelhEL TE! Skktbrlgcb & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<1;, 4:.

;2. _wkhebg, `krriw :, pbrlid ;. Irlbgtktlig _S-GB, ig tjb rlcjt sldb, akolgc _. @bkmbr typb ;" gbkr tjb mgbbs.Vbrs. oiee. N. G. Hkgtlgc.

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Alc. ;0?. _urvby ia tjb dlrbotligs ia tjb crkvb plts ia tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs kgd tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcblg tjb _kkhb dlstrlot kgd tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.

tjb ojkgcb oigslsts ighy lg k rbvbrskh ia sbxukh dlaabrbgtlktlig kgd k crbktbr hl`brty lg tjb phkolgcia crkvb ciids, bspbolkhhy ia tjb `bkmbr. Lt ls tjbrbairb khh tjb eirb rbekrmk`hb tjkt lg tjb oiepkrktlvbhy sekhh gue`br ia crkvbs arie tjb bkrhy pjksb ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lg tjlsoiugtry, wjloj wb jkvb jltjbrti ielttbd ti oigsldbr, k rbhktlvbhy arbqubgt dbvlktlig ia tjbB-S irlbgtktlig ioours. Tjls kpphlbs ti tjb Khh Ivbr Oird @bkmbrs (0 gW) 01 :, tjb Ekrltleb@bhh @bkmbrs (0Lk ' ` ) 0 1 @ kgd tjb airbruggbrs ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr (0LO) 03¶. Lg sieb oksbs

01: X y b hlstbd wltj Khh Ivbr Oird @bkmbrs>Kghi, `krriw @, GS -_B. Sktbrìhm ;<16.Kghi, `krriw O, GS -_B. Sktbrì hm ;<16._wkhebg, `krriw 1, pbrlid 0, GS-_B (slhjiubttb ig tjb hbat sldb akolgc _S). Cribgekg-vkg Skktbr lgcb & Qkg

dbr Skkhs ;<1;.Ckrdbrbg, `krriw 4, S-B. @ursoj ;<??.

Beebg, `krriw ?, S_S- BGB (jbkd bks t9) . @ursoj ;<?1 (wltj Crkgd Vrbsslcgy dkccbr ighy).Kkldbg, `krriw ?, G-_. Qkg Claabg ;<46, 06? a., ka`. 03.Pidbg , `krriw ;, S-B. Qkg Claabg ;<?2, ;;3, ka`. ;6.

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;. Db Bbsb, `krriw 4, o. B-S, wltj Bkrhy @bhh @bkmbr. Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, ka`. ;66.0. Bhp, `krriw ; (K), SGS-B_B. Qkg Claabg ;<?4, ;6?, ka`. 4.

?. Eih, GS-_B, wltj vbry vkcub oirpsb-slhjiubttb, jbkd GS (9), Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbr, ugdboirktbd @bkmbr, ìwh.@bbx & Piissbgs ;<10, 022= ;<1?.

4. Sbje, Mr. Ksojbgdira-Jøeehlgc, SGS-B_B, wltj oriuojbd oirpsb-slhjiubttb ig tjb rlcjt sldb, jbkd wbst,akolgc siutj, Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbr kgd ugdboirktbd `bkmbr gbkr tjb abbt. _ojhlojt ;<2:.

2. Rddbhbrebbr, `kr riw D, hiwbr crkvb, GB-_S, pri`k`hy `bhigclgc ti tjb Ekrltleb @bhh @bkmbr. Db Hkot & Chks`brcbg ;<2<, VL. ;<= Jihwbrdk ;<;;*, 3 a., ka`. <, ;;.

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Alc. ;04. _ojbektlo rbprbsbgtktlig ia tjb dlrbotligs ia tjb crkvb plts ia tjb vkrlius @bkmbr criups lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.

Kooirdlgc ti tjb dktk ia gitbs 0?4, 0?2, 0?3, 011, 01<.

k ritktlig ia <6¶ sbbes ti ioour wltjlg igb `krriw ir criup ia `krriws 03;. Sltj tjb bxobptligia twi 0 L o @bkmbr ebg's crkvbs (wjloj ìtj aihhiw Q@@ prkotlob) tjbrb ls gi oieebgt tj ktokg `b ekdb ig k pissl`hb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg ekhb kgd abekhb crkvbs.

Tjb sbqubgob lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds okg `b bxphklgbd `y kssuelgc tjb lgtriduotlig ia dlaabrbgtùrlkh ousties wjbg tjb alrst @bhh @bkmbrs (l.b. tjb Khh Ivbr Oird @bkmbrs) okeb lgti usb kgdsu`sbqubgthy tjb kdiptlig ia tjb VA@ ùrlkh rltukh `y tjb @@ Ouhturb, khtjiucj tjls wksgit oiephbtb kgd sieb irlclgkh ojkrkotbrlstlos wbrb rbtklgbd. Tjb ùrlkh rltukh lgtriduobdeist pri`k`hy jkd k <6¶ dlaabrbgt irlbgtktlig, kg bxkothy ippisltb ekggbr ia ùrlkh ia ebg

kgd wiebg ti tjkt ia tjb VA@ Ouhturb kgd pbrjkps k dlaabrbgt phkolgc ia tjb crkvb ciids.La wb rbckrd tjb `komwkrd turglgc ia tjb _ojgurmbrkelm smbhbtigs ks kpphlok`hb ti tjb wjihbia tjb _lgchb Crkvb Ouhturbs tjbg tjb phkolgc ia tjb ìdy bxkothy ig lts sldb elcjt jkvb `bbglgtriduobd kt tjb skeb tleb. Tjb @@ ùrlkh rltukh lg tjb _kkhb rbclig oigaires ti khh tjbsbousties. Eirbivbr, lt ls qultb ohbkr tjkt lt okggit jkvb `bbg kg kutiojtjigius dbvbhipebgttjbrb, ùt wks lgtriduobd tjbrb arie bhsbwjbrb. Tjls ekmbs tjb skeb suppisltlig air tjbGbtjbrhkgds euoj eirb koobptk`hb. Sb skld kìvb tjkt tjb skeb ùrlkh trkdltlig sbbesti `b rbahbotbd `y tjb bkrhlbst (KIO, B) @bkmbr crkvbs lg Crbkt @rltklg, wjloj khsi sjiw kprbabrbgob air k G-_ irlbgtktlig kgd k sbx-ìugd dlaabrbgtlktlig, hlmb tjb _kkhb rbclig jks 030.

<, GGS-__B, ivbr B-S irlbgtkt bd crkvb . @ursoj ;<?1, 14. Iudbeihbg, G-_, bxokvktlig @KL ;<24, wltj 0lo `bkmbr,pbrs. oiee. Er N. G. Hkg tlg c= ugpu`hlsjbd. Glnebcbg, `krriw Q, B-S. Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<3?, wltj bkrhy typb ia@bhh @bkmbr. _bb khsi gitb 0?4, gis. ;3 kgd ;:.

03 ; Air lgstkgob> _wkhebg> Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb & Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<1;. Kghi> Sktbrìhm ;<16. Beeb g,`krriw <> @ursoj ;<?1, 14.

030 @ut lg Crbkt @rltklg, ighy tjb pisltlig ia tjb jbkd ls mgiwg ti us, git tj b sldb ig wjloj tjb dbkd wbrb hkldlg tjb crkvb (oa. gitb 02<). Tjb igb KIO ùrlkh, wltj t jb e kg akolgc GS (Hkg tlgc & Qkg dbr Skkh s ;<30, alc. ;,KIO 3?6), dbeigstrktbs tjkt tjls ls git gbobsskry khwkys B ir _.



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Lg Bgchkgd tjbrb ls, eirbivbr, gi qubstlig ti tjb irlclg ia tjb (@bhh) @bkmbr Ouhturb> lt wksobrtklghy lgtriduobd tjbrb arie tjb oigtlgbgt. Tjb qubstlig wjbrb tjls crkvb rltukh okeb ariels bqukh ti tjb qubstlig ia tjb irlclg ia tjb lepuhsb kgd pbrjkps khsi tjb criup ia pbiphb tjktckvb rlsb ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Tjls ls git gbobsskrlhy tjb skeb ks tjb irlclg ia tjb ihdbst

@bhh @bkmbrs, slgob tjbsb elcjt jkvb `bbg dbvbhipbd rbcligkhhy iut ia prbobdlgc VA @bkmbrcriups durlgc tjb kdiptlig ia tjb `bkmbr ks suoj `y tjb gbw ouhturb ir pbiphb 03? .

Tjb <6¶ ritktlig ti kg B-S irlbgtktlig ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds @bhh @bkmbr crkvbs tiim phkobdurlgc ir sjirthy katbr tjb pjksb ia tjb 0LO `bkmbrs. Tjls ls bxkothy tjb pbrlid, durlgc wjlojlgtbgsb ivbrsbks oigtkots krb pistuhktbd `btwbbg tjb Dutoj kgd Bgchlsj @bkmbr criups,`ksbd eklghy ig typihiclokh krcuebgts. Sb okg lekclgb tjkt git ighy tjb dboirktlig pkttbrgorissbd tjb Girtj _bk ùt tjkt khsi tjb gbw B-S crkvb irlbgtktlig wks lgtriduobd, kt hbkstlg \irmsjlrb.

Kg khtbrgktlvb air tjb kìvb-smbtojbd sbqubgob ls k purbhy kutiojtjigius dbvbhipebgt iatjb crkvb rltukh, suoj ks kppbkrs kt tjb eiebgt ti `b pissl`hb tjb oksb air tjb typihiclokh dbvbhipebgt ia tjb `bkmbrs lg tjls pbrlid. Jiwbvbr, suoj k jypitjbsls ls dlaalouht ti eklgtklg lgvlbw ia tjb bxphkgktligs ia tjb crkvb rltukh iutsldb tjls oiugtry, bspbolkhhy lg tjb _kkhb rbcligkgd Crbkt @rltklg. Lt ls, eirbivbr, ohbkr tjkt wjbg @bhh @bkmbrs wbrb alrst ekdb lg tjls oiugtry,eirb ioourrbd tjkg k ebrb typihiclokh ojkgcb lg tjb `bkmbrs. Sb jkvb khrbkdy rbabrrbd titjb ojkgcbs lg crkvb rltukh. Hktbr wb sjkhh dbkh lg eirb dbtklh wltj tjb wbhh-mgiwg pjyslokh-kgtjripihiclokh krcuebgts air tjls oiugtry. Tjb ojkgcbs lg tjb crkvb clats, kgd bspbolkhhy tjblgtriduotlig ia oippbr lephbebgts, jkvb ighy `bbg dbtbrelgbd air tjb hktbr pjksbs ia tjb@@ Ouhturb. Tjls okg bkslhy `b bxphklgbd `y tjb sokrolty ia tjb ihdbr ektbrlkhs.

4.<.1.4. Tjb trkgsltlig ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr ti tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb Ouhturbs

Ojkgcbs lg ùrlkh rltukh wbrb khsi oigalrebd lg tjls oiugtry durlgc tjb trkgsltlig arie tjbQbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr ti tjb @S @bkmbr. Crkvb ciids `bokeb sokrob. Tjb irlbgtktlig ia tjb ùrlkh

plt wks G-_ lgstbkd ia B-S kgd gi pkrtlouhkr struoturbs krb aiugd `bhiw ir kriugd tjb `krriws.Crkvb LL kt Eihbgkkrscrkka sjiws tjkt tjls lgvihvbs k ohiomwlsb ritktlig ia <6¶ air ekhb crkvbs.Gi abekhb crkvbs krb mgiwg.

Puomdbsojbh03 4 sueekrlzbs tjb crkvb rltukh ia tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb (Pblgbomb K pjksb)lg Obgtrkh Buripb. Tjb hkrcb krbk ia tjb Øgítlob Ouhturb jks bxohuslvbhy crkvbs wjloj krb irlbgtktbd lg k G-_ dlrbotlig 032. Tjbrb ls gi sbxukh dlaabrbgtlktlig. @itj ebg kgd wiebg krbùrlbd ig tjblr rlcjt sldbs wTltj tjb jbkd ti tjb siutj, akolgc bkst. Tjbsb krb tjb skeb ruhbs tj ktbkrhlbr kpphlbd lg tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lg @ijbelk kgd Eirkvlk kgd lg tjb _kkhb rbcligighy air tjb abekhb crkvbs. Tjb sbxukh dlaabrbgtlktlig tjbrbairb dlskppbkrs tjbrb. Iutsldb tjbØgítlob Ouhturb wb algd itjbr irlbgtktligs kgd khsi sbxukh dlaabrbgtlktlig. Lg Eirkvlk tjb crkvbskrb irlbgtktbd GGS-__B= tjb ebg hlb ig tjblr rlcjt sldbs wltj tjblr jbkds ti tjb girtj, tjb

03 ? Lg iur iplglig ugobrtklgty kìut tjb "@bhh @bkmbr pri`hbe" jks krlsbg `y tjb oigauslig ia tjbsb qubstligs,wjloj sjiuhd `b studlbd sbpkrktbhy. Sb elcjt bvbg `b oigobrgbd wltj `bkmbr-hbss lgvkdbrs kdiptlgc kgd su`sbqubgthydbvbhiplgc tjls typb ia pittbry. Vriabssir Qkg dbr Skkhs lg pkrtlouhkr ls dbvbhiplgc vbry lgtbrbstlgc kgd rbvihutligkryldbks ig tjb irlclg ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr= tjbsb ldbks obrtklghy lgahubgobd ey tjlgmlgc lg tjls albhd ia study.

03 4 Puomdbsojbh ;<1:.03 2 Alsojbr ;<21. ;36-;:2.



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wiebg ig tjblr hbat sldbs, wltj tjblr jbkds ti tjb siutj, ìtj tjbrbairb akolgc wbst. Lg _iutjbrg@kvkrlk tjb crkvbs krb irlbgtktbd GB-_S, tjb ebg hylgc ig tjblr hbat sldbs wltj tjblr jbkdsti tjb GB, kgd tjb wiebg hylgc ig tjblr rlcjt sldbs wltj tjblr jbkds ti tjb _S, ìtj tjbrbairbakolgc _B. Lg ìtj rbcligs tjbrb ls kooirdlgchy k dlaabrbgob arie tjb prkotlob lg tjb prbobdlgc

pbrlid. Lg tjb Pjlgb rbclig, ks `bairb, gi ruhbs okg `b dbtbrelgbd. Tjbsb sbbe ti jkvb vkrlbdlg bkoj obebtbry 036.

Sb tjlgm tjb @S@ crkvb rltukh okg slephy `b trkobd `kom ti tjb prbobdlgc Q@@ pjksb,lg ohisb oigairelty ti tjb ouhturkh oigtlgulty wjloj wb skw bxlstbd kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Kt eistwb wiuhd ksorl`b tjb trkgsltlig ti tjb G-_ irlbgtktlig ti lgahubgobs arie tjb bkst (ØgítlobOuhturb) ir wb wiuhd rbhktb lt ti tjb lgtriduotlig ir dbvbhipebgt ia tjb ùrlkhs wltj lgjuektligs bxtbgdbd ig tjb `kom (wjloj sjiw k prbabrbgob air _B-GS dlrbotligs).

4.<.1.2. Tjb krojkbihiclokh oigsbqubgobs ia tjb kgtjripihiclokh dktk.

Tjb kgtjripihiclokh akots jkvb khwkys phkybd kg lepirtkgt pkrt lg lgtbrprbtlgc tjb @bhh@bkmbr Ouhturb, bspbolkhhy katbr tjb dbtklhbd eigicrkpj dbvitbd `y Cbrjkrdt ti tjb smbhbtkh

ektbrlkh ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lg Obgtrkh kgd Sbstbrg Cbrekgy 033. Jb dlstlgculsjbd alvbeklg typbs ia smuhhs>

— Tjb phkgioolpltkhb _tblhmipa, tjb eist arbqubgt typb ia smuhh. @bairb tjb @bhh @bkmbrOuhturb lt dibs git kppbkr ti jkvb `bbg aiugd girtj ia tjb Khps. Vbiphb wltj suoj kg ugusukhsmuhh, jypbr`rkojyobpjkh kgd wltj k ahkt ioolput eust `b rbckrdbd ks tjb oirb ia tjb @bhh @bkmbrpbiphb. Bspbolkhhy tjb ebg krb aklrhy tkhh. @itj ekhb smbhbtigs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka oigaire wbhhti tjb dbsorlptlig clvbg `y Cbrjkrdt ia tjls typb.

—• Kg Khplgb typb (ourvi-ioolpltkhb Pugdmipa),— K girtjbrg typb (dihlojieira),Tjb khplgb kgd tjb girtjbrg typb aire kutiojtjigius bhbebgts. Tjb hkst bhbebgt eky

jkvb irlclgktbd arie tjb _lgchb Crkvb Ouhturb 03:.

— K Ebdltbrrkgbkg typb (crkzlh dihlojieira),— K Mhñtzb typb= ugusukh.Lg tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb wb algd lg tjb Kdhbr`brc Ouhturb k slelhkr kssirtebgt ia smuhh

typbs ks wks airebrhy aiugd lg tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Tjb gbw typb, tjb phkgioolpltkh _tblhmipals khsi prbsbgt (tjiucj lg sekhh gue`brs) lg itjbr Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb criups (pkrtlouhkrhy tjbØgítlob Ouhturb)03 <. Tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka smbhbtigs sjiw k slelhkr hktb prbsbgob ia tjb typlokh@bhh @bkmbr smuhh lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.

Tjb @bhh @bkmbr smuhh typb oigtrksts strigchy wltj tjkt ia tjb prbobdlgc _lgchb Crkvb

031 Puomdbsojbh ;<1:, Mistbr ;<12/'11.03 3

Cbrjkrdt ;<2?, oa. khsi Cbrjkrdt ;<2;, ;<13= @koj ;<12, ;<11= Rhrloj ;<16. Ihdbr rbpirts> @rbltlgcbr ;<?<,Itti ;<26.03: Cbrjkrdt ;<2?, ;6<.03 < Mistbr ;<12/'11, 1;= Cbrjkrdt ;<2?, ;<3= Cbrjkrdt ;<2;½, (;<14)= @lqubt ;<36, ;:3-;<1. Tjb phkgioolpltkh

_tblhmipa ir `lc `rkojyorkglo smuhh aires kg lepirtkgt bhbebgt kt Kdhbr`brc ltsbha kgd khsi kt _lgcbg kgd Gäjbrebg-glgcbg. Hbss «i kt _trku `lgc kgd lg Kustrlk (air lgstkgob Cbeblghb`krg), ùt wltj sieb bxobptligs ks kt Jklgùrc-Tblojtih, wjbrb tj b ty pb l.« wbhh rbprbsbgtbd. Lg tjb Øgítlob Ouhturb tjb typ b ioours lg vbry eidbst gue`brs . @lq ubtskys tjkt tjb typ b kppkrbgt hy s prbkd eirb ti tjb siutj kg d wbst tjkg ti tjb b kst = ` ut arie wjbrb dld lt sprbkd 9



?06 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Ouhturb. Tjb aklrhy sekhh gue`br ia _ojgurmbrkelm smuhhs arie _iutj-wbstbrg Cbrekgy (;3, iawjloj ;0 kduhts) khh `bhigc ti igb bxtrbeb dihlojiobpjkhlo typb, okhhbd `y Cbrjkrdt Krojklsoj_tbgidihlojieira 0: ¶. Lg @ijbelk khsi tjls typb aires k slcglalokgt, khtjiucj git prbdielgktlgc,bhbebgt lg tjb _ojgurmbrkelm 0:;. Lg Obgtrkh Cbrekgy tjb typb ls euoj eirb piirhy rbprbsbgtbd

khtjiucj lt okg `b rboicglzbd lg k abw ihdbr lgdlvldukhs. Gi _ojgurmbrkelm sbmbhbtkh ektbrlkhls mgiwg lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Ks akr ks tjb pist-orkglkh smbhbtig ls oigobrgbd, tjb _ojgurmbrkelm smbhbtigs, tjisb wltj phkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa kgd tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb smbhbtigs arie_lgcbg/Jijbgtwlhh krb khh slelhkr lg tjblr riùstgbss.

Tjb lepirtkgt dlaabrbgobs lg ouhturkh rbeklgs kgd crkvb rltukh `btwbbg _lgchb Crkvb kgd@bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb krb tjbrbairb kooiepkglbd `y k ohbkr kgtjripihiclokh ojkgcb arie k aklrhyjieicbgbius dihlojieirpjlo pbiphb ti k vkrlbd pipuhktlig wltj t jb (jypbr)`rkojyeirpjlophkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa ks k hbkdlgc bhbebgt. Tjb trkgsltlig arie @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ti tjbBkrhy @rigzb Kcb Ouhturbs ls vbry crkdukh lg bvbry rbspbot. Sb eust tjbrbairb oigsldbr tjbkppbkrkgob ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ks k rbkh leelcrktlig> tjb pbgbtrktlig ia bgtlrbhy gbwpipuhktlig bhbebgts wltj tjblr iwg ektbrlkh ouhturb, nust ks obgturlbs bkrhlbr tjb `bkrbrs ia tjb@ktthb Kxb Ouhturb pbgbtrktbd Sbstbrg kgd Obgtrkh Buripb. Lg tjls oiggbotlig Cbrjkrdt ekdbk gue`br ia lgtbrbstlgc rbekrms 0:0 kìut tjb oigstltutlig ia tjb @@ pipuhktlig. Lt oigslsts iatjb auslig ia k gue`br ia "rkobs" wltjiut kgy ohbkr lgtbrelxlgc. Ia tjb ebg pkrtlouhkrhy tjbeknirlty jkvb tjb typlokh phkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa, wjlhb tjb wiebg krb eklghy rbspigsl`hbair tjb jbtbricbgbius ojkrkotbr ia tjb wjihb. Lt hiims ks la k criup ia ekhb airblcgbrs arbqubgthyrborutbd wiebg arie kg bxlstlgc pipuhktlig. Lg igb obebtbry, lg kddltlig ti tjb phkgioolpltkh_tblhmipa, igb itjbr typb ia smuhh ls ohbkrhy prbsbgt lg hkrcb gue`brs. Lg tjb aiur diu`hb crkvbsia Cbrjkrdt's "Pblgb K" (purb @@) criup pbiphb ia tjb skeb smuhh typb wbrb ùrlbd. Jb oigohudbs tjk t tjby wbrb k criup ia gbwoiebrs wji rkpldhy lgorbksbd lg gue`brs kgd elgchbd wltj tjbtjb bxlstlgc pipuhktlig ighy ti k hleltbd bxtbgt.

Tjb oigsbqubgob ia tjls kgtjripihiclokh eidbh ls git lgbvltk`hy tjb kssueptlig tjkt tjbektbrlkh ouhturb ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ks k wjihb wks khsi lepirtbd arie bhsbwjbrb. Tjlselcjt `b tjb oksb wltj ighy k abw (gbw) bhbebgts suoj ks tjb wrlst cukrd kgd tjb oippbr mglab.Sb okg lekclgb tjkt tjb gbw pbiphb ighy lepirtbd kgd prbsbrvbd k abw rboicglzk`hb ouhturkhbhbebgts ia tjblr iwg kgd itjbrwlsb kdiptbd ekgy kutiojtjigius bhbebgts. Tjkt ls, wb tjlgmk (pkrtlkh) kgtjripihiclokh dlsoigtlgulty elcjt `b oie`lgbd wltj k hkrcbhy oigtlguius ouhturkhdbvbhipebgt.

Lg tjls sjirt study wb wlhh git dbkh wltj tjb irlclg ia tjb phkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa smuhh typb(wb rbabr tjb rbkdbr ti Cbrjkrdt0: ?) khtjiucj lt elcjt `b tjb ohub ti tjb irlclg ia tjb gbwbhbebgts lg tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Tjb kìvb i`sbrvktligs sbrvb ighy ti pilgt iut tjboigsbqubgobs ia tjb kgtjripihiclokh i`sbrvktligs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, kgd ti strbss tjkt tjbphkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa jks giw khsi `bbg bstk`hlsjbd lg tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr criup 0:4.

0: 6 _kgceblstbr & Cbrjkrdt (;<12), ;<3= Abustbh bt kh. ;<11, ;;3-;41= @uojvkhdbm & Miutbom y ;<36, 032.0: ; _kgceblstbr & Cbrj krdt (;<12), ;;0-;;?= Plq ubt ;<36, ;64 skys tjk t tjb bxtr beb dihlbjiorkglo smuhhs ia tjb

_ojgurh-beelm krb dbeigstrktbd ti `b vbry ojkrkotbrlstlo. Lg oie`lgktlig wltj k obrtklg smbhbtkh crkolhlty jb sbbs siebrbsbe`hkgobs ti tjb ihd @kgdobrkelo stiom.

0: 0 Cbrjkrdt ;<2?, ;2< a.0: ? Cbrjkrdt ;<2?, ;1?-;:0.0: 4 L dlsoivbrbd tjb ìim ia Plqubt (;<36) ighy katbr tj b wrltlgc ia tjls sbotlig. Tjb ìim clvbs k survby ia tjb



OIGTBZT - IZ @RPLKH ?0;

4.<.3. TJB IZ @RPLKH

4.<.3.;. Gbihltjlo kglekh ùrlkhs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds

Kpkrt arie tjb tbrp algds, oiephbtb kglekh smbhbtigs ir tjblr trkobs (oirpsb-slhjiubttbs),arie tjb prb-Piekg pbrlid lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds krb rkrb. Air oiepkrlsig wltj tjb ix ùrlkhkt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb aihhiwlgc algds eky `b ebgtligbd>

Lg tjb prlekry crkvb ia k `krriw kt Brgst (Qbhuwb) 0:2 wbrb aiugd— lg kddltlig ti k 0 g `

(Khh Ivbr Oird) @bkmbr, k sboigd `bkmbr kgd k Crkgd Vrbsslcgy ahlgt dkccbr—tjb rbeklgs(tbbtj) ia k "jirsb's" jbkd. Tjby wbrb khh crkvb ciids air k dbkd pbrsig wjisb slhjiubttb wks

Gbihltjlo kgd Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb smbhbtkh rbeklgs ia Arkgob kgd surriugdlgc oiugtrlbs. Tjb systbektlo trbktebgt intjb jucb qukgtltlbs ia tjls wldbhy dlspbrsbd kgd (air krojkbihiclsts) git bkslhy koobssl`hb ektbrlkh, ekmbs tjls studyia tjb uteist lepirtkgob. BRqubt oigalres tjb hlgbs ia tjb Buripbkg kgtjripihiclokh bvihutlig, ks tjby wbrb mgiwg,

kgd clvbs spbolaloktligs ig ekgy pilgts.Igb ia tjb eknir tjbebs, la git tjb obgtrkh pri`hbe ls kcklg tjb suddbg kppbkrkgob durlgc tjb "Ojkhoihltjlo"

(l.b. tjb @bkmbr Vbrlid) ia tjb riùst pbiphb wltj tjb `lc `rkojyorkglo smuhhs, sjkrphy oigtrkstlgc ti tjb crkolhb kgddihlbhliorkglo "dkgu`lkg oiephbx" kgd tjb hlmbwlsb dihlojiorkglo _ojgurmbrkelm pbiphb, hlvlgc lg Obgtrkh Buripb.Jb skys (p. ;6<). "So sbb jbrb igb ia tjb dbbpbst `rbkms lg tjb oigtlgulty ia tjb Buripbkg kgtjripihiclokh jlstiry".BRqubt okggit sbb tjls ks kg leelcrktlig. Kt kgy rktb tjls pbiphb okeb git arie _pklg, wbrb `rkojyorkglo smuhhskro ighy vbry sokrobhy rbprbsbgtbd lg kgd `bairb tjb Ojkhoihltjlo. Jb `bhlbvbs (p. ;:4) tjkt "wb sbb lg tjls tjb rbsurcbgobia tjb Ebsihltjlo stiom, wjloj wks tbepirkrlhy bhlelgktbd eklghy `b tjb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo kgd hktbr `y tjb ElddhbGbihltjlo oihiglsts". Lg tjls oiggbotlig jb strbssbs tjb ioourrbgob ia `rkojyorkglo smuhhs lg tjb Ebsihltjlo (prlgolpkhhytjisb ia Ñaagbt), `bsldbs tjb prbdielgkgthy dihlojiorkglo smuhhs (p. ?4-?2), tjkt khh dlaabr oigsldbrk`hy arie tjb "dkgu`lkg oiephbx" (p. 22-21). Jb kssuebs k spigtkgbius "`rkojyorkglsktlig" ir "dlgkrlsktlig" ia tjb irlclgkh (Ebsihltjlo)pipuhktlig lg tjb twi elhhbgglk `bairb 0666 @.O. Jb rlcjthy strbss tjkt iur kgtjripihiclokh mgiwhbdcb ls rbstrlotbdti rbhktlvbhy sekhh krbks kgd tjkt dktk hkom arie higc pbrlids kgd vkst oiugtrlbs.

Sb okg, jiwbvbr, jkrdhy koobpt Ebsihltjlo survlvkhs ia oigsldbrk`hb bxtbgt ivbr k pbrlid ia kìut 0666 ybkrugtlh 0666 @.O., ugrboicglzbd ugtlh giw lg krojkbihiclokh kgd kgtjripihic lokh rbspbo t. Tjb rbekrmk`h b oigtbepirblgl tyia t jb alrst ioourrbgob ia tjb phkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa ivbr k vkst pkrt ia Buripb (Ozboishivkmlk, Cbrekgy, Crbkt @rltklg(@lqubt p. ;;6, ;<1) kgd eirb spirkdlokhhy lg _pklg kgd _iutjbrg Arkgob) ls khsi dlaalouht ti bxphklg lg tjls tjbiry.Lt ls, jiwbvbr, lgt gbs tlg c t jk t `rkojyorkglo pbiphb ioour lg Girtjbrg Arkgob (_IE Ouhturb) kgd khigc tjb Ebusb lg@bhclue, khtjiucj tjbrb krb ohbkr dlaabrbgobs arie tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb> tjblr stkturb ls sekhhbr kgd tjb ebkg vkhubsia tjb lgdbx orkglous krb oigsldbrk`hy sekhhbr (Plqubt ;<36, p. ;4?). Plqubt clvbs khsi sieb rbabrbgobs (p. ;;4, ;:?-;:4)ti tjb Dkglsj Gbihltjlo smbhbtkh rbeklgs, dbsorl`bd lg dbtklh `y @ristb kgd Nircbgsbg. @itj tjb TP@ pbiphb ia tjb

L 7kglsj Elddhb Gbihltjlo kgd tjb pbiphb ia tjb Dkccbr Vbrlid (Dkglsj Hktb Gbihltjlo, oigtbepirkgbius wltj tjb @bhh@bkmbr Ouhturb kgd tjb Dutoj Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb) jkd rktjbr `lc ebsiorkglo smuhhs (git `rkojyorkglo ks Plqubt skys !)wltj k ebkg lgdbx orkglous ia rbsp. 31.6 kgd 33.0 air tjb ebg. @ut tjbrb ls k oigsldbrk`hb vkrlbty kgd lt ls bspbolkhhylgtbrbstlgc lg tjls oigtbxt tjkt tjbrb ls qultb k gue`br ia smuhhs wltj kg lgdbx orkglous ia ivbr 3<.6, kgd krk tjb rah ktioolput, Hktb Gbihltjlo ùt khsi Elddhb Gbihltjlo. Sb khsi gitb tjkt tjbrb ls k ekrmbd lgorbksb lg ebkg ìdy hbgctjia kìut ;6 oe. `btwbbg ìtj pbrlids, wjlhb tjb Gbihltjlo TP@ pbiphb wks khrbkdy tkhh kgd riùst. Tjb qubstlig ia tjbpissl`hb kgtjripihiclokh rbhktligsjlp ia khh tjbsb `rkojyorkglo criups ia ls oruolkh krojkbihiclokh lepirtkgob. Sb krbgit oiep btbgt ti clvb kg kgswbr kgd nus t pisb tjls qubstlig. Gir ls tjls tjb phkob kgd eiebg t ti wirm iut tj b oigsbqubgobs ia tjb pissl`hb kgswbrs. Igb elcjt hbd ti k pissl`hb girtjbrhy irlclg ia tjb @@ pbiphb. Tjls dibs, jiwbvbrgit bxohudb tjkt lg tjb airektlig ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhh urb (l.b. tjb algd kssiolktlig), oigtkots wltj rbeitb oiugtrlbs,hlmb tjb L`brlkg pbglgsuhk, phkybd kg bssbgtlkh rihb.

0:2 Jihwbrdk & Bvbhblg ;<;;, ;< kgd ka`. 06, 0;. _bb khsi V^ 4 ;<;0, ?1:-?3?= @bjrbgs ;<14, 4:, ;63= tjb crkvb(plt) ltsbha ls dlaalouht ti dlsobrg.



?00 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

khsi vlsl`hb. Qkg Claabg hktbr dbohkrbd tjkt tjb nkws `bhigcbd ti kg ix 0:b. Lt okg gi higcbr `bdbtbrelgbd wjbtjbr k oiephbtb ix ir ighy lts jbkd wks ùrlbd lg tjb crkvb.

Lg kg boobgtrlo pisltlig ugdbr `krriw ? ig tjb _ihsojb @brc kt Ckrdbrbg tjb slhjiubttbia k hkrcb kglekh wks i`sbrvbd lg k sbpkrktb plt 0 :3 . Tjb `krriw oivbrbd k ìttie crkvb, wjloj

oigtklgbd keigc itjbr tjlgcs k Crkgd Vrbsslcgy ahlgt dkccbr. Ig tjb airebr surakob hkyk abw sjbrds ia k hktb Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr. Tjb kglekh ùrlkh dktbs, tjbrbairb, arie tjbskeb pbrlid ks tjkt ia Best.

Lg tjb S_S-BGB irlbgtktbd prlekry crkvb ia tueuhus ; kt ^blnbg 0:: wks aiugd tjb slhjiubttb ia k hkrcb kglekh, kppkrbgthy kg ix, nudclgc arie tjb tbbtj wjloj wbrb prbsbrvbd. Tjbitjbr crkvb ciids wbrb k tjlom-ùttbd cgblss kxb kgd k ahlgt ahkmb. Gi trkob ia kgy juekg lgtbrebgt wks aiugd, si tjkt tjb ix eky jkvb `bbg ùrlbd ks k crkvb clat ir slephy ks k prlekryùrlkh. Tjb dktb okggit `b alxbd eirb prbolsbhy tjkg pri`k`hy Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr Ouhturb.

Kt Kgcbhshii 0:< lg tjb bxtbgslvb bxokvktlig lg ;<11 kg ix ùrlkh (slhjiubttb wltj bgkebhia tjb tbbtj) wks aiugd ohisb ti k GB-_S irlbgtktbd crkvb lg wjloj tjb dbkd pbrsig wksùrlbd lg k oriuojbd pisltlig ig tjb hbat sldb wltj tjb jbkd ti tjb _S. Lg tjb crkvb k oiephbtbhy

ixldlzbd `rigzb ir oippbr algcbr-rlgc wks aiugd. Bvbg wjbg wb koobpt tjkt tjb crkvb dktbstjb ix ùrlkh, wb okg clvb gi `bttbr dktb tjkg Hktb Gbihltjlo ir Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb.Lg tjb obgtrb ia tjb sbtthbebgt kt Ittihkgd-Iistblgd 0<6 (Q@@ ti Hktb @rigzb Kcb) tjb

oiephbtb smbhbtig ia k plc (k twi ybkr ihd diebstlo abekhb) wks aiugd lg kg B-S irlbgtktbdùrlkh plt. Air strktlcrkpjlo rbksigs tjb ùrlkh eust `b dktbd bkrhy lg tjb iooupktlig pbrlid(l.b. Q@@/@S@). Gi juekg crkvbs wbrb aiugd.

Lg tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb sbtthbebgt kt Hbldsojbgdke 0<; tjb aklrhy oiephbtb smbhbtigia k plc, kìut 2 eigtjs ihd, wks aiugd.

Lg igb ia tjb crkvbs ia `krriw LL kt Iistwiud (oigtklglgc k oriuojbd smbhbtig, ig tjb rlcjtsldb, jbkd girtj kgd akolgc wbst) tjb smuhh kgd itjbr rbeklgs ia rk``lt ir jkrb wbrb aiugd.Tjb crkvb ls git dktbd 0<0.

Algkhhy, wb eust ebgtlig sieb algds lg Sbst Arlslk> kg ix smbhbtig arie tjb Elddhb@rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt kt ^wkkcdlnm wjloj, jiwbvbr, lg vlbw ia tjb stktb ia ìgb prbsbrvktlig,

0:1 Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, ;21-;23. Tjb "jirsb's jbkd", PEI gi. b ;<;;/:.:, oiuhd git `b aiugd lg tjb eusbue ticlvb lt k rb-bxkelgktlig.

*« @ursoj ;<??, 1<-3;, W;11. 11, 33= sbb khsi @bjrbgs ;<14, 4:, ;63. @bjrbgs diu`tbd wjbtj br tj b irlclgkhldbgtlaloktlig ks k jirsb ls rlcjt kgd succbsts tjkt lt elcjt khsi `b kg ix, ks kppbkrbd ti `b tjb oksb lg tjb Bestcrkvb. Jirsb ùrlkhs krb vbry rkrb, wjlhb ix ùrlkhs krb tjb eist oieeig. Er N. G. Hkgtl gc lgairebd eb tj kt,kooirdlgc ti k hbttbr arie Dr @ursoj lg ;<3;, k elhltk ry vbtbr lgkry surcbig arie tj b gbkr`y okep kt Glbuw Elhhlgcogjkd ldbgtlalbd tjb tbbtj ks tjisb ia k jirsb. Lg iur iplglig tjls okggit rbeivb tjb diu`ts.

0: : Qkg Claabg ;<?6½, 23-2<, Tka. 43, 4:= @bjrbgs ;<24, 14, 4:, ;63. Khtjiucj tjb crkvb plt sbbes ti `b vbry sekhhti oigtklg k oiephbtb kglekh, tjls wks diu`thbss tjb oksb. Qkg Claabg (;<?6") stktbd> "Bs wkr wlb blg crissbr _ojkttbg

kg dbr Istsbltb dbs Crk`bs brmbggthloj" kgd (;<02/'01, 044) "k oiephbtb kglekh wks phkobd" (lg tjb crkvb).0: < Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<11, pbrs. oiee. Er N. G . Hkgtlgc. Tjb kglekh hky ig lts rlcjt sldb, jbkd GB , hbcs dlrbotbd

tiGS.

0<6 Vrbhlelgkry rbpirt> Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<1<`. Tjb kglekh hky ig tjb siu tjbrg shipb ia tjb plt, jbkd bkst kgdig lts `kom, tjb hbcs strbtojbd upwkrd.

0< ; Chks`brcbg bt kh. ;<13, ;;4. Ers Dr S. Cribgekg-vkg Skktb rlgcb lgairebd eb tj kt lg tjls oksb k ùrlkhwltj k rltukh purpisb ls ughlmbhy. Kg lgtbrprbtktlig ks girekh okrokss rbausb sbbes eist pri`k`hb.

0< 0 Oa. gitb 042.



OIGTBZT - IZ @RPLKH ? 0 ?

TK@HB 02

_urvby ia tjb Gbihltjlo — Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb kglekh ùrlkhs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds

_ltb Kglekh Ouhturkh kssiolktlig _ltuktlig Hlt. lg gitb

hhkuolldirp-Mest ix KIO `bkmbr lg k crkvb 0:2,0:1(hkrdbrbg (ix) KIO `bkmbr lg k crkvb 0:3

^bl nbg ix Hktb Gbih. — B@K lg k crkvb 0::Kgcbhshii ix Hktb Gbih. — B@K gbkr k crkvb 0:<Eihbgkkrscrkka ix Q@@—@S@ sbpkrktb crkvb lg sbtth. + obebtbry

Ittihkgd plc Q@@—@S@ lg sbtthb ebgt 0<6Hbldsojogdke V'c QH—_Q@ lg sbtthbebgt (okrokss rbausb) 0<;

ls kppkrbgthy k (su`)rbobgt ùrlkh, kgd kg ix smbhbtig arie tueuhus L kt Iistwiud, khsi pissl`hyk rbobgt ùrlkh. Lg vlbw ia tjb gbw dktk dbsorl`bd kìvb ìtj algds, lg iur vlbw, ebrlt k arbsjstudy 0E.

Kglekh ùrlkhs krb tjbrbairb k rbourrbgt, ùt rkrb, pjbgiebgig lg tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs lgtjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjby krb eisthy rbhktbd wltj juekg ùrlkhs wjloj eky hkrcbhy `b bxphklgbd`y tjb bxokvktlig trkdltligs. Ighy kt Ittihkgd lt ls hlmbhy tjkt k ùrlkh ls rbhktbd ti k sbtthbebgt. Tjb algd kt Hbldsojbgdke sbbes ti `b k pkrt ia tjb girekh diebstlo rbausb rktjbr tjkgk rltukh ùrlkh. Tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka ix elcjt, lg vlbw ia tjbsb akots, aire k pkrt ia tjb obebtbryir, ig tjb Ittihkgd kgkhicy, `bhigc ti tjb sbtthbebgt kotlvltlbs kgd elcjt `b lgtbrprbtbd tjbgks kg lgltlktlig skorlalob.

Tjb hkom ia itjbr kglekh ùrlkhs (b.c. ia tjb TP@ Ouhturb) ls git slcglalokgt, air lg akotgi Elddhb Gbihltjlo smbhbtkh ektbrlkh ls mgiwg kt khh lg tjls oiugtry. Lt ls git pbrelttbd tistktb, tjbrbairb, tjkt tjls oustie wks lgtriduobd `y igb ia tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs.

4.<.3.0. Gbihltjlo kglekh ùrlkhs lg k wldbr oigtbxt

Tjb eigicrkpj ia @bjrbgs 0<4 pbrelts us ti ekmb k oiepkrlsig ia Gbtjbrhkgds dktkwltj tjisb ia tjb wjihb ia tjb Ihd Sirhd. Jb oihhbotbd 01: algds, wjloj lgvihvb 42< oiephbtbkglekh smbhbtigs. Ia tjbsb tjb eknirlty (4;4= <6.0%) oieb arie diebstlo kglekhs. Ks akr ksdlstrlùtlig lg spkob kgd tleb ls oigobrgbd, tjb ploturb ls vbry strigchy lgahubgobd `y tjb stktbia tjb krojkbihiclokh rbsbkroj, tjb ùrlkh ousties (b.c. obebtbrlbs ks ippisbd ti oihhbotlvbùrlkhs lg ebckhltjlo crkvbs kgd lgjuektlig ippisbd ti orbektlig) kgd `y tjb oigdltligs airprbsbrvktlig ia tjb ìgbs. Tjkt 32% ia tjb algds sjiw sieb rbhktligsjlp ti juekg crkvbs elcjt

hlb eklghy dub ti tjb akot tjkt bxokvktligs jkvb oigobgtrktbd upig obebtbrlbs. Ig tjb itjbrjkgd tjb akot tjkt juekg crkvbs jkvb git `bbg aiugd dibs git ebkg tjkt tjby wbrb git prbsbgt

0<? Eiddbrekg ;<14, ?0= Qkg Claabg ;<10, bxokvktlig phkg.

0«4 @bjrbgs ;<14.



?04 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

lg tjb vlolglty. Sltj tjb prbpigdbrkgob ia diebstlo kglekhs (bspbolkhhy ix) kgd tjb rbhktligti crkvbs tjb Dutoj kglekh ùrlkhs di git iooupy kg ugusukh pisltlig.

Eist kglekh ùrlkhs `bhigc ti tjb Mucbhkepjirbgmuhtur kgd ti k siebwjkt hbssbr bxtbgt,ti tjb @kdbg (Vìobh) Ouhturb kgd sieb TP@ criups (@kkh`brc, Skhtbrglbgùrc) ia ObgtrkhBuripb kgd tjb Obgtrkh Dkgu`b rbclig. Aklrhy ekgy kgd hkrcb obebtbrlbs wltj ciid smbhbtkhektbrlkh arie tjbsb ouhturbs jkvb `bbg aiugd. Sb algd tjbrb lg bvbry hkrcb obebtbry k abwkglekh ùrlkhs, iatbg tjisb ia ixbg lg pklrs. Tjb dic khsi phkys kg lepirtkgt rihb. K abw algdsjkvb `bbg ekdb lg tjb _ojgurmbrkelm Ouhturb, ùt yiugcbr kglekh ùrlkhs di git kppbkr t iioour 0<2 . Tjb Sbstbrg Buripbkg algds aire k sbpkrktb kgd hktbr criup = tjby oigslst ia kìut06 ltbes lg wjloj igb ir eirb dics (kìut 26) krb ùrlbd ks k crkvb clat, k oustie ioourrlgc arie_iutjbrg _wbdbg ti tjb L`brlkg Vbglgsuhk 0<1 ùt lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, ourliushy, lt jks gbvbr`bbg rbpirtbd. Iooksligkhhy k dic ls ùrlbd lg k sbtthbebgt, ks kt Bkstig Diwg 0<3 . K sboigdcriup ls airebd `y tjb ixbg, ia wjloj wb jkvb khrbkdy dlsoussbd tjb algds lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.Itjbr kglekhs krb git ebgtligbd `y @bjrbgs. Tjb Ittihkgd plc ls tjbrbairb bxobptligkh.Iutsldb tjb Gbtjbrhkgds tjb aihhiwlgc algds jkvb `bbg ekdb.

Kt Bgcbrs (Mr. Gbuwlbd)0< : tjb smbhbtig ia k hkrcb kglekh wks aiugd gbkr k @bhh @bkmbrcrkvb. Lt ls eist pri`k`hy kg ix. Arie k crkvb kt Slbs`kdbg ke Jb`bgmlbs 0<< k "jirsb's"smuhh wks rbpirtbd, dktbd ks _ojgurmbrkelm. Kg ix smbhbtig kt _mbgdhb`y, Hlgoihgsjlrb ?66

wks keigc sbtthbebgt algds wjloj lgohudbd K-@bkmbr sjbrds. Dlrbothy lg arigt ia tjb bgtrkgobia tjb ebckhltjlo crkvb ia tjb @iygb Ouhturb kt @ryg Obhhy Ddu, Kgchbsby ?6;, kg ix wks ùrlbd,kgd wks bltjbr oigtbepirkry wltj ir ia hktbr dktb tjkg tjb eiguebgt. Lg tjb Tueuhus_t. Elojbh kt Okrgko, @rlttkgy ?60 (Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb) khigcsldb juekg ùrlkhs twi hkrcbruelgkgts (vbry pri`k`hy ixbg) wbrb ùrlbd lg stigb olsts. Kt Qlhhk Givk _äi Vbdri ?6? kg ixwks okrbauhhy ùrlbd lg k dbbp plt wltjlg tjb airtlaloktlig. Jkhawky lg tjb alhhlgc k hkrcb pit wksaiugd oigtklglgc tjb ìgbs ia dbbr kgd plc. K sboigd ix wks ùrlbd lg tjb leebdlktb vlolglty.

Tjb strigchy ahbxbd pisltlig sbbes ti `b vbry bxobptligkh. Sb aiugd gi bxkephb ia lt lg@bjrbgs' hlsts. Tjb `bst pkrkhhbhs krb ìtj (@kkh`brc ir Rgítlob) ix ùrlkhs ia _tbeebrg, ùttjby hkom tjb ahbxbd gbom. Tjb obrtklg bstk`hlsjebgt ia tjb k`sbgob ia tjb pjkhkgcbs gbbdsk okrbauh bxokvktlig kgd k spbolkh kttbgtlig ti tjls pjbgiebgig. K rbhlk`hb bxkephb ls tjbBkrhy @rigzb Kcb jirsb ùrlkh ia Chblgk, wjbrb khh sboigd kgd tjlrd pjkhkgcbs wbrb elsslgc.@ut tjls tii sbbes ti `b k rkrb prkotlob ?6?k.

Lt ls dlaalouht ti drkw kgy itjbr oigohuslig arie tjbsb abw, wldbhy sokttbrbd algds tjkgtjkt ix ùrlkh bspbolkhhy lg tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb, wks gi ugusukh prkotlob. Sb jkvb gilgdloktlig ks ti wjbrb tjls oustie irlclgktbd. Tjb lgtbrprbtktlig ia tjb purpisb ia tjb ùrlkh

0«2 @bjbrgs ;<14, 21.0< 1 @bjrbgs ;<14, 3;-34.0<9 @bjrbgs ;<14, ;62= _tigb ;<2:, pjiti 0?.0< ? Cktbrekgg ;<4?, 06, 46, :; kgd K``. ;?, ?; = @bjrbgs ;<14, 4:, <:.0< < @bjrbgs ;<14, 4: (gitb).?¶i Vjlhlps ;<?1, 13, <1 a. (5 Kpp . LL )= @bjrbgs ;<14, ;61, 2;-2?.?¶l Jbep ;<?6, ;<4-;<1, 0;? ( 5 Kpp. L) = @bjrbgs ;<14, ;62, 2;-20= Vlcc itt ;<24, 066.?6 0 @bjrbgs ;<14, ;62, 2; kgd hltbrkturb oltbd tjbrb.?6? Di Vkoi & _kgceblstbr ;<21, 0;<= @bjrbgs ;<14, 2;-24. ;;?,?6?k @bjrbgs ;<14, ;60 (_tbeebrg), << (Chblgk).



OIGTBZT - _LTRKTLIG ?02

vkrlbs arie algd ti algd kgd ls lgahubgobd `y tjb algd-olrouestkgobs. @bjrbgs clvbs k auhh survbyia khh pissl`lhltlbs ?64. K vbry lepirtkgt dlstlgotlig ls tjb ùrlkh ks k crkvb clat ir tjb lgdbpbgdbgt ùrlkh, siebtlebs ltsbha bvbg privldbd wltj crkvb ciids. Lg tjls hkttbr sltuktlig, wjlojkpphlbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, @bjrbgs clvbs ks tjb eist lepirtkgt pissl`lhltlbs> k skorlalob, tjb

ùrlkh ia kg kglekh tjkt ioouplbd k spbolkh phkob, k su`stltutb air k dbkd pbrsig wjisb ìdywks git kvklhk`hb, ir k priakgb purpisb> tjb ùrlkh ia k okrrlig. Ighy tjls hkst bxphkgktlig diwb oigsldbr lgkpphlok`hb kt Eihbgkkrscrkka.

4.<.:. _LTRKTLIG KGD _R@_L_TBGOB BOIGIE\

4.<.:.;. Tjb sltb

Sb eky wigdbr wjy tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb ojisb ti ekmb tjblr sbtthbebgts ia khh phkobsig k sekhh skgd rldcb lg tjb elddhb ia k pbkt rbclig. Tjbrb krb k abw lgdloktligs tjkt tjls wks kdbhl`brktb ojilob kgd tjkt tjbrb wks k prbabrbgob air hiw-hylgc (wbt) skgdy criugd. Eiddbr

ekg ?62 wks k`hb ti sjiw, `y ebkgs ia dbtklhbd dktk kìut tjb dlstrlùtlig ia `bkmbrs lg twilepirtkgt krbks ia tjb Qbhuwb, tjkt tjb bkrhlbst (Vritrudlgc Aiit) @bkmbrs wbrb ohisbhy oiggbotbd wltj tjb oiursbs ia k abw strbkes, kgd tjk t lg tjb oiursb ia tjb @bkmbr pbrlid {l.b. lg tjbpjksb ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr) tjb tbrrltiry usbd wks bxtbgdbd ti drlbr kgd jlcjbr criugd,pissl`hy ks k rbsuht ia kg lgorbkslgc pipuhktlig. Khtjiucj tjb dlstrlùtlig ia tjb `bkmbrs (l.b.ia tjb crkvbs) dibs git gbobsskrlhy oirrbspigd ti tjkt ia tjb sbtthbebgts, lt dibs gbvbrtjbhbsslgdloktb `rikdhy tjb pisltlig ia tjb sbtthbebgts. Qkg ^blst kgd Qbrwbrs ?61 khsi oigohudb tjkttjls prbabrbgob air k wbt elhlbu eust jkvb bxlstbd. Tjb oihiglzktlig ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbr hkgds,kgd lg pkrtlouhkr tjb bstk`hlsjebgt ia tjb sbtthbebgt ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb,eky tjbrbairb `b sktlsakotirlhy bxphklgbd `y tjb arbb ojilob ia kg kttrk otlvb bgvlrigebgt=wb obrtklghy di git gbbd ti kssueb tjkt kg belcrktlig ti "ekrclgkh elhlbus" tiim phkob ks k

rbsuht ia lgorbkslgc pipuhktlig prbssurb.K sboigd pissl`hb akotir ls ia kg boigielo-strktbclo gkturb. Sb jkvb khrbkdy lgdloktbd

tjkt igb ia tjb abw pissl`hb oigtkot riutbs `btwbbg oikst kgd jlgtbrhkgd eky jkvb aihhiwbdtjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, kgd tjkt tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka-Ittihkgd-Ciudrlkkg sbtt hbebgthky kìut jkha-wky khigc tjls (eklghy dry) oieeugloktlig rikd. Tjls riutb wks surbhy iarbcligkh lepirtkgob. @ut wb eust rbkhlzb tjkt lts lepirtkgob eky jkvb `bbg euoj crbktbr lgtjb hlcjt ia tjb ouhturkh tlbs kgd trkdb rbhktligs `btwbbg tjb oiugtrlbs ig ìtj sldbs ia tjbGirtj _bk. Eklghy typihiclokh krcuebgts jkvb `bbg kdduobd lg suppirt ia kg bxpkgslig ia tjbGbtjbrhkgds @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lg k rbhktlvbhy bkrhy pjksb (0;¶) ti tjb @rltlsj Lshbs, bspbolkhhy titjb bkst oikst krbk ia \irmsjlrb. Lg k su`sbqubgt pjksb tjb @S@ Ouhturb (lg Bgchkgd pissl`hylgtriduobd arie tjb oigtlgbgt) bxtbgdbd ivbr tjb Girtj Cbrekg phklgs, tjb Gbtjbrhkgds kgd

_iutjbrg Bgchkgd. Lg tjb skeb krbk wb algd, k abw obgturlbs hktbr, tjb ouhturkhhy ohisbhy rbhktbdcriups ia tjb Sbssbx @loiglokh Rrgs kgd tjb Jlhvbrsue urgs ig bltjbr sldb ia tjb Girtj

?6 4 @bjrbgs ;<14, 2<-13.?6 2 Eiddbrekg ;<10/'1?.?61 Qkg ^blst ;<1?, Qbrwbrs ;<30, ;4?.





OIGTBZT - _R@_L_TBGOB BOIGIE\ ? 03

git ir ighy pkrthy tjb rbsuht ia tjb sltuktlig ia tjb crkvbs lg rbspbot ti tjb albhds ir tjb sbtthbebgts kppbkrs arie tjb lepirtkgt dlkcrke QL ia tjb QH sbtthbebgt kt Qiirsojitbg ?R . Lgtjb hiwbr jkha ia tjb dlkcrke (purb Bkrhy QH iooupktlig) ighy tjb khdbr okrr ia tjb sjirbahkt wks kaabotbd= tjb ikm airbst ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr wks dlstur`bd ighy lg vbry hleltbd ebks

urb. Katbr tjb oielgc ia tjb VA@ Ouhturb wb i`sbrvb (lg tjb uppbr pkrt ia tjb dlkcrke) tjbcrbkt ohbkrlgcs, lgdloktbd `y tjb dborbksb ia [ubrous kgd tjb lgorbksb ia Crkelgbkb wjloj krbojkrkotbrlstlo ia tjb VA@ Ouhturb. @itj Sktbrìhm kgd Qkg ^blst?;0 dbtbrelgbd, eirbivbr,tjkt tjb `krriw spbotrk ohisbhy oirrbspigd ti tjb suoobsslig ia juekg lgahubgob ig tjb vbcbtktlig, wjloj ls vlsl`hb lg tjb rklsbd ìc dlkcrkes.

Tjb kìvb aklrhy auhh kooiugt wks gbobsskry lg irdbr ti kssbss oirrbothy tjb Eihbgkkrscrkkadktk. Arie tjb `bclgglgc ia zigb ; tjb dlkcrke sjiws tjb ploturb ia tjb VA@-@S@ `krriwskgd ia tjb hktbr (VA@/QH) pjksb ia Qiirsojitbg. Tjls sbbes ohbkrhy ti oigtrkdlot iur oirrbhktlig ia tjls zigb wltj iooupktlig pjksb ; (Q@@) ia tjb sbtthbebgt. Sb eust, jiwbvbr, rbkhlzbtjkt tjb krbk ia tjb strbke rldcb (kgd tjus ia tjb airbst ig lt) wks si hleltbd tjkt tjb ohbkrlgcia k suaalolbgthy hkrcb krbk ia ouhtlvk`hb hkgd (oa. p. ;;6) dbekgdbd tjb rbeivkh ia k vbry oigsldbrk`hb pkrt ia tjls airbst. Eirbivbr, gkturkh pksturb hkgd wks prbsbgt ig tjb ohky wbdcbs.Lg tjls sltuktlig tjb baabot ia ìtj typbs ia hkgdgke ig tjb pihhbg dlkcrke wlhh git, ir wlhhjkrdhy, dlaabr. Tjb bvbg eirb rlcirius dbairbstktlig kppkrbgt lg zigb 0 (dlkcrke LL) ls, jiwbvbr,pbrjkps tjb rbahbotlig ia k dlaabrbgob lg rbohkektlig tbojglqubs durlgc tjb Q@@ kgd @S@iooupktlig pjksbs.

Sirtjy ia gitb krb tjb vbry jlcj vkhubs air Obrbkhlk (up ti ;6%) kgd Vhkgtkci hkgobihktk(up ti 02%) kt Eihbgkkrscrkka. Sb algd tjls khsi kt Qiirsojitbg (2 % kgd ;6% rbspbotlvbhy)ùt git kt Qhkkrdlgcbg ?;? (?% kgd ;% rbspbotlvbhy), khtjiucj ìtj dlkcrkes krb aklrhy wbhhsltuktbd lg tjb sbtthbebgt. Sb eky oigohudb tjkt tjb dbairbstktlig kt Qhkkrdlgcbg wks euojhbss rlcirius kgd tjkt tjb albhds hky kt sieb dlstkgob arie tjb dlkcrke kgd/ir wbrb ia euojhbss bxtbgt tjkg kt Qiirsojitbg kgd Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb hkt tbr oigohuslig wiuhd ebkg tj kttjb bgtlrb akrelgc kotlvlty (oktthb rklslgc kgd hkgd ouhtlvktlig) kt Qhkkrdlgcbg wks ia hbss lepirtkgob tjkg lg ìtj tjb itjbr sbtthbebgts . Tjb sltuktlig ig tjb gkrriw, ohkyby, bstukr lgb orbbmhbvbb ekmbs tjls lg bvbry wky oieprbjbgsl`hb.

4.<.:.?. Tjb albhds kgd tjblr wirmlgc

Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka wb pissbss gi itjbr lgairektlig kìut tjb albhds tjkg tjkt tjby eustjkvb hklg ig tjb rldcb, sieb ia tjbe gbxt ti tjb cuhhy. Lt ls, jiwbvbr, pri`hbektlo wjbtjbr kauhh lgvbstlcktlig ia tjb prbsuebd krk`hb hkgd oiuhd supphy us wltj eirb lgairektlig. Air ekgyobgturlbs, `btwbbg iooupktlig kgd oivbrlgc, tjb tbrrklg wks dlstur`bd `y kglekh kgd phkgt

?;; Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb bt kh. ;<1:.•E Sktbrì hm ;<21, 4: = Qkg ^blst ;<13, 2; .?; ? Qiirsojitbg> Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb bh kh. ;<1:= Qhkkrdlgcbg> Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb & Nkgsek

;<1<. Sb eust tkmb lgti kooiugt tjkt Khgus ls lgohudbd lg tjb pihhbg-sue ia tjb Qiirsojitbg dlkc rke. Oigsbqubgthytjb vkhubs air Vhkgtkci hkgobihktk kgd Obrbkhlk krb rbhktlvbhy hiwbr (kìut twi tlebs) lg tjls dlkcrke lg oiepkrlsigti Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd Qhkkrdlgcbg. Tjls ebkgs k `bt tbr oirrbspigdbgob ia Qiirsojitbg kgd Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjbhiw vkhubs lg tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg dlkcrke eust `b pkrthy okusbd `y tjb shlcjthy higcbr dlstkgob `btwbbg tjb dlkcrke kgdtjb albhds, tjk g wks tjb oksb kt Qiirsojitbg kgd Eihbgkkrscrkka.



?0: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

kotlvlty, si tjkt khh sjkhhiw trkobs jkvb dlskppbkrbd. Kt Mrieeb Bhhbìic tjb lgvbstlcktligbxtbgdbd akr `byigd tjb sbtthbebgt ltsbha, ybt gi trkobs ia krk`hb hkgd wbrb aiugd. Gir wbrb kgyphiucj ekrms ia tjb krd aiugd, khtjiucj wb mbpt k pkrtlouhkr wktoj air tjbsb.

Gbvbrtjbhbss lt eky `b kssuebd tjkt tjb krk`hb albhds wbrb wirmbd wltj tjb krd ks tjls

wks cbgbrkhhy usbd lg tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb, ks kppbkrs arie tjb giw aklrhy hkrcb gue`br iaphiucj trkobs wjloj jkvb `bbg dktbd ti tjls pbrlid. K abw ihdbr dktlgcs sjiw tjkt tjb krdcibs `kom ti (euoj 9) bkrhlbr tlebs. I`sbrvktligs ia tjls lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds jkvb `bbg ekdb,kt ^kgdwbrvbg (VA@), @irgwlrd (VA@), Iistwiud (@@ (9), E@K), Qbhsbg (@S@, JQ_),Eigstbr (JQ_ kgd hktbr) kgd Ckstbrbg 0x (ìtj @S@). Lg Sbst Arlslk orissbd systbesia phiucj trkobs krb k oieeig abkturb lg Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgts ?;4 .

La tjb kgthbr jiim arie crkvb LL wks khsi usbd ks kg kcrlouhturkh jib, tjls wiuhd ebkgtjkt lt wks k tiih usbd sldb `y sldb wltj tjb krd.

4.<.:.4. Tjb ouhtlvktbd orips

Tjb pihhbg dlkcrkes tbhh us gi eirb tjkg tjkt crklg wks ouhtlvktbd. Auhhbr lgairektlig

kìut tjb gkturb ia tjb ouhtlvktbd orips ls clvbg `y tjb leprbssligs ia sbbds lg pittbry, ir tjbalgds ia ojkrrbd sbbds. Lg spltb ia iur spbolkh kttbgtlig ti tjbsb oktbcirlbs ia algds tjb sihbrbsuht ia tjb bxokvktlig wks tjb kìvb- ebgtligbd diu`tauh leprbsslig ia Blgmirg wjbkt (Trltl-oue eigioiooue) lg k sjbrd ?;2.

Pbobgthy Qkg ^blst?; 1 pu`hlsjbd kg bxjkustlvb krtlohb ig tjb Dutoj ojkrrbd sbbdalgds. Gbihltjlo ektbrlkh lg tjls oiugtry kppbkrs ti `b stlhh vbry sokrob. Kg bxkephb arieQhkkrdlgcbg (QH Ouhturb) oigtklgs eklghy @rbkd Sjbkt (Trltloue kbstlvue), hltthb BeebrSjbkt (Trltloue dloiooue) kgd ighy vbry hltthb Juhhbd slx-riw @krhby (Jirdbue vuhckrb).Lg tjrbb VA@ sbtthbebgts ia shlcjthy hktbr dktb tjb dielgktlgc crklgs krb tjb Gkmbd slx-riw@krhby (Jirdbue vuhckrb, vkr. gudue) wltj 26-;66% ivbr Beebr wjbkt (3-03%). Lg tjb Elddhb@rigzb Kcb Beebr wjbkt kgd ìtj kìvb-gkebd `krhby typbs ioour ticbtjbr, ùt lt okggit

`b skld tjkt igb ia tjb twi prbdielgktbs. @bokusb ia tjb arbqubgthy ioourrlgc crbkt jieicbgblty ia slgchb bxkephbs, qukgtltktlvb oigohusligs `ksbd ig ojkrrbd sbbd skephbs krb, jiwbvbr,

?;4

^kgdwbrvbg> Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk & @kmmbr ;<11, ?3-?:.

@irgwlrd> Vbrs oiee. Vria Dr N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs.Iistwiud> Qkg Claabg ;<1;, ;<10, ;<11 kgd pbrs. oiee. Igb systbe ia phiucj-ekrms elcjt `bhigc ti tjb

@bhh @bkmbr iooupktlig (oa. gitb 042).Qbhsbg> Qigs ;<1< kgd pbrs. oiee.

Eigstbr> Chks`brcbg & Kddlgm-_kephiglus ;<12, _tuu rekg ;<12.Ckstbrbg > Qkg Claabg ;<4;, 0<-?;= Jkrsbek & Db Pultbr ;<11.Elddhb @rigzb Kcb> Qkg Claabg ;<44, Eiddbrekg ;<14*, @kmmbr & Ebtz ;<13, J. J. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk & @kmmbr

;<1:, 060.Arie iutsldb tjb Gbtjbrhkgds wb gkeb twi rbobgthy pu`hlsjbd algds. Tjb igb ia phiucj trkobs `bhiw k Eigt. LL `krriwkgd ivbr k ahkt crkvb ia tjb hk tb _lgchb Crkvb Ouhturb lg Dbgekrm (Tjrkgb ;<13, bsp. 4;, 23). Tjb itjbr, dktbd bxtrkirdlgkry bkrhy, `bhiw k higc `krriw kt _iutj _trbbt, Slhts, kgd `bhigclgc ti Gbihltjlo iooupktlig, ;4O dktbd @E ?210:;6 » ;?6 (Bvkgs lg _lepsig (bd.) ;<36, alc. ;6).

?; 2 Oa. p. 033.?;« Qkg ^blst ;<1:, bsp. ;2?, tk`. 1?.



OIGTBZT - _R@_L_TBGOB BOIGIE\ ?0<

dlaalouht ti drkw. Eirb jbhpauh lg tjls rbspbot krb leprbssligs lg pittbry. Lt ls gitbwirtjytjkt Blgmirg wjbkt (Trltloue eigiooue) jks ighy `bbg ldbgtlalbd lg k abw leprbssligs igGbihltjlo pittbry (@kgdobrkelo, TP@ Ouhturb) ùt gbltjbr lg hktbr leprbssligs gir arie skephbsia ojkrrbd crklg.

Sb eky `rlbahy oiepkrb tjb dktk ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds wltj tjisb ia pittbry leprbssligs ariek abw itjbr krbks. Ekttjlks kgd _ojuhtzb-Eitbh?;3 studlbd crklg leprbssligs lg Obgtrkh Cbr-;;;,;;;Q. Ig @bhh @bkmbrs tjby aiugd ighy igb leprbsslig (`krhby). _ojgurmbrkelm, ig tjb itjbrjkgd, ylbhdbd phbgtlauh dktk> ia ;3? leprbssligs 41 wbrb ia `krhby, :0 ia wjbkt (46 Beebr,;: Blgmirg, 04 ugldbgtlalbd), 0 ia ikts kgd 4? ia ugldbgtlalbd crklg. Øgítlob Ouhturb leprbssligswbrb euoj hbss guebrius> 2 ia `krhby, 3 ia wjbkt (; Beebr, 0 Blgmirg, 4 ugldbgtlalbd) kgd ;ugldbgtlalbd crklg leprbsslig. Air Dbgekrm Jbh`kbm ?;: sjiws tjk t lg tjrbb lepirtkgt TP@sbtthbebgts wjbkt (prlekrlhy Beebr) ioourrbd euoj eirb arbqubgthy tjkg `krhby (prlekrlhyGkmbd @krhby). Nkgmujg ?;< okeb ti tjb skeb oigohuslig. Jb sjiws, eirbivbr, tjkt lg tjb Hktb@rigzb Kcb tjb rihbs wbrb rbvbrsbd> :? leprbssligs ia `krhby, 3 Beebr kgd igb ir twi Blgmirg.Air _iutjbrg Bgchkgd Jbh`kbm ?06 dbtbrelgbd tjkt `bairb tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb (pkrtlouhkrhy kt Slgdelhh Jlhh) wjbkt wks tjb eklg orip, kgd tjkt tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lgtriduobdk gitk`hb ojkgcb> tjb eklg orip tjbg `bokeb `krhby. Lg tjb oiursb ia tjb @rigzb Kcb tjb pripirtlig ia wjbkt lgorbksbd siebwjkt (arie ;>;6 ti 0>?). Lg tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb Juhhbd @krhbycklgbd prbdielgkgob ivbr Gkmbd @krhby> tjb pripirtligs ojkgcbd arie ?>3 ti 3>?.) Jb ebgtligs tjkt jb khsi bstk`hlsjbd k prbpigdbrkgob ia @krhby leprbssligs ig tjb Dutoj `bkmbrs.

Sjkt okg wb dbduob arie tjbsb dktk 9 Alrst, tjkt katbr tjb ouhtlvktlig ia prlekrlhy wjbkt(eisthy Beebr, khsi Blgmirg) durlgc tjb bgtlrb Gbihltjlo k ojkgcb ioourrbd durlgc tjb Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr Ouhturb (_ojgurmbrkelm) lg akviur ia tjb (pkrtlouhkrhy Gkmbd) slx-riw`krhby. Durlgc tjb Hktb VA@ Ouhturb lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds kgd khsi durlgc tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturblg Bgchkgd tjls ojkgcb jkd khrbkdy tkmbg phkob. Lg tjb oiursb ia tjb @rigzb Kcb tjls ojkgcbkppbkrs ti jkvb `bbg rbduobd ti sieb bxtbgt (ùt git lg Dbgekrm), wjlhb kt tjb bgd ia tjb@rigzb Kcb Juhhbd slx-riw @krhby rbphkobs Gkmbd @krhby. Tjls ebkgs air Eihbgkkrscrkka tj kt

pri`k`hy Gkmbd slx-riw @krhby wks tjb eklg orip, wjltj sieb Beebr kgd Blgmirg wjbkt._boigd, tjb ioourrbgob ia kg leprbsslig ia Blgmirg wjbkt kt Eihbgkkrscrkka sbbes ti `b hbssugusukh tjkg wiuhd kppbkr arie tjb Gbtjbrhkgds dk tk khigb. Arie tjb guebrius leprbssligsia ahkx sbbd lg k `bkmbr arie Jkgdhby Diwg ?0; lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb crbwahkx tjbrb tii. Lg iur vlbw wb eky rbckrd tjls ks rbhbvkgt ti tjb Gbtjbrhkgds khsi.

4.<.:.2. Tjb diebstlo kglekhs

Gi oigtbepirkgbius ektbrlkh ls kvklhk`hb lg tjls oiugtry ks k `ksls air oiepkrlsig wltjtjb Eihbgkkrscrkka ìgb spbotrue, ùt wb mgiw ia ektbrlkh arie vkrlius ihdbr kgd yiugcbrsbtthbebgts, khh lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, bspbolkhhy Qhkkrdlgcbg kgd Jbmbhlgcbg (QH

?; 3 Ekttjlks & _ojuhtzb-Eitbh ;<13, ;<3;.?; : Jbh`kbm ;<20, ;<:.?; < Nk gmuj g ;<1<, ;43= sbb khsi Ohkrm ;<12, ;6: ig tjb wjbkt> `kr hby rkt li.?0 6 Jbh`kbm ;<20.?0 ; Jbh`kbm ;<20, 062= Ohkrmb ;<36, gi. ;<;. Ahkx wks criwg slgob tjb Slgdelhh Jlhh Ouhturb.



??6 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

TK@HB 01

Okrokss rbausb ia Hktb Gbihltjlo kgd Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb sltbs lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds

QH-bstukrlgb QH-oikstkh `krrlbrs Q@@/@S@ JQ_

Qhkkr- Jbmb- ^kgd- Qiir Hbldsojbg- Eihbgkkrs Qicbhbg

dlgcbg; hlgcbg ; wbrvbg; sojitbg 0 dke 0 crkka zkgc ;

@is tku rus ??4 ;;? 44 024« 066 0;? 13

_us diebstlous ;0? ? 4? •' ; 2; ;33 ?? ;:

Okprk/Ivls ;1 : 5 0 ?6 ?0 ;4 1

Bquus ok`khhus — 0 — — — 0 1

Okgls akelhlklls ;0 — — : — — —

Obrvus bhkpjus 3:: ;10 46 0: 4

Okprbihus okprbihus 02 ?6 — 04 00 — —_us soriak 0;: ? 0? 4 — 2 — ; —Khobs khobs — — — — — ? —@is prlelcbglus — — — 4 1 — — —

Rrbus kroti s 4 ; — ; — ; —Okstir al`br 0;: 46 — — ; : —sekhh prbdktirs :; ;< — — ; — —

Jkhlojibrus crypjus ? — ; 0 — 2

Obtkibkb ;2 ; — ; — — —

Kvls sp. ;0< 4 ;4 2 < ? —

Kolpbgkbr stur li o. 0666 + 066 0 ; 0

Bsix huolus + + — — — + —Vlsols sp. + 4- ; ;

; Katbr Ohksig ;<13.0 Katbr Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb bt kh. ;<1:.? _us soriak/diebstlous > 2?0.4 _us soriak/diebstlous > 14.2 Okgls akelhlkrls/hupus > 0.1 @is tkurus/prlelcbglus > ;6.

Ouhturb, bstukrlgb rbclig), Qiirsojitbg kgd Hbldsojbgdke (QH Ouhturb, oikstkh `krrlbrs) kgdQicbhbgzkgc (JQ_ Ouhturb s._., oikstkh `krrlbrs)?0 0. Lg kgy oiepkrlsig, tjbrbairb, vkrlktligslg kcb, ouhturb kgd bgvlrigebgt eust `b ìrgb lg elgd.

?0 0 Ohksig ;<13.



OIGTBZT - _R@_L_TBGOB BOIGIE\ ?? ;

Tjb mlgds ia hlvbstiom sjiwbd gi crbkt vkrlktligs lg tjb sbtthbebgts gkebd. Oktthb wbrbbvbrywjbrb lg tjb eknirlty, aihhiwbd `y plcs, ùt tjb rktli ia ìtj kglekhs lg tjb vkrlius sbtthbebgts vkrlbd oigsldbrk`hy. _jbbp kgd cikts okeb tjlrd, lg hleltbd gue`brs. Lg tjb Elddhb@rigzb kgd Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgts lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds plcs wbrb usukhhy ia hbss lepirt

kgob tjkg sjbbp ir cikts ?0?

. Tjkt tjbrb krb gi trkobs ia dics kt Eihbgkkrscrkka eky `b tjb oigsbqubgob ia tjb hleltbd keiugt ia ìgb ektbrlkh. Eirbivbr, tjb dic, `bokusb ia lts gkturb(lt ls git k ebkt-priduobr), wks pri`k`hy trbktbd dlaabrbgthy arie tjb stiom mbpt air shkucjtbr.Tjb ioourrbgob kt Qhkkrdlgcbg kgd tjb ioourrbgob ia dic-ùrlkhs lg tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs ?04

ekmb lt vbry pri`k`hb tj kt tjbrb wbrb khsi dics kt Eihbgkkrscrkka.Ia tjb crbktbst lepirtkgob krb tjb ohisbhy dktbd rbeklgs ia tjb diebstlo jirsb kt Eihbgkkrs

crkka. Tjby krb keigc tjb ihdbst lg tjls oiugtry. Ers Qkg Slngckkrdbg-@kmmbr rbobgthy ckvbk sueekry ia tjbsb ?02.

Tjb ihdbst dktbd jirsbìgbs krb k tjlrd pjkhkgx kgd k eihkr aiugd lg tjb QH sbtthbebgtkt Jbmbhlgcbg ?01. Lt wks kssuebd tjkt tjbsb wbrb tjb rbeklgs ia diebstlo jirsbs `bokusb tjbekrsjy bgvlrigebgt wks git sultbd air tjb wlhd jirsb, ùt rbobgthy tjb pissl`lhlty wks oig

sldbrbd tjk t tjbsb elcjt `b tjb rbhlos ia wlhd kglekhs sjit bhsbwjbrb (lg tj b skgdy dlstr lot)kgd `riucjt ti tjb sbtthbebgt?0 3. Lg tjb @@ iooupktlig hkybr ugdbr tjb Iistwiud `krriw ?0:

igb eihkr ia k jirsb wks aiugd keigc itjbr okrokss rbausb. Tjb kttrlùtlig ti tjb @@ Ouhturbsbbes ti `b koourktb, khtjiucj tjb tbrrklg wks khsi usbd lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb. Arie k hbvbhwltj @bhh @bkmbr sjbrds gbkr Qbhsbg tjrbb jirsb's nkws wbrb rboivbrbd ?0<. Tjb dktlgc ia tjboiepkrktlvbhy kùgdkgt rbeklgs ia jirsbs kt Hkgcbvbhd ??¶ ks "kbgbihltjlo", ir ti tjb `bclgglgcia tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb, eust `b rbckrdbd ks ugrbhlk`hb. Tjb jirsb rbeklgs kt Qicbhbgzkgc ??;

okg `b oigaldbgthy kssiolktbd wltj JQ_ ektbrlkh arie tjb sboigd jkha ia tjb Bkrhy @rigzbKcb (;166-;466 @.O.). Khh tjbsb algds, oie`lgbd wltj tjb hkom ia tjb rbeklgs ia jirsbs lg tjbQH sbtthbebgts, lgdloktb tjkt tjb diebstlo jirsb wks lgtriduobd lgti tjb Gbtjbrhkgds `btwbbgkìut 0;66 kgd ;:66, l.b. durlgc tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb.

?0 ? Ohksig ;<13, ;4-0; (sltbs A-G), 06?-064. Kddlt ligkh r bekrms lg> Ohksig ;<36, ?60. Lg t jb rlvbr dls trlo t gbw dk tkjkvb oieb kvklhk`hb> kt ^lndbrvbhd (E@K ( + Lrig Kcb9)) plcs iutgu e`brbd tjb sekhh ruelg kgts, k t Didbwkkrd(E @K) kgd Ouhbeìrc (Lrig Kcb) tjb gue`brs ia ìgbs ia ìtj krb kìut bqukh. Lg tjb Buripbkg Gbihltjlo (tjb @khmkgbxohudbd) bltjbr tjb plc ir tjb sjbbp/cikt krb sboigd ig tjb hlst katbr tjb oktthb. Lg akot tjb cbicrkpjlokh pisltlig, tjbouhturkh trkdltlig kgd tjb bgvlrigebgt krb dbtbrelgktlgc akotirs air tjb wky ia akrelgc prkotlsbd lg k obrtklg sbtthbebgt.

?0 4 @bjrbgs ;<14.

?02 y k g Slngckkrdbg-@kmmbr (lg prbss).?0 1 Eiddbrekg ;<2?s, 02 = Ohksig ;<13, ;;. Tjbrb jks `bbg sieb diu `t t i tjb rbhlk`lhlty ia tjb kssiolktlig ia

ìtj jirsb ìgbs, (tjb pjkhkgx kgd eihkr) ti tjb QH rbeklgs, slgob hktbr @S@ iooupktlig iourrbd ig tjb sltb. Tjbrbls, jiwbvbr, gi rbksig air tjls. @S@ algds wbrb ekdb bxohuslvbhy lg bxokvktlig plt K. Kooirdlgc ti tjb bxokvktligrbpirts tjb eihkr (algd gi. ;60) wks aiugd lg plt O `btwbbg hbvbh LL kgd LLL, l.b. `btwbbg —0.06 e. kgd o. —0.46 e.

GKV., lg tjb tip ia tjb QH rbausb hkybr. Tjb pjkhkgx jks gi gue`br, ùt ls tjb skeb ks lhhustrktbd lg Eiddbrekg;<2?, VH LLL. 3 kgd dbsorl`bd `y Er vkg dbr Abbg lg gi. ;6?. Tjls gue`br oigtklgs tjb algds arie tjb skeb bxokvktligplt, ùt arie k shlcjthy dbbpbr hbvbh.

?03 Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<36, 1.?0 : Ohksig ;<13,;1.

?0< Qkg Slngckkrdbg -@kmmbr (lg prbss).?? 6 Ohksig ;<13, ;?.?? ; Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11½, Chks`brcbg ;<1<, Ohksig ;<13, ;?.



??0 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Kppkrbgthy tjb jirsb wks khsi diebstloktbd lg itjbr pkrts ia Buripb kt tjls tleb. Ersvkg Slngckkrdbg-@kmmbr gkebs ks tjb ihdbst algd pjksbs Irob (_pklg), Kvlcgig (_iutjbrgArkgob) kgd Gbw Crkgcb (Lrbhkgd), khh @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb ??0. Lg tjb Obgtrkh Cbrekg _ojgurmbrkelm Ouhturb tjb jirsb jkd git ybt ekdb lts kppbkrkgob ???. Lg vkrlius cbgbrkh survbys

slelhkr dktlgcs krb ebgtligbd, ks lg wirms `y ^bugbr, Lskko kgd Nkgmujg ??4

. @bjrbgs rbekrmstjkt jirsb ùrlkhs alrst ioourrbd rlcjt kt tjb bgd ia tjb pbrlids dlsoussbd `y jle, l.b. lg tjbBkrhy @rigzb Kcb (Øgítlob Ouhturb). Lt wks euoj hktbr tjkt jirsb ùrlkhs `bokeb eirb cbgbrkh,jiwbvbr ??2. Gi`ls ??1 skys tjkt tjb wlhd kgd diebstlo jirsb krb vbry dlaalouht ti dlstlgculsj,wjloj eust `b ìrgb lg elgd pkrtlouhkrhy wjbg oigsldbrlgc rbcligs wjloj wbrb akviurbd `ywlhd jirsbs. Arie tjb Ebsihltjlo kgd tjb Gbihltjlo ighy tjb rbeklgs ia wlhd jirsbs krb akelhlkrti jle. Lg @ibssgbom ??3 wb algd, jiwbvbr, k rbpirt ig tjb diebstlo jirsb lg tjb sbtthbebgts iatjb Khtjblebr Ouhturb, Khtbgbrdlgc kgd Vbstbgkombr, l.b. lg tjb (Dutoj) Elddhb Gbihltjlo.Kt Khtbgbrdlgc tjbrb ls pissl`hy sieb pihhutlig wltj @rigzb Kcb ektbrlkh, jiwbvbr, kgd ktKhtjble ltsbha tjb jirsb dibs git ioour. Tjb diebstloktlig ojkrkotbrlstlos krb git ohbkr. Tjbkutjir spbkms ia "jirsbs lg tjb priobss ia diebstloktlig".

Lg k rbobgt eigicrkpj Gi`ls dlsoussbd tjb pri`hbe ia jirsb diebstloktlig kgbw ??:

. Jbaiugd lg tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjb jirsb ìgbs arie tjb Dgnbpr-Digbtz sbtthbebg t k t Dbrbnbvs-mk (ir Dbrblvsmk) strigc lgdloktligs tjk t jirsb diebstloktlig tiim phkob lg tjb _iutj Pusslkgphklgs lg tjb sboigd jkha ia tjb aiurtj elhhbgglue @.O. (tjb sltb ls dktbd wltj sieb Trlpihybpittbry). Kg kddltligkh obgtrb ia diebstloktlig lg Obgtrkh Buripb (l.b. kt tjb rlvbr Døeebr) lsstlhh ugprivbd. Gi`ls dbsorl`bs aurtjbr tjb prbsbgob ia diebstlo jirsbs lg tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb(@bhh @bkmbr kgd Gkcyrìv Ouhturb) sbtthbebgt kt Osbpbh Jkris gbkr @udkpbst.

Sb sueekrlzb tjkt lt kppbkrs tjkt tjb jirsb wks diebstloktbd lg tjb Rmrklgb `bairb?666 @.O. kgd tjkt lt sbbes tjkt tjb diebstlo jirsb dld git sprbkd ivbr Obgtrkh kgd SbstbrgBuripb ugtlh @bhh @bkmbr tlebs.

4.<.:.1. Tjb jugtKs wb jkvb khrbkdy stktbd wjbg dlsousslgc tjb ektbrlkh (p. 04;) Eihbgkkrscrkka prbsbgts

k oigtrkst ti tjb QH sbtthbebgts khigc tjb bstukrlgb orbbms (Qkkrdlgcbg, Jbmbhlgcbg) kgd oirrbspigds ohisbhy ti tjisb ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbrs (Qiirsojitbg, Hbldsojbgdke), ks akr ks tjb pripirtlig ia hlvbstiom `rbbdlgc ti jugtlgc ls oigobrgbd, ùt kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb jugt wks iastlhh hbss slcglalokgob. Sb algd tjb skeb kt Qicbhbgzkgc, wjbrb tjb rbeklgs ia jugtbd kglekhskrb bvbg bgtlrbhy k`sbgt. Tjb dlaabrbgob lg tjls rbspbot elcjt tjbrbairb git jkvb `bbg okusbdighy `y k dlaabrbgob lg elhlbu, ùt khsi `y k ojrigihiclokh/ouhturkh dlaabrbgob. Sb sjiuhd rbebe-

?? 0 @ibssgbom ;<13, ;66-;6;.?? ?

Ohksig ;<3;.?? 4 Gi`ls ;<22, 00 ?= @ibssgbom ;<21, 02 a.= ^bugbr ;<1?, ?04 a.= Nk gm uj g ;<1<, ?<, 020 a.= Drkwbr ;<1<, Lskko;<36, 0< a. Sb eust `b ig iur cukrd tjkt ;4O dktbs krb git usbd ticbtjbr wltj jlstirlokh dktbs, wjbg dktk arie prbjlstirlo Buripb kgd tjb Gbkr Bkst krb oiepkrbd.

?? 2 @bjrbgs ;<14, 2: kgd 4: gitb 03> twi jirsb smuhhs aiugd lg k @bhh @bkmbr crkvb lg Ozbojishivkmlk.??« Gi`ls ;<22.??3 @ibssgbom ;<21, 03.??7* Gi`ls ;<3;, bsp. 1:, 32-31.



OIGTBZT - _R@_L_TBGOB BOIGIE\ ???

`br tjkt tjb kùgdkgob ia wlhd kglekhs ig tjb `rikd oikstkh `krrlbs eust obrtklghy jkvb `bbgcrbktbr tjkg ig tjb gkrriw _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb, hkrcb krbks ia wjloj wbrb auhhy ouhtlvktbd.

Ohksig jks clvbg k survby ia tjb rktli ia jugtlgc kgd stiom`rbbdlgc lg tjb wjihb ia Buripbdurlgc tjb Gbihltjlo ??<. _jb oigohudbd tjkt tjbrb ls gi ivbrkhh cbicrkpjlokh ir ouhturkh pkttbrg

ti `b dlstlgculsjbd. Tjb eist lepirtkgt akotirs wbrb tjb pjyslicrkpjlokh sltuktlig kgd tjbbgvlrigebgt ia tjb sltb, wjloj ckvb rlsb ti rbekrmk`hb vkrlktligs lg tjls rbspbot (tjb siurobia kglekh pritblg) wltjlg obrtklg prbjlstirlo ouhturbs. Tjb kìvb-ebgtligbd vkrlktligs lg tjbSbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds krb k ciid bxkephb ia tjls.

Keigc tjb rbeklgs ia wlhd kglekhs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb rbhktlvbhy hkrcb pripirtligia tjisb ia `bkvbrs ls gitbwirtjy. Sb algd tjb skeb lg Qhkkrdlgcbg kgd Jbmbhlgcbg. Tjb bhmìgbs krb tjb bkrhlbst dktbd rbeklgs lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjls eky ebkg tjkt tjb kglekh wks vbry rkrb kgd ighy iooksligkhhy pbgbtrktbd aurtjbr wbst.

4.<.:.3. Alsjlgc

Durlgc iur dlsousslig ia tjb pilgtbd wiidbg pihbs kgd tjb alsj jiims (pp. ?66 kgd ?6?)

wb ekdb k abw oieebgts ig alsjlgc ebtjids kt Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd ig tjb alsj okucjt. Tjbaihhiwlgc krb sieb oiephbebgtkry i`sbrvktligs.

Tjb ioourrbgob lg wldbhy dlaabrlgc qukgtltlbs ia sturcbig ìgb phktbs ig vkrlius Gbihltjlosltbs lg tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds ls rbekrmk`hb> kt Qhkkrdlgcbg kgd Qiirsojitbg (bkrhy pjksb)tjby krb eist kùgdkgt, wjlhb kt Jbmbhlgcbg kgd Eihbgkkrscrkka tjby krb kheist bgtlrbhyk`sbgt?4 6. Sb tjlgm tjkt tjbsb dlaabrbgobs krb git gbobsskrlhy ia `kslo lepirtkgob. Tjby eky`b oiggbotbd wltj tjb prixlelty ia tjb alsjlgc wktbr kgd tjb phkob wjbrb tjb alsj wks ohbkgbd.La tjls wks git tjb oksb lg tjb sbtthbebgt, gi alsj rbeklgs krb ti `b bxpbotbd. Tjb phkob usbdti tjriw alsj rbeklgs eust khsi `b oigsldbrbd. Kt Eihbgkkrscrkka tjb bgvlrigebgt wks pbrjkpsgit ldbkh air sturcbig ?4;.

Vlmb rbeklgs jkvb `bbg aiugd kt Qhkkrdlgcbg, Jbmbhlgcbg, Hbldsojbgdke kgd Qicbhbgzkgc,

kgd krb ighy k`sbgt kt Qiirsojitbg ?40. Tjb plmb ls tjb eist oieeig alsj lg prbjlstirlo algd-phkobs lg arbsj wktbr bgvlrigebgt. Tjls eky `b pkrthy tjb oigsbqubgob ia tjb dlebgsligs ia tjbrbeklgs kgd pri`hbes ia dbtbrelgktlig. Pbeklgs ia sekhhbr alsj qulomhy dboky, krb hbss bkslhyaiugd kgd krb dlaalouht ti ohksslay.

Sb dlsoussbd wltj Dr P. @iddbmb ?4? tjb vkrlius wkys lg wjloj tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka alsjjiims elcjt jkvb `bbg usbd. Tjbrb krb tjrbb pissl`lhltlbs. Alrst, tjb ebtjid gkebd `y Ohkrm?44,tjkt tjb jiims wbrb usbd air kaalxlgc tjb hlvlgc `klt lg plmb alsjlgc. Khtjiucj tjb hkrcbr Ekchb-eisb jiims elcjt jkvb `bbg usbd lg tjls wky, tjls ls ughlmbhy air tjb sekhh kgd eirb arkclhb

?? < Ohksig ;<13, ;::-060.?4 6

Ohksig ;<13, ;6-;?= Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<1:. @ut oa. Qkg dbr Abbg kgd Mirtbgìut vkg dbr _hulns lgEiddbrekg ;<2?', 02> "... kgd khsi ekgy arkcebgts ia tjb ìgb smlg phktbs ia tjls spbolbs (l.b. tjb sturcbig)", lg oigtrkdlotlig ti Ohksig ;<13, ;;.

?4; Tjb sturcbig gbbds ahiwlgc wktbr wltj koobss ti ìtj tjb sbk kgd tjb rlvbrs. Rgtlh rbobgthy tjb sturcbighlvbd lg tjb Dutoj bstukrlgb @lbsìsoj dlstrlot.

?4 0 Ks gitb ??<.?4 ? Oa. gitb 2<.?44 Ks skld bkrhlbr kt p. ?6?= Ohkrm ;<12, 40-4? kgd alc. ;3.



??4 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Eihbgkkrscrkka jiims. Dr @iddbmb skys tjkt lt ls lepissl`hb ti hkgd k plmb wltj tjbe. _boigd,tjbrb ls k wbhh-mgiwg kgd ihd alsjlgc tbojglqub air pbroj wltj k sjirt rid arie tjb `kgm iatjb wktbr. Tjls typb ia alsjlgc wks obrtklghy lg usb, air lgstkgob, lg tjb ;3tj obgtury, ks kppbkrsarie k drkwlgc `y Pbe`rkgdt. @iddbmb tbstbd tjls wky ia alsjlgc wltj ìgb oiplbs ia tjb

jiims, ùt wltj k gbcktlvb rbsuht> tjb pbroj ekgkcbd ti swle arbb `bairb tjby oiuhd `b hlatbdarie tjb wktbr. K tjlrd pissl`lhlty ls bbh alsjlgc wltj k higc euhtl-jiimbd hlgb (tjb "ì`" ir

pbur lg Dutoj). Sb eust wklt ti tbst tjls typb ia bbh alsjlgc ugtlh tjb rlcjt sbksig (tjb sprlgc),ùt k `bttbr rbsuht tjkg wltj tjb pbroj bxpbrlebgt ls bxpbotbd. Tjls wlhh git privb tjkt tjbjiims wbrb usbd air bbh alsjlgc, ùt ighy dbeigstrktb tjkt lt ls pissl`hb kgd vbry hlmbhy tjkttjls typb ia alsjlgc wks prkotlsbd.

4.<.:.:. Oigohusligs

Sjbg wb oieb ti sueekrlzb tjb airbcilgc i`sbrvktligs, wb eust alrst drkw kttbgtligti tjb rbekrmk`hb oirrbspigdbgobs `btwbbg Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd tjb QH sbtthbebgts ig tjb

oikstkh `krrlbrs. Lg k slelhkr hkgdsokpb sltuktlig (khtjiucj dlaabrbgt cbgbtlokhhy) tjb su`slstbgobboigiey wks hkrcbhy tjb skeb. Tjb gkrriw skgd rldcb kgd gkrriw strlp ia pksturb hkgd ig tjbohky wbdcbs lg tjb pbkt rbclig jkd ti `b su`nbotbd, jiwbvbr, ti ekxleue bxphiltktlig, wjlhb tjboikstkh rldcbs kgd oikstkh ahkts iaabrbd euoj eirb riie.

Lg suoj oksbs ia vbry sekhh hkgdsokpb uglts lt ls dlaalouht ti dlstlgculsj tjb twi typbs iahkgdgke. _btt hbebgt lg tjb wbt elhlbu jks k hiclokh oiggbotlig wltj k prbabrbgob, dbtbrelgbdbhsbwjbrb, air hiw, wbt, skgdy criugd. Lt ls obrtklghy uggbobsskry ti oigsldbr tjkt tjbrb wkskgy sjlat ti k ekrclgkh bgvlrigebgt dub ti, air bxkephb, lgorbkslgc pipuhktlig prbssurb. Ig tjboigtrkry, lt sbbes hlmbhy tjkt tjbrb wks k oigsolius ojilob ia k vbry kttrkotlvb sltuktlig, wjlojebkgs k sbtthbebgt sjirthy katbr tjb _ojiigrbwibrd rldcb `bokeb kvklhk`hb— l.b. katbr lt wksairebd.

Tjb sekhh lepirtkgob ia jugtlgc eky `b dub ti tjb hkgdsokpb sltuktlig kgd/ir tjb ouhturkhtrkdltlig. Tjb gkturb ia tjb hlvb-stiom wks "girekh" air k Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgt lg tjls oiugtry.Tjb diebstlo jirsb sbbes ti jkvb `bbg lgtriduobd lg tjls pbrlid (0;66-;:66) durlgc (ir `y) tjb@bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lgti tjb Gbtjbrhkgds kgd pissl`hy tjriucjiut khh Sbstbrg Buripb. @y ltskoourktb dktlgc tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka algd ls tjbrbairb kg lepirtkgt plbob ia bvldbgob. Sb ekysupphbebgt tjb ploturb ia tjb sbtthbebgt wltj tjb dic, tjb usb ia tjb krd, kgd tjb ouhtlvktbdorips> eklghy `krhby, aihhiwbd `y Beebr kgd sieb Blgmirg wjbkt kgd pbrjkps khsi ahkx.

Gbbdhbss ti sky, wb cit tjb ploturb ia k sbtthbd oieeuglty kt Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd tjkt,lg iur vlbw, tjls ploturb ls khsi kpphlok`hb ti tjb itjbr Q@@ kgd @S@ oieeugltlbs lg tjbGbtjbrhkgds. Tjb ugusukh pisltlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt kppbkrbd ti iaabr gi wirsb (pbrjkps bvbg`bttbr) akolhltlbs air k girekh Gbihltjlo boigiey, lg wjloj ighy alsjlgc wks khhittbd k supphbebgtkry rihb.

Lt jks git ybt `bbg privbd tjkt tjbsb pbiphb wbrb git trkdbsebg ir prispbotirs, ks tjbtrkdltligkh vlbw ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb jihds, ir jbhd ugtlh rbobgthy. Air suoj kotlvltlbskrb dlaalouht ti ksobrtklg `y sbtthbebgt rbsbkroj. Lt ls, eirbivbr, hiclokh tjkt k ouhturb (pbrjkpsirlclgkhhy oigslstlgc ia oihiglsts), wjloj lg k hktbr pjksb sbpkrktbs lgti ohbkrhy rbcligkh criups,pissbssbd, durlgc tjkt pjksb, tjiriucjhy kcrkrlkg sbtthbebgts. Khh tjls, eirbivbr, tbhhs usgitjlgc kìut tjb alrst pjksb ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Sb kcklg (oa. p. 0:0) drkw kttbgtlig



;4 O DKTB_ ??2

ti tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg tjb oiursb ia bvbgts kt Eihbgkkrscrkka kgd tjb vbry `rlba stky ia kcriup ia E@@ pbiphb kt Qhkkrdlgcbg. Tjls rbekrmk`hb dlaabrbgob eky wbhh `b ia augdkebgtkhlepirtkgob, rbvbkhlgc k ojkrkotbrlstlo dlaabrbgob lg tjb wky ia hlab `btwbbg tjb alrst kgd tjbakr kdvkgobd pjksb ia tjb @@ Ouhturb. Lt ls lgtbrbstlgc lg tjls rbspbot ti ekmb k oiepkrlsig

wltj tjb @ktthb Kxb Ouhturb. Tjb trkdltligkhhy koobptbd giekdlo ojkrkotbr ia tjls ouhturb jks`bbg rlcjthy rbautbd lg rbobgt ybkrs `y vkrlius wrltbrs ?42, lg akviur ia k sbtthbd akrebrs'ouhturb. Jiwbvbr, lg spltb ia tjls, tjb ojkrkotbr ia tjb bkrjbst pjksb, wjloj sprbkd si qulomhyivbr k hkrcb pkrt ia Buripb, wks git gbobsskrlhy tjb skeb. Tjls eky `b bxphklgbd, lg iur vlbw,`y studylgc suoj kg lgltlkh pjksb (la pissl`hb ighy lg lts alrst cbgbrktlig) sbpkrktbhy arie tjbhktbr dbvbhipebgt. Tjls ls, jiwbvbr, k euoj eirb dlaalouht tksm .

4.<.<. TJB "O DKTB_

Air oiepkrlsig wltj tjb ;4O dktbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka wb clvb tjb aihhiwlgc dktbs air tjb@@ kgd @S@ Ouhturbs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds (tk`hb 03).

TK@HB 03

@bhh @bkmbr kgd @krmbd Slrb @bkmbr ;4O dktbs (@.O.)

E@@

Qhkkrdlgcbg —• — ;<46 l 02 ebkg ia 4 ebksurbebgts . Pbausb hkybr wltj sjbrds.Qkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk bt kh. ;<10/'1?, ;<10, 0??= Qicbh & Sktbrìhm

;<1?, ;3:.Eih — — ;<<2 » 46 ebkg ia 0 ebksurbebgts > CrG 1141 ;<42 » 42 kgd CrG ?14;

0622 » 16. Vbrs. oiee. Er N. G. Hkgtlg c, Criglgcbg.

Q@@

@bggbmie CrG ?01 ;<;2 » ;:6 crkvb wltj twi Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr s.

Qkg Claabg ;<24, Qkg dbr Skk hs ;<14½, 20 = Qicbh & Sktbrìhm;<1?, ;:0.

CrG 1;22 ;:36 » ?2 pbrs. oiee. Er N. G. Hkgtlg c, Criglgcbg.gbw dktlgc ia tjb CrG ?01 skephb.

_t. Skhrlom t.k.q. CrG 0<<1 ;322 » :6 Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb ;<11 {kddbgdk p. ;2:).

Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<1?, ;:0.

t.k.q. ia 0'a @bkmbr. _jirt ojrigihiclokh dlstkgob.Jkkr hbe CrG 41?2 ;3?6 » 46 Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;06, ;?:.

pbkt hkybr wltj Vit @bkmbr sjbrds.

Kllhg CrG :20 ;136 » 12 ; Sktbrìhm ;<16, 34 = ;<14, ;;<= Qicbh & Sktb rìhm ;<1?, ;:6.CrG ;<33 ;142 » :2 n rbausb plt s wltj @S@ sjbrds.

Kgcbhshii CrG 2;:3 ;202 » ?2 Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30, <6.

rbausb plt wltj @S@ sjbrds.Qbhsbg CrG 2<32 ;246 » ?2 ; pbrs. oiee. Er N. A. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk, Kebrsaiirt.

CrG 2<34 ;136 » ?2 N tip kgd `ksb ia pbk t hkybr, ti `b oirrbhk tbd wltj @S@ rbausb.Giirdshbbg t.k.q. CrG ?6?1 ;?;6 » 36 Sktbrìhm ;<14, ;;<= Hkgtlgc ;<1<, ;<<= Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<1?.

t.k.q. ia rbausb hkybr wltj @S@ sjbrds `bhiw `krriw.

?; 2 Qkg ^blst ;<13, 2<= Abustbh lg Abustbh bt kh. ;<11, ;;;-;;3= Nkgmujg ;<1<, ??-?2.



??1 EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

Tjb ;4O dktbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka krb lg gi rbspbot lg oigahlot wltj tjbsb dktbs. Tjby privldbvkhuk`hb dktk air k eirb koourktb ekrmlgc ia tjb ìugdkry `btwbbg tjb Q@@ kgd tjb @S@Ouhturbs. Tjb dktlgc CrG 2;?0 ;:?6 » 26 okg wltjiut dlaalouhty `b oiggbotbd wltj tjb Q@@Ouhturb.

Tjbrb khsi kppbkrs ti `b gi ivbrhkp lg tjb

;4

O dktbs ia ìtj ouhturbs, ùt tjbrb ls k sjkrpdlvlslig, nus t hlmb wb oiuhd dbtbrelgb tjls ig vkrlius criugds lg tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka dktk kgdoiuhd ekmb tjls koobptk`hb wjbg wb dlsoussbd tjb ùrlkh ousties ia tjbsb ouhturbs lg tjlsoiugtry. Sjkt ls gitbwirtjy, jiwbvbr, ls tjb k`sbgob ia kgy ;4O dktbs air Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbrslg tjb ;:tj obgtury. Tjls eky `b `bokusb ia tjb sokgty dktk. @itj dktlgcs lg tjb ;<tj obgtury(@bggbmie, _t.-Skrrlom) krb jiwbvbr, tjisb ia auhhy dbvbhipbd @bhh @bkmbrs, wjlhb tjb ;4O dktbia _t. Skhrlom rbhktbs ti k _B-GS crkvb wltj k oirpsb-slhjiubttb, strbtojbd ig tjb `kom—kvbry bkrhy dktb air tjls typb ia ùrlkh ?4 1. K pissl`hb bxphkgktlig ls tjkt wb eust pistuhktb,`btwbbg tjb purb Q@@ kgd @S@ pjksbs, k pjksb lg tjb ;:tj obgtury (ir lg k pkrt ia lt) lg wjlojk dbvihutlig ia tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr okeb kìut. Tjb typbs ia `bkmbrs ioourrlgc lg tjb crkvbskt Eihbgkkrscrkka, kgd tjb kìvb-gkebd pkrkhhbhs air tjbe, elcjt `b phkobd lg tjls lgtbrebdlktbpjksb, ks elcjt tjb kìvb-gkebd lgtbrebdlktb aires ia @@ kgd @S@ pittbry ?43 . Tjb @S@dktbs khh akhh lg tjb ;3tj kgd ;1tj obgturlbs.

Tjb ihdbst dktbs air tjb JQ_ Ouhturb s._. di git bxtbgd akr lgti tjb ;1tj obgtury ?4: . Tjbhkom ia JQ_ pittbry kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ebkgs tjkt tjbsb dktbs aire k tbrelgus kgtb qubrg airtjb sbtthbebgt. Lt ebkgs k ohisbr alxlgc ia tjb tbrelgus kgtb qubrg khrbkdy kaairdbd `y tjb sekhhjbkrtj gi. 0<.

Tjb bkrhlbst dktbs ia tjb Bhp Ouhturb hlb lg tjb ;2tj kgd tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb ;4tj obgturlbs ?4<. Tjb ;4O dktb ia tjb jbkrtj oigaires ti tjb ihdbst Elddhb @rigzb Kcb dktbs.

?4 1 Oa. gitb 046. Tjb ;4O dktb elcjt `b rktjbr bkrhy> tjb diu`hb stkgdkrd dbvlktlig clvbs kg uppbr ekrclg kìut

;146, wjloj ls stlhh kg bkrhy dktb, ùt prbelts k dktb air tjb 0R" Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr lg tjb bkrhy ;3tj obgtury,? 4 ' Oa. p. 0:<, ?60 kgd tjb gitbs ;04, 040.? « Bkrhy JQ_ dktbs krb>

Titb raiut CrG 26 ;266 » ;66 @.O.CrG ;:0: ;436 » 42CrG ;62? ;2?6 » 12CrG ;60< ;?:6 » 46

Bbrsbh CrG 2?26 ;2;6 » ?2Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<1?, ;<30, :<= Sktbrìhm ;<14, ;;<= Chks`brcbg ;<1<, ;2.

Lt ls k plty tjkt tjb ;4O dktlgcs ia twi sbtthbebgts ckvb dlskppilgtlgc kgd ugrbhlk`hb rbsuhts (oa. Cribgekg-vkgSkktbrlgcb ;<11'', bsp. ;2:)>

Qicbhbgzkgc CrG 0<<3 ;;<6 » 36 @.O.

Dbg Jkkc CrG 040; 0036 » 32?4« Bkrhy DM_ dktbs krb>

^lndbrvbhd CrG 2?31 ;406 » :6Db Trbbm, `krriw L CrG 0<1: ;?:6 » 36

Tjb bkrhlbst dktbs ia sieb BHL' sbtthbebgts>Bhp CrG 4;3; ;0:6 » :6

Beeb rjiu t CrG 22:: ;?36 » 16

Kgcbhshii CrG 2;:? ;422 » ?2Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<1?, ;<13, ;<30.



PBQLBS ??3

4.;6. PBQLBS

Lg tjb airbcilgc wb jkvb rbpirtbd iur lgvbstlcktlig ia tjb Q@@/@S@ sbtthbebgt kt

Eihbgkkrscrkka. K ojilob wks tjbg ekdb air tjb sbpkrktlig ia, ig tjb igb jkgd, tjb dbsorlptligia tjb bgqulry ltsbha (l.b. tjb algds, i`sbrvktligs, kgkhysbs kgd tjb oigohusligs drkwg aire tjbsb),ig tjb itjbr jkgd, tjb dbalgltlig ia tjb cbicrkpjlokh-cbihiclokh kgd ouhturkh-krojkbihiclokhoigtbxt ia tjb oieeuglty ugdbr lgvbstlcktlig.

Tjb dbsorlptlvb pkrt lgohudbs sbotligs 4.; ti 4.3. Lg sbotlig 4.: k sygtjbsls ls clvbg kgdkg kttbe pt ekdb ti rboigstruot ks wbhh ks pissl`hb lg wirds k ploturb ia tjb sbtt hbebgt.Tjb cbicrkpjlokh-cbihiclokh pisltlig ia tjb sbtthbebgt wks smbtojbd lg Vkrt LL kgd lg k eirbcbgbrkh sbgsb lg Vk rt L. L t ls uggbobsskry ti rbpbkt k sueekry ia khh tjls. Sb eust giw ighybvkhuktb Eihbgkkrscrkka lg tjb hlcjt ia tjb ouhturkh-prbjlstirlo lgairektlig kìut tjb eistlepirtkgt kspbots ia tjb bgqulry, wjloj wb kssbe`hbd lg 4.<.

Lg cbgbrkh lt kppbkrs arie tjb airbcilgc tjkt tjb akots ksobrtklgbd kgd tjb oigohusligswb aireuhktbd air Eihbgkkrscrkka wbrb giwjbrb lg oigahlot, kgd eisthy kcrbbd ohisbhy, wltjtjls lgairektlig. Eihbgkkrscrkka iatbg privldbd k oigalrektlig, kgd lg sieb oksbs k ohisbrdbalgltlig, ia tjb bxlstlgc mgiwhbdcb. Ks suoj Eihbgkkrscrkka jks tjbrbairb git ighy oigalrebdtjb ploturb wb jkd ia tjb rbhbvkgt pbrlid, ùt khsi supphbebgtbd kgd bgrlojbd lt. Sb sueekrlzb jbrb wjkt wb oigsldbr tjb eist lepirtkgt dktk.

@itj tjb rktjbr ugusukh jiusb phkgs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka eky `b oigsldbrbd ks prbdbobssirsia tjb Bhp typb. Sjbtjbr tjbrb ls kgy rbhktligsjlp wltj tjb jiusbs ia tjb QH Ouhturb, kgd la siwjkt, ls euoj hbss ohbkr. Tjb aklrhy hkrcb, ivkh typb ia jiusb sbbes ti jkvb `bbg ùlht lg vkrliuspkrts ia Sbstbrg Buripb (Vrivbgob, tjb Jb`rldbs) durlgc tjb @bhh @bkmbr tleb. Lg kddltligsekhh, cbgbrkhhy riugd juts khsi ioour.

Ks akr ks tjb ektbrlkh rbeklgs krb oigobrgbd, tjb pittbry kgd tjb ojrigihiclokh sbqubgobia Q@@-@S@-ugdboirktbd wkrb sbbe ti `b rbprbsbgtktlvb ia tjb pbrlid `btwbbg Gbihltjlo kgd@rigzb Kcb lg tjls oiugtry. Tjb sltb hlbs wltjlg tjb Q@@ krbk wjloj su`sbqubgthy airebd pkrtia tjb @S@ Ouhturb krbk. Tjb JQ_ Ouhturb s.s. dld git rbkoj tjb sltb. Tjb diebstlo kssbe`hkcb,bspbolkhhy tjb @S@ kssiolktlig, ls vbry rbprbsbgtktlvb air tjb pbrlid kgd oirrbspigdsrbksigk`hy wbhh wltj itjbr diebstlo criups ia tjls pjksb. Tjb sltb clvbs k dktlgc air tjb

@bgtjblebr Plbsbg`bojbr lg tjb vbry Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb.Tjb ahlgt oigtrksts wltj tjk t ia tjb QH Ouhturb, kgd ls vbry slelhkr ti tjb ahlgt kssiolktbd

wltj @@, @S@ kgd JQ_ pittbry. Tjb stigb ektbrlkh sbbes rbprbsbgtktlvb air tjb pjksb.Tjb dktlgc ia tjb `khh-sjkpbd pihyjbdrigs ti tjb bgd ia tjb iooupktlig cklgs orbdl`lhlty tjriucjitjbr kssiolktligs.

Tjb crkvb rltukh kt Eihbgkkrscrkka ls oigslstbgt wltj dktk mgiwg arie tjls oiugtry.Tjb trkgsltlig arie B-S ti G-_ irlbgtbd crkvbs, ìtj wltj tjb oirpsb lg k oriuojlgc pisltlig,

kppbkrs ti `b igb ia tjb ojkrkotbrlstlos ia tjb trkgsltlig arie @@ ti @S@ Ouhturbs. Tjls trkgsltlig ls vbry ohisbhy dktbd lg Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb @@ crkvb rltukh lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds sbbesti jkvb `bbg kheist bgtlrbhy ìrriwbd arie tjb VA @ Ouhturb. Ighy lg tjb sbx-ìugd dlaabrbgtlktlig jks kg lgvbrslig tkmbg phkob. Sltj tjls gkturkhhy tjb rbpbrtiry ia crkvb ciids ls hkrcbhydlaabrbgt.

Arie k Buripbkg pilgt ia vlbw, tjb B-S irlbgtktlig ls pbouhlkr. Tjb ioourrbgob ia tjls



??: EIHBGKKP_CPKKA

lg Bgchkgd wks bltjbr kg lgsuhkr dbvbhipebgt ir wks lgtriduobd arie tjb Gbtjbrhkgds.Irlclgkhhy tjb @@ pbiphb eust jkvb ùrlbd tjblr dbkd lg G-_ irlbgtbd crkvbs. Lg ekgy pkrts iaBuripb k ojkgcb lg tjb crkvb irlbgtktlig kgd/ir ùrlkh rltukh sbbes ti jkvb ioourrbd lg tjb`bclgglgc ia tjb @rigzb Kcb.

Tjb smbhbtkh ektbrlkh privldbs us wltj tjb alrst bxkot kgtjripihiclokh dktk air tjb Gbihltjlolg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjb prbsbgob ia tjb typlokh @bhh @bkmbr smuhh, tjb phkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa,

ls giw oigalrebd khsi air tjb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr criup.

Tjb ix ùrlkh oigaires ti k trkdltlig (sokrobhy diouebgtbd) ia kglekh ùrlkhs lg tjb wjihbia Sbstbrg Buripb durlgc tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs. Tjb rbhktlvbhy hkrcb gue`br lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgdseky `b kttrlùtbd ti tjb lgtbgslty ia rbsbkroj.

@y ebkgs ia tjb lgtbrgkh ojrigihicy ia tjb sbtthbebgt wltj tjb sbpkrktb iooupktlig pjksbs,tjb pisltlig ia tjb sekhh obebtbry, tjb pihhbg zigbs kgd ;4O dktbs, tjb prbjlstirlo ojrigihicyia tjb pbrlid oigobrgbd, ;:66-;266 @.O., ls eirb ohisbhy dbalgbd. Tjb rbsuhts ia tjb bxkelgktligia tjb cuhhy alhhlgc aire kg lepirtkgt `ksls air tjb study ia tjb jlstiry ia tjb lgjk`ltktlig iatjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk.

Tjb ojilob ia tjb sbtthbebgt tbrrk lg wiuhd kppbkr ti jkvb `bbg vbry dbhl`brktb. Ticbtjbrwltj hkgdsokpb akotirs, kppkrbgthy trkdb-strktbclo akotirs khsi phkybd k pkrt. Tjb su`slstbgobboigiey ls vbry slelhkr ti tjkt ia tjb QH kgd JQ_ sbtthbebgts ig tjb oikstkh rldcbs. Lt lephlbskg iptleue usb ia tjb hkgdsokpb, wjloj iaabrbd slelhkr ippirtugltlbs. Tjb hlvb-stiom wks gitdlaabrbgt arie tjkt bhsbwjbrb lg tjb Gbihltjlo ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjb wbhh-dktbdrbeklgs ia tjb diebstlo jirsb wiuhd kppbkr ti `b ia crbkt lepirtkgob.

Tjb oigtlgulty ia iooupktlig lg tjb Eihbgkkrscrkka-Ittihkgd-Ciudrlkkg sbt thbebgtdurlgc tjb trkgsltlig arie tjb Q@@ ti tjb @S@ Ouhturbs (tjb orisslgc ia tjb Gbihltjlo-@rigzbKcb ìugdkry) iaabrs ektbrlkh air eirb cbgbrkh oigsldbrktligs ig tjb oigobpts ia oigtlgultykgd dlsoigtlgulty lg prbjlstirlo tlebs. Lg iur iplglig wb eust ekmb k ohbkr dlstlgotlig `btwbbgkgtjripihiclokh, ouhturkh kgd lgjk`ltktlig oigtlgulty. Sltjlg k clvbg ouhturb tjls kpphlbs ti

lts vkrlius kspbots> kbstjbtlo, tbojglokh, boigielo, rbhlclius kgd siolkh trkdltligs, kt hbkstlg si akr ks tjby krb okpk`hb ia dbalgltlig. Lg si dilgc wb okggit bsokpb k su`nbotlvb ojilobia wjkt wb ebkg `y oigtlguius kgd dlsoigtlguius. Kg lepirtkgt rbksig air tjls ls tjb leprbolslig ia iur dktlgcs, wjloj puts iur vlbw ia prbjlstirlo bvbgts, ks akr ks tjb tleb akotir lsoigobrgbd, iut ia aious. Gbltjbr okg wb kvild sieb su`nbotlvlty lg iur dbalgltlig ia k ouhturb>air wb eust rktb k hkrcb gue`br ia ouhturb bhbebgts kt tjblr trub vkhub kgd bstbbe tjblrrbhktlvb lepirtkgob. Trkdltligkhhy, oiepbhhbd ti di si `y tjb ektbrlkh, wb jkvb ti usb prlekrlhyahlgt/pittbry/ebtkh lephbebgts kgd irgkebgts ks bxpigbgts ia tjb tbojglokh kgd kbstjbtlokhtrkdltligs, kgd ia ùrlkh ousties ks k rbhlclius bxpigbgt. Tjkt wb okg ighy jkvb kvklhk`hb kpkrt (ia tjb ektbrlkh pkrt) ia k ouhturb, wb hbkvb iut ia oigsldbrktlig.

Ti wjkt bxtbgt ls tjb trkgsltlig arie Q@@ ti tjb @S@ Ouhturb ojkrkotbrlzbd `y (dls)oigtlgulty 9 Tjb arbqubgt ioourrbgob ia Q@@ kgd @S@ sjbrds ig igb tbrrklg sjiws tjkt tjblgjk`ltktlig oigtlgulty gitlobd `y us ls kppkrbgthy aklrhy cbgbrkh. Tjb ouhturkh ojkgcbs okusbdgi ojkgcbs lg tjb sbtthbebgt pkttbrg. Lt ls rktjbr k ojkgcb wjloj ls `riucjt kìut wltjlg ir`y kg bstk`hlsjbd oieeuglty. Tjb abw kgtjripihiclokh dktk di git pbrelt kgy prigiugobebgtig tjls su`nbot. Sb ighy rbekrmbd tjkt Cbrjkrdt bgoiugtbrbd khh tjb bhbebgts ia tjb prbobdlgc@bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb lg tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb obebtbrlbs lg tjb Rppbr Pjlgb rbclig kgd lg



PBQLBS ??<

tjb Øgítlob Ouhturb. Lg Eihbgkkrscrkka wb aiugd tjb phkgioolpltkh _tblhmipa lg crkvb LL> wbdktbd lt ti tjb `bclgglgc ia tjb @S@ Ouhturb.

Tjls oigtlgulty ia lgjk`ltktlig kgd (jypitjbtlokhhy) ia smuhh typbs ls lg oigtrkdlotlig ti tjbojkgcbs lg tjb trkgsltlig arie tjb VA@ ti tjb @@ Ouhturbs. Ks akr ks wb okg ekmb iut lt jkppbgs

ighy rkrbhy tjkt VA@ kgd @@ sjbrds krb aiugd ig igb tbrrklg. Tjb smuhh typbs ia ìtj ouhturbskrb vbry dlaabrbgt.Tjb akot tjkt wb dlstlgculsj twi (Q@@ kgd @S@) Ouhturbs lgdloktbs, jiwbvbr, tjkt lg

akot k gue`br ia ouhturb bhbebgts ojkgcbd eirb ir hbss kt tjb skeb tleb. Sb jkvb khrbkdydlsoussbd tjb ùrlkh rltukh> lt `bokeb eirb slephb (gi surriugdlgc struoturbs, gi crkvb clats)kgd tjb crkvb irlbgtktlig wks dlaabrbgt. Tjb k`sbgob ia crkvb clats lg tjb @S@ crkvbs ls igbia tjb rbksigs air iur vbry lgoiephbtb mgiwhbdcb ia tjb ektbrlkh ouhturb. Tjb k`sbgob ia kgue`br ia bhbebgts suoj ks tjb wrlst-cukrd, tjb oippbr dkccbr, tjb Q-pbrairktbd ùt tigs kgdtjb tkgcbd-kgd-`kr`bd krriw-jbkds, dibs git lgdloktb tj kt tjbsb wbrb (gi higcbr) lg usb. Ighyelgir ojkgcbs ioour lg tjb ahlgt. Krriw-sjkat seiitjbrs krb mgiwg lg tjb @@ Ouhturb ks wbhhks lg tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb. @itj jiusbs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka rbvbkh tjb skeb trkdltlig. Ks

gbw bhbebgts eky `b gkebd tjb ahlgt dkccbr ia _okgdlgkvlkg typb kgd tjb ìgb rlgc pbgdkgtwjloj, kssiolktbd wltj @S@ sjbrds, wks aiugd kt Qbhsbg ?2¶. Tjb eist strlmlgc krb tjb ojkgcbslg tjb pittbry, lg wirmekgsjlp, aire kgd dboirktlig. Lg irdbr ti ugdbrstkgd lts irlclgs`bttbr lt ls gbobsskry, jiwbvbr, ti jkvb auhhbr mgiwhbdcb ia tjb bgd ia tjb @@ Ouhturb. Sbeky ebgtlig aurtjbr tjb dlaabrbgob lg rbohkektlig ebtjids (hkgdgke) ks k pkrt ia tjb su`slstbgob boigiey. Tjb dlaabrbgob lg aiid priduotlig wks, jiwbvbr, git si crbkt tjkt akrelgckt Eihbgkkrscrkka oiuhd git `b oigtlgubd lg k slelhkr ekggbr.

Tjbrb ioour tjbrbairb k gue`br ia ojkgcbs wjloj krb eirb ir hbss oigtbepirkgbius durlgctjb trkgsltlig arie tjb Hktb Gbihltjlo ti tjb Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb. @bokusb kg bkslhy rboicglzk`hbdlaabrbgob bxlsts lg oiepkrlsig wltj tjb prbobdlgc pjksb lt kppbkrs ti us nustlalk`hb ti spbkm iak gbw ouhturb. Tjb ojkgcbs wbrb pri`k`hy tjb rbsuht ia gbw ouhturkh lepuhsbs kgd oigtkots lg

kg krbk strbtojlgc arie Skhbs ti _iutjbrg _wbdbg. Tjb trkdb lg ebtkh (`rigzb, cihd, tlg) arieCrbkt @rltklg ti Dbgekrm eky jkvb phkybd k pkrt lg tjls priobss. Ig tjb itjbr jkgd tjb ahlgtdkccbr ls k _okgdlgkvlkg bhbebgt airolgc lts wky wbstwkrds. Lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds tjb `bclgglgcia tjb @S@ Ouhturb krb `bst bxphklgbd `y tjb ksslelhktlig ia k gue`br ia gbw bhbebgts `ytjb bxlstlgc Hktb @@ Ouhturb. K dbbpbr lgslcjt lgti tjls priobss ls jlgdbrbd `y tjb hkom ia algdkssiolktligs.

Sb di git wkgt ti bghkrcb ig tjls tjbeb jbrb. Sb ebrbhy wlsjbd ti succbst tjkt Eihbgkkrscrkka git ighy ekmbs pissl`hb tjb rboigstruotlig ia k Hktb @bkmbr oieeuglty, ùt khsi tjkt dktkia tjb mlgd rbvbkhbd `y Eihbgkkrscrkka krb lgdlspbgsk`hb air tjb ugrkvbhhlgc ia tjb rbhktligsjlps`btwbbg tjb vkrlius @bkmbr Ouhturbs.

?26 Kpp. L, gi. ;;;-?4.



/



KVVBGDLZ L

VPBJL_TIPLO _LTB_ KGD ALGD_ LG TJB SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_,EKVVBD LG TJB ALC_. 0, 2, 3, :.

Khh tbrrk lgs lgdloktbd ig tjb ekps krb gkebd kgd krrkgcbd kooirdlgc tjb ekp hbcbgds.

Tjb algd-phkobs krb oigtlguiushy gue`brbd lg bkoj ekp. Pbabrbgobs krb oidbd ks ;;-:; ( 5ekp LL , gi. ;:), LQ-0 ( 5 ekp LQ, gi. 0), bto.Aurtjbr, tjb eisthy usbd phkob-gkebs krb clvbg, Tjb dbsorlptlig lgohudbs ks akr ks pissl`hb

k sjirt lgdloktlig ia tjb gkturb kgd kcb ia tjb algds, ia tjb algd olrouestkgobs kgd rbhktligsjlps ti tjb cbihicy. Tjb gbobsskrlhy oursiry trbktebgt jbrb ebkgs, jiwbvbr, tjkt tjb dbsorlptligs okggit `b oiephbtb.

Lg tjb `l`hlicrkpjy rbabrbgob ls ekdb ks akr ks pissl`hb (wltj ourrbgt pbrlidlokhs) dlrbothyti tjb pu`hloktlig kgd pkcb. _iebtlebs, jiwbvbr, lt wks sjirtbr ir slephbr ti rbabr ti tjb `l`hlicrkpjy vlk tjb kutjir kgd ybkr ia pu`hloktlig. La gi rbabrbgobs krb clvbg tjb lgairektligls arie tjb kutjir's iwg diouebgtktlig ir i`sbrvktligs. Gi kttbept kt oiephbtbgbss jks `bbgekdb lg tjb hltbrkturb ebgtligbd. Lg pkrtlouhkr pu`hloktligs lg wjloj kg i`nbot jks `bbglhhustrktbd krb gkebd. Arie "Krojbihiclsoj Glbuws" ighy k sbhbotlig jks `bbg tkmbg kgdkggiugobebgts lg tjb "Ojriglohbs" ia "Jbhlglue" jkvb cbgbrkhhy git `bbg usbd kt khh. Ks akrks tjb tbrrklgs lg tjb Girtj-bkst Vihdbr kgd tjb Ahbvihkgd Vihdbr krb oigobrgbd wb jkvbcbgbrkhhy oigalgbd iursbhvbs ti k rbabrbgob ti Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11.

Tjb algd-phkobs lg tjb rlvbr ohky/wiid pbk t krbk krb oiephbtb kgd auhhy diouebgtbdlg Kppbgdlx LLL. Ig tjb ekps ia tjb Sbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, tjb ekps L-LQ, ighy tjb eist lepirtkgts krb clvbg. Air vkrlius rbksigs, jiwbvbr, k abw lepirtkgt tbrrklgs oiuhd git `b lgohudbd,gkebhy gis. ?<, 4? (Q@@, DM_) kgd 22, 21 (DM_) ia Kpp. LLL.

Sb jkvb kttbeptbd oiephbtbgbss lg tjb hlst ia algds kgd algd-phkobs dlsoivbrbd `bairb;<30, wjlhb rbobgt algds jkvb `bbg lgohudbd ks euoj ks pissl`hb. Sjbg tjb gue`br ia k sltbls clvbg lg `rkomb ts, tjls ebkgs tjk t tjb sltb ls git lgdlok tbd ig tjb ekp, ùt wks lgsbrtbd katbrtjb ohislgc ia tjls pkrt ia tjb ekgusorlpt.

Gbkrhy khh algds krb rbhlk`hb. La tjb algd wks ekdb lg k sboigdkry pisltlig, ir lts rbpirtls ugrbhlk`hb, tjls ls stktbd. Sb kcklg drkw kttbgtlig ti tjb akot tjkt k hkrcb criup ia algdswjloj jkvb rbkojbd tjb eusbues vlk krt dbkhbrs jks `bbg hbat iut ia kooiugt, ks jkvb eiststigb kgd kgthbr kxbs. K oieebgtkry ig tjb oigtbgts ia tjb vkrlius ekps ls clvbg lg tjb tbxt(p. ;? a.).

Lt wks ighy katbr wb alglsjbd tjls pkrt ia tjb lgvbstlcktlig, tjkt wb cit sieb ldbks kìut



?40 KVVBGDLZ L

tjb Hktb @rigzb Kcb diebstlo pittbry. Tjb sltbs wjloj eky jkvb `bbg ioouplbd lg tjb Hktb@rigzb Kcb krb tjbrbairb git lgdloktbd ks suoj ig tjb ekp.

Tjbsb krb>

Sbstarlslk>

oikstkh `krrlbrs>

rlvbr ohky/wiid pbkt krbk>

BgmjulzbgJiicmkrspbhEbdbe`hlm

_ojiirhQbhsbg-Qkg HbggbphkkgQbhsbg-VBG, GiirdbrwbcQbhsbg-GiirdzbbmkgkkhHkgcbvbhd

EihbgkkrscrkkaIttihkgd-IistblgdGiirdbhiis

_ojklm, Hbbrdke

— KG ;<3; *;;1-;;3gi. LQ—?;

gi. LQ —?6

gi. LQ —0<— Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36, ;46— ldbe.— ldbe.gi. Lhh—4:

— Tjls pu`hloktlig, Kpp. Lhh, gis. 03-0:gi. Lhh —;;gi. Lhh —06

— Tjls pu`hloktlig, Kpp. Lhh, gi. <?

L — VKHKBIHLTJLO, EB_IHLTJLO, BKPH\ KGD ELDDH B GBIHLTJLO, @BAIPB O. 0266 @.O.

Alc. 0

Vkhkbihltjlo

;. Okdzkgd

0. Bhhbwiutsdlnm

?. Bhhbwiutsdlnm

4. Pkespih

2. _ojimhkgd

Ebsihltjlo

1. @riwg @kgm,Girtj _bk

3. Okdzkgd

:. Oihlngsphkkt

<. Ekksvhkmtb,Buripiirt

½_ieb ahlgt krt lakots, pri` k`hy Eiustbrlkg kgd Tnigcbrlkg , aiugd ig tjb `bkoj.KG ;<12 *:2= Sj ;: ;<1< 0??= Sj ;< ;<36 ;;:-;;<, 0;;-0;0= Sj 06 ;<3; ;;;-;;3,00<-0?1.Hbvkhhilslkg ahkmb, alsjbd up arie tjb Sbstbrg _ojbhdt sbk kre.@PI@ < ;<16 0:4.

Sirmbd rblgdbbr kgthbr (Hygc`y kxb 9), drbdcbd up arie tjb Sbstbrg _ojbhdt sbk kre.Sj < ;<16 ;60-;63.Sirmbd rblgdbbr kgthbr, pbrjkps ugalglsjbd Hygc`y kxb, drbdcbd up girtj ia Mkepbrblhkgd.

Sj < ;<16 ;62.Tnigcbrlkg pilgt kgd sieb itjbr ahlgt krtlakots arie iutoripplgc ìuhdbr ohky kt tjb GS ia

tjb airebr lshkgd ia _ojimhkgd.Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22¶ ;0 kgd alc. ;6.

Kxbs, igb k pbrairktbd _pltzjkomb (sjkat-jihb plom), ekdb iut ia kuriojs ìgbs, alsjbd up ariek dbptj ia o. 46 e. Bkrhy Ebsihltjlo.@PI@ 06/0; ;<36/'3; 03-42.Tjrbb wirmbd ahlgts, igb kg K-pilgt, tjb itjbrs pbrjkps Hktb Vkhkbihltjlo.Sj ;3 ;<1: 3:-3<= Sj ;< ;<36 0;;-0;0.@kskh pkrt ia rbd dbbr kgthbr sjiwlgc wirmlgc lg tjb "criivb kgd sphlgtbr" tbojglqub, alsjbdup arie tjb Bkstbrg _ojbhdt sbk kre. Bkrhy Ebsihltjlo.@PI@ 06/0; ;<36/'3; 41-26.@kr`bd pilgts (twi oiephbtb spbolebgs kgd k arkcebgt), kg kgthbr shbbvb, k wlhd ìkr's tusmojlsbh, k wirmbd kgthbr kgd k ìgb gbbdhb( 9), aiugd lg drbdcbd-up skgds. Brie—02/00 e. GKh'.Bkrhy Ebsihltjlo.@PI@ 06/0; ;<36/'3; 4:-2?.



ALGD_ SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_ ? 4 ?

;6. Qihmbrkm,Slhhbestkd

;;. _bjiigrbwibrd

Digm, Hbbrdke

;0. Qlkkks

;:. Mibcrks,

Nuhlkgkdirp

;4. Tbxbh

;2. Mulgrb

;1. _piihdb gbkr^wihhb

;3. Mibrjuls`bbm,Dbvbgtbr

_ekhh ikmwiid stktubttb, aiugd durlgc tjb ùlhdlgc ia k diom lg tjb Qihmbrkm kt —: e. GKVlg k pbkt hkybr kgd ig tjb ugdbrhylgc oivbrskgd.Qkg Bs ;<1:= Qkg Bs & Okspkrlb ;<1:.

_ieb pri`k`hy Ebsihltjlb ahlgt krtlakots ig tjb tip ia kg iutoripplgc Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugb.QH kgd DM_ pittbry.

Sj ;4 ;<12 ;;<-;0? (gi. ;0)._muhh wltj tjb ojkrkotbrlstlos ia tjb Ebsihltjlb Tìvlbo typb. Arie tjb rlvbr Hbm.Julzlgck ;<2< 20-21.

_ieb ahlgt ahkmbs ig tjb tip ia kg Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugb kt —4.02 e. GKV, oivbrbd wltj yiugcbrsbdlebgts. Ebsihltjlb ir Bkrhy Gbihltjlo.Du @krim ;<2< 1?= Nbhcbrsek ;<1; 0<.

Ahlgt sorkpbr, Bkrhy Ebsihltjlb ir Hktb Vkhkbihltjlo, ig iutoripplgc Vhblstiobgb.Sj ;< ;<36 ;6; .

Bhm kgthbr sjkat-jihb kdzb aiugd `bairb ;<23 durlgc dlcclgc wirms.@PI@ 06/0; ;<36/'3; 22-23.K vbry hkrcb gue`br (o. ?26) ia kgthbr kxbs kgd itjbr wirmbd kgthbrs. Igb ls tjb arkcebgt iakg bhm kgthbr kdzb (Ebsihltjlb), kgitjbr k rbd dbbr kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxb. Lg tjb leebdlktb gblcjìurjiid sieb TP@, Q@@ kgd @S@ sjbrds. Igb sjbrd ia k Vit @bkmbr ir ia k pit, rbhktbdti tjb _wlatbr`kgt wkrb.

Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<10= Jkeelgc bt kh. ;<12= @PI@ 06/0; ;<36/'3; 23.

K gue`br ia ìgb kgd kg thbr lephbebgts, aiugd ;<1: durlgc drbdclgc wirms. K siombtbdkdzb, ekdb iut ia kg kuriojs rkdlus, k arkcebgtkry kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxb, aiur kgthbr kxbskgd k gue`br ia plbobs wltj trkobs ia wirmlgc.KG ;<1: *11, @PI@ 06/0; ;<36/'3; 2?-22.

L'.urhl) kgd Elddhb Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgts kgd pittbry algds.

;:. ^lndbrvbhd

;<. Jkzbgdigm,Eihbgkkrscrkka

(;<tt.) Skkrdjulzbg

0D. _ojlbdke

0; . _wlatbr`kgt-

pkrobh J 41

00. _wlatbr`kgt-

pkrobh C 4;/40

0?. Db Ckstb,Ebppoh

_btthbebgt sltb ig tjb Hktb Kthkgtlo rlvbr oiursb gkebd "^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb" `bsldb tjbairebr strbke ojkggbh wltj eklg iooupktlig lg tjb Elddhb @rigzb Kcb (DM_) wltj guebriusphkgs ia riugd juts, kgd lg tjb Lrig Kci wltj phkgs ia rbotkgcuhkr jiusbs. _ieb QH algds kgdlgdloktlig ia bkrhlbr iooupktlig (o. ?666 @.O.) lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrke.

KG ;<12 *;63 *;?:= KG ;<11 *<?= @PI@ ;: ;<1: ;;3-;0<= @PI@ 06/0; ;<36/'3; 32-::=

Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30.Tip ia kg Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugb wltj algds ia tjb Elddhb Gbihltjlo (o. ?666 @.O.), QH Ouhturbkgd tjb VA@ (9), Jy`r. @, E@@, Q@@ kgd @S@ criups. Lgdloktlig lg tjb pihhbg dlkcrkeia aurtjbr iooupktlig kìut ?466 kgd 4;66 ( 9).Sj ;<12 ;;<-;0? (gi. 2)= KG ;<13 *;;4= Tjls pkpbr pkrt LLL.

Ia. ;;-;4.

Bkrhy Gbihltjlo sjbrd, tjb riugd ìttie ia k pit, tbepbrbd wltj irckglo ektbrlkh (phkgtrbeklgs), aiugd durlgc tjb oigstruotlig ia k diom kt tjb sjlpykrd Slhtig Abybgiird kt k dbptjia o. : e.

Sj ;<22 ?6= Jbh 0 ;<10 ;<-06= PEI j ;<1</;.;.

Bkrhy Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgt (jbkrtj phkobs, ahlgt, pittbry) kgd crkvbs ig tjb tip ia kg BkrhyJihiobgb dugb `btwbbg —2.66 kgd —2.32 e. GKV. Tjrbb oiepkrk`hb sltbs lg tjb gblcjìurjiid ig pkrobhs J 4, J ?4 kgd J ;0:.

Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/'11 gi. := Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30= Bgtb ;<3;.Bkrhy Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgt kgd crkvbs ig tjb gkturkh hbvbbs ia k airebr rlvbr oiursb `btwbbg—2.26 kgd —2.32 e. GKV. Oivbrbd wltj olrok 46 oe. ohky upig wjloj @bhh @bkmbr sjbrdskgd k pilgtbd-ùttbd stigb kdzb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig (o/. @rkgdt T 04. 4 ùt siebwjkt sekhhbr) lg sboigdkry pisltlig. K oiepkrk`hb Bkrhy Gbihltjlo sltb ig pkrobhs C ?</44.Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/'11 gi. ;6= Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30= Bgtb ;<3;.Bkrhy Gbihltjlo diebstlo rbausb ig tjb tip ia kg Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugb.Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30= oiee. Er I. J. Jkrsbek, Criglgcbg.



?4 4 KVVBGDLZ L

Vbrairktbd "@rbltmblhb'

04. Ebcbg

02. _plnm

01. Cbwkgdb

Kxbs

03. _ojkhmwlnm,Jbbestbdb

0<. _piihdb?6. Slgdbsjble

?; . ^kgd wbbrt,Dbvbgtbr

?0. Mibrjuls`bbm,Dbvbgtbr

(??.) Girtj-bkstVihdbr

@lc pbrairktbd @rbltmblh wltj oiglokh sjkat-jihb, arie tjb criugd ia k gbwhy duc dltoj.PEI m ;<1:/?.;= Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30, gi. G@r 0.

_ekhh, jbkvbhy wirg, pbrairktbd @rbltmblh wltj oiglokh sjkat-jihb, aiugd lg ;<14 kt k `lc skgdplt

ig tjb orisslgc ia k _u`kthkgtlo airebr rlvbr oiursb kgd k Cirmue LL (5 Okhkls LL) strbke rldcb.

Aiugd wjbg dlcclgc kwky tjb oivbrlgc sbdlebgts.PEI b ;<36/0.;= Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30, gi. C. :.

Ojkrkotbrlstlo pbrairktbd @rbltmblh, aiugd lg ;:?3, giw hist.

Qkg dbr Skkhs ;<30, gi. G@r ?.

Okrbauhhy airebd, pilgtbd-ùttbd kxb wltj strklcjt sldbs kgd ivkh oriss-sbotlig, skgdstigboigtklglgc abhdspkr, oa. @rkgdt T 04.?, ùt gi kgchb `btwbbg sldb kgd outtlgc-bdcb. Aiugdig tjb ihdbst oikstkh `krrlbr (ia _pkkrgwiudb), ugdbr tjb ivbrhylgc pbkt.KG ;<1< *;;0= PEI c ;<1:/;0.;.

Kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxbs.

0:. Girtj-bkst

Vihdbr

Kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxb, aiugd gbkr tjb airebr lshkgd ia Rrm, durlgc drbdclgc wirm ig `bjkha

ia tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb gbw pihdbr.PEI c ;<?:/;0.;.

Oa. L-;1.Twi kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxbs keigc k gue`br ia kgthbr lephbebgts, drbdcbd up durlgc oigstruotligwirms lg ;<1:.

KG ;<1: *13.

@lc kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxb, oihhbotbd `y tjb hktb Er N. @uttbr, Dbvbgtbr, 02 givbe`br ;<?<,

ticbtjbr wltj k gue`br ia kglekh ìgbs (sieb ia tjbsb wirmbd) arie drbdcbd-up skgd.Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G._. ? 013.

Ia. ;-;3

Kgthbr T-sjkpbd kxb.Nkkrvbrshkc ;<36 vkg db Eusbk viir db LNssbhebbrpihdbrs cbvbstlcd tb _ojimhkgd bg tb Mbtbh-

jkvbg, Lgt brgkh P bpirt gi. 0<< ia tjb Plnmsdlbgst viir db LNssbhebbrpihdbrs, pjit i kt p. ;6.

LL — ALP _T VKPT IA TJB HKTB GBIHLTJLO, O. 0266-0666 @.O.

Alc. 2

QH Ouhturb, sbtthbebgts kgd pittbry algds

;. Db @rk`brs,Jkkestbdb

0. Jbmbhlgcbg L

0k. Jbmbhlgcbg LL

?. Qhkkrdlgcbg

QH sbtthbebgt wltj jiusb phkgs ig k rbegkgt ia k oikstkh `krrlbr.Trlepb @urcbr ;<2:, ;<16, ;<16/1;= Jbh 0 ;<10 06-00.QH sbtthbebgt ig tjb gkturkh hbvbb ia k arbsj wktbr orbbm. Katbr oivbrlgc wltj Dugmlrm 6 ohky>

@S@ iooupktlig.@PI@ 4 ;<2? ;-01= Jbh 0 ;<10 ;?-;<= Vkhkbij ;? ;<13 ;;.QH sbtthbebgt, dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb oigstruotlig ia k cks plpb hlgb ;<36, o. 266 e. ti tjb wbstia Jbmbhlgcbg L.pbrs. oiee. Er J. _kraktln, Kebrsaiirt.QH sbtthbebgt ig tjb gkturkh hbvbbs ia k `rkomlsj tldkh orbbm (Okhkls LQ k). Lepirtbd VA@pittbry kgd kg K-`ktthb kxb. Katbr ir durlgc k ojkgcb lg tjb "rìcleb" ia tjb orbbm k vbry sjirt

E@@ iooupktlig.Sj 3 N<2: ;63-;;;= Sj : ;<2< ;61-;;3= Sj ;6 ;<1; ;;3-;0?= Jbh 0/? ;<10/1?= Qibtspiir4;-12= Jbh < ;<1< ;62-;;3= Vkhkbij ;? ;<13 ;6.





?41 KVVBGDLZ L

03. Hbldbg- Arkceb gt ia k _pkgdihoj arie tjb ihd surakob ugdbr tjb Ebdlkbvkh Eittb, pri`k`hy lg sboig-Db @urojt dkry pisltlig.

KG ;<1< *2.

@ktthb kxbs

0:. Hlgcb

0<. Iud ûlhbg

?6. Mktwlnm kkg db

Plng?; . Qicbhbgzkgc-

@bmshkkg

?0. Jiicwiud

??. Miccbgrkgdwbc

?4. Ckwlnsbgd

(?4k.) Slbrlgcbrwbra

?2. Dbg @urc,Tbxbh

?1. Girtj-bkst Vihdbrpkrobh B ;3;

@ktthb kxb, typb V-0, aiugd lg ;::2.Jbh : ;<1: 0?? (gi. <).

Akobttbd `ktthb kxb, aiugd kìut ;<0? lg tjb gkturkh hbvbb dbpislts ia tjb rlvbr Qbojt.

N. K. @kmmbr ;<2:= Jbh : ;<1: 001.

@ktthb kxb, typb V-h, aiugd durlgc skgd drbdclgc.

@rkkt ;<2?.

Durlgc bxtbgslvb skgd dlcclgc lg tjb Ihd Dugbs `btwbbg ;:<2 kgd ;<66, tjb aihhiwlgc i`nbots

wbrb aiugd lg k rbstrlotbd krbk. Lt ls git vbry pri`k`hb tjkt tjby aire k jikrd ir k ohisbd algd.k. `ktthb kxb, typb M-1,`. ahlgt dkccbr ia Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb typb,

o. `rigzb hiw-ahkgcbd kxb,

d. rbd dbbr kgthbr `bke,b. k chiùhkr kgd k dlsm-sjkpbd stigb (qukrtzltb),

a. twi plbobs ia ke`br,c. sjbrd ia DM_ pittbry.

Sj 1 ;<23 <2-<:= Jbh ? ;<1? 04?= Vkhkbij. ;0 ;<11/13 ;6: (gi. 4?)= Vkhkbij. < ;<1? 4?= Qibtspiir :<= @PI@ ;: ;<1: 2; kgd <2 (gi. A 1).@ktthb kxb, typb V-h, aiugd lg ;<41 wjbg ohbkglgc k dltoj.Sj ? ;<24 <4= Qibtspiir ?< (gitb).@ktthb kxb, arkcebgt, aiugd ig tjb surakob.Sj 4 ;<22 ;60= Sj 2 ;<21 1 (gi. ;?).@ktthb kxb, arkcebgt.Sj 2 ;<21 1 (gi. ;0).

@ktthb kxb, typb J, arkcebgt, aiugd lg ;<11 lg kcrlouhturkh rbausb.KG ;<3; *;0<.@ktthb kxb, arkcebgt, aiugd ig tjb Jicb @brc, k Vhblstiobgb iutorip.@PI@ : ;<23/2: <<.

Oa. LL-2? (o).

Ahlgt kxbs

?3. Tbrgbuzbg

?:. _ojigbgùrcsbJbuvbh, GlbuwHbmmbrhkgd

?<. @urbg

46. Tjb Jkcub-obgtrb

4;. Qrigbstblg,Qiirùrc

40. Pidbgùrc,Hbldbg

Tjlg-ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, aiugd lg ;<6? durlgc tjb oigstruotlig ia k shuloblg k pbkt hkybr kt k dbptj ia —0.26 e. GKV.Qkg dbr Abbg ;<20= Sj ; ;<20 ;?= Trlepb @urcbr ;<16 1:1-1<;.Vilgtbd-ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, aiugd ig tjb tip ia kg Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugb

gbkr tjb sltb ia tjb airebr ;4tj obgt, oksthb _ojigbgùrc.

Sj. ;; ;<10 ??= Sj ;4 ;<12 ;;<-;0? (gi ;).Tjlg-ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, aiugd durlgc drklgkcb wirm kt k dbptj ia kìut; e.Jbh ? ;<1? 04.

Tjlg-ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, aiugd lg tjb sjirb ahkt wbst ia tjb ihdbst oikstkh`krrlbr.

Sj < ;<16 ;63-;;6= Sj ;0 ;<1? 10-14.Tjlg-ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, aiugd ig tjb lggbreist (ihdbst) oikstkh `krrlbr.

Sj < ;<16 ;63-;;6_ekhh, ksyeebtrlokh, riucjhy airebd ahlgt kxb, skld ti `b aiugd ig tjb sltb ia tjb Piekg

oksthb.



ALGD_ SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_ ?43

PEI j ;<1</:.;.

40 k. Qiirjiut _ekhh ahlgt kdzb aiugd lg ;<24 ig tjb bkstbr g shipb ia tjb sboigd oikstkh `krr lbr.Dktk `y tjb kutjir.

4?. Hlssb _jirt ahlgt kxb ia tjb "phu ep QH typ b", aiugd ig tjb lggbreist (ihdbst) oikstkh `krrlbr, ig tjbhkgdwkrd shipb.

Jbh ? ;<1? ;6; (gitb 2;).4?*. K``bgbs _ekhh ahlgt kxb aiugd lg ;<1< `y k akrebr wjbg phiucjlgc jls albhd ig tjb tip ia tjb Okhkls LLL

sbdlebgts ia tjb Jkkrhbeebrebbr Vihdbr.Dktk `y tjb kutjir.

(4?`.) Jkkrhbeebr- Tjb outtlgc bdcb ia kg kxb ia k oikrsb ahlgt ir qukrtz ltb. Aiugd durlgc tjb oigstruotlig iaebbr tjb pihdbr lg ;:2?.

PEI gi. NvH 4?.44. Qbgjulzbg Arkcebg t (outtlgc-bdcb) ia k ahlgt kxb, eist pri`k`hy lg sboigdkry pisltlig.

KG ;<1; *4= Jbh ? ;<1? ;6; (gitb 2?).42. Jiirgsb ùrc Vilgtbd -ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig kgd ahkttbgbd sldbs.

Sj 2 ;<21 4 (gi. ;)= SAI 2 ;<10 ;<6.41. Slbrlgcbrebbr- Ksyeebtrlokh, tjlg- ùttb d ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig kgd ahkttbgbd sldbs.

pkrobh J ?? Sj 2 ;<21 4 (gi. 0) = SAI 2 ;<10 ;<6.43. Slbrlgcbrebbr- Tjrbb kxbs , aiugd gbkr k sekhh Vhblstiobgb iutorip>

pkrobh J 40 k. sekhh ahlgt kxb wltj riucjhy wirmbd sldbs,`. `rikd-ùttbd stigb kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig,o. sekhh stigb kxb wltj rbotkgcuhkr oriss-sbotlig.Sj 2 ;<21 0-3 (gis. ?, :, <)= SAI 2 ;<10 ;<6.

4:. Pi``bgiirdsb _iebwjkt ksyeebtrlokh, riucjhy airebd sekhh ahlgt kxb. Ighy outtlgc-bdcb pihlsjbd.ìs SAI : ;<12 ;1<= KG ;<12 *20.

4<. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr Tjlg-ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, aiugd ig jbkvlhy bridbd Bkrhy Jihiobgb dugbs,sbotlig B wbst ia tjb airebr lshkgd ia _ojimhkgd, gbkr tjb sekhh jkrìu r, ticb tjbr wltj sieb plbobs ia

hike kgd sieb ahlgt.Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11 gi. 0.

26. Girtj-bkst L'ihdbr Tjlg-ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, aiugd gbkr tjb @iebgwbc.pkrobh 6 <: KG ;<2: *;63.

(2;.) Gir tj-bkst Tjlg -ùttbd ahlgt kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig kgd sieb Vit @bkmbr sjbrds, aiugd (pri`k`hy

Vihdbr drbdcbd up) `bairb tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb Girtj-bk st Vihdbr.PEI d ;<?:/;0.;-0.

Algd.l kttrlùtk`hb ti tjb TP@ Ouhturb

20. Slbrlgcbg @lc arkcebgt ia k jkha alglsjbd Mgkuajkeebrkxt, aiugd ig Vhblstiobgb iutorip.KG ;<1< *;;?.

2?. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr Tjrbb kxbs aiugd lg ;<1< ig tjb surakob ia k Vhblstiobgb iutorip>pkrobh B ;3; k. sekhh, pilgtbd -ùttbd kxb wltj riugd oriss-sbotlig, oa. @rkgdt Tka. 0?.< ùt siebwjkt

sekhhbr,`. ahlgt kxb, tjlom-ùttbd, rbotkgcuhkr oriss-sbotlig, TP@ Ouhturb,o. `ktthb kxb, Chi` typb M-h.Vbrs. oiee. Er C. D. vkg dbr Jbldb, _ojimhkgd.

24. Girtj okst L'ihdbr Vhblstiobgb iutorip gbkr tjb ZM oirgbr ia tjb airebr lshkgd ia _ojimhkgd wltj tjb aihhiwlgcpkrobh V ;4 algds>

k. pilgtbd-ùttbd stigb kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig,`. TP@ sjbrd kgd k trkgsvbrsb krriw-jbkd,o. typlokh Q@@ kgd @S@ pitt bry kgd @bkmbr wkrb wltj ojkggbh-irgkebg t, algcbr l eprlgts

lg Q-eitla, rle oirdig kgd pritrudlgc aiit,



?4: KVVBGDLZ L

22. _piihdb

d. igb sjbrd, rlojhy tbepbrbd wltj piugdbd qukrtz sjiwlgc tjb oigstruotlig lg `rikd ohky`kgds= pissl`hy _wlatbr`kgt wkrb,

b. phiucj ekrms.

Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11 gi. 2.Oa. ;-;1.

Lh h — _BOIGD VKPT IA TJB HKTB GBIHLTJLO KGD @BCLGGLGC ir TJB BKPH\ @PIG^B KCB . O. 0666-;166 @.O.

Alc. 3

E@@, sbtthbebgts kgd pittbry algds

;. Jkzbgdigm Oa. L-;<.

0. Qhkkrdlgcbg Oa. LL-?.?. Jbt Cbbstnb, Algds ia E@@ (9), Q@@, @S@, JQ_ kgd Lrig Kcb pitt bry, irlclgkhhy strktlalbd, ùt kheist

Eigstbr oiephbtbhy dlstur`bd. Vhiucj ekrms ig dlaabrbgt hbvbhs.

Jbh 2 ;<12 <3-;;3= Sj ;4 ;<12 ?4-3<.4. Qiirsojitbg Oa. LL-1.

2. Iistwiud @bhh @bkmbr sbtt hbebgt (E@@ kgd Q@@) kgd Elddhb @rigzb Kcb `krriws . Kt hbkst igb crkvbwltj wbhh prbsbrvbd smbhbtig kttr lù tk`h b ti tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. _ltuktbd ig Okhkls L Q -

sbdlebgts.Jbh ; ;<1; 00?-00:= SAI 2 ;<10 ;<4-06<= Qibtspiir ;34= KG ;<13 *?; = Vkhkbij ;? ;<13

;1= Chks`brcbg ;<1< alc. ;.

Q@@, sbtthbebgts kgd pittbry algds

1. Didbwkkrd

3. Pissue/KLbe

:. Mbrmwlnm

<. Skkrdjulzbg;6. Jiic @himhkgd-

Glbuwvhlbtnb

;; . Ittihkgd-

Iistblgd

;0. Ittihkgd-

Db Vut

;?. Eihbgkkrscrkka

;4. Jkzbgdigm;2. Elngsjbrbghkgd

;1. Jbt Cbbstnb

Oigobgtrktlig ia Q@@ sjbrds wltjlg k E@K sbtthbebgt wltj twi typbs ia jiusbs> higc, tjrbb-klshbd jiusbs kgd riugd juts. _ltuktbd ig k "hbvbb sphky"-dbpislt. Igb ia ekgy oiepkrk`hbE@K sltbs, dlsoivbrd durlgc silh survbys.KG ;<13 *14= @PI@ ;: ;<1: ;;3-;0<= Jkvlgck ;<1<._ieb Q@@ sjbrds, drbdcbd up arie tjb rlvbr.

KG ;<2: *;?4.Twi sekhh Q@@ sjbrds, lsihktbd algds ig tjb surakob keldst Piekg kgd hktbr algds ig k oiephbxia dlaabrbgt strbke rldcbs.Eiddbrekg ;<4<¶ (gi. 44).Oa. LL-;4.

_ieb sbtthbebgt sltbs ig `rkgojbs ia tjb airebr rlvbr oiursb gkebd _ojklm strbke rld cb.Igb, gbkr k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh, wltj Q@@ pittbry (giw hist).TKC ;<22 ?0= Sj ;4 ;<12 ;;<-;0? (gi. ;0O)._btthbebgt wltj Q@@, @S@, DM_ kgd H@K pittbry ig k jlcj pilgt ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrdstrbke rldcb. Arkceb gtkry jiusb phkgs. _mbhbtig ia k plc (ks kg iaabr) ùrlbd lg k plt (Q@@/@S@).Twi sbtthbebgt sltbs. Igb `bsldb k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh tjriucj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbkerldcb. _ieb Q@@ sjbrds iut ia tbst plts.Sj ;4 ;<12 ;;<-;0? (gi. 1).

Q@@/@S@ sbtthbebgt wltj twi jiusb phkgs, tjrbb crkvbs kgd kg ix ùrlkh. _ltuktbd `bsldbs k`rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh triucj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Kgitjbr sltb, ioouplbd ugtlhtjb H@K lg tjb gblcjìurjiid.KG ;<11 *;0?= KG ;<13 *;;4= Tjls pkpbr pkrt LQ.Oa. L-;<

Q@@ sjbrd drbdcbd up arie tjb rlvbr Iudb Ekks.Sj ;3 ;<1: :6-:2.

Oa. LLL-?



ALGD_ SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_ ?4<

;3. Qbbgbgùrc,

Hlssb/Jlhhbcie

Airebr stktb wltj bxtbgslvb skgd dlcclgcs lg tjb ybkrs kriugd ;<?6. Guebrius algds

k. Oiephbtb @bhh @bkmbr.IEH ;6 ;<0< K``. <= IEH ;4 ;<?? Tka. LQ>;6= Sj ; ;<20 ;61-;63.

`. Ahlgt tkgcbd kgd `kr`bd krriw-jbkd, @@ Ouhturb.Sj ? ;<24 12-1:.

o. Ahlgt dkccbr ia Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb typ b kgd sieb @S@ sjbrds.IEH ;6 ;<0< := @PI@ ;: ;<1: 2? kgd <4 (gi. A 2).

d. JQ_ sjbrds.Chks`brcbg ;<24 alc. 10o= @yvkgom ;<40 ka`. ;1= IEH ;4 ;<?? Tka. Q> 3.

b. Jikrd oigslstlgc ia Jk K ; `rigzbs kgd pissl`hy khsi k stigb kxb wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig kgd`rikd, tjlom ùtt. K jlcj-ahkgcbd kxb pri`k`hy di git `bhigc ti tjb jikrd.Vhbytb ;:33-;<6?, Sbstarlbshkgd VL QLL kgd p. ;<= @uthbr ;<2< ;?4-;?1.

a. _tigb kxb, pilgtbd -ùttbd kgd wltj ivkh oriss-sbotlig, qukrtzl tb.c. Jkha k pbrairktbd kxb, cgblss, ekppbd ks k jkeebr kxb, ù t pri`k`hy k hktb typ b `ktt hb kxb.j. K gue`br ia kgthbr krtlakots.

,l . K gue`br ia stigb krtlakots> akobttbd chiùhkr stigbs, kxb arkcebgts usbd ks jkeebr stigbs,kxbs.

`-l. @EI j ;<?6/3.;-24. n . _tigb kxb wltj rbotkgcuhkr oriss-sbotlig kgd `rikd ùtt , akobttbd chiùhkr stigb kgd ìgb

kwh.Sj ; ;<20 ;61-;63.

_ieb Vit @bkmbr sjbrds lg k juelo airebr surakob lg tjb Ihdbr Dugb skgds. ;4O dktb CrG41?2 ;3?6 » 46 @.O.Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36 ;?:.

_trktlalbd dugb dbpislts, lgohudlgc igb hkybr wltj ìtj @@ kgd JQ_ sjbrds.Sj ;< ;<36 ?64.Oa. ;;;-2.

Oa. L-00.

06. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr Q@@ sjbrd, dboirktbd wltj phklg spktuhk, aiugd lg dbtrltus dbpislts, wjloj ebkgs k sboigdkrypkrobh O ;6? pisltlig.

Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11 ka`. ; `bhiw, ;<22s ;2= ;<22o ;3.(06½.) Girtj-bkst Vihdbr Oa. LL-2;.

0; . Girtj-bkst Vihdbr Oa. LL-24.pkrobh V ;4

00. _piihdb Oa. L-;1.

(;3«.) Jkkrhbe-_ojitbrwbc

(;3½.) Qbhsbg

;:. Iistwiud;<. _wlatbr`kgt

@SNl sbtthbebgts kgd pittbry algds

0?. Ouhbeìrc- Twi @S@ sjbrds kgd kg Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb ahlgt krtlakot arie tjb skgdy alhhlgc ia k `rbkm-

Dbg Jbuvbh tjriucj ojkggbh tjriucj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Bxtbgslvb Lrig Kcb sbtth bebgt ,DM_ pittbry ks lsihktbd algds.

KG ;<11 *1;.

Oa. LL-;6.

Oa. Lhh-;;@S@ sbtthbebgt `bsldb k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh tjriucj tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb.

Mrieeb Bhhbìic Lg k sjirt dlstkgob k @@ crkvb wltj tjb rbeklgs ia twi lgdlvldukhs.KG ;<1< *36.

Oa. LLL-;?.

Oa. L-;<.Oa. LL-0.@S@ sjbrd lg criugd, irlclgktlgc arie tjb ?rd pbtrih jkrìur.

Jbh 0 ;<10 ;: (gitb ;4).?; . Jbt Cbbstnb Oa. LLL-?.

04. Jiic @himhkgd02. Ittihkgd

01. Ittihkgd-

03. Eihbgkkrscrkka0:. Jkzbgdigm

0<. Jbmbhlgcbg L

?6. @ithbm



?26 KVVBGDLZ L

?0. Qbbgbgùrc??. Qicbhbgzkgc-

Twbbdb Diidwbc

?4. Qbhsbg-Giirdzbbmkgkkh

?2. _pkg`ribm

?1. Girtj-bkst Vihdbrsbotlig J

?3. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr

pkrobhs N 33/3:

kgd N ;;6/;;;

?:. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr

pkrobh V ;4?<. _piihdb

Oa. LLL-;3 (o).

JQ_ sbtthbebgt ig oikstkh `krrlbr ia Db ^lhm. Igb sjbrd `bkrs @S leprbssligs.

Jbh ? ;<1? 040= Qibtspiir :;-<0= Vkhkbij ;? ;<13 ;?= Chks`brcbg ;<1<.

Algds ia @S@, JQ_, DM_ kgd H@K ir Lrig Kcb pittbry lg strktlaloktlig. @igb krtlakots kgdphiucj ekrms, ìtj @S@ kgd hktbr.

Sj ;: ;<1< ;61= ;< ;<36 ?4-?2, ;6<= 0; ;<30 ;<-00, 3:= Nbhcbrsek bt kh. ;<36 ;?:-;?<._ieb vbry sekhh @S@ sjbrds ig Sbstarlslkg L dbpislts (Okhkls LQ `) kgd oivbrbd `y Dugmlrm6 ( 9) dbpislt s.

KG ;<1< *1?.

@lc @S@ sjbrd, aiugd "lg tjb Rgli ohky ( 5 Okhkls LQ`) gbkr Tihhb`bbm". Dktlgc ia ohky,jiwbvbr, git obrtklg.

Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11 «Ɛ1. ;, ;<22" alc. :.

Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt ig hbvbb ia airebr rlvbr oiursb gbkr tjb Gkcbhbr Sbc. Ahlgt,

kgthbr, @S@ pittbry. _iebwjkt dlstur`bd `y hktbr brislig.Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11 gi. ?.

Oa. LL-24.

Oa. ;-;1.

Ahlgt krriw-jbkds

46. Okdzkgd

4; . Jkkestbdb,

_ojiuwbg

40. Pbstbrbg

4?. Qbojtbg

44. _ojbvbglgcbg

42. Mktwlnm

41. Mktwlnm @lggbg

43. Qbbgbg`lxrc

4:. Hkgcbvbhd,Giird wln mbrji ut

_jirt-tkgcbd krriw-jbkd, aiugd ig tjb `bkoj.

KG ;<10 *;11.I`nbots arie tjb Ihd Dugb Hkgsbkpb, aiugd `y N. K. Ju`rbctsb, giw lg tjb Elddbhùrc Eusbue>k. Twi ahlgt krriw-jbkds, igb hbka sjkpbd, tjb itjbr tkgcbd.

`. @rigzb spbkrjbkd kgd k `rigzb siombtbd krriw-jbkd. Git dktbd.

o. Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sldb-hiipbd plg.Sj 3 ;<2: ;4-;:= Vkhkbij 2 ;<21 3?-31.

d. Hktb @rigzb Kcb alùhk.Trlepb @urcbr ;<2:, ;<16/1;= Qkg dbr Abbg ;<20 kgd Qkg dbr Abbg lg> @bggbek & Qkg dbrEbbr ;<20.

Jihhiw-`ksbd krriw-jbkd kgd sieb ahlgt ahkmbs, aiugd kt k dbptj ia eirb tjkg ; e.

KG ;<1< *2.Tkgcbd kgd `kr`bd krriw-jbkd, aiugd durlgc tjb bxokvktlig ia tjb Piekg airtrbss.

Sj ? ;<24 12-1:= PEI QA :11.Tkgcbd kgd `kr`bd krriw-jbkd, aiugd lg ;<0? ig tjb 4tj oikstkh `krrlbr.

Sj ? ;<24 12-1:.@rikd-tkgcbd krriw-jbkd aiugd lg ;<2; durlgc skgd dlcclgc lg tjb dugbs.

Sj ? ;<24 12-1:.Krriw-jbkd wltj higc tkgc kgd sjirt `kr`s, aiugd lg ;:24 lg skgd, oigtklglgc sjbhhs.

Vhbytb ;:33-;<6?, @ktkvlk VL. Z ;6= Sj ? ;<24 12-1:.Oa. LLL-;3 (`).Bxtbgslvb skgd dlcclgc ig igb ia tjb yiugcbr oikstkh `krrlbrs wltj algds ia dlaabrbgt pbrlids,irlclgkhhy pkrthy lg strktlalbd dbpislts>

k. _ñcbh typb krriw-jbkd.Sj : ;<2< 02-0<= Jbh ? ;<1? 044.

`. @igb ektbrlkh, Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb 9Vkhkbij ;? ;<13 ;?.

o. Vbrairktbd kgthbr kxb.Sj : ;<2< ?1-?3.

d. Ahlgt slimhb `hkdb (arkcebgt).Sj 3 ;<2: 30-3?.



ALGD_ SB_TBPG GBTJBPHKGD_ ?2;

b. DM_, "Jiicmkrspbh", kgd Lrig Kcb pittbry.

Sj : ;<2< 02-0<, 32-3<= Sj ;2 ;<11 ?6-4<, oa. SAI ;; ;<11 0;4 (gitb ;:).4<. _ojkhmwlnm, Tkgcbd kgd `kr`bd krriw-jbkd. JQ_ Ouhturb.

Jbbestbdb Sj ;2 ;<11 ;;1.

26. Kgdlnm Tkgcbd krriw-jbkd.

Qkg Claabg ;<44 ;:: (gitb) = Sj ? ;<24 12-1:.2; . Ebdbe`hlm _ñcbh typb krriw-jbkd, aiugd lg tjb gblcjìurjiid ia E@K sbtthbebgt.

KG ;<1: *;?:.20. ^wkkcdlnm _ñcbh typ b krriw-jbkd, surakob algd.

KG ;<36 *44.

Qkrlius krtlakots

2?. @lbsjbuvbh

(24.) dlspisbd

22. Qiirjiut

(@d.) @b ^lhm23. Hlssb

2:. Qbbgogùrc2<. Qicbhbgzkgc(2<k.) Jbbestbdb

16. Kgdlnm

1; . Ippbrdibs

10. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr

pkrobh E ;?;/;?0

Hktb Gbihltjlo (@bhh @bkmbr'tst rbke rldcb.KG ;<13 *;;?.

ahlgt krtlakots kgd DM_ pittbry ig tjb @k`yhiglíg`ribm

Ahlgt dkccbr ia Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb typb.@PI@ ;: ;<1: (gi. hk ;1).

Oa. LQ-40 (k).Srlst cukrd.

Oihhbotlig LVV, Kestbrdke.

Oa. LLL-;3 (o).Oa. LL-?; (`).Ivkh ahlgt mglab, wirmbd kt twi sldbs lg k supbralolkh rbtiuojb. Aiugd lg ;<3; lg criugd ia ksekhh jkrìur kt tjb bkst shipb ia tjb oikstkh `krrlbr.Dktk ia tjb kutjir.

Ahlgt dkccbr ia Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb typb (9).@PI@ ;: ;<1: ;6; (gi. ^h).Ahlgt dkccbr ia Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb typb (9).

@PI@ ;: ;<1: ;64 (gi. ^ ;4).Ahlgt dkccbr ticbtjbr wltj sieb ahlgt ahkmbs ig k Vhblstiobgb iutorip.

Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11 (gi. ;)= @PI@ ;: ;<1: 3: (gi. LL ;6).

LQ — @PIG^B KCB, SLTJ TJB BZOBVTLIG IV TJB @S@ ORHTRPB. ;166-366 @.O.

Alc. :

J Q_ sbtthbebgts kgd pittbry algds

;. Jbt Cbbstnb Oa. LLL-?.

0. Mlnmdulg, _trktlalbd ioourrbgob ia sieb JQ_ sjbrds `bhiw dbpislts wltj Lrig Kcb rbeklgs ig oikstkhTjb Jkcub `krrlbr.

Sj 2 ;<21 ;6-;0= Jbh ; ;<1; ;4;-;41= Qibtspiir :;-<0.?. Qbbgbgùrc Oa. ;;;-;3 (d).

4. Qicbhbgzkgc Oa. ;;;-??.

(4½) Qbhsbg Oa. ;;;-;3½.2. Qbhsbg Oa. LLL-?4.

E@K sbtthbebgts kgd pittbry algds

2½. Bwlnm

1. Didbwkkrd

Twi E@K sbtthbebgts ig ohky oivbrbd wltj gkturkh hbvbb dbpislts, kt k dbptj ia 26-16 oe.KG ;<36 ½<6-<;> ;<3; *0.

Oa. LLL-1.



?20 KVVBGDLZ L

3. Ipjbusdbg

:. Mbstbrbg

<. Ekurlm

;6. îbhbg

;;. Eb tbrbg

;0. Ouhbeìrc

;?. ^lndbrvbhd;4. Ivbrìbloip

;2. Ekrlkjibvb,Jbl- bg @ibloip

;1. Jbl- bg @ibloip

;3. _ojiigrbwibrdDigm

;:. Jicb Sibrd-Cbgdbrbg, Slnmbg Kkhùrc

;<. @lbsjbuvbh06. Giirdbhiis

0; . Ittihkgd00. Eihbgkkrscrkka0?. @bgsojip

04. Mlnmdulg,Tjb Jkcub

02. Hkgcbvbhd01. Qicbhbgzkgc

03. Jkkrhbe

0:. Qbhsbg

0<. _ojiirh

?6. Ebdbe`hlm

?; . Jiicmkrspbh

?0. ^wkkcdlnm,Sbvbrsjiia

E@K pittbry ig kg ihd surakob kt k dbptj ia 16-36 oe.

KG ;<16 ½013.

E@K pittbry ig kg ihd surakob `bhiw k Piekg sbtthbebgt (ulibrd).

K sboigd sltb wltj E@K pittbry kt k dbptj ia 32 oe.

Eiddbrekg ;<22; ?;-?0= KG ;<3; ½?1.

E@K iooupktlig hbvbh kt k dbptj ia 26-22 oe.KG ;<13 *;60.E@K pittbry kgd hktbr algds (Hk Têgb chkss krerlgc arkcebgts, Piekg pittb ry) ig tjb sltbIp db @bhdbrt.

KG ;<1< *;00.

_ieb E@K sjbrds aiugd ig tjb Piekg sbtthbebgt sltb lg tjb obgtrb ia tjb vlhhkcb.Dktk `y tjb kutjir.

Oa. LLL-0?.Oa. L-;:.DM_ kgd Lrig Kcb pittbry algds (sbtthbebgt) ig tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb, `bsldb tjb airebr

ojkggbh.Dktk `y tjb kutjir.

DM_ sbtthbebgt ig tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb.

Dktk `y tjb kutjir.DM_ sbtthbebgt ig tjb ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb `bsldb twi airebr strbke-ojkggbhs.

KG ;<14 *?;6.Oa. ;-;;.

DM_ sbtthbebgt `bsldb k sekhh cuhhy ig tjb @k`yhiglíg`ribm strbke rldcb.

KG ;<13 *;6?.

Oa. LLL-2?.DM_, H@K kgd Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgt(s) ig k jlcj pilgt ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb.Dktk `y tjb kutjir.Oa. LLL-;;.

Oa. ;;;-;?.

E@K iooupktlig ig tjb @himhkgd strbke rldcb `bsldb k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh.

Dktk `y tjb kutjir.DM_ pittbry ig oikstkh `krrlbr.Sj 2 ;<21 ;6-;0, ;:-0?, ?4-?<= Sj ;6 ;<1; 3?-31.Oa. LLL-4: (b).Oa. LL-?; (c).

DM_ sjbrds (9), ahlgt, Lrig Kcb pittbry kgd lrig shkc lg k ùlhdlgc plt kt tjb Nkgsstrkkt.Sj ;; ;<10 ;0;-;00= Jbh 4 ;44 (gi. 23).Oa. LLL-?4.

_tigb-crlttbd, pri`k`hy E@K-H@K pittbry ig "phbm LL".

Sj 1 ;<23 0-2= Sj ;? ;<14 40-41, 1<-34, ;4<-;26= pbrs. oiee. Er K. _ojbrebr, _ojiirh.E@K sbtthbebgt wltj jiusb phkgs, phiucj ekrms kgd k `krriw.KG ;<1: *33 kgd *;?3, ;<36 *4.Bxtbgslvb sbtthbebgt krbk wltj jiusb phkgs, phiucj ekrms kgd `krriws. E@K ugtlh tjb `bclg

glgc ia tjb Lrig Kcb.SAI < ;<11 ;1:-004= SAI ;6 ;<13 060-001= SAI ;; ;<1: ;<?-;<<= Qibtspiir ;6?-;6<._btthbebgt, `krriws kgd ahkt crkvbs, E@K.

Qkg Claabg ;<44= SAI ;<1; 20-<1= Qibtspiir <:-;60 (`krriws)= SAI 3 ;<14 062-02:= @PI@;4 ;<14 03-?2= @khkbij ;? ;<13 ;4-;2 (sbtthbebgt kgd ahkt crkvbs).





?2 4 KVVBGDLZ L

24. Qiirjiut

22. Giirdwlnmbr-jiut

21. Db^lhm

23. Qbbgbgùrc2:. Jblhi

2<. Slbrlgcbrebbr-

pkrobh J 0;16. Ekrmbg

1; . Girtj-bkst Vihdbr

pkrobh A ;(<

Jikrd, oigslstlgc ia ;3 pkhstkvbs, k jlcj-ahkgcbd kxb kgd k huccbd ojlsbh.

IEH IP 0 ;<6: 42-41= IEH ;6 ;<0< ;3= @uthbr ;<2< ;?;-;?4= Vkhkbij < ;<1? 20.

Vlg wltj dlso jbkd arie tjb skgdplt Cuhdbgeigd.Jbh ? ;<1? 044 (j) ]G.@. j) kgd c) krb lgtbrojkgcbd ig tjb ekpU.

(Ɛ. L Q-40 (o).

Oa. LLL-;3 (b).Jikrd, oigslstlgc ia igb `rigzb kgd aiur ahlgt slomhb `hkdbs, aiugd ig tjb oikstkh `krrlbr _R

ia Jblhi. Dktlgc ugobrtklg.

IEH 4? ;<10 ;63-;;2.Vkhstkvb.

Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22½ 00= SAI 2 ;<10 ;<0.

_pbkrjbkd, pri`k`hy E@K, drbdcbd up ;0 me. bkst ia tjb lshkgd Ekrmbg.

Eiddbrekg ;<42 ;<= Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22½ 00.Vkhstkvb, aiugd gbkr tjb vlhhkcb @kgt.

Vbrs. oiee. Er C. D. vkg dbr Jbldb, _ojimhkgd.

@rigzbs, Hktb @rigzb Kcb.

10. Blst

1?. Blst

14. Blst

12. @beeoh

11. Jbrvbhd

13. Ipjbusdbg

13½. Dlbadlnm

(13`.) Jkrlgcvhlbt

1:. Eigstbr

1<. Tjb Jkcub

36. Tjb Jkcub

3; . _ojbvbglgcbg

30. Qiirsojitbg

(30½.) Mktwlnm

3?. Giirdwlnmbrjiut

34. Gbhsig

Hktb @rigzb Kcb plg (Jk K0), aiugd kt tjb bxokvktlig ia (hlb Piekg tbephbs ugdbr tjb ojuroj.@ickbrs ;<22 40 kgd VL. ?:.4.

_iombtbd kxb, aiugd lg ;<4< lg dlcclgc kt tjb `kgms ia tjb rlvbr Hlgcb kt k dbptj ia ;.46 e.

@ickbrs ;<22 40.Eld-wlgcbd kxb.

Eus. Krgjbe @J ;0?= Vbrs. oiee. Dr N. N. @uthbr, Criglgcbg._iombtbd kxb ia tjb Jugzb/Bbes `rigzb lgdustry, ugdboirktod.

GDQ 3< ;<1; ;<<-0??. Eus. Krgjbe CK_ ?2._iombtbd kxb ia tjb Jugzb/Bbes `rigzb lgdustry kgd ahlgt slomhb `hkdb.Vhbytb ;:33-;<6?, @ktkvlk VL Q= Sj 1 ;<23 ?0= GDQ 3< ;<1; ;<<-0??.Kt hbkst twi Jk K `rigzbs (rkzir kgd plg), aiugd lg ;<;; lg dlcclgc ohky, ticbtjbr wltj Piekgoilgs kgd twi Ebrivlgclkg pits.

@PI@ ;0/;? ;<10/'1? ;:3-;<;.

_iombtbd kxb ia tjb Jugzb/Bbes `rigzb lgdustry, skld ti `b aiugd durlgc criugd wirm gbkr

tjb Dlbadlnm, wbst ia Cbhdbrekhsbg. Algd-olrouestkgobs git vbry rbhlk`hb.PEI b ;<?3/3.;.

_pbkrjbkd, aiugd lg ;<30 durlgc oigstruotlig wirms.Vbg. oiee. Er J. _kraktln, Kebrsaiirt._iombtbd kxb. wkttbg) lepirt, aiugd gbkr tjb wktbrtiwbr.

Sj ? ;<24 <;= Vkhkbij < ;<1? :<= Sj ;? ;<14 4.

_iombtbd kxb wltj hkppbg-dboirktlig.Sj ;? ;<14 2

_iombtbd kxb wltj hkppbg-dboiTb.tlig.

Sj. ;? ;<14 2._iombtbd kxb, aiugd lg ;::4 wjbg k ojkggbh wks duc, "hylgc ugdbr k pbkt hkybr".Sj _ ;<16 ;;6._iombtbd mglab, aiugd ig tjb ihdbst oikstkh `krrlbr.

Sj ;? ;<14 2._ekhh spbkrjbkd aiugd lg givbe`br ;<30 ig tjb `bkoj, siutj ia Mktwlnm.

Dktk `y tjb kutjir._ekhh siombtbd kxb ia tjb Jugzb/Bbes `rigzb lgdustry, aiugd gbkr tjb jiusb Drulvbstblg

kt tjb ^lhm.

PEI j ;<21/1.;._iombtbd kxb ia tjb Jugzb/Bbes `rigzb lgdustry, drbdcbd up.Dktk ia' tjb kutjir.



Hbbgaireuhlbr @l`hlitjbbm Krojbihiclsoj Obgtrue Hbldbg

Cbhbbgd kkg> db jbbr/ebvriuw XL XXH4L£7£H—-K Dktue R.rr...0.~.8 éh$..

wiigphkkts {.[W.d-C*.XxX

H B7 Hh&W[KW tbhbaiiggueebr . . .£7 2W .OW / & { $ . &

Vhkktslgcgueebr [.[[ /..N&..`7-

Kutbur /.C7/+.X.yN1r. Rln[O.lZmk.Cl.Rl.h

Tltbh n[hMnuN.«.ahW...&.g&n9.`Xhi*tdO*. /.O...ud&i..X>Ol. nE0."lZ....

@ln tlndsojrlatbg> dbbhgueebr

nk kr.

Pbtiurdktue ..L.!..!

Jiudt u zloj k.u.`.kkgdb ulthbbgtbrelng!Qbrhbgcbg mkg iim

tbhbaiglsoj>(63;)203 04 ;0





ALGD_ SB_TBMG GBTJBPHKGD_ ?22

32. Dlbebg Eld-wlgcbd kxb, eist pri`k`hy drbdcbd up lg tjb LNssbhebbr gbkr Dlbebg.

KG ;<13 *?1.

VhIEE, git dktbd

31. Bgmjulzbg _pbkrjbkd, aiugd lg tjb pihdbr Criitshkc gbkr tjb Elngdbrshiit.Sj 3 ;<2: 34= SAI 0 ;<2< ;43.

33. Rivbgmkrspbh _pbkrjbkd.

Vbrs. oiee. Dr N. N. @uthbr, Criglgcbg.3:. Qbgjulzbg _pbkrjbkd, aiugd gbkr tjb Mbrmùur t.

Sj ;0 ;<1? ;64.3<. Girtj-bkst Vihdbr _pbkrjbkd, aiugd durlgc tjb dlcclgc-up ia pitktibs, gbkr tjb Gkcohbr wbc.

pkrobh N KG ;<2: *;:?= Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<12/11 066/0;4. X-0-0

Jkeebr kxbs

:6. _t. Ekkrtbgsdlnm

:; . @riuwbrsjkvbg

:0. Piomkgnb

:?. Giirdwln mbrjiut

:4. Qbbgbgùrc

:2. Jlhhbcie

:1. Rltcbbst

(:1k.) Hleeog

_3. _lnhlbmkrspbh

::. Slbrlgcbrebbr

:<. Tbxbh

<6. Bgmjulzbg

<; . Girtj-bkst VihdbrRrm

<0. Girtj-bkst VihdbrRrm

<?. Girtj-bkst h'ihdbrDb Qiirst

Jkeebr kxb.

Jbh 4 ;<14 1: (gi. 36).Jkeebr kxb, "hydltb-hlmb "stigb.KG ;<10 *;1?.Jkeebr kxb, ekdb ia ck``ri, irlclgktlgc arie tjb _trlnpsb Dlnm kgd tjbrb lg sboigdkrypisltlig.Sj ;6 ;<1; 22-2<.Tip arkcebgt ia k jkeebr kxb (typb Eugtbgdke 9), ig oikstkh `krrlbr gbkr Pulcbgjibm.Sj ;? ;<14 ;16-;1;.

Oa. L;L-;3 (c).Jkeebr kxb, ekdb ia "jirg`hbgd-dlirltb", aiugd lg ;<;6.Sj 4 ;<22 ;0-;4.

Jkeebr kxb.IEH ;6 ;<0< ;1.Arkcebgt ia pbrairktbd stigb kxb.Oirdaugmb ;<1<.Jkeebr kxb, typb Eugtbgdke.SAI ? ;<16 ;0<-;?0= Jbh ; ;<1; ;?0-;?4.Jkeebr kxb, typb Eugtbgdke, bxkot algdspit ugmgiwg.Sj 2 ;<21 1 (gi. ;;)= SAI 2 ;<10 ;<6.Arkcebgt ia pbrairktbd kxb, aiugd ig k Vhblstiobgb iutorip gkebd Db Jiicb @brc.KG ;<14 *??;.Jkeebr kxb, aiugd lg sboigdkry pisltlig, 466 e. wbst ia Cbhdbrsb Jibm, girtj ia Bgmjulzbg.KG ;<36 *42.Jkha-alglsjbd, `lc jkee br kxb, aiugd girtj ia tjb airebr lshkgd Rrm.Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22s ;4.

Arkcebgt (outtlgc-bdcb) ia k jkeebr kxb, aiugd girtj ia tjb airebr lshkgd Rrm.Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22½ ;4, ;<22o ;2.

Jkeebr kxb, typb Eugtbgdke.Qkg dbr Jbldb ;<22k ;2, ;<22¶ ;4.

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KVVBGDLZ LLL

HL_T IA VPBJL_TIPLO KGD PIEKG _LTB_ KGD ALGD_ LG TJB

PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK, EKVVBD LG ALC. ;:

Lg tjb aihhiwlgc hlst khh sltbs krb `rlbahy dbsorl`bd ugdbr tjb aihhiwlgc jbkdlgcs>

k> euglolpkhlty kgd gkeb`> pjyslicrkpjlo sltuktlig

o> algds`> algd olrouestkgobsb> hltbrkturb

Tjb hlst oigtklgs khh sltbs kgd algds ia tjb Piekg Kcb kgd bkrhlbr. Tjb i`sbrvktligs kgddktk ia tjb kutjir krb supphbebgtbd `y diouebgtktlig ia _tlìmk, PI@ kgd PEI kgd `ysieb dktk ia tjb Euglolpkh Eusbue kt Krgjbe, tjb @KL kgd tjb Piykh Oilg Ok`lgbt lg TjbJkcub. Ks wlhh `b sbbg eist sltbs krb dlsoivbrbd durlgc silh survbys kgd `y KSG ebe`brs,tjkt ls `y tjb wirm-criup Hbm bg Ebrwbstrbbm, hbkd `y Er. J. K. db Mim arie Jkrd lgxvbhd.

Sjbg tjb gue`br ia k sltb ls clvbg lg `rkombts, tjls ebkgs tjkt tjb sltb ls git lgdloktbd igtjb ekp, `bokusb ia tjb ugrbhlk`hb algd rbpirt ir `bokusb lt wks lgsbrtbd lg tjb hlst katbr ohislgcia tjls pkrt ia tjb ekgusorlpt.

Tjb algds krb, wltj k abw bxobptligs, lg tjb PEI, Hbldbg.

KH@HK__@PSKK@D

; k Kh`hkssbrdke—_iuùrc

` Gktu rkh hbvbb ia tjb Kh hks strbke.o Keigc gu ebriu s sjbrds ia ebdlkbvkh pit tbr y (;;tj - ;4tj obgt.) igb sekhh Piekg sjbrd (crby vkrglsjbd wkrb).

d _ltb ia k airebr oksthb. Crksshkgd. Oihhbotbd `y KSG-ebe`brs k` iut ;<11.

(hk) k Kh`hkssbrdke—_iuùrc

` Gktu rkh hbvbb ia tjb Kh`hks strbke.

o _lx riekg oilgs oivbrlgc tjb pbrlid arie tjb `lr tj ia Ojrlst tlhh kìut 036 K.D. (Cbrekglous, Ohkudlus,Jkdrlkg, Cirdlkg, Ohkudlus Citjlous, Ckhhlbgus).

d Kooirdlgc ti k gitb lg tjb @KL krojlvbs tjb oilgs wbrb pkrt ia tjb oihhbotlig ia Er C. vkg dbr Hbb arieIudbwktbr. Tjby wbrb skld ti jkvb `bbg aiugd kt tjls sltb lg ;<?:. Sb iwb tjls lgairektlig ti Er C. N. vkg

dbg @bbet. Tjb algd ls oigsldbrbd `y us ks ugrbhlk`hb.

0 k Iud Kh`hks— Giirdzlndb

` Gktu rkh hbvbb ia tjb Kh`hks strbke.o Igb sekhh Piek g sjbrd (crby vkrglsjbd wkrb) keigc sjbrds ia ebdlkbvbh pitt bry (hht j-; 4tj obgt.).d Krk`hb hkgd `bsldb k akre. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet , Kh`hkssbrdke.





ALGD_ PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK ?1 ?

k Iud Kh`hks—sltb 3

` Kh`hkssbrdke orbbm rldcb.s Piekg sbtthbebgt sltb.d Dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<24 (ighy twi sjbrds , giw hist). Algds oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob (krk`hb

hkgd) `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet ;<3;.

k Iud Kh`hks— ûldzlndb

` Kh`hkssbrdke orbbm rldcb.o sjbrds ia Piekg kgd ebdlkbvkh (;0tj-;2tj. obgt.) pitt bry .d Aiugd lg criugd, bxokvktbd arie tjls pkrobh kgd usbd kt rikd oigstruotlig wirms kt sieb dlstkgob. Dlsoivbrbd

durlgc tjb silh survby ;<24. Giw crksshkgd. Gi algds ekdb durlgc albhd oigtrih `y tjb kutjir ;<1:. K sekhhugdlsturòd pkrt ia tjls sbtthbebgt jks `bbg dlsoivbrbd kt tjb siutjbrg ekrclg ia tjb pkrobh `y Er C. vkgdbg @bbet, Kh`hkssbrdke, ;<3;.

k Iud Kh`hks

` hhlW'hl pkrobh ia hkgd.o @lc `rigzb oilg (sbstbrtlus 9) ia Trknkg.d Aiugd lg ;:4? `y k akrebr.b Nkgssbg ;:41, ?<6

k Vkpbgdrbojt

` Lg tjb ìdy ia tjb eidbrg dlmb.o Piekg oilg, kg ks ia Qbspkslkg.d Aiugd durlgc oigstruotlig wirms, ;<14.

k Vkpbgdrbojt

` Vkpbgdrbojt orbbm rldcb.b Piekg oilg, k sbstbrtlus ia Oieeidus.d Aiugd `y Er V. vkg dbr _huls, Vkpbgdrbojt, ;<11.

k Vkpbgdrbojt — @btjhbjbe ojuroj

` Vkpbgdrbojt orbbm rldcb.o Twi sekhh Piekg sjbrds keigc guebrius sjbrds ia ebdlkbvkh pittbry (hhtj-;0t j obgt.).d _ltb dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<24. Piekg algds ekdb `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet, Kh`hkssbrdke, ;<11.

k Vkpbgdrbojt

` @kgm ia tjb Ebrwbdb rlvbr.o Piekg oilg, k dbgkrlus ia [ulgtus Ebtbhhus.d Aiugd `y Er O. vkg dbr Bsoj, Vkpbgdrbojt, ;<12.

k Vkpbgdrbojt

` @kgm ia tjb Ebrwbdb rlvbr.o K rle sjbrd ia k Piekg p it.d Aiugd `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet, Kh`hkssbrdke, kìut ;<36.

k Vkpbgdrbojt

` _ekhh orbbm `bhigclgc ti tjb Vkpbgdrbojt orbbm rldcb.b K Piekg sjbrd.

d Aiugd `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet, Kh`hkssbrdke, ;<1:.k Vkpbgdrbojt —_wleelgc-piih

` Vkpbgdrbojt orbbm rldcb, `bhiw k o. 16 oe. ohky oivbr.b Piekg sbtthbebgt ylbhdlgc guebrius algds (0gd jkha hst-0gd obgt.). Ebdlkbvkh plts (h htj -;4tj obgt.) jkd

`bbg duc arie k jlcjbr hbvbh, vbry pri`k`hy jkha-wky tjb ohky oivbr.d Aiugd `y KSG-ebe`brs durlgc rikd oigstruotlig wirms kgd tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb swleelgc-piih ;<13-

]61:.



?14 KVVBGDLZ LLL

0; k Iud Kh`hks

` Vkpbgdr bojt orbbm rldcb.o _ieb Piekg sjbrds.d Aiugd kt tjb surakob (krk`hb hkgd) `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet, Kh`hkssb rdke, ;<13.

00 k @hbsmbgscrkka —Vrivlgolkh rikd

` _ekhh orbbm `bhigclgc ti tjb Kh`hkssbrdke-Vkpbgdrbojt syst be, `bhiw k ?6-16 oe. ohky oivbr.o Piekg sbtthbebg t ylbhdlgc k eidbrktb gue`br ia algds (?rd obgt.).d Crksshkgd. Algds oihhbotbd arie k gbwhy duc dltoj `y Er C. vkg dbg @bbet, Kh`hkssbrdke, ;<1<.

0? k @hbsmbgscrkka

` _ekhh orbbm `bhigclgc ti tjb Kh`hkssbrdke-Vkpbgdrbojt systbe, `bhiw k ?6-16 oe. ohky oivbr.o _ekhh ahlgt ahkmb.d Crksshkgd. Arie k dbptj ia 16 oe., lg k ìrlgc ekdb `y Er E. N. db Jkkg, @hbsmbgscrkka, kìu t ;<1:.

04 k Eihbgkkrscrkka — Jkzbgdigm

` Lsihktbd digm. Tip git oivbrbd wltj ohky.o "Jkzbgdigm- ", Qhkkrdlgcbg- kgd @bkmbr pit tbry. Vihhbg dlkcrke sjiwlgc juekg iooupktlig kìut 4;66( 9),

?466, ?666, 0266/0?66 kgd ;366 @.O.d Crksshkgd. Dlsoivbrbd (tbst plts) `y KSG-eoe`brs ;<1?. Tbst bxokvktlig `y tjb kutjir ;<13.

b Tjls pkpbr pkrt LLL .04k k Eihbgkkrscrkka

` _ojiigrbwibrd strke rldcb, `bhiw k o. 46 oe. ohky oivbr.o K pkrt hy dlstur`bd crkvb plt, wjloj oigtklgbd tjb rbeklgs ia k dlskrtlouhktbd smbhbtig. K abw `bkmbr-hlmb

sjbrds kgd ahlgt ahkmbs lg tjb surriugdlgcs.d Dlsoivbrbd `y Er _. Miils trk arie Eihbgkkrscrkka lg tjb sldb ia k gbwhy duc dltoj, ìrdbrlgc tjb rb-khhit-

ebgt rikd, ;<30.

02 k Eihbgkkrscrkka — pkrobh Er K. H. Mirbvkkr

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, `bhiw k o. 46 oe. ohky oivbr.o K abw `bkmbr-hlmb sjbrds, sieb ahlgt ahkmbs kgd k sorkpbr.d Crksshkgd. Arie twi tbst plts `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<11. _ltb dlstur`bd `y bxtbgslvb skgd dlcclgc.

01 k Eihbgkkrscrkka —ckrbbh Er K. @iig

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb . Kt tjb `kgm ia k `rbkm -tjriucj ojkggbh, `bhiw k ?6-46 oe. ohky oivbr.o Q@@/ @S@ sbtthbebgt kgd crkvbs= sieb E@K algds (" O dktbs kìut ;:?6-;1:6, ;466 @.O.).d Crksshkgd. Dlsoivbrbd (tbst plts) `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<11. Bxokvkt lig `y tjb kutjir ;<11-;<13.b Tjls pkpbr pkrt LQ.

03 k Eihbgkkrscrkka — pkrobh Er N. K. @kkg

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, `bhiw k 46 oe. ohky oivbr.o _jbrds ia diebstlo pitt bry ia tjb Q@@/@S@ pbrlid,= sieb ahlgt.d Arie tjrbb tbst plts `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<13.b Tjls pkpbr alc. 2<. Ig tjb ekps oie`lgbd wltj Gi. 0:.

0: k Eihbgkkrscrkka

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, `bhiw k 46 oe. ohky oivbr. Crksshkgd.o/d— _jbrds ia DM_ kgd H@K pittbry, k rbtiuojbd ahlgt ahkmb. Arie k sjkhhiw skgd plt, durlgc tjb silh survby

;<24.

— Tjb crlp ia k ahlgt dkccbr, sieb sjbrds, igb ia tjbe wltj k @S leprbsslig, sieb ahlgt. Arie k tbst plt `yKSG-ebe`brs ;<14.

b Tjls pkpbr alc. 2<. Ig tjb ekps oie`lgbd wltj Gi. 03.

0< k Ithihkgd — Db Vut, sltb ?

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, `bhiw k ohky oivbr.o Alvb sjbrds, igb dboirktbd `y ojkggbhlgc, pri`k`hy `bkmbr pitt bry.d Crksshkgd. Arie k tbst plt `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<14.





KVVBGDLZ LLL

46 k Ittihkgd

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, bhiw k ohky oivbr.

o _ieb sjbrds, bkmbr pittbry 9

d Aiugd `y KSG-ebe brs kgd tjb kutjir durlgc tjb survby ia k gbwhy duc dltoj, ìrdbrlgc tjb gbw rb-khhit

ebgt rikd ;<6<.

4; k Ittihkgd—Iistblgd, Gi. 0

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

o _jbrds ia E@K pittbry, plbobs ia hike, sieb ahlgt. Pbeklgs ia k pri`k`hy rbobgt ix ( 9) smbhbtig kt k dbptj

ia 26 oe.

d Arie twi tbst plts `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<1:.

40 k Ittihkgd —Iistblgd, Gi. ;

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Qbry jlcj bhbvktlig, `bhiw k 06-?6 oe. ohky oivbr.

o _btthbebgt sltb, dktbd `y sjbrds ia @@, @S@, DM_ kgd H@K pittbry. _mbhbtig ia k diebstloktbd plc (@@/

@S@ pjksb). Twi "O dktbs> kìut ;366 kgd :26 @.O.

d Dlsoivbrbd `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<12. Bxokvktlig `y tjb kutjir ;<1<.

b KG ;<1<, *36-3;.

4? k Ciudrlkkg—_eiutnbsvhlbt


o _ieb `bkmbr-hlmb sjbrds, DM_ pittbry, sieb ahlgt.

d Crksshkgd. Arie twi tbst plts `y KGS-ebe`brs ;<1: kgd tjb survby ia k gbwhy duc dltoj ;<36.

44 k Ciudrlkkg

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, `bhiw k 46 oe. ohky oivbr.

o "Kgolbgt sbtthbebgt silh" wltj ojkroikh.

d Crksshkgd. Pbpirtbd `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<1:.

42 k Ciudrlkkg


o _ieb plbobs ia hike.

d Aiugd `y KSG-ebe`brs kgd tjb kutjir durlgc tjb survby ia tjb duc-iut strbotoj ia k gbw rb-khhitebgt

rikd ;<1<.

41 k Ciudrlkkg


o K trlkgcuhkr ahlgt krtlakot (oa. alc. <2 p) kgd sieb plbobs ia hike,

d Aiugd `y KSG-ebe`brs kgd tjb kutjir durlgc tjb survby ia tjb duc-iut strbtoj ia k gbw rb-khhitebgt rikd

;<1<.

43 k Ciudrlkkg


o _ieb plbobs ia hike.

d Crksshkgd. Arie k tbst plt `y KSG-ebe`brs kgd tjb kutjir ;<1:.

4: k Ciudrlkkg

L) _ojiigrbwibrd strbk e rldcb, `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

o Igb sjbrd tbepbrbd wltj qukrtz crl t= igb ahlgt ahkmb. Algds git prbsbrvbd.

d Arie k tbst plt `y KSTG-ebe`brs kgd tjb kutjir ;<1:.

4< k Ciudrlkkg— Glbuw Ciudrlkkg


b Ekgy sjbrds ia DM_ kgd (pri`k hy) H@K pit tbry= sieb ahlgt ahkmbs.

d Crksshkgd. Arie vkrlius tbst plts `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<1?, ;<14, ;<1: kgd durlgc tjb survby ia k strbtoj

ia k gbw rb-khhitebgt rikd ;<1<, ;<36,



ALGD_ PLQBP OHK\/ SIID VBKT KPBK ?1 3

26 k Ciulhrlegl

` _ojiig rbwib rd strbk e rldcb, `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

o _ieb sjbrds, igb dboirktbd wlt j criivbs, pri`k `hy `bkmbr pit tb ry = igb ahlgt a hkmb.

d Crksshkgd . Arie k tbst plt `y KSG -eb e`b rs ;<1: kgd durlg c tjb survby ia k strb toj ia k gbw rb- khhite bgt

rikd ;<1<.

2; k Iiulhllllgll

` _ojiig rbwi brd strb ke rldcb, `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

o Twl7 sjbrd s tbe pbr bd wltj quk rt z crlt , twi ahlgt ahk mbs.

d Ai ugd `y KS G- ebe `br s ;<1?-;<1: kgd `y Er J. @hlbmbg dkkh , Eihbgkkrs crkka, ;<13 lg k sekhh s kgdp lt.

20 k Giirdbhiis—tbrrklg Er M. Piizbgdkkh

` _ojiigr bwibrd s trb ke rldcb. Q'bry jlcj bhbvkt lig, `bhiw k 06-?6 oe. ohky oivbr.

o Ekgy sjbrds ia DM _ kgd H@K pi tt br y= sieb dbhl`brktbhy riucjb gbd sjbrds (Lrig Kcb !). _lx ahlgt ahkmbs,

igb sorkpbr, igb slomhb arkcebgt. Vri`k`hy khsi sieb `bkmbr sjbrds, igb sjiwlgc @S-leprbssligs.

d Krk`hb hkgd. Dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survb y ;<24. Algds oihhbotbd `y KSG-e be` brs kgd tjb kut jir

arie tjb surakob kgd k tbst plt ;<13-;<1<.

2? k Giirdbhiis

` _ojiig rbwib rd strbk e rldcb, `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

b _ie b sekhh plbobs ia hike.d Tbs t plt `y Er J. K. db Mim , Jkrdl gxv bhd , ;<11.

24 k Giirdbhiis

` _ojiigrbwibrd strb ke rldcb.

o/d Tjrbb sjbrds ia DM _ pittb ry. Ar ie tj b sbotlig ia k gbwhy duc dltoj, durlg c k survb y `y Er J. K. db Mim,

Jkrdl gxvbh d, ;<1:. Durlgc tjb silh survb y ;<24 k abw sltbs wltj "k gol bgt sbt thbeb gt silh" wbrb ekpp bd

lg tjb strbtoj ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, bkst ia tjls sltb.

22 k Ebbrmbrm —Tlbgjivbg pihdbr, gi. ;

` K sekhh jut ohbkrh y vlsl`hb sldb orbbm ia tj b _ojii grbw ibrd st rbk e rldcb , `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

b Eklghy sjbrds ia DM _ pittbry, sieb ugdk tk` hb pittbry , igb ahlgt ahkmb.

d Ari e tjb sbotlig ia k gbwhy out dltoj khigc k gbw rb-khhitebgt rikd, `y KSG- ebe` brs kg d tj b ku tji r

;<1:.

21 k Ebbrmbrm —Tlbgjivbg pihdbr, gi. 0

` K sekhh ùt ohbkrhy vls l hb sldb orbbm ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd str bke rldcb. K rbek rmk` hy jlcj bhbvktli g.

o _jbrds ia DM _ pitt bry, sieb ahlgt.

d Crksshkgd. Ar ie tjb sbotlig ia k gbwhy out dltoj khigc k gbw rb-kh hitebgt ri kd, durlgc k sur vby `y KSG -

ebe`brs kgd tjb kutjir ;<1<.

23 k Glbuw Hbmmbrhkgd —_ojigbgùrcsb Jbuvbh

` Qbry jlcj kgd bxtbgsl vb digm, git oivbrbd wltj ohky. Crksshkgd.

o/d — Ahlgt kXo.

Aiugd lg ;<20 `y tjb akrebr's sig Er C. Tbrhiuw lg k sjkhhiw skgd plt

— @lc huep ia ahlgt.

Aiugd hlv .Er [, vkg dbg @bbet, Kh`hkssbrdke, kìut ;<11.

— Jbkrtj phkobs wltj sieb okholgktbd ahlgt.

Ijsorvbd `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<13 lg k sekhh skgd plt.

— _ltb ia tjb airebr oksthb ia _ojigogùr c. _ieb `rloms kgd ebdl kbvkh pitt bry (;?tj-;4tj obgt.) jkvb `bbgaiugd.

b Tjl s pkp tb Dc. 0<U Sj ;;, ;<10, ? ? = Sj ;4, ;<1?, ;;<-;0? (Gi. ;). Khh ig tjb ahlgt kx b.

2: k @rkllljrlnm LLlh Mbrmjia

` _ekhh digm, oivbrbd wltj ohky.

b Igb sjbrd, tbep brbd wltj `rimbg qukrtz, pissl`hy QH Ouhturb.

d Iroj krd. Ari e k tbs t plt `y Er J. @hl bmbgd kkh, Eihbgkkr scrkka , ;<11.



KVVBGDLZ LLL

2< k Ciudrlkkg— Digm Ciudrlkkg

` Lsihktbd digm.

o QH pit tbr y kgd ahlgt ahkmbs, sieb ia tjbe sjiwlgc pihlsjbd akobts (kxb ahkmbs).d Crksshkgd. Arie k sekhh skgd plt, aiugd `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<1?-;<12.

16 k Jiic @himhkgd — Dbg @bbet, sltb L

` Qbry sekhU digm.

o Hkt b QH pit tbry, sjbrds ia k sekhh `bkmbr dboirktbd wltj leprbssligs ia k `rimbg ìgb ir sekhh stlom, siebahlgt.

d Crksshkgd. Arie kg bxtbgslvb tbst plt `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<1?.b Tjls pkpbr alc. 0;.

1; k Jiic @himhkgd — Glbwvhlbtnb

` _ojklm strbke rldcb, gbkr k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh, `bhiw k ?2-26 oe. ohky oivbr.o @bhh @bkmbr sbtt hbebg t sltb.d Dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<24. K tbs t plt ylbhdbd @bhh @bkmbr pit tbry, giw hist. Arie sieb itjbr

pilgts lg tjb vlolglty "kgolbgt sbtthbebgt silh" wks rbpirtbd `y _tlìmk. Lr. N. vkg dbr Hlgdb pbrsigkhhypilgtbd eb iut tjkt tjls ls tjb sltb wjbrb tjb tbst plt wks duc kgd git igb ia tjb itjbrs, ks wks rbpirtbdprbvliushy.

b Tjls pkpbr alc. 04 kgd p. <: gitb 10.

10 k Jiic @himhkgd — Dbg @bbet, sltb LL

` K digm `bhigclgc ti k criup ia digmbg.

b Igb pit `ksb tbepbrbd wltj qukrt z crlt, QH Ouhturb= tjrbb ahlgt ahkmbs, igb sorkpbr. Khsi ebdlkbvkh pi ttbry(hhtj-;0tj obgt.).

d Crksshkgd. Aiugd lg k skgd plt `y KSG-ebe`brs, ;<1?.

1? k Krmbh

` Kg bxtbgs lvb digm, gbkr tjb bkstbrg bgd.o _ieb sekhh, pri`k`hy DM_ sjbrds.d Aiugd `y KQQZ-ebe brs lg criugd, drbdcbd iut ia k dlto j, ;<10.

14 k Krmbh

` Rgmgiwg.o Piekg oilg, kg ks ia Trknkg.

d Diouebgtkt lig Piykh Dutoj Oilg Ok`lgbt, Tjb Jkcub.

12 k Jiirgkkr

L) Digm.

o _ieb sekhh Piekg sjbrds, igb ia tjb e crby vkrglsjbd wkrb, ekgy sjbrds ia ebdlkbvkh pit tbry (;?tj-;1tjobgt.), igb ahlgt ahkmb.

d Ckrdbgs. Aiugd kt tjb surakob `y Er E. N. db Jkkg, @hbsmbgcrkka, ;<13.

11 k Jiirgkkr

` Digm.

b K sekhh prbjls tirlb sjbrd kgd k ahlgt ahkmb.lh Arie k sekhh plt, oigtklglgc sieb ojkroikh , kt tjb sltb ia k dbeihlsjbd akre, `y Er J. K. db Mim, Jkrdlgx-

vbhd, ;<14.

13 k Giirdbhiis—_hlg cbhkgd Digm

` Digm.o Alvb sekhh sjbrds , igb tbepbrbd wltj qukrt z crlt. Giw hist.d Crksshkgd. Aiugd lg k skgd plt `y Er J. K. db Mim, Jkrdlgxvbhd, ;<1?.

1: k Jiic @himhkgd —Mirt _ojblg-lnh>

j Rgmgiwg.o _ieb Piekg sjbrds, giw hist.d Aiugd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<24. Vbrs. oiee. Lr. N. vkg dbr Hlgdb .



ALGD_ PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK ?1<

1< k Cirlgojbe— Hkgd dbr ^bs Eihbgs

` "Kt k dbptj ia kìut 16 oe., `bhiw tjb ohky oivbr kgd ig tjb pbkt".

o Ekgy sjbrds ia Piekg pittbry, :0 rle kgd `ksb sjbrds prbsbrvbd.

d Aiugd lg ;<4; durlgc tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb aiur-wky rikd. Pbpirtbd `y tjb hktb Er J. vkg Jiicdkhbe.

Oigtrihhbd `y Dr A. O. @ursoj, Hbldbg. Albhd oigtrih `y tjb kutjir kgd KSG-ebe`brs ylbhdbd gi algds kt

khh. Tjb sltb elcjt `b oiephbtbhy dbstriybd ir ùrlbd `bhiw tjb vlkduot.

(1<") k Krmbh—Igdbrwbc

` Gkturkh hbvbb ia tjb rlvbr Hlgcb

o K eidbst gue`br ia sjbrds ia Piekg kgd ebdlkbvkh pittbry (h htj- ;2tj obgt.).

d Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob ;6-?-;<3? `y tjb kutjir kgd k criup ia kektbur krojkbihiclsts. Tjb sltb ls sltuktbd

jkhawky Krmbh kgd Cirlgojbe.

36 k Clbssbgùrc—Vistmkdb

` Rgmgiwg.

o Pieklg oilg, dbgkrlus ia Qbspkslkg.

d Aiugd kt tjb Vistmkdb `y k obrtklg Er K. v. S., kooirdlgc ti k gbwspkpbr ia tjb pbrlid ;::6-;<62, prbsbrvbd

lg tjb PEI.

b Qbrshkcbg Plnmsvbrzkebhlgcbg vkg Cbsojlbdbgls bg Mugst 0; (;::<), 31.

3; k Clbssbgùrc— Duvbhsjbuhtnb` Gkturkh hbvbb ia tjb Clbssbg strbke.

o _ieb Piekg sjbrds, igb ia tjbe tjb rle ia k tbrrk slclhhktk eirtkrlue. Git prbsbrvbd.

d Aiugd lg criugd, drbdcbd iut ia k dltoj, durlgc tjb silh survby ;<24. Vbrs. oiee. Lr. N. vkg dbr Hlgdb= khsi

ebgtligbd lg tjb diouebgtktlig ia tjb PI@.

30 k Jkrdlgxvbhd — @uhdbrstbbc

` Rgmgiwg

o _ieb Piekg sjbrds, giw hist.

d Aiugd kt tjb surakob, durlgc tjb silh survby ;<24.

3? k Jkrdlgxvbhd — @uhdbrstbbc

` Rgmgiwg.

o K Piekg oilg, k sbstbrtlus ia Hlvlk.

d Aiugd `y Er N. O. Oibgrkds ig jls tbrrklg. Pbpirtbd `y tjb hktb Er J. vkg Jiicdkhbe, ;<20 ti PI@ kgd

PEI.

34 k Jkrdlgxvbhd —Clbssbgdkgl

` Gkturkh hbvbb ia tjb Clbssbg strbke.

o K Piekg sjbrd, tbrrk slclhhktk, giw hist.

d Aiugd durlgc t jb silh survby ;<24. Vbrs. oiee. L r. N. vkg dbr Hlgdb.

32 k _hlbdrbojt — Pigdult Vihdbr

` Lg tjb si-okhhbd _hlbdrbojt @lbsìsoj. Vrb-Piekg dbpislts, oivbrbd `y tjlom su`-rbobgt sbdlebgts.

o Guebrius sjbrds ia Piekg pittbry kgd itjbr diebstlo rbausb. Ighy k abw sjbrds ia gktlvb pittbry. (0gd-hst

jkha ia ?rd obgt.).

d Oihhbotbd `y Er O. vkg dbr Bsoj, Vkpbgdrbojt, iut ia drbdcbd-up criugd, dbpisltbd kriugd k gbw jkrìur

ugdbr oigstruotlig. Tjb irlclgkh pisltlig ia tjb algds wks `bhiw k ;.:6-0.46 oe. tjlom ohky hkybr.

b Qkg dbr Bsoj ;<12.

(32k) k Vkpbgdrbojt-Mbtbhjkvbg` Lg tjb rlvbr airbhkgd ia tjb rlvbr Ebrwbdb

o Arkcebgt ia k tjlg-wkhhbd Piekg kepjirk, sjbrd ia k tjlom-wkhhbd Piekg kepjirk, rle-arkcebgt ia k

Vlgcsdira nuc. _ieb ugdktbd `rigzb kgd lrig i`nbots.

d Aiugd lg ;<16 durlgc drbdclgc ipbrktligs durlgc tjb oigstruotlig ia tjb jkrìur Mbtbhjkvbg bkst ia Vkpbg

drbojt kt "Iistblgd". Koqulrbd `y tjb PEI Hbldbg arie tjb Plnmswktbr stkkt (Sktbr Oigtrih kgd Vu`hlo

Sirms Dbpkrtebgt).

b Qbrshkcbg Plnmsvbrzkebhlgcbg vkg Cbsojlbdbgls bg Mugst :?, ;<1;, ;31.





ALGD_ PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK ?3 ;

:4 k Bvbrdlgcbg— ^lndbrvbhd gi. 0

` ^lndbrvbhd strbke rldcb.o "Kgolbgt sb tthbebgt silh" wltj sieb sekhh plbobs ia hike.d Crksshkgd. Pbpirtbd `y Er J. dbg @bstbg, Jbl- bg @ibloip kgd Er C. vkg dbg @bbet, Kh`hkssbrdke,;<12.

Bstk`hlsjbd `y ebkgs ia sieb ìrlgcs.

:2 k _ojiigrbwibrd — Db Skkl

` Dlmb `rikoj dbpislt (?6-26 oe.) ig k tjlg ohky Lkybr ig igb ia tjb `rkgojbs ia tjb _ojiigrbwibrd st rbke rldcb.o _ieb sjbrds ia Lrig Kcb pittbry .d Irojkrd. Arie `bhiw tjb surakob lg k tbs t plt ekdb durlgc tjb silh survby ;<26 (giw hist) kgd arie tjb surakob

oihhbotbd `y Er J. dbg @bstbg, Jbl- bg @ibloip, ;<12.b Eiddbrekg ;<2;, Vigs ;<2;, ;<1;.

:1 k _ojiigrbwibrd —obgtrb

` Krtlalolkhhy rklsbd bhbvktlig ig tjb _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, ig wjloj tjb prbsbgt vlhhkcb ls sltuktbd.i/d — K Piekg oilg ia Gbrvk

Aiugd durlgc dlcclgc wirms ig `bjkha ia tjb wktbr wirms, `btwbbg tjb ojuroj kgd tjb ojurojykrd kìut;<41. Pbpirtbd `y tjb hktb Er J. vkg Jiicdkhbe, Cirlgojbe.

— _ieb sjbrds ia "gktlvb" ir Lrig Kcb pittbry, giw hist.

Kt tjb arlgcbs ia tjb krtlalolkh bhbvktlig. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durlgc tjb silh survby ;<26.b Eiddbrekg ;<2;, Vigs ;<2;, ;<1;.

:3 k Hbbrdke—Ivbrjbloip

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. @rikd kgd jlcj. @bhiw k o. 46 oe. ohky oivbr.o _ieb sjbrds ia Lrig Kcb pittbry .d Irojkrd. Oihhbotbd `y KSG-ebe`brs kgd tjb kutjir durlgc drklgkcb wirms kìut ;<11.

:: k Hbbrdke— Jiicblgd

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb.o _ieb sjbrds ia Lrig Kcb pitt bry . Giw hist.d Oihhbotbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<26.b Vigs ;<2;, ;<1;.

:< k Hbbr`ribm —Mbrmwbc gi. ;

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Qbry jlcj bhbvktlig, git oivbrbd wltj ohky.o _jbrds ia Lrig Kcb pittb ry.d Oihhbotbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<26.b Vigs ;<1;.

<6 k Hbbr`ribm —Mbrmwbc gi. 0

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Qbry jlcj kgd `rikd bhbvktlig. Git oivbrbd wltj ohky.o Igb Lrig Kcb sjbrd.d Irojkrd. Aiugd kt tjb surakob `y Er J. dbg @bstbg, Jbl- bg @ibloip, ;<14.

<; k Hbbr`ribm —Sbvbrwlnm, 't Jiic

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb, `bhiw k o. ?2 oe. ohky oivbr.

b Lrig Kcb sbtthbebgt ylbhdlgc k eidbrktb gue`br ia sjbrds.d Crksshkgd kgd krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie k tbst plt durlgc tjb silh survby ;<26. Giw hist. Arie ìrlgcs,k tbst plt kgd arie tjb surakob `y KSG-ebe`brs kgd tjb kutjir ;<12.

b Eiddbrekg ;<2;, Vigs ;<2;, ;<1;.

<0 k Hbbrdke—_ojiigrbwibrd digm

` Digm, sltuktbd lsihktbd.o _jbrds ia QH, DM_ kgd Lrig Kcb pittbry. _ieb ahlgt, igb pri`k`hb k Ebsihltjlo ir Bkrhy Gbihltjlb trkpbzb.



?30 KVVBGDLZ LLL

d Crksshkgd wltj akrebr's skgd plt s. Oihhbotbd `y KSG-ebe`brs arie tjb skgd plts kgd k sekhh tbst pl t ;<14=`y tj b kutji r durlgc k sekhh tbst bxokvktlig ;<12= `y tjb iwgbr ia tjb hkgd, Er dbg @bstbg, _ojiigrbwibrd,arie tjb skgd plts ;<13.

b Db Mim ;<12.

<? k Hbbrdke—_ojklm

` _ojklm strbke rldcb, sjiwlgc k sekhh, rbhktlvbhy jlcj bhbvk tlig. @bhiw k o. 46 oe. ohky oivbr.o Hktb @rigzb Kcb sbtt hbebg t, ylbhdlgc ekgy sjbrds kgd twi ahlgt slomhb arkcebgts.d Crksshkgd. Brie k tbst plt `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<12.

<4 k Hbbrdke—Rltbrwkkrd

` Plvbr airbhkgd ia tjb Hlgcb rlvbr.o K Piekg nuc, Lst jkha hs t obgt. K.D., kgd sieb sjbrds (giw hist).d _iugd `y Er N. Ahiddbrus, Hbbrdke, durlgc dlcclgc wirms ig `bjkha ia tjb dbpisltlig ia chkss rbausb ia tjb

chkss akotiry, kìut ;<?2.

<2 k Mbdlojbe—Iistbrwlnm

` Gkturk h hbvbb ia tjb Hlgcb rlvbr.o Twi Piekg sjbrds keigc guebrius sjbrds ia ebdlkbvkh pittb ry (hht j-; 4tj obgt.).

d Oihhbotbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<26. Tjb Piekg sjbrds krb pri`k`hy git ig tjblr irlclgkh phkob, ùt wksjbd

ivbr k sjirt dlstkgob arie (k) sltb(s) akrtjbr upstrbke.b Eiddbrekg ;<1;, Vigs ;<2;, ;<1;.

<1 k K rmbh — Plbtvbhd digmbg

` Igb ia k criup ia sekhh digmbg. @bhiw k b. 26 oe. ohky oivbr.o Igb ahlgt ahkmb, ojkroikh.d Crksshkgd. Arie k tbs t plt `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<12 .

HBM BG HLGCB DL_TPLOT

<3 k @bbsd — Koquiy, Mbrmwbc

` Gkturk h hbvbb ia tjb Hlgcb rlvbr.

o K abw sjbrds ia Piekg pit tbry, igb @kdira (Okrihlgclkg) sjbrd.d Krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y tjb kut jir ;<13. Dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<12.

<: k Ouhbeìrc— Dbg Jbuvbh

` _ojiigrbwibrd strbke rldcb. Kg bxtbgslvb kgd jlcj bhbvktlig gbkr k `rbkm-tjriucj ojkggbh. Gi ir ighyk tjlg ohky oivbr. Krk`hb hkgd (irlclgkhhy).

6 Bkrhy—Hk tb hrig Kcb sbtthbebgt ylbhdlgc guebrius algds. _ieb sjbrds ia @S@, DM_ kgd Piekg pi ttbr y.Ebdlkbvkh pittbry (hhtj-;0tj obgt.) kgd silh trkobs.

d Dlsoivbrbd `y KSG-ebe`brs ;<12. Algds lg tjb rbeivbd tipsilh gbkr k skgd drbdclgc plt. Pbsoub bxokvkt ligia tjb ugdlstur`bd pkrt `y tjb kutjir ;<11.

b KG ;<11, *1;-10.

<< k Ouhbeìrc— Db @ih

` Plvbr airbhkgd ia tjb Hbm rlvbr.o Twi kgthbr kxbs. Igb tjb `ksb ia kg kgthbr kgd pbrairktbd pkrk hhbh ti tjb out tlgc bdcb. Tjb itjbr jks lts outtl gc

bdcb ekdb arie tjb eklg `bke, tjb byb-tleb usbd ks tjb jkgdhb.lh Aiugd `y Er C. K`bhs, Rtr bojt , kt kg bxtbgslig phkg ia tjb olty ia Rtrbojt lg skgd dbrlvbd arie tjls spit.

;66 k Ouhbeìrc— Db Jigd pihdbr

` —o K Piekg nuc.d Krk`hb hkgd. Aiugd durlgc dlcclgcs ig `bjkha ia tjb wktb r wirms kt k dbptj ia kìut ; e. kìut ;<2;.



ALGD_ PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK ?3?

;6; k 8 'llhgghlign

` Jlcj tbrrklg ig k gkt ur kh hbvbb `bhiw k bhky oivbr.

b _jordx ia ØM _ pit tbr y.

d Ar ie k prbjlsti rlb plt kg d k dkr m hbvbh, • airebr suarkob. Aiu gd dur lgc tjb wirm ig `bjkha ia tj b bxtbg slig

ia Ouhbeìrc `y Er K. Eihbgkkr, Ouhbeìrc, ;<3;.

;60/ k Ouhbeìrc

;6? ` Jlcj tbrrklg ig k gkt urk h hbvbb `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

b _jbrds ia Lrig Kcb pit tbr y.

d Ar ie k dk rm hbvbh, at airebr surakob. Ai ug d durl gc tjb wirm ig `bjkh a ia tj b bxtbgsl ig ia Ouhbe ìrc `y Er

K. Eihbgkkr, Ouhbeìrc, ;<3;.

;64 k Ouhbeìrc

` Jlcj tbrrk lg ig k gkt ur kh hbvbb `bhiw k ohky oivbr.

o _jbrds ia (prbdie lgkgthy ) Pi ekg kgd sieb gktl vb pittb ry.

d Ari e k ohbkrhy vlsl`hb dkr m hbvbh, oigtklg lgc pjis pjkt bs.

;62 k @buslojbe L 'iir hiipstrkkt

` Gkt ur kh hbvbb dbpi slts oivbrb d `y 16 oe. ohky. Oigsp louiu s bhbvktli g.

o K abw sjbrds ia Piek g kgd gktlv b pittbr y keigc ekgy sjbrd s ia ebdlkbv kh pittb ry (;0tj-;2tj obgt.).d Krk` hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y tj b ku tj ir ;<13. Dlsoiv brbd durl gc tj b silh surv by ;<12.

;61 k Ouhbeìrc—Qbhdzlojt

` Gkt ur kh hbvbb ia at airebr rlvbr oiursb. K rbhk tlvoh y jlcj bhbvktl ig, git ir ighy shlcjthy oivbrbd wl tj ohky.

o Pie kg sbtthbebgt (0gd. obgt.) ylbhdlgc ekg y sjbrds. Pie kg kg d gktl vb pit tbry rbp rbsbgtbd bqu khhy. _ ieb

sjbrds ia hktbr (;4tj-;3tj obgt.) pittbry.

` Krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y tjb kut ji r lg ;<13. Dlsoivbrbd durl gc tjb silh survb y ;<12. Algds

ekdb `y Er. K. Eihbgkkr, Ouhbeìrc ;<1:-;<36, lg tjb bgvlrigebgt ia tjls sltb.

;63 k @buslojbe—hhlgcbhpibh

` Gkt ur kh hbvbb ia k airebr rlvbr oiursb. @bhiw k o. 12 oe. ohky oivbr. K shlcjt bhbvk tlig ighy.

o Piekg tbtthbebgh ylbhdlgc ighy k abw sjbrds. Gi sjbrds ia gktlvb pittbry.

d Crkssh kgd kgd krk`h b hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y tjb ku tj ir ;<13. Dlsoivbrbd dkrl gc tjb silh sur vby;<12. Eirb algds ekdb `y Er P. _. Juhst, Kebrsaiirt ?-;0-;<1: lg k gbwhy duc dltoj.

;6: k hllllsllllrlg

` Rgmgiwg.

o Kî ia Okhlcuhk, "tjb tjlgh Piekg oilg aiugd lg @buslojbe lg k sjirt tleb".

d Ai ug d durlg c dlcclgc wirms ig `bjkha ia tjb lhhue lgkt lig ia tj b vk gl ty aklr `y Er D. vk g Khpj bg, ;<2?.

;6< k @buslojbe— Bgcbhridb

` Gkt urkh hbvbb ia at airebr rlvbr oiursb, ighy shlcjth y oivbrbd wl tj ohky (hiss tj kg 02 oe.) .

b Pie kg sbtth bebgt ylbhdlgc ekgy sjbrds, ighy k abw ia tjbe ia gktl vb pittb ry. K `rigzb a lùhk kt k dbp tj

ia 06 oe. lg k ìrlgc. 0gd obgt.

d Krk` hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tj b surakob `y tj b kut ji r ;<13. Dlsoiv brbd durlg c tjb silh survby ;<12. Tjb

sltb wks mgiwg khrbkdy lg ;:2; `y tjb algd ia k nuc kgd k sekhh tbrrk slclhhktk oup kt ir gbkr tjls phkob `yErs D. O. N). vkg Plng `bbm vkg dbr Qbbr, giw lg tj b oihhbotlig ia tjb Euglo lpkh Eusb ue Krg jbe .

;;6 k @urbg— Jiamkep

` Gk tu rk h hbvbb ia k aireb r rlvbr oiursb. Bxt bg slv b bhbv ktli g. Ighy shlcjt hy oivbrbd wltj ohky (hbss tj kg 46 oe.).

` Piekg sbtthbe bgt ylbhdlgc k eidbs t gue `br ia sjbrds. Tjb gktlvb pit tbry aries k elgirl ty. 0gd-?rd obgt.

o Irojkrd , crksshkgd kgd krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y tjb kut jir ;<13. Dlsoivbrbd durlg c tj b

silh survby ;<12.



?34 KVVBGDLZ LLL

h l h k @uurekhsbg— Db Trbba

` Gkturk h hbvbb ia k airebr rlvbr oiursb. Bxtbgslvb bhbvktlig. Git oivbrbd wltj ohky.o Piekg sbtthbebgt ylbhdlgc ekgy algds. Ighy k abw sjbrds ia gktlvb pittbry. Bgd ia hst tlhh alrst jkha ia

?rd obgt.d Krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y tjb kutjir ;<13. Dlsoivbrbd durlgc tj b silh survby ;<12.

;;0 k @uurekhsbg— Julzb Qiirzirc

` Gktu rkh hbvbb ia k airebr rlvbr oiursb. Bxtbgslvb bhbvktlig gbkr k rbekrmk` hb dbprbsslig, pri`k` hy k airebrstrbke ojkggbh.

o _ieb "gkt lvb" ir Lrig Kcb sjbrds. Gi Piekg lepirt wkrb.d Irojkrd , crksshkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob `y tji kutjir ;<13. Dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<12.

;;? k @uurekhsbg— Glbuwb _tbbc

` Twi gkturk h hbvbb dbpislts, o. 26 oe. bkoj, sbpkrktbd `y k dkrm crby ohky hkybr ia 06 oe. kgd rbstlgc ig pbkt.o Arie tjb uppbreist hbvbb dbpislt> sjbrds ia Piekg pittb ry, 0gd obgt. Arie tjb dkrm crby ohky> sjbrds ia

"gktlvb" ir Lrig Kcb pittbry.d Dlsoivbrbd `y tjb _tktb Cbihiclokh _brvlob. Tbst bxokvktlig `y K. du _kkr, K. Qbr`rkbom kgd N. Trlepb

@urcbr ;<16. _ieb Piekg sjbrds oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durlgc albhd oigtrih `y tjb kutjir ;<13.

;;4 k @urbg— Dbg Juhstbr

` Gkturk h hbvbb dbpislts. Gi bhbvktlig.o Piekg sbtthbebgt ylbhdlgc ighy k abw sjbrds ia ìtj Piekg kgd gktlvb pittbr y, o. 0gd obgt.d Crksshkgd wltj k abw pkrobhs krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durlgc tjb silh survby ;<43. Ldbgtlaloktlig

Vria Dr V. N. P. Eiddbrekg.b Eiddbrekg ;<4<, gi. ;?<.

;;2 k @urbg— Db Sibrd

` Gktu rkh hbvbb dbpislt. K shlcjt bhbvktlig gbkr k airebr strbke ojkggbh.o Piekg sbtthbebgt ylbhdlgc ighy k abw sjbrds ia ìtj Piekg kgd gktlvb pittbr y, o. 0gd obgt.d Krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durlgc tjb silh survby ;<43. Ldbgtlaloktlig Vria Dr V. N. P. Eiddbr

ekg.b Eiddbrekg ;<4<, gi. ;?:.

(;;2k)k @bbsd

` Plvbr airbhkgd.o @rigzb spbkrjbkd.«L Miugd kìut ;<1: `y Er D. Pieìut, Cbhdbrekhsbg, drbdcbd up arie tjb rlvbr Hlgcb. Bxkot algd-spit

ugmgiwg. Vbrs. oiee. Er P. _. Juhst, Kebrsaiirt.

(LL 2`)k Cbhdbrekhsbg— Dlb/dlnm

` Rgmgiwg.o @rigzb siombtbd kxb wltj hkppbg dboirktlig. ,d Koqulrbd `y tjb PEI, Hbldbg arie kg kr t-dokhbr lg ;<?3. _kld ti `b aiugd durlgc criugd wirm air k gbw

rikd gbkr tjb Dlbadlnm. Bxkot algd-spit ugmgiwg. Rgrbhlk`hb algd.

TLBHBPSKKPD

;;1 k _plnm —_plnmso Qbhd

` _plnm strbke rldcb (Dugmlrm L *9) orisslgc kg ihdbr (tjb Okhkls LL Cirmue strbke rldcb) lg tjbdbbpbr su`silh.o _ekhh kgd jbkvbhy wirg pbrairktbd @rbltmblh wltj oiglokh sjkat-jihb.d Durlgc tjb bxphiltktlig ia kg bxtbgslvb skgd drbdclgc plt jbrb, Er J. Tbbuw, Qurbg, aiugd tjb kxb lg tjb

hikd ia k truom, eklghy okrrylgc iaa tjb tipsilh, ;<14. Pbpirtbd `y Er K. Qbr`rkbom, _tk tb Cbihiclokh _brvlob,kgd Er J. K. db Mim, Jkrdlgxvbhd.

b Tjls pkpbr alc. 00.



ALGD_ @LQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK ?32

;;3 k _plnm—_plnmsb Qbhd

` _plnm str oke rldcb

b @IIE sjbrds ia gkt lvb pit tb ry ia tj b Pi ek g pbrlid, kei gc itjbrs kg iut wkr d burvbd akobttbd rle sj brd.

d Aiu gd `y Er db @ibr, Cirlgojbe , lg tjb rbeivbd tipsilh gbkr tjb bxtbgs lvb skgd drbdclgc plt, kì ut ;<1:.

;;: k Qurbg— Jbumbhie` Gk tu rk h hbvbb dbpis lts ia tj b Hlgcb rlvb r, oivbrb d `y k ohky hkybr .

6 @IIE lji rdh ia Pi ek g (o. 0gd obgt.) kg d hkt b ebdl kbvk h (;4tj-; 2tj obgt.) p itt br y.

d Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durl gc tj b silh sur vby ;<ñÿ-'21. Ldbg tla lokt lig Vri a Dr V. N. P. Eid dbr ekg .

;;< k Dblh —SirdttuhEc

` Gkt urk h hbvbb dbpis lts oivbrb d wlt j ohky.

b _jbrds ia Pie kg kgd gktlvb pittb ry (o. 0gd obgt.) ìtj rbprbsbg tbd bqukh hy.

d Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durlg c tjb silh surv by ;<2ñ-'21 Ldbgtl aloktl ig Vri a Dr V. N. P. Ei ddbr ekg.

Durlg c albhd oigtrih `y tjb kutj ir ;<13 ugakvi urk`hb algd olro uestkgobs (crksshkgd). Ighy k abw sjbrds

lg criugd, drbdcbd iut iaa k dltoj.

;06 k Dblh — Muept, @iuwbr`him

` Gk tu rk h hbvbb dbpis lt. @bhiw k 46 oe. ohky oivbr.

o "Gk tl vb" pittbry.d Pbpir tbd `y Lr. N. G. @. Vibh ekg ti tj b PI @ ;<1;. Ldbgt lalo ktlig Vr ia Dr V. N. P. E iddbr ekg.

;0; k Dblh —Iudwlnmsb @him

` Gkt urkh hbvbb dbpis lt. @bhiw k o. 46 oe. ohky oivbr, kt sieb dlst kgob `bhiw twi ohky hkybr s, ìtj 16 oe. t jlom .

b Jiglkg sbtt hbebgt ylbhdlgc ekg y sjbrds ia Pie kg kgd gktlvb (o. 02% ) pitt bry. hs t-0g d obgt.

d Oihhbotbd Brie tjb surakob durl gc tj b silh sur vby ;<22-'21 (crks shkgd) kgd durl gc k albhd oigtr ih `y tjb ku tj ir

;6;)3 (krk`hb hkgd).

;00 k Dblh — Bgsplnm

` Lg k `hkom ohky sbpkr ktlgc twi gktur kh hbvbb dbpislts, tjb uppb rei st kìu t 36 oe.

o Ekgy sjbrds ia (pri`k` hy Hktb) Lri g Kcb pit tbr y. Igb sekhh sjbrd ia Pie kg pit tbr y (crby vkrglsjbd wkrb)

kt tjb prbsbgt surakob.

d Dlso ivbrbd `y tj b _t kt b Coihiclokh _brvlob . Al gds oihhbotbd khsi dur lgc k albhd oigt rih `y tjb k ut ji r ;<13

arie tjb `kgms ia k hkmb tjkt alhhs k airebr skgd drbdclgc plt.

Xé.X k Dblh—Iudb Sbtbrlen

` Gk tu rk h hbvbb ia k aireb r rlvbr oiursb. @bhiw k o. 26 oe. ohky oivbr. K sekhh ù t rbek rmk `hb bhbv ktl ig.

o Pi ek g sbtt hbebg t ylbhdlgc k eidbs t gue `br ia sjbrds .

d Iro jkr d. Oihhbotbd `y tj b ku tj ir ;<13. Dlsoi vbrbd durlg c tj b silh sur vby ;<22-'21.

;04 k (hl-jhlllllrlhsbg—Qibtkmmbr

` Gkt ur kh hbvbb ia k airebr rlvb r oiurs b oivbrbd `y ohky, gbkr k `kd hy vlsl`hb aireb r strb ke oj kggbh .

o K abw sjbrd s ia Pi ekg p itt bry .

lh (uks shk gd, `kd algd olrouest kgobs. Oihhbotbd `y tjb kut jir ;<13. Dlsoivbrbd durlgc tjb silh survby ;<22-'21.

;02 k Ibhdbrekhsbg— Ebtbrbg obgtrb

` Gkt ur kh hbvbb dbpi slt ia k airebr t lvbr oiurs b, pri `k` hy aireb rhy oivbrbd `y k ohky hkybr . Tipsilh giw dbbphy

dlstur`bd. K rbekrmk`hb GQQ-_B rugglgc rldcb.

b _jbrds ia Pie kg kgd gktl vb (tjb glknirlty) pitt bry kgligc tjb sjbrds ia ebdlkbvk h pittb ry (arie tjb ;0tj

obgt. igwkrds). Twi DM_ sjbrds.

d Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob kgd arie twi tbst plt s `y KS G- eb e` br s kg d tj b kut jir , ;<12.

;01 k Crhl/egllhll g El hbrbg, Elddbg`hlm

` Ig oikrsb skgd wltj crkvb h, blt jbr k Vhbls tiobgb iut ori p ir k gkt urk h hbvbb dbpis lt. @bhiw k 46-;66 oe. ohky

oivbr.

o (Vri` k`hy Hktb) Lrig Kcb sbtt hbebgt ylbhdlgc ek gy sjbrds kgd itjbr diebstlo rbausb.



?31 KVVBGDLZ LLL

d Oihhbotbd dur lgc tj b silh survby ;<22-'21, durl gc rik d oigs tru otl ig wir ms ;<23, ;<14 kgd dur lgc albhd

oigtrih `y tjb kutjir ;<13.

b KG ;<13, *20, *;6 := KG ;<14, *006,

;03 k Cbhdbrekhsbg— Ebtbrbg, @brckmmbr

` pri` k`hy rlvbr hbvbb dbpisltso _jbrds ia Pie kg kgd gktlvb pittb ry (prbdielgkgt hy hhie kg lepirt wkrb). 0gd jkha hs t-0gd obgt.

d Aiu gd lg tjb duc-iu t criugd ia k skgd drbdclgc plt `y Er P. _. Juhst , Kebrsaiirt, ;<1:.

;0: k Skkrdbgùrc—Iud _gbhhbgstblg

` Rgmgiwg

o _jbrds ia "gk tlv b" pittbry

d Dlso ivbrb d `y tj b _t kt b Cbihiclokh _brvlob, ;<2:.

;0< k Skkrdbgùrc— Db Qbrct

` Gkt ur kh hbvbb dbpis lts ia k airebr rlvbr oiursb.

o Pi ek g sbt thbe bgt ylbhdlgc ekg y sjbr ds ia gktl vb kgd Piek g pitt bry. 0gd obgt.

d Irojkr d kgd krk`hb hkgd. Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durlgc tjb silh survby ;<22-'21. Ldbgtl aloktl ig Vria

Dr V. N. P. Eiddbrekg.

;?6 k Jkkatbg—Tulh, Glbuw Mhlgcbhbg`brc

` Gkt urk h hbvbb dbpislts ia tjb Skkh rlvbr.

b K abw pissl`hy Piek g sjbrds kei gc sjbrds ia Hkt b Ebdlkbvkh pitt bry (;4tj-;2tj ob gt.=.

d Iro jkrd kgd k sekhh albhd ia krk`h b hkgd . Oihhbotbd arie tjb surakob durlgc tjb silh sur vby ;<22-'21. L dbgtl alok

tlig Vria Dr V. N. P. Eiddbrekg. Gi Piekg sjbrds aiugd durlgc albhd oigtrih `y tjb kutjir ;<13.

;?; k Skkrdbgùrc—ultbrwkkrd

` rlvbr airbh kgd ia tj b rlvb r Skkh .

o Kxb ekdb ia tj b `ksb ia k rbd dbbr kgthb r `b ke.

d Ai ugd `y Er T. ^lnhmbr, Skk rdb gù rc kgd rbpi rtb d `y Er C. Bhzlgck, Hbbuwkrdb g, ti tjb P I@ .

;?0 k Cbhdbrekhsbg— Er Dr Miha/sojiih

` gk tu rk h hbvbb ia tj b rlvb r Hlgcb.o _jbrds ia "gk tl vb" pittbry.

d Krk`hb hkgd. Aiugd `y Dr S. O. @rk kt, Hbldbg, ;<?<, durl gc k vlslt.

;?? k Cbhdbrekhsbg— @ittbstbyg

` Gk tu rk h hbvbb dbpis lts ia tj b rlvbr Hlgcb ig ihdbr hbvbbs it tjb ske b rlvbr.

o Tjb crkvb ciids ia sieb bxtr kird lgkr y rloj Pie kg crkvbs, arie tjb 0gd jkh a ia tjb hs t obgtur y K. D., oieprl-

slgc 1; plbobs ia pittbry, ;; `rigzbs kgd ;2 chkssbs. Ebrivlgclkg (1-3tj), Okrihlgclkg, @kdira, Mucbhtipa

kgd Vlgcsdira pit tbr y sjbrds krb skld ti jkvb `bbg aiugd ig tjb skeb tbr rklg.

d Duc up `y Er C. Eur ekg, tjbg tjb lgj k`l tkg t ia tjb jiusb @it tbst byg, lg tj b irojkr d gbkr jls jiusb lg

;<62 kgd tjb aihhiwlgc ybkrs.

b _t ukr t ;<1:.

(;??k)k Cbhdbrekhsbg— Jkgcwkkrd L.

` Plvbr hbvbb dbpislts ir iut oripplgc Vhblstiobgb skgd.b — _j brd wltj algb pkrkhh bh oird leprb ssl igs, pkr t ia kg Khh Ivbr Oird (0 LL D) @bkmbr.

— _jbrd wltj jirlzigtkh riws ia jbrrlgc-ìgb leprbssligs, pkrt ia k (hktb) Vritrudlgc Aiit @bkmbr.

— Trlkgcuhkr ahlgt krriw-jbkd.

— Twi ahlgt ahkmbs.

d Dlsoivbrbd 2-:-;<30 `y tjb KS G wirm-cri up Sbst- @btu wb lg tjb sldbs ia k gbwhy duc dltoj, ìr dbrlgc

k rikd ugdbr oigstruot lig kìu t 326 e siutj ia @it tbs tby g ( 5 gi. ;??).

b KG ;<3?, *0: .



ALGD_ PLQBP OHK\/SIID VBKT KPBK ?33

(;??j)k (llllhtrekhstg— Jkgcwkkrd LL

` Plvbr hbvbb dbpislts ir iutoripplgc Vhblstiobgb skgd.o _jbrds ia Piekg kgd Lrig Kcb pitt bry.d Dlsoivbrbd ;1-:-;<30 `y tjb KSG wirm-criup Sbst-@btuwb lg tjb duc-iut st rbtoj ia k rikd ugdbr oigs truo

tlig, kìut ;66 e. siutj-bkst ia sltb ;?? k.

;?4 k (hbldbr ekhsbg—ultbrwkkrd

` Plvbr airbhkgd ia tjb rlvbr Hlgcb. Ig k hiokh skgd dbpislt.o K pihlsjbd stigb kxb.d Aiugd kt tjb surakob `y Er J. Tj. _plt, Cbhdbrekhsbg, ;<2:.



KVVBGDLZ LQ

PKDLIOKP@IG DKTB_, B_TK@HL_JBD IG @BJKHA IA TJL_ VR@HLOKTLIG

Hlst ia ;4O dktbs ia skephbs arie krojkbihiclokh sltbs lg tjb rlvbr ihky/wiid pbkt krbk,dbtbrelgbd ig `bjkha ig tjb prbsbgt study

skephb Gi. @.V. @.O.

Eihbgkkrscrkka-LLkzbgdigm

_botlig K-@, ìrlgc ;<13-? — ??6 oe. GKV

_botlig J-N , ìrlgc ;<1<-; — 026/016 oe. GKr_botlig J-N , ìrlgc ;<1<-; — ?36/?:6 oe. GKV_botlig J-N , ìrlgc ;<1<-; — 412/432 oe. GKV_botlig J-N , ìrlgc ;<1<-; — 242/222 oe. GKV

Eihbgkkrscrkka'-@bhh @bkhbr _btthbebgt

Crkvb L, abeur ia smbhbtigCrkvb LL, abeur ia smbhbtigIx crkvb, ebtkokrpkhs ia smbhbtigVlt 0;6, ojkroikh lg prlekry pisltligVlt ;<<, ojkroikh lg sboigdkry pisltligGi. 2:, oigobgtrktlig ia sjbrds kgd ojkroikh, cuhhy `kgmGi. 0<, Elddhb @rigzb Kcb jbkrtj phkobVihhbg dlkcrke L, Girtj _botlig O:, — ;36 oe. GKV

Ittihkgd-IistblgdVlt oiephbx, piir lg algds, gi. 4:_ekhh plt wltj Hktb @rigzb Kcb sjbrds, gi. 16

Ithihkgd-Mrieeb Bhhbìic

Bxokvktlig, skephb gi. ;, arie k sekhh pltCrkvb sltb, skephb arie k sekhh pltCrkvb sltb, higc ìgb ia gig-krtlouhktbd smbhbtig

@bgsojip

Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt sltb, arie tbst plt

Ntllsjruvbh

Elddhb @rigzb Kcb sbtthbebgt sltb, prbjlstirlb plt

Ouhbeìrc-Dbg Jbuvbh

_ekhh plt (gi. ;6;) pri`k`hy oigtbepirkry wltj CrG 4<41

@lc plt (gi. <?) wltj guebrius algds= bkrhy lg iooupktligOiephbx ia plts (gis. 0;6-0;4) wltj Bkrhy Lrig Kcb algdsPbausb hkybr lg cuhhy, Hktb Lrig Kcb algds

.L g -nlghj-Jiekg shllp

Siid arie prbsuebd Piekg sjlp arkcebgt

pbkt CrG 2;32 40<6 » 46 (0?46)

pbkt CrG 10;0 ?1?6 » ?2 (;1:6)pbkt CrG 10;? 44:6 » 46 (02?6)

pbkt CrG 10;4 4<?2 » 46 (0<:2)

pbkt CrG 10;2 2?06 » 46 (??36)

ìgb CrG 2;?; ?1?2 » 46 (;1:2)

ìgb CrG 2211 ?1?6 » 46 (;1:6)

ìgb CrG 10;: 4?:2 » ;62 (04?2)

ojkroikh CrG 2362 ?1?2 » 16 (;1:2)

ojkroikh CrG 2;?0 ?3:6 » 26 (;:?6)

ojkroikh CrG 2;31 ?146 » ?6 (;1<6)

ojkroikh CrG 2;33 ??26 » ?2 (;466)

pbkt CrG 2014 03;6 » ?2 ( 316)

ojkroikh CrG 10;3 ?122 » 22 (;362)

ojkroikh I G 6010 0:;2 » 22 ( :12)

ojkroikh CrG 10;1 ?3<2 » 22 (;:42)

ojkroikh CrG 102? 04;6 » ?2 ( 416)

ìgb CrG 1?:4 ?:06 » 42 (;:36)

ojkroikh CrG 2?21 0<16 » 16 (;6;6)

ojkroikh CrG 2?23 ?;02 » 46 (;;32)

ojkroikh CrG 4<42 0166 » 36 ( 126)

ojkroikh CrG 4<41 0106 » 26 ( 136)

ojkroikh CrG 4<43 0?16 » 32 ( 4;6)

wiid CrG 266; 00;6 » 26 ( 016)

wiid CrG 2141 ;:06 » ?6 (K.D. ;?6)"

h'u`hlsjbd lg Qicbh & Sktbrìhm ;<30.



KVVBGDLZ Q

HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ APIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (^.J.)

`y

KCKTJK _. MGLV *

Oigtbgts

;. Lgtriduotlig

0. Dbsorlptlig ia algds?. Oiepkrlsigs kgd oigohusligs4. Hltbrkturb2. Tk`hbs

Lgtriduotlig

Lg Ioti`br ;<11 wb rboblvbd juekg smbhbtkh pkrts, dbsorl`bd hktbr, wjloj jkd oieb tihlcjt durlgc lgvbstlcktligs kt Eihbgkkrscrkka, _iutj Jihhkgd, oigduotbd `y tjb GktligkhEusbue ia Kgtlqultlbs

Kt tjrbb dlaabrbgt phkobs, kìut ;2 e arie bkoj itjbr, juekg rbeklgs wbrb aiugd lg tjb

sbtthbebgt tbrrklg wjloj irlclgktbs arie tjb trkgsltlig pbrlid arie Gbihltjlo ti @rigzb Kcb.Igb ia tjb crkvbs oigtklgbd k augbrkh clat oigslstlgc ia k hktb Qbhuwb @bhh @bkmbr. Twi ia tjbcrkvbs krb dktbd `y ebkgs ia ;4O dktbs kt kìut ;366 @.O. Lg tjb tjbsls ia Er H. V. HiuwbMiilnekgs aurtjbr pkrtlouhkrs kìut tjb algds—olrouestkgobs, dktlgc, bto.—krb clvbg.

Tjb ektbrlkh oigslsts ia tjb aihhiwlgc 'algd gue`brs'>

Ecr. L ?:> lgoiephbtb smbhbtig, lgohudlgc smuhh=Ecr. LL ?3> lgoiephbtb smbhbtig, lgohudlgc smuhh=Ecr. LLL ?1> lgoiephbtb smbhbtig, lgohudlgc smuhh.

Dbsorlptlig ia tjb algds

K dbtklhbd dbsorlptlig ia bkoj ia tjb smbhbtkh pkrts aiugd eky `b ielttbd jbrb. Sb sjkhhighy ebgtlig dktk (ir rbsueì tjbe lg tk`hbs) wjloj eky `b ia lepirtkgob ti kgy hktbr oiepkrk-tlvb study.

* L gstltutb ia Juekg @lihicy, Rtrbojt, Dlrbbtir> Vria Dr N. Julzlgck . Tjls rbpir t wks wrlttbg lg ;<13. Ltls pu`hlsjbd jbrb lg k lgllvv lsod aire.



?: 6 K. _. MGLV

k) _mbhbtig Ecr. L ?:. (Vhktb ZLLL)

Tjb smuR ls hlcjt `riwg lg oihiur kgd shlcjthy dbairebd ig tjb hbat sldb katbr dbktj. Kpkrt ia tjb is ioolpltkhb, tjb hbat is zyciektloue kgd k crbkt pkrt ia tjb akob krb elsslgc.@itj issk tbepirkhlk, k pkrt ia tjb ekxlhhk kgd vkrlius pkrts ia tjb `ksb ia tjb smuhh krb

sbpkrktb= `bokusb ia tjb pist eirtbe dbairektlig, jiwbvbr, kgy rboigstruotlig ia tjb smuhhls ugrbhlk`hb.

Girek akolkhls> tjb airbjbkd clvbs k eidbrktbhy jlcj kgd aklrhy `rikd leprbsslig. Tjbtu`b rk arigtkhlk krb prigiugobd= tjb trkgsvbrsb ourvk turb ls rbcuhkr kgd ahkt. Tjb akob lseidbrktbhy jlcj kgd aklrhy `rikd. Tjb gksi-arigtkh suturb ls oigvbx. Tjb gisb kppbkrs ti `beidbrktbhy jlcj kgd aklrhy `rikd= kt tjb rlcjt ugdbrsldb ia tjb gkskh kpbrturb tjbrb ls k suhousprbgkskhls. Tjb ir`lt clvbs k eidbrktbhy jlcj kgd aklrhy `rikd leprbsslig= tjb sjkpb ls prkotl-okhhy rbotkgcuhkr wltj k trkgsvbrskh kxls rugglgc arie uppbr ebdlkh ti hiwbr hktbrkh. Hbat kgdrlcjt k ohbkr arigtkh gitoj ls prbsbgt lg tjb ir`ltkh riia. Tjb supbrolhlkry krojbs krb jkrdhydbvbhipbd= tjb suprkir`ltkh trlcigkb krb aklrhy ahkt.

Girek hktbrkhls> tjb akob clvbs k eidbrktbhy higc kgd aklrhy jlcj leprbsslig lg rohktlig titjb smuhh. Tjb chk`bhhk ls vbry wbkmhy dbvbhipbd (@riok L)= tjb supbrolhlkry krojbs krb git vbryprielgbgt bltjbr. Tjb skclttkh iuthlgb sjiws k aklrhy stbbp kgd priugobd vkuhtlgc ia tjb arigtkhìgb= k aklrhy prigiugobd ourvkturb ia tjb pkrlbtk h ìgb= kg kheist ahkt ourvb ;.2 oe kìvbhke`dk ti ? oe `bhiw hke`dk (phkgioolpltkhy) kgd arie tjbrb ig k rbcuhkr vkuhtlgc ia tjbioolpltkh ìgb. Tjb bxtbrgkh ioolpltkh pritu`brkgob ls jkrdhy vlsl`hb. Tjb tbepirkh hlgbs krbhltthb dbvbhipbd. Tjb ekstild priobssbs krb aklrhy riùst. K pkrkekstild priobss ls prbsbgtig tjb hbat.

Tjb pist kurlouhkr pkrt ia tjb smuhh oigslsts ia k hltthb eirb tjkg ; /? ia tjb titkh hbgctj.Tjb bxtbrgkh kudltiry ebktus ls bhhlptlokh wltj k higcltudlgkh kxls, wjloj rugs arie tjb uppbrarigt ti tjb hiwbr rbkr. Tjb gkslig hlbs lg tjb skeb ahkt krbk ks tjb hiwbr pkrt ia tjb arigtkh

ìgb. Tjb akob ls pri`k`hy irtjicgktjius. Tjb ekgdl`hb dibs git kppbkr ti `b vbry riùst.Tjb rkeus ls aklrhy `rikd lg rbhktlig ti tjb jblcjt= tjb ekgdlùhkr kgchb ls git hkrcb= tjboirigild priobss ls siebwjkt jlcjbr tjkg tjb oigdyhild priobss. Tjb oirgbrs ia tjb nkw krbshlcjthy turgbd lgwkrds= tjb hiwbr bdcb ia tjb ekgdl`hb ls oigvbx lg sjkpb. Tjb squkrb ojlgpritrudbs ekrmbdhy. Tjb ebgtkh pritu`brkgob kgd tjb ebgtkh tu`brohbs krb wbhh dbvbhipbd.Tjb twi ebgtkh airkelgk ti tjb rlcjt (tjb dlkebtbr ia igb ls sekhhbr tjkg tjkt ia tjb itjbr) hlbkt tjb jblcjt ia Vl < ee arie tjb hiwbr bdcb ia tjb ekgdl`hb= tjb hbat ebgtkh airkebg hlbs;0.2 ee arie tjb hiwbr bdcb ugdbr Vl.

Girek vbrtlokhls> tjb smuhh ls spjbgild lg aire wltjiut kgy ohbkr pist ir`ltkh oigstrlotlig.Tjb crbktbst `rbkdtj hlbs siebwjkt `bjlgd tjb trkgsltlig arie tjb pistbrlir ti tjb elddhb tjlrdpkrt ia tjb hbgctj ia tjb smuhh. Tjb tu`brk pkrlbtkhlk krb pkrtlouhkrhy wbhh dbvbhipbd= tjb tu`brk

arigtkhlk krb siebwjkt hbss ohbkrhy koobgtuktbd. K pkrlbtkh airkebg ls prbsbgt ig ìtj sldbsia tjb smuhh.

Girek ioolpltkhls> Tjb smuhh clvbs k eidbrktbhy jlcj kgd vbry `rikd leprbsslig. Tjb trkgsvbrskh ourvkturb ls git vbry prigiugobd= ìtj sldb wkhhs ia tjb issk pkrlbtkhlk rug aklrhy stbbpdiwgwkrds arie tjb tu`brk pkrlbtkhlk. Alvb wirelkg ìgbs jkvb `bbg aiugd lg tjb suturb `b-twbbg tjb issk pkrlbtkhlk kgd tjb is ioolpltkhb. Tjb ìgy rldcbs riugd tjb ioolpltkh airkebg



HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ ABIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (^.J.) ?: ;

krb ohbkrhy koobgtuktbd. Tjb buryk hlb ig tjb hiwbst pkrt ia tjb pkrlbtkh ìgbs. Tjb pkhktb lsìrdbrbd `y k pkrkìhlo dbgtkh kroj. Tjb rlcjt L 0 kgd E0 wbrb hist katbr dbktj. Tjb rlcjt E?

ls gbkrhy bruptbd= tjb hbat E? ls prbsbgt ùt sbpkrktbhy. Tjb bhbebgts sjiw gi rbduotlig.Sbkr ls hleltbd. Tjb sjkpb ia tjb ekgdlùhkr dbgtkh kroj ls pkrkìhild. @itj E?'s krb git brup

tbd. Tjb rlcjt El sjiws k \-pkttbrg, @itj El's kgd tjb lgolsirs sjiw shlcjt wbkr. Lgsldb tjbhiwbr nkw tjb kttkojebgt pilgts air tjb ojbwlgc eusohbs krb wbhh dbvbhipbd= tjbrb ls kg lgdlok-tlig ia k ebgtkh splgb.

Eist pri`k`hy wb krb dbkhlgc wltj kg lgdlvldukh ia tjb ekhb sbx. Khh smuhh suturbs krbstlhh ipbg= khsi tjb auslig ia tjb spjbgiioolpltkh suturb jks git ioourrbd. Tjb kppkrbgt kcbia tjls pbrsig ls ;2 ybkrs.

Tjb aihhiwlgc pkrts ia tjb pist orkglkh smbhbtig krb prbsbrvbd>

Bxtrbeltks supbrlir> ìtj sokpuhkb (dkekcbd)= rlcjt (dkekcbd) kgd hbat ohkvlohb= ìtjjuebrl, uhgkb kgd rkd ll= ;1 okrpkh ìgbs (sieb dkekcbd)= ;6 ebtkokrpkhlk kgd 0: pjkhkgcbs.

Bxtrbeltks lgabrlir> ìtj issk oixkb= ìtj abeirk, tl`lkb, alùhkb kgd pktbhhkb = ;4 dkekcbd

tkrskhlk, < glbtktkrskhlk kgd ;4 pjkhkgcbs.

Trugous> dkekcbd stbrgue, 0? oistkb, 0; vbrtb`rkb kgd 2 sbcebgts ia tjb skorue.Eist bplpjysbs krb prbsbgt.Gbltjbr tjb rlcjt gir tjb hbat juebrus ls vbry riùst. Tjb hbat juebrus jks k siebwjkt riugdbrdlkpjysls oriss-sbotlig tjkg tjb rlcjt juebrus. Tjb dbhtildbkh tu`brisltks lg ìtj juebrl lsgit strigchy dbvbhipbd. Tjb hbat juebrus sjiws k pbrairktlig ia tjb juebrkh sbptue= lg tjbrlcjt juebrus k pist eirtbe pbrairktlig ia tjb juebrkh sbptue ls vlsl`hb. @itj juebrl sjiwk ohbkr tirslig.

Tjb rkdll kgd uhgkb krb crkolhb lg sjkpb.Tjb solktlo gitojbs ia tjb issk oixkb krb N-sjkpbd (k ekhb abkturb). Tjb ekxleue hbgctj

kgd wldtj ia tjb issk oixkb oirrbspigd wbhh wltj bkoj itjbr ks di tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjbhbat kgd rlcjt kobtkùhue.Tjb abeirk sjiw k ohbkr ahkttbglgc lg kgtbri-pistbrlir dlrbotlig. Tjb riùstlolty lgdbx

lgdloktbs tjkt khsi tjbsb higc ìgbs krb git vbry riùst. Tjb hbat abeur sjiws k ohbkrhy dbvbhipbd plhkstbr= k triojkgtbr tbrtlus ls prbsbgt. Tjb tirslig ia tjls abeur ls siebwjkt lg-dbalgltb.

Tjb tl`lkb krb git vbry riùst. Tjby sjiw gi trkgsvbrsb ahkttbglgc. Tjb rlcjt tl`lk lsshlcjthy twlstbd. Ig tjb vbgtrkh sldb ia ìtj dlstkh bplpjysbs k squkttlgc akobt ls prbsbgt. Tjbalùhkb kppbkr ti `b siebwjkt crkolhb.

Tjb kstrkckhl krb aklrhy `rikd kgd git vbry jlcj lg rbhktlig ti tjb hbgctj. Tjb triojhbkb krb`rikd kgd git vbry higc lg rbhktlig ti tjb kstrkckhus ebksurbebgts. Ig tjb hbat kgd rlcjt oihhue

tkhl tjbrb ls k hktbrkh squkttlgc akobt. Tjb okhokgbl krb aklrhy gkrriw kgd eidbrktbhy jlcj.Tjb tu`brk okhokgbl krb aklrhy `rikd lg rbhktlig ti tjb jblcjt.Tjb vbgtrkh wkhh ia tjb hbat airkebg trkgsvbrskrlue ia tjb kthks oigslsts ia twi ìgb rlgcs.Kg bstlektlig ia tjb stkturb, `ksbd ig tjb hbgctj ia vkrlius higc ìgbs, kooirdlgc ti ìtj

Ekgiuvrlbr kgd Vbkrsig (Ekrtlg, ;<0:), ls ks aihliws>



?:0 K. _. MGLV

_tkturb ia smbhbtig Ecr. L ?: (8N)

Okhouhktbd arie> Ekgiuvrlbr Vkbrsig

;1;.0 —

;22.0 ;21.?;14.0 ;1?.2

;14.: ;1?.<

;12.4 ;14.;;11.1 ;12.4

Abeur d

" sTl`lk d" s

Bkdlus d" s

Tjb stkturb wks kpprixlektbhy ;10-;1? oe.

`) _mbhbtig Ecr. LL ?3. (Vhktbs ZLQ-ZQL)

Tjb smuhh ls hlcjt ti dkrm `riwg lg oihiur kgd jks oigsldbrk`hb pist eirtbe dbairektligig lts rlcjt sldb. Ig tjb rlcjt sldb hkrcb pkrts ia tjb is pkrlbtkhb, is arigtkhb, is tbepirkhb

kgd ekxlhhk krb elsslgc. Tjb zyciektlo ìgb ls khsi elsslgc ig tjb rlcjt sldb. Tjb ekgdl`hbjks hist lts rlcjt oirigild priobss kgd pkrt ia tjb ojlg ig tjb rlcjt sldb.

Girek akolkhls> Tjb airbjbkd clvbs k eidbrktbhy jlcj kgd eidbrktbhy `rikd leprbsslig.Tjb trkgsvbrsb ourvkturb ls git ekrmbd kgd tjb tu`brk arigtkhlk krb eidbrktbhy dbvbhipbd.Tjb akob ls aklrhy tkhh kgd gkrriw. Tjb gisb ls aklrhy jlcj kgd eidbrktbhy `rikd. Tjb gksi-arigtkh suturb ls oigvbx. Kt tjb hbat lgabrlir bdcb ia tjb gkskh kpkrturb k suhous prkbgkskhlsls prbsbgt. Tjb eidbrktbhy hkrcb ir`lt ls qukdrlhktbrkh lg sjkpb wltj k trkgsvbrskh kxls rugglgcarie uppbr ebdlkh ti hiwbr hktbrkh. Lg tjb hbat kgd rlcjt ir`ltkh riia k arigtkh gitoj jks `bbgaiugd, kìvb wjloj, k sekhh dlstkgob kwky hktbrkhhy, k suprkir`ltkh airkebg ls vlsl`hb. Tjbsupbrolhlkry krojbs krb eidbrktbhy dbvbhipbd= tjb suprkir`ltkh trlcigkb krb aklrhy ahkt. Tjb

rbe gkgt ia k ebtiplo suturb wjloj ls kìut 02 ee higc ls prbsbgt kìvb tjb gksi-arigtkhsuturb.

Girek hktbrkhls> Tjb akob clvbs k aklrhy tkhh kgd eidbrktbhy higc leprbsslig lg rbhktlig titjb pistbrlir pkrt ia tjb smuhh. Tjb chk`bhhk ls wbkmhy dbvbhipbd (@riok LL), kgd tjb supbrolhlkrykrojbs krb khsi hltthb koobgtuktbd. Tjb ebdlkg skclttkh iuthlgb sjiws k aklrhy ekrmbd vkuhtlgcia tjb arigtkh ìgb, k hbss ekrmbd ourvkturb ia tjb pkrlb tkh ìgb, kg kheist ahkt ourvkturb0 oe kìvb hke`dk ti 4 oe `bhiw hke`dk (phkgioolpltkhy) kgd tjbgob k rbcuhkr vkuhtlgc ia tjbioolpltkh ìgb. Tjb ekstild priobss ls aklrhy riùst kgd ig ìtj sldbs dlvldbd lgti tjrbb.

Tjb pist kurlouhkr pkrt ia tjb smuhh oigslsts ia siebwjkt hbss tjkg ;/? ia tjb titkh hbgctj.Tjb bxtbrgkh kudltiry ebktus ls bhhlptlokh lg sjkpb wltj k higcltudlgkh kxls rugglgc arie uppbrarigt ti hiwbr rbkr. Tjb suprk ebktlo splgb ls wbhh prigiugobd. Tjb oiursb ia tjb suturb kttjb hbat ptbrlig sjiws tjb ploturb ia tjb stbgimritkpjlk. Tjb ìgy rldcbs air tjb kttkojebgtia tjb euso. tbepirkhls krb wbhh dbvbhipbd. Tjb akob ls irtjicgktjius.

Tjb gkslig ls git dbbp= tjb gkskh ìgbs pritrudb.Tjb ekgdl`hb clvbs k aklrhy riùst leprbsslig. Tjb ekgdlùhkr rkeus ls `rikd kgd aklrhy

tkhh= tjb ekgdl`hb kgchb ls git hkrcb= tjb oigdyhild priobss ls hiwbr tjkg tjb oirigild priobss.Tjb oirgbrs ia tjb nkws krb siebwjkt turgbd iutwkrds= tjb hiwbr bdcb ia tjb ekgdl`hb ls



HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ APIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (^.J.) ?:?

oigokvb lg sjkpb. Tjb squkrb ojlg stloms iut= ti tjb hbat tjbrb ls k ebgtkh tu`brohb. Tjb eusohbkttkojebgts krb vbry ohbkrhy dbvbhipbd. Tjb hbat ebgtkh airkebg Jbs ;0 ee arie tjb hiwbr bdcbia tjb ekgdl`hb ugdbr V0= ig tjb rlcjt lt hlbs ;; ee arie tjb hiwbr bdcb ugdbr V0.

Girek vbrtlokhls> Tjb smuhh ls spjbgild lg sjkpb wltjiut ekrmbd pist ir`ltkh oigstrlotlig.Tjb crbktbst `rbkdtj hlbs siebwjkt lg arigt ia tjb trkgsltlig arie tjb pistbrlir elddhb tjlrdpkr t ia tjb hbgctj ia tjb smuhh. Tjb tu`brk pkrlbtkhlk krb eirb dlstlgot tjkg tjb tu`brk arigtkhlk.K hbat airkebg pkrlbtkhb ls prbsbgt.

Girek ioolpltkhls> Tjb smuhh clvbs k eidbrktbhy tkhh kgd aklrhy `rikd leprbsslig. @itjpkrlbtkh ìgbs ebbt ugdbr kg i`tusb kgchb (shlcjt hipjiobpjkhlk)= tjb trkgsvbrsb ourvkturb lsgit vbry prigiugobd kgd ìtj sldbs akhh kheist vbrtlokhhy diwgwkrds kgd lgwkrds. _bvbgwirelkg ìgbs krb prbsbgt lg tjb suturb `btwbbg tjb issk pkrlbtkhlk kgd is ioolpltkhb. Tjbbxtbrgkh ioolpltkh pritu`brkgob ls jkrdhy vlsl`hb= tjb bxtbrgkh ioolpltkh orbst ls ohbkrhy dbvbhipbd. Tjb eusohb kttkojebgts riugd tjb ioolpltkh airkebg krb phklghy koobgtuktbd. Tjb buryk

hlb ig tjb hiwbst pkrt ia tjb pkrlbtkh ìgbs.

Girek `kskhls> Tjb ioolpltkh airkebg ls kheist riugd lg sjkpb. Tjb ekstild gitojbs krbaklrhy dbbp= tjb hbat kgd rlcjt chbgild a issk krb aklrhy dbbp. Tjb dbgtkh kroj ia tjb ekxlhhk lspkrkìhild lg sjkpb. Khh dbgtkh bhbebgts krb bruptbd= tjb rlcjt L; wks hist katbr dbktj. Tjb L0

ls ohbkrhy rbduobd ig ìtj sldbs= tjb hbat O ls aklrhy sekhh. Tjb bhbebgts sjiw oigsldbrk`hbwbkr, wjloj ls eist prigiugobd lg tjb NQV's .Tjb pkhktb clvbs k jlcj leprbsslig.

Tjb aire ia tjb dbgtkh kroj ia tjb ekgdl`hb ls pkrkìhild. Ia tjb bhbebgts Vl, O, Ll kgdL0 ig tjb rlcjt kgd O kgd L0 ig tjb hbat wbrb hist katbr dbktj. Ig tjb rlcjt E0 tjbrb ls k \-pkttbrg. Tjb bhbebgts ohbkrhy sjiw wbkr, bspbolkhhy ìtj El's. Jiwbvbr, tjb EQs khsi sjiwwbkr lg lts bkrhy stkcbs.

Tjls smuhh kppbkrs ti `b tjkt ia k ekhb pbrsig. Lg vlbw ia tjb auslig pkttbrg ia tjb smuhhsuturbs (_? ls ohisbd) kgd tjb dbgtkh wbkr tjls ekg kppkrbgthy dlbd kt tjb kcb ia ?6 ybkrs.Tjb aihhiwlgc pkrts ia tjb pist orkglkh smbhbtig krb prbsbrvbd>

Bxtrbeltks supbrlir> ìtj sokpuhkb (lgoiephbtb), ìtj ohkvlohbs (dkekcbd), ìtj juebrl(igb lgoiephbtb), tjb rlcjt uhgk (dkekcbd), tjb rlcjt rkdlus (lgoiephbtb), tjb : hbat okrpkhlk(dkekcbd), tjb alvb hbat ebtkokrpkhlk, ;6 hbat pjkhkgcbs.

Bxtrbeltks lgabrlir. ìtj issk oixkb (lgoiephbtb), ìtj abeirk (igb lgoiephbtb), tjb rlcjtpktbhhk, ìtj tl`lkb (igb lgoiephbtb), ìtj alùhkb (igb lgoiephbtb), tjb ;4 tkrskhlk, tjb ;6 ebtk-tkrskhlk, 0? pjkhkgcbs.

Trugous> 04 dkekcbd oistkb, 0? dkekcbd vbrtb`rkb, ; arkcebgt ia tjb skorue, ? pkrt sia tjb stbrgue.

Tjb rlcjt juebrus dibs git clvb k vbry riùst leprbsslig. Lt sjiws k ohbkr tirslig kgdls h'hkttbgbd iaa. Tjb dbhtildbkh tu`brisltks ls eidbrktbhy dbvbhipbd= tjb rkdlkhaisskls sjkhhiw.

Tjb rkdlus kgd tjb uhgk krb git vbry riùst lg sjkpb.Tjb hbat jkha ia tjb pbhvls ls kìut ;3 ee sjirtbr tjkg tjb rlcjt jkha. Tjb hbat kobtkùhue



?:4 K. _. MGLV

ls ekrmbdhy sjirtbr kgd vbry sjkhhiw lg oiepkrlsig wltj tjb rlcjt kobtkùhue. Tjb solktlogitojbs krb N-sjkpbd ig ìtj sldbs (k ekhb abkturb).

Tjb rlcjt abeur sjiws k strigc ahkttbglgc lg kgtbri-pistbrlir dlrbotlig. Tjb riùstloltylgdbx lgdloktbs tjkt tjls ìgb ls git vbry riùst. Gi triojkgtbr tbrtlus ls prbsbgt. Tjb hlgbk

kspbrk ls git prigiugobd. Tjb hbat okput abeirls clvbs k siebwjkt sjirtbr leprbsslig tjkgtjb rlcjt okput = lt ls git, jiwbvbr, ahkttbgbd iaa.Tjb akolbs krtlouhkrls ebdlkhls ia tjb rlcjt pktbhhk sjiws k prkotlokhhy rlcjt-kgchbd `bgd

ti tjb vbgtrkh.Tjb rlcjt tl`lk ls eidbrktbhy riùst lg sjkpb. Lt sjiws gi hktbrkh ahkttbglgc. Tjb oirpus

lg tjb prixlekh pkrt ekmbs k oigvbx `bgd ti tjb vbgtrkh. Tjb dlstkh pkrt ia tjb tl`lk ls ohbkrhypisltlvbhy twlstbd lg rbhktlig ti tjb prixlekh pkrt. Ig tjb vbgtrkh sldb ia tjb hiwbr bplpjysbkhbgd tjbrb ls k sekhh krtlouhkr surakob. Tjb rlcjt alùhk ekmbs k sjkrp oigokvb `bgd lg k hktbrkhdlrbotlig. Lt dibs git kppbkr ti `b vbry riùst.

Tjb kstrkckhl krb rktjbr hiw kgd eidbrktbhy `rikd lg rbhktlig ti tjb hbgctj= tjb triojhbkbkrb aklrhy `rikd kgd higc lg rbhktlig ti tjb kstrkckhus ebksurbebgts. Ig tjb oihhue ia tjb rlcjt

kstrkckhus k hktbrkh squkttlgc akobt okg `b sbbg. Tjb okhokgbl krb eidbrktbhy `rikd kgd eidbrktbhy jlcj. Tjb tu`brk okhokgbl krb eidbrktbhy `rikd lg rbhktlig ti tjb jblcjt.Tjb stbrgue oigslsts ia tjrbb ugisslalbd pkrts

_tkturb ia smbhbtig Ecr. LL ?3 (89)

Okhouhktbd arie Ekgiuvrlbr Vbkrsig

Abeur d ;12.4 ;14.<Tl`lk d ;11.1 ;12.:Juebrus d ;2<.2 ;2<.4

Tjb stkturb eust jkvb `bbg kìut ;1?-;14 oe.

o) _mbhbtig Ecr. LLL ?1

Tjbsb smbhbtkh rbeklgs krb vbry pri`k`hy tjisb ia kabekhb pbrsig ia kìut XX ybkrs.Tjb oigdltlig ia prbsbrvktlig ekdb lt lepissl`hb ti ekmb rbhlk`hb ebksurbebgts air k oiepkrk-tlvb lgvbstlcktlig ia tjls ektbrlkh.

Keldst tjb smbhbtkh rbeklgs ia Ecr. LL ?3 k arkcebgt ia kg bplpjysls wks aiugd tjkt dldgit `bhigc ti Ecr. L ?: ir Ecr. LLL ?1. Ticbtjbr wltj tjb ugisslalbd stbrgue ia Ecr. LL ?3tjls oiuhd lgdloktb tjb prbsbgob ia k aiurtj pbrsig.

Oiepkrlsigs kgd oigohusligs (sbb tk`hbs ; kgd 0)Tjb lgdbx orkglous clvbs air Ecr. L ?: k vkhub ia <2.1 kgd air Ecr. LL ?3 k vkhub ia :4.2.

@itj smuhhs krb ohbkrhy `rkojybrkglo.Tjb dlaabrbgob `btwbbg ìtj lgdlobs ls ojlbahy okusbd `y tjb hkrcb smuhh `rbkdtj ia Ecr. ;?:.@itj arie tjb rbhktligsjlp `btwbbg tjb jblcjt kgd tjb hbgctj kgd arie tjkt `btwbbg tjb

jblcjt kgd tjb wldtj lt kppbkrs tjkt Ecr. LL ?3 ls ohbkrhy tkhh (jypsl-koriorkglk)= tjb lgdlobs





?:1 K. _. MGLV

Tjb pist-orkglkh smbhbtig (sbb tk`hb ?) ia ìtj pbrsigs dibs git clvb k vbry riùst leprbs-slig. Tjb abeirk sjiw k ohbkr ahkttbglgc (phktyebrlk) ks kppbkrs arie tjb vkhubs ia tjb phkty-ebrlo lgdbx.

Tjb tl`lkb sjiw gi ahkttbglgc (bury- ti ebsiogbelk). @itj rlcjt juebrl sjiw phkty`rkojlk =

tjb hbat juebrus ia Ecr. L ?: ls riugdbr lg sjkpb. Tjb pbrairktlig ia tjb juebrkh sbptue ls girkrlty lg Gbihltjlo ekg (Ekrtlg, ;<0:= _ojlgz, ;<00= Chkgvlhhb, ;<13).Tjb hbat is oixkb ia Ecr. LL ?3 ls ohbkrhy pktjihiclokhhy dbairebd (sbb Vhktb ZQ)= ybt gi

i`vlius k`girekhltlbs wjloj elcjt `b rbhktbd ti tjls wbrb aiugd lg tjb abeirk kgd tl`lkb.Ohisbr lgvbstlcktlig sjiwbd tjkt tjls is oixkb obrtklghy `bhigcs ti smbhbtig Ecr. LL ?3.

Tjb stbrgue aiugd keigcst tjb rbeklgs ia Ecr. LL?3 oigslsts ia tjrbb pkrts git ybt ausbd.Kooirdlgc ti Mricekg (;<10) tjb isslaloktlig ia tjb stbrgue ls oiephbtbd katbr tjb 02tjybkr. Lt okggit `b ruhbd iut tjkt tjls stbrgue okeb arie kgitjbr lgdlvldukh._tkturb okhouhktbd kooirdlgc ti Ekgiuvrlbr kgd Vbkrsig clvbs kg kvbrkcb hbgctj ia ;1?-;14 oeair Ecr. LL ?3 kgd ;10-;1? air Ecr. L ?:. Tjb hkst ebgtligbd pbrsig wks git ybt auhhy criwgsi tjkt jls hbgctj wjbg kduht, `bkrlgc lg elgd tjb hktb kdihbsobgt koobhbrktlig lg criwtj,

wiuhd obrtklghy jkvb `bbg eirb tjkg ;1? oe.Tjb ekhb 'phkgioolpltkhb _tblhmñpab' arie Elddhb kgd Sbst Cbrekgy, dbsorl`bd `y Cbrjkrdt(;<2?), jkvb `bbg ojisbg air oiepkrlsig wltj tjbsb twi phkgioolpltkh, `rkojyeirpjlo smuhhs.Tjb kvbrkcbs kgd rkgcbs ia tjls criup jkvb `bbg tkùhktbd `y @koj (;<14-12). Arie tk`hb2 lt kppbkrs tjkt sieb ebksurbebgts ia Ecr. LL ?3 hlb nust ig ir leebdlktbhy `bhiw tjb hiwbstvkrlktlig hlelt. Gkebhy tjb `lkurlouhkr `rbkdtj, tjb hbgctj ia tjb akob, tjb oigdyhkr `rbkdtjkgd tjb `lzyciektlo `rbkdtj. Tjb hiw vkhub ia tjb `lzyciektlo `rbkdtj ia Ecr. LL ?3 ls strlmlgc=lt bxphklgs tjb vkhubs hylgc kìvb tjb uppbr vkrlktlig hlelt ia tjb uppbr akolkh kgd tjb akolkhlgdbx. Tjb hbgctj-jblcjt lgdbx, `rbkdtj-jblcjt lgdbx, gkskh `rbkdtj kgd gkskh jblcjt dlaabr ighyshlcjthy arie tjb uppbreist vkrlktlig hlelt. K hkrcb lgdlvldukh vkrlk`lhlty sjiuhd `b tkmbg lgtikooiugt, wjloj lg vlbw ia tjb typihiclokhhy vbry jbtbricbgbius ekmb-up ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr

pbiphb ls git si rbekrmk`hb (@koj ;<14-12= Cbrjkrdt, ;<2?). Ecr. LL ?3 strigchy rbsbe`hbstjb Eøjhjkusbg smuhh (@koj ;<14-12), khtjiucj tjb akob ia Ecr. LL ?3 ls jlcjbr kgd gkrriwbr.Lg Cbrjkrdt's ektbrlkh (;<2?) tjbrb krb ighy 3 yiugc pbrsigs. Ks oiepkrktlvb ektbrlkh

air Ecr. L ?: ighy @rkugsdira (gi. 4; *), 89, ;: ybkrs) kgd Mhblgvkjh`brc @ (gi. 16 *), oN, ;:ybkrs) eky sbrvb. Tk`hb 1 rbvbkhs tjb slelhkrltlbs kgd dlaabrbgobs `btwbbg tjb tjrbb smuhhs.Cbrjkrdt (;<2?) rbekrms tjkt tjb nuvbglhb pbrsigs krb ugdiu`tbdhy `rkojyeirpjius wltjk ohbkr tbgdbgoy tiwkrds phkgioolpltkhy, lg oigtrkst ti tjb vbry yiugc pbrsigs wji jkvb kaklrhy higc smuhh sjkpb.

Kvbrkcb stkturb (okhouhktbd kooirdlgc ti @rbltlgcbr) ia khh ekhb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb ia tjbsbrlbs ia Cbrjkrdt (;<2?) ls ;1<.4 oe (g 5 06, elg.-ekx. 5 ;16-;3: oe). Tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphbjkd k aklrhy higc stkturb lg oiepkrlsig ti itjbr Gbihltjlo criups (@koj, ;<14-12= Crlee,;<2<= Qkhhils, ;<4?).

Tjb ebksurbebgts kgd lgdlobs ia Eøjhjkusbg, Sblekr 3<, Sblekr :;k kgd Sblekr :0(@koj ;<14-12) eky sbrvb ks k oiepkrlsig air tjb ebksurbebgts ia tjb bxtrbeltlbs ia smbhbtigEcr LL ?3 (sbb tk`hb 4).

* Gue`brlgc kooirdlgc ti Cbrjkrdt (;<2?).



HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ APIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (^.J. ) ?: 3

Abw juekg rbeklgs arie tjb Gbihltjlo pbrlid jkvb `bbg aiugd lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds lgkssiolktlig wltj tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb. Tjb ighy juekg rbeklgs si akr dbsorl`bd oieb arieGlbrssbg, gbkr Qkkssbg ig tjb Qbhuwb (Glbuwbgjuls, ;<6:). Tjb algdlgcs ia tjls smuhh ektbrlkh—dihlojiorkglk, kg k`girekh airbjbkd kgd jbkvy byb`riw krojbs—krb qubstligbd `y Julzlgck

(;<2<). @kslgc jls rbksiglgc ig tjb oikrsb ojkrkotbr ia tjb smbhbtig, Julzlgck rbkojbs tjb oig-ohuslig tjkt tjbsb smbhbtkh rbeklgs `bhigc vbry pri`k`hy ti tjb 'phkgioolpltkhb _tblhmipa',

L j87 typlokh obgtrkh alcurb lg tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb (Cbrjkrdt, ;<2?).

Lg ;<2? Cbrjkrdt writb k eigicrkpj ig tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb lg Obgtrkh kgd SbstCbrekgy. Kooirdlgc ti jle tjls vbry jbtbricbgbius pbiphb oigslst ojlbahy ia khplgb-dlgkrlotypbs, lg wjloj tjb phkgioolpltkh `rkojyeirpjius typb prbdielgktbs, bspbolkhhy lg tjb ebg.Tjls i`sbrvktlig ls suppirtbd `y Jbeebr's khhiebtrlo study (;<13).

Tjb lepirtkgt `kslo criup ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbiphb> Tjb 'phkgioolpltkhb _tblhmipa' lsojkrkotbrlzbd ks aihhiws `y Cbrjkrdt> tjb smbhbtig ls vbry oikrsb kgd jbkvy= tjb ioolput lsbspbolkhhy ahkt kgd stbbp, tjb gisb pritrudbs ekrmbdhy.

Lg kddltlig ti Cbrekgy itjbr oiugtrlbs jkvb khsi ylbhdbd bxkephbs ia 'phkgioolpltkhb

_tblhmñpab' lg kssiolktlig wltj tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb= keigc itjbrs Ltkhy (Crkzlisl, ;<43),Vihkgd (Slbrolgsmy, ;<13) Piuekglk (Gborksiv kgd Orlstbsou, ;<12), _pklg (Austì, ;<21.;<1;, ;<14) kgd Ozbojishivkmlk (Nbhlgbm, ;<14 kgd ;<13).

Sb stlhh jkvb gi mgiwhbdcb ia tjb irlclg ia tjls typb. Lg bkrhlbr Gbihltjlo pbrlids tjb typbjks `bbg bgoiugtbrbd iutsldb tjb @bhh @bkmbr pbrlid (Khoi`ì bt kh., ;<13). Kppkrbgthy tjb @bhh@bkmbr pbiphb bgtbrbd iur oiugtry vlk tjb bkst (@ijbelk kgd Eirkvlk), khtjiucj kg lgvksligarie tjb siutj, gkebhy tjb _pkglsj pbglgsuhk, okggit `b dlsoiugtbd. (Ojlhdb, ;<23, ;<14=Oigstkgdsb-Sbstbrekgg, ;<1:= Austì ;<21, Nbhlgbm, ;<13= v.d. Skkhs ;<14).

_ueekry

Durlgc kg bxokvktlig `y tjb Gktligkh Eusbue ia Kgtlqultlbs (Hbldbg, Gbtjbrhkgds) kt

Eihbgkkrscrkka (privlgob _iutj-Jihhkgd) juekg smbhbtkh rbeklgs ùrlbd lg crkvbs wbrb aiugd`bhigclgc ti pbiphb wji hlvbd tjbrb kt tjb trkgsltlig arie tjb Gbihltjlo ti tjb @rigzb Kcb,durlgc tjb bgd pjksb ia tjb @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb (sbb Hiuwb Miilnekgs ;<34).

Tjb smuhhs kgd higc ìgbs ia twi smbhbtigs oiuhd `b lgvbstlcktbd katbr eirb ir hbss suoobss-auh rboigstruotlig.

Tjb twi phkgioolpltkh `rkojyorkglo smuhhs sjiw k ohisb rbhktligsjlp ti tjb eklg typb ia tjb@bhh @bkmbr aihm ia Obgtrkh- kgd Sbst Cbrekgy ks dbsorl`bd `y Cbrjkrdt (;<2?).

HLTBPKTRPB

Khoi`ì, _ bt kh. ;<13. Lg >"Dks _yepislig "Kgtjripihiclb dbs Gbihltjlmues", Eklgz ;1-0? Imti`br ;<11" `y> L. _ojwl-dbtzmy. Jiei, ;:, ?. 001-0?6.

@koj, J. ;<14-'12. @bltrkc zur Kgtjripihiclb dbr Chiombg`bojbrhbutb, Kht-Tjørlgcbg, 3, 06:-003.. ;<11. Dlb _mbhbttb vig zwbl Chiombgòojbr-houtog kus Sugdbrshb`bg, Mr. _ñeebrdk. Kuscrkùgcbg ugd AugdbZL , 04?-043.

Ojlhdb, Q. C. ;<23. Db prbjlstirlb dbr Buripbsb skebghbvlgc. Vrlsek _brlb, Jbt _pbotrue, Rtrbojt/Kgtwbrpbg .. ;<64. Tjb Dkwg ia Buripbkg Olvlhlzktlig. Okvkrbhhb, Gbw \irm.



?:: K. _. MGLV

Oigstkgdsb-Sbstbrekgg, T. _. ;<1: Ayslsoj kgtripihiclsojb `bsojiuwlgcbg ivbr db Gbdbrhkgdsb `bvihmlgc> bbg piclgctit sygtjbsb. Dlssbrtktlb, Rtrbojt.

Austì, E. ;<21. Bh bhbebgti rkolkh dlgkrloi-krebgildb bg bh hbvkgtb bxpkgih durkgtb bh pìrlidi Bgbihltjloi. Trk`.Lgst. "@. db _kjkcug" db Kgtrip. y Btgih., @krobhigk, ZQ, ;, ;< pkc.. ;<1;. Kgtjripihiclb dbs pipuhktligs gìi-ìgìihltjlqubs du hbvkgt Bspkcgih. @brlojt ø`br dbg Q Lgtbrgktligkhb

Migcrbss aør Qir- ugd Arøjcbsbjlojtb. Jkeùrc ;<2:. Cb`r. Ekgg, @brhlg, 0<3-?66.. ;<14. Khcugks i`sbrvkoligbs kobrok db hks piphkoligbs prbjlstirloks y pritijlstirloks dbh girtb db Bspkgk.ZZQLL Oigcrbssi husoi-Bspkgih pkrk bh Vricrbsi db hks Olbgolks, @lh`ki, 0<6-0<1.

Cbrjkrdt , M. ;<2?. Dlb Chiombg`bojbr-hbutb lg Elttbh- ugd Sbst Dbutsoj hkgd, _ojwblzbr`krt Qbrhkc, _tut tckr t.. ;<12. Gbub _ojkdbh- ugd _mbhbtrbstb vig Chiomog`bojbrhbutbg kus dbe Pkueb @ksbh. Nkjrùoj _ojwblz. Cbsbhh.a. Rrcbsojlojtb, @kgd 20.. ;<13. Dlb ebgsojhlojbg Ø`brrbstb blgbs Chiombg`bojbrcrk`bs vig Cøgdhlgcbg, Hdmr. Arblùrc. @kdlsojb Augd`b-

rlojtb, @kgd 0?.Claabg, K. B. vkg ;<02. Ivbr db iudstb `bvihmlgcsbhbebgtbg vkg igs hkgd. Ebgs bg Ekktsojkppln, ;, 023-0:6.Chkgvlhhb, B.Q. ;<13. Vbrairktlig ia tjb oirigild-ihborkgig sbptue. Juebri-uhgkr rbhktligsjlps lg Gbtjbrhkgds kgd

Karlokg pipuhktligs. Kebr. N. pjys. Kgtjrip. G. _., 01, ;, :2-<0.Crkslisl, V. ;<43. Chlgielgl pkhbihltlol dbhhk Crittk dl _. Tbidiri (Ebsslgk). Plv. _brl. Vrblst. Alrbgzb, LL, 0-?, ;0?-0?<.Crlee, J. ;<2<. Sbltbrb Rgtbrsuojugcbg ø`br vircbsojlojthlojb Ebgsojbgrbstbg vig _ojkastkd t. Nkjrbs sojr. Elttbhd.

Qirc., Jkhh, `kgd 4?.Jbeebr, J. ;<13. ur khhiebtrlsojb Ojkrkmtbrlslbrugc vig Vipuhktligbg dbs buripklsojbg Gbihltjloues. Jiei,

;:, ?, 0;;-006.

Julzlgck, N. ;<2<. Db prkbjlstirlsojb ebgs lg Gbdbrhkgd. Gbdbrhkgdgueebr vkg Kgtlqulty kgd _urvlokh, 0 (2-1).Nbhlgbm, N . ;<14. Kgtjripihiclb dbr nøgcbrbg _tblgzblt lg Ekjrbg. Kgtjripis, o. ;1 (G._. :), ;;6 pkc.

. ;<13. Lg> "Dks _yepislig "Kgtjripihiclb dbs Gbihltjlmues", Eklgz ;1-0? Imti`br ;<11" `y L. _ojwldbtzmy,Jiei, ;:, ?, 001-0?6.

Mricekg, S.E. ;<10. Tjb juekg smbhbtig lg airbgslo ebdbolgb, Tjieks, _prlgcalbhd ;;;.

Hiuwb Miilnekgs, H. V. ;<34. Tjb Pjlgb/Ebusb Dbhtk. Aiu r _tudlbs ig lts Vrbjlstirlb Iooupktlig kgd JihiobgbCbihicy. Tjbsls Hbldbg, khsi> Iudjbldm. Ebdbd. Plnmseusbue vkg Iudjbdbg Hbldbg 2?-24, ;<30-'3?.

Ekrtlg, P. ;<0:. Hbjrùoj dbr Kgtjripihiclb, `kgd LL. Alsojbr Qbrhkc, Nbgk.Gborksiv, I. bg Orlstbsou, E. ;<12. Diggìbs kgtjripihiclqub sur hbs pipuhktligs db ;'kcb db hk plbrrb bg Piuekglb.

Jiei, ;1, ;0<-;1;.Glbuwbgjuls, K. S. ;<6:. Db ebgsojbgrbs tbg ult dbg prkbjlstirlsojbg crkaìuw `ln Glbrssbg. Iudjbldm. Ebdbd.

Plnmseusbue vkg Iudjbdbg, Hbldbg, I.P. 0, ;:-04._kgceblstbr, B. ugd Cbrjkrdt, M. ;<12. _ojgurmbrkelm ugd _ojgurmbrkelmbr lg _ød-Sbst Dbutsojhkgd. @kdlsojb

Augd`brlojto, _igdbrjbat :._ojbldt. S, ;<04. Dlb Pkssbg dbr nøgcbrbg _tblgzblt lg Buripk. Hbjekggs Qbrhkc, Eøgojbg._ojlgz, J. P. ;<00. Dks Airkebg suprktriojhbkrb juebrl. Airtsojrlttb kua dbe Cb`lbtb dbr Pñgtcbgstrkjhbg, @kgd

ZZLZ.Qkhhils, J. Q. ;<4?. Hbs issbebgts jueklgs db Mibrjuls`bbm, prìs Dbvbgtbr, Jihhkgd. Qbrsh. Mig. Gbd. Kmkd. Sbtbg-

soj., kad. Gktuurm., 0b _bhotlb, ;;, ?.Skkhs, N. D. vkg dbr ;<14. Vrbjlstirlb Dlso Sjbbhs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds. Tjbsls, Criglgcbg.Slbrolgsml, K. ;<13. Lg= "Dks _yepislig "Kgtjripihiclb dbs Gbihltjlmues", Eklgz ;1-0? Imti`br ;<11" `y L. _ojwl-

wldbtzmy. Jiei, ;:, ?, 001-0?6.



HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ APIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (z.J.)

TK@HB ;

EBK_RPBEBGT_ IA TJB _M RHH (KOOIPDLGC TI EKPTLG, ;<0:)

Ebksurbebgt Ecr. L ?: Ecr. LL ?3

«N on

E. ; ;1;.6 ;3;.2

E. ? ;2<.6 ;1:.6

E. 2 :6.6* ;62.6

E. : ;24.6 ;42.6

E. < <<.6 <3.6

E. ;6 ;03.6 —E. ;; ;02.6* ;0;.6

E. ;0 ;;:.6* ;;6.6

E. ;3 ;;3.6* ;40.2

E. 06 <<.2* ;;2.6

E. 01 ;03.6 ;03.6

E. 03 ;06.6 ;0?.6

E. 0: ;61.6* ;;;.6

E. 0< ;6<.6 ;;0.6

E. ?6 ;62.6 ;;;.6

E. ?; ::.6* <:.6

E. ?02 ;02¶ ;?;.2¶

E. 46 <?.6* <4.6

E. 4? ;60.6* ;62.6

E. 42 ;6:.6* ;62.6*

E. 41 — ;66.6*

E. 43 ;6?.6* ;0;.6*

E. 4: 1?.6* 3;.6

E. 26 — 02.6

E. 2; 46.6* 46.6

E. 20 ??.6* ?0.2

E. 24 — 03.6*

E. 22 — 2<.6

E. 1? 4;.6* ?3.6

E. 1; 1;.6* 2<.6

E. 12 ;;1.6 ;;:.6*

E. 1: 3?.6 <6.6*

E. 1<0 H.00.? P. 00.6 H.0<.6 P. ?6.6

E. 1<? H.04.; P. 0?.2 H.?;.6 P. ?0.2

E. 36 2;.6 14.6*

E. 3; H.?:.2 P. ?<.6 H.42.0 P. —

E. 3;k H.?6.0 P. ?;.6 H.?4.6 P. —

E. 3< ;04¶ ;;26E. :60 H.?2.0 P. ?2.6 H.?3.6 P. ?3.0

E. :6? H.06.1 P. 06.< H.?6.6 P. ?;.6

E. :60 H.— P. ??.6 H.?:.6 P. ?:.6

E. :6? H.— P, 06.6 H.03.6 P. 03.6

Crbktbst higctjChk`bhhk-Re`dnm hbgctjGkslig-`kslig hbgctjCrbktbtt `rbkdtjArigtkh `rbkdtj (elg.)Arigtkh `rbkdtj (ekx.)@lkurlouhkr `rbkdtjKstbrlig `rbkdtj@kslig-`rbcek jblcjtKurlouhkr-`rbcek jblcjt_kclttkh arigtkh krb

_kclttkh pkrlbtkh krb_kclttkh ioolpltkh krb_kclttkh arigtkh ojird_kclttkh pkrlbtkh ojird_kclttkh ioolpltkh ojirdArigtkh kgchb@kslig-pristjlig dlstkgobRppbr akolkh `rbkdtj@lzyciektlo `rbkdtjEkxlhhkry `rbkdtjGkslig-cgktjlig dlstkgobGkslig-pristjlig dlstkgobKgtorlil' lgtbrir`ltkh `rbkdtj

Ir`ltkh `rbkdtjIr`ltkh jblcjtZkskh `rbkdtjGkskL jblcjtVkhktb `rbkdtjEkxlhhi khvbihkr `rbkdtj@loigdyhkr wldtjHbgctj ia `ksbEkgdlùhkr jblcjtEkgdlùhkr jblcjtPkeus hbgctjPkeus `rbkdtjElg. `rbkdtj ia ekgdlùhkr rkeus

Ciglkh kgchbHigctj ia prbeihkr-eihkr riw (ekgdl`hb)Hbgctj ia eihkr riw (ekgdl`hb)Hbgctj ia prbeihkr-eihkr riw (ekxlhhk)Hbgctj ia eihkr riw (ekxlhhk)

* Kpprixlektb vkhubs.



?< 6 K. _. MGLV

TK@HB 0

LGDLOB_ IA TJB _MRHH (KOOI@DLGC TI EKPTLG, ;<0:)

Ecr. L ?: Ecr. L L ?3

Hbgctj-`rbkdtj lgdbx E. :> ; <2.1 :4.2Hbgctj-jblcjt lgdbx E. ;3> ; 30.1* :?.6@rbkdtj-jblcjt lgdbx E. ;3> : 32.<* <:.0Hbgctj-kurlouhkr lgdbx E. 06> ; 1;.:* 13.6TrkgsvbrskL arigtkh lgdbx E. <>;6 33.< —TrkgsvbrskL arigti-pkrlbtkh lgdbx E. <>: 14.0 11.:_kcltt kh arigti-pkrlb tkh lgdbx E. 03>01 <4.4 <1.:_kcltt kh arigtkh lgdbx E. 0<>01 :2.: ::.;_kclt tkh pkrlb tkh lgdbx E. ?6>03 :3.2 <6.0_kcltt kh ioolpltkh lgdbx E. ?;>0: ::.0 ::.0

Ir`ltkh lgdbx E. 20>2; — :;.0Gkskh lgdbx E. 24>22 — 42.3*

Ekgdlùhkr rkeus lgdbx E. 3;>36 H. 32.4 P. 31.4 H. 36.1 P. —Cgktjlo lgdbx E. 46>2 — :<.2Akolkh lgdbx E. 43>42 <2.?* ;;2.0*

Rppbr akolkh lgdbx E. 4:>42 2:.?* 13.0*

Higcltudlgkh orkgli-akolkh lgdbx E. 46>; 23.3* 24.:Qbrtlokh orkgli-akolkh lgdbx E. 4:>;: 2?.3* 4<.1




HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ APIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (z.J.) ?<;

TK@HB ?

EBK_RPBEBGT_ KGD LGDLOB_ IA TJB VI_T-OPKGLKH _MBH BTIG(KOOIPDLGC TI EKPTLG, ;<0:)

Ebksurbebgt Ecr.

8

;?:

9Ecr.

l

LL ?3

$

Is oixkb

Ekxlekh hbgctj E. ; H. ;<6.6 @. ;:<.6 H. ;<:.6 P. 0;2.6

Ekxlekh `rbkdtj E. 0 H. ;??.6 P. ;??.6 H. — P . —

Vu` lo hbgc tj E. ;3 H. 13.6 P. 1:.2 H. — P . —

Lsojl kh hbgc tj E. ;1 H. 34.6 P. 3:.6 H. — P . —

@rbkdtj ia tjb solktlo gitoj E.?; H.— P.— H. — P . —

Hbgctj ia tjb solktlo gitoj E.?0 H.— P.— H. — P . —

Qbrtlbkh dlkebtbr kobtkùhue E.00 H. 4:.6 P. 2;.2 H. — P. 20.6

Jirlzigtkh dlkebtbr kobtkùhue E.00 H. 42.2 P. 43.6 H. — P . —

('ixkh lgdbx E. 0>; H. 36.6 P. 36.? H. — P . —

Lsojlue-pu`ls lgdbx E. ;3>;1 H. <6.2 P. :3.: H. — P.—

Abeur

Ekxlekh hbgctj E. ; H. ?<<.6 P . — H. — P. 442.6

Vjysl ihiclb kh hbgc tj E. 0 H. ?<:. 6 P. 4;<. 6 H. — P. 446.6

Tebjkgtbr-oigdyhus hbgctj E. ? H.— P.— H. — P. 402.6

Vjyslihiclbkh tribjkgtbr hbgctj E. 4 H . — P . — H. — P. 4;;.6

_kclttkh dlkebtbr ia elddlb ia dlkpjysls E. 1 H. 04.6 P. 0?.6 H. — P. 03.6

Trkgs vbrs b dlke btbr ia elddlb ia dlkpj ysls E. 3 H. 0;.6 P. 00.6 H. — P. 02.6

Olroueabrbgob ia elddlb ia dlkpjysls E. : H. 36.6 P. 36.6 H. — P. :;.6

Trkgsvbrsb dlkebtbr ia uppbr pkrt ia dlkpjysls E. < H. 0<.6 P. 0:.6 H. — P. ?;.6

_kclttkh dlkebtbr ia uppbr pkrt ia dlkpjysls E. ;6 H. 0;.6 P. 0;.6 H. P. 00.6

Hbgct j-tjlomgbss lgdbx E. :>0 H. ;1.3 P. ;3.2 H. P. ;:.4

Pi` ust lol ty lgdbx E.1 + 3>0 H. ;6.3 P. ;;.? H. P. ;;.:

;'lhk.stbrlo lgd bx E. 1>3 H. ;64.2 P. ;;4.0 H. — P. ;6:.6

Ebrlo lgdbx E. ;6>< H. 32.6 P. 30.4 H. P. 36.<

•rlh,=,,

Ekxl ekh hbgct j E. ; H. ?2<.6 P. ?21.6 H. P. ?13.6

Hbgctj E. ;" H. ?2?.6 P. ?20.6 H. P. ?10.6*

Ekxlekh dlke btbr kt air gut r. (elddlb ia dlkpjysls) E. :k H. 0<.? P. ?;.4 H. P. ??.6

Trkgs vbrs b dlke btbr kt air gut r. (elddlb ia dlkpjysls) E. <½ H. 00.6 P. 0;.0 H. P. 00.6

Elglekh olroueabrbgob ia dlkpjys ls E. ;6" H. 12.6 P. 13.6 H. P. 33.6*

Hbgct hl-tjlomgbss lgdbx E. ;6t7>h H. ;:.; P. ;:.: H. P. 06.<

Ogbelo lgdbx E. <">: k H. 32.6 P. 13.2 H. P. 11.1

K sl rk LNLØR_

Hbg ct j E. ; H. 26.2 P. 2;.6 H. 2:.6 P. 21.?

@rbk dtj E. 0 H. 4?.6 P. 4;.6 H. 4?.2 P. 4?.:

Jbl cjt E. ? H. 0<.0 P . — H. ?0.? P. ??.3

Triojhok hbgctj E. 4 H. ?6.6* P . — H. ?2.: P. ?4.4

Trio jhbk `r bk dt j E. 2 H. ?;.6 P. ?;.6 H. ??.4 P. ??.1

Kpprixlektb vkhubs.



K. _. MGLV

TK@HB ? (OIGTLGRBD)

Ebksurbebgt Ecr. L?Ì! Ecr. LL ?3

1h

1h

E. 0>; H. :2.; P. :6.? H. 32.6 P. 33.3E. ?>; H. 23.: P. — H. 22.1 P. 2<.:E. 4>; H. 2<.4 P. — H. 1;.3 P. 1;.;th. 2>0 H. 30.? P. 32.1 H. 31.3 P. 31.3R. 2>4 H. ;6?.? P. — H. <?.0 P. <3.1

E. ; H. 3:.6* P, 31.6* H. 3:.6* P. 31.0E. 0 H.— P. ?3.6 H. 4;.6 P. 40.2E. ? H.— P. 0?.6 H. — P. 04.6E. 4 H. ?1.6 P. ?1.6 H. ?<.6 P. 4;.6E. 2 H. 20.6* P. 20.2 H. 4<.6* P. 2;.:

E. 3 H. 40.6* P. 4?.6* H. 20.2 P. 24.:E. : H. 0:.6* P. 0:.6* H. ?6.6* P. ?;.6E. 0>; H.— P. 4:.1* H. 2;.0* P. 22.6.E. 2>; H. 11.1* P. 1<.6* H. 10.:* P, 13.<LL. :>3 H. 11.1* P. 12.;* H. 23.;* P. 21.2E. 3>; H. 2?.:* P. 21.2* H. 13.?* P. 3;.<

E. ; H.— P. H. P. ?63.6E. 0 H. 0<1.6 P. ?64.6 H. — P. ?6;.6E. 2 H. ;:.0 P. ;<.2 H. — P. 00.6LL. 1 H. ;4.1 P. ;2.6 H. — P. ;1.6E. 3 H. 26.6 P. 24.6 H. — P. 2<.6E. 1>2 H. :6.0 P. 31.< H. — P. 30.3

E. 3>; H. — P. — H. — P. ;<.0

E. 0 H. 0?6.6 P. 00:.6 H. P.E. ? H. ?;.6 P. ?;.6 H. — P. ?3.6R. ?>0 H. ;?.4 P. ;?.2 H. — P. —

LL. ; H. 04?.6 P. 0?<.6 H. P.R. 0 H. 0?;.6 P. 00:.6 H. — P. —

E. ? H. ?:.6 P. ?:.6 H. — P. —

E. ?>0 H. ;1.4 P. ;1.1 H. — P. —

Hbgctj-`rbkdtj lgdbxHbgctj-jblcjt lgdbxTriojhbk hbgctj lgdbxékhus-triojhbk `rbkdtj lgdbxTriojhbk lgdbx

Okhokgbus

Hbgctj@rbkdtjElglekh `rbkdtj oirpusJblcjtHbgctj

Tu`br jblcjtTu`br `rbkdtjHbgctj-`rbkdtj lgdbxOirpus hbgctj lgdbxTu`br lgdbxTu`br lgdbx

Juebrus

Ekxlekh hbgctjTitkh hbgctjEkx. dlkebtbr ia elddhb ia dlkpjyslsElg. dlkebtbr ia elddhb ia dlkpjyslsElg. olroueabrbgob ia dlkpjyslsDlkpjysls oriss-sbotlig lgdbx

Piùstlolty lgdbxRhgk

Vjyslihiclikh hbgctjOlroueabrbgobHbgctj-tjlomgbss lgdbx

Pkdlus

Ekxlekh hbgctjVjyslihiclokh hbgctjOlroueabrbgobHbgctj-tjlomgbss lgdbx

Kpprixlektb vkhubs.



HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ APIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (z .J.) ? <?

TK@HB 4

OIEVKPKTLQB DKTK IG TJB HIGC @IGB DLEBG_LIG_

Ebksurbebgt Ecr. LL ?3 Eujh-jkusbg

S 3< S : ;k

S:0

Juebruk

Ekxlekh hbgctj E. ;Titkh hbgctj E. 0Elg. olroueabrbgob ia dlkpjysls E. 3

Pkdlus

Ekxlekh hbgctj E. ;L'jyslihiclokh hbgctj E. 0Olroueabrbgob E. ?

Rhgk

Vjyslihiclokh hbgctj E. 0Olroueaorogbb E. ?

Abeur

Ekxlekh hbgctj E. ;L'jyslihiclokh hbgctj E. 0_kclttk h dlkebtbr ia elddhb ia dlkpjysls E. 1Trkgsvbrso dlkebtbr ia elddhb ia dlkpjysls E. 3Olroueabrbgob ia elddhb ia dlkpjysls E. :Trkgsvorsb dlkebtbr ia uppbr pkrt ia

dlkpjysls E. <_kclttkh dlkebtbr ia uppbr pkrt ia dlk

pjysls E. ;6

Tl`lk

H/P

—/?63

—/?6;

—/2<

- / -- / -

-/-

- / --/?3

-/442-/446-/03-/0ah-/th

-/th-/00

Ekxlekh hbgctj E. ; —/? 13

Hbgctj E. ;" —/?10

Ekxlekh dlkebtbr kt air gutr. (elddhb ia

dlkpjysls) E. :½ —/ ??

Trkgsvbl'si dlkebtbr kt air gutr. (elddhb

ia dlkpjys ls) E. < k —/00

Piùstlolty lgdbx guebrus ;; 3>; - / ; <

Hbgct j-tj lomgbs s lgdbx rkdlu s E. ?>0- / -Hbgctj-tjlomgbss lgdbx uhgk E. ?>0 - / -

Più stl olt y lgdbx abeur E. 6 | 3>0 —/;; .:

h'lhksttE'lb lgdbx abeur E. 1>3 —/;6:

Ebrlo lgd bx abeu r E. ;6>< —/ 36. <

Hbgct j-tj lomgbs s lgdbx abeur E. :>0 —/;:.4

Ogbelo lgdbx tl`lk E. <½>:k —/11

H/P H/P

Y/?43 - / -—/?4; ??;/——/12 13/—

40/-

043/-?2/-

—/4:0—/43<?6/0:?;/0<<0/—

?2/?2

—/02<—/040- / 4 ?

041/—

40/—

- / -- / -- / -- / -- / -

?:/?3 ?1/-

01/02 03/-

?:1/(?:4) —/—?:4/(?33) — /—

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Y / l : . 3 - / -- / - Y /; 3. h—/;4.0 ;3.;/—- /; ;. < - / -

;1.:/<1.2 ~h—

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12.3/1:.2 —/—

H/P H/P

—/(?06) ?42/——/?;? ?4?/——/36 36/36

—/01302?/02?42/44

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?<4 K. _. MGLV

TK@HB 2

OIEVKPKTLQB DKTK IG TJB _MRHH DLEBG_LIG_

Ecr. LL ?3 ";'hkgioolpltkhi _tblhmipa"Ebksurbebgt

8N g Z (N elg.—ekx.

Crbktbst hbgctj E. ; ;3;.2 ;0 ;31.3 ;36 —;:?

Gkslig-`kslig hbgctj E. 2 ;62.6 0 — ;62 —(;;0)

Crbktbst `rbkdtj E. : ;42.6 ;; ;4:.2 ;46 — ;21

h'\igtkh `rbkdtj (elg.) E. < <3.6 ;; ;66.3 <3 —(;61)

Arigtkh `rbkdtj (ekx.) E. ;6 — 4 ;0:.0 ;04 — ;?0

@lkurlo uhkr `rb kdtj E. ;; ;0;.6 0 — ;02 —;03

Kstb rlig `r bkd tj E. ;0 ;;6.6 0 — ;61 —;;2

@kslig-`rbcek jblcjt E. ;3 ;40.2 ? ;46.? ;?3 —(;44 )

Kurlouhkr-`rbcek jblcjt E. 06 ;;2. 6 < ;06.< (;;4) - ( ;0 2)Hbgctj-`rbkdtj lgdbx E. :>; :4. 2 ;6 :4.? :6.4 —(:<.1)

Hbgctj-jblcjt lgdbx E. ;3> ; :?.6 ? 3:. 6 32.3 — 3<.3

@rbkdtj-jblcjt lgdbx E. ;3> : <:.0 ? <4.1 < ? . : — <2.0

Hbgctj-kurlbuhkr lgdbx E. 06> ; 13.6 : 1:.; 12 . 4— 30.3

Trkgsvbrskh-arigtkh lgdbx E. <>;6 — 4 3:.; 3 3 . : — 3:.:

Trkgs vbrsk h arigti- pkrlbtkh lgdbx E. <>: 11.: < 13.? (1?.0)— 3;.0

@kslig-pristjlig dls tkgob E. 46 <4.6 ? <1.? (<2) — <3

Rppbr akolkh `rbkdtj E. 4? ;62.6 4 ;6<.3 ;62 — ;; 0

@lzyciektlo `rbkdtj E. 42 ;62.6* 0 — ;00 —(;?2)

Gkslig-cgktjlig dls tkgob E. 43 ;0;.6* 1 ;02.6 ;0; — ;0<

Gkslig-pristjlig dls tkgob E. 4: 3;.6 2 3?.? 36 — 31

Ir`ltkh `rbkdtj E. 2; 46.6 1 40.6 46 — 44

Ir`ltkh jblcjt E. 20 ?0.2 1 ??.3 ?; — ?1

Gkskh `rbkdtj E. 24 03.6* 4 04.3 00 — 01

Gkskh jblcjt E. 22 2<.6 1 2;.: 26 — 24

@loigdyhkr wldtj E. 12 ;;:.6* ; — ;0; —

Ekgdlùhkr syepjysls jblcjt E. 1< ?6.3 < ?2.0 ( 0: )— 46

Akolkh lgdbx E. 43>42 ;;2.0* 0 — ( <2.1)— <<.0

Rppbr akolkh lgdbx E. 4:>42 13. 0* 0 — ( 21.?)— 23.?

Ir`ltkh lgdbx E. 20>2; :;.0 1 :6.; ( 32 .1 — :?.3

Gkskh lgdbx E. 24>22 42.3* 4 43.? ( 40.?) — 26.6

Kpprixlektb vkhubs.



HKTB GBIHLTJLO _MBHBTIG ALGD_ APIE EIHBGKKP_CPKKA (^.J. ) ?<2

TK@HB 1

OIEVKPKTLQB DKTK IG TJB _MRHH DLEBG_LIG_

Ecr. L ?: @rku gsdir agi . 4;

Mhblgvkjh`brc @gi. 16

8N s 8N

Crbktbst hbgctj E. ; ;1;.6 ;:4.6

Gkslig-`kslig hbgctj E. 2 :6.6* — —Crbktbst `rbkdtj E. : ;24.6 — ;23.6

Brigtkh `rbkdthl (elg,) E. < <<.6 — ;61.6

Vrigt b! `rb kdt j (ekx.) E. ;6 ;03.6 — —Jlkurlouhkr `rbkdtj E. ;; ;02.6* — —Kstbrlig `rbkdtj E. ;0 ;;:.6* — —@ksl ig-`r bcek jblc jt E. ;3 ;;3.6* — —

Kurlo uhkr- `rbcek jblcjt E. 06 <<.2* ;06.6 ;06.6Hbgctj-`rbkdtj lgdbx E. :>; <2.1 — :2.4

Hbgctj-jblcjt lgdbx E. ;3>; 30.1* — —@rbkdtj-jblcjt lgdbx E. ;3>: 32.< * — —Hbgctj -kurl ouhkr lgdbx E. 06>; 1;.:* — 12.0

Trkgsvbr skh-ar igtkh lgdbx E. <>;6 33.< — —Trkgsvbrskh arigti-pkrlbtkh lgdbx E. <> : 14.0 — 13.2

@kslig-pristjlig dlstkgob E. 46 <?.6* — —Rppbr-akolkh `rbkdtj E. 4? ;60.6* ;61.6 ;6:.6

@lzyciektlo `rbkdtj E. 42 ;6:.6* ;??.6 —Gkslig-cgktjlig dls tkgob E. 43 ;6?.6* ;;0.6 ;61.6

Gkslig -pris tjlig dlstk gob E. 4: 1?.6* 11.6 1?.6

Ir`ltkh `rbkdtj E. 2; 46. 6* 46.6 ?<.6

Ir`l tkh jblcj t E. 20 ??.6* ?0.6 ?6.6Gkskh `rbkdtj E. 24 — 04.6 0?.6

Gkskh jblcjt E. 22 — 4<.6 4<.6

@loigdyhkr wldt j E. 12 ;;1.6 — —Ekgdlùhkr syepjysls jblcjt E. 1< 0?.; ?0.6 (0:.6)

Akolkh lgdbl E. 43>42 <2.?* :4.0 —Rpp br akolkh lgd bx E. 4:>42 2:.?* 4<.2 —Ir`l tkh lgd bU E. 20>2; — :6.6 31.<

Gkskh lgdb x E. 24>22 — 4:.< 43.;




_KEBGQKTTLGC

(Dutoj _ueekry)

Qÿÿr ;<26 wks jbt wbstbhlnmb rlvlbrbgcb`lbd, jbt cb`lbd tussbg Tlbh bg Kh`hkssbrdke,lg krojbihiclsoj ipzlojt tbr rk lgoicgltk > bbg wlt cb lbd ip db vbrsprbldlgcsmkkrtbg. Lg dbvihcbgdb nkrbg wbrdbg viirkh `ln db ìdbemkrtbrlgcbg wbh bgmbhb igtdbmmlgcbg cbdkkg,ekkr db iprlojtlgc vkg db KSG wbrmcribp "Hbm bg Ebrwbstrbbm" lg ;<10 ekrmbbrt pks jbt

eiebgt, wkkrip br vkg bbg systbektlsojb bxphirktlb sprkmb ckkt zlng. Igdbr db `bzlbhbgdbhbldlgc vkg J. K. db Mim wirdbg vbhb tlbgtkhhbg krojbihiclsojb tbrrblgbg, dktbrbgdb vkg dbQhkkrdlgcbg-ouhtuur tit db Elddbhbbuwbg, igtdbmt. ^ln zlng cbhbcbg ip db kazbttlgcbg vkg viirekhlcb rlvlbrhipbg bg mrbbmsystbebg bg ip db tippbg vkg Iudjihiobgb dulgbg. Br vigd ivbrdbzb vigdstbg lgtbgslbvb oirrbspigdbgtlb phkkts ebt Vriabssir Eiddbrekg.

Qbrsojlhhbgdb iirzkmbg zlng br kkg tb vibrbg, wkkrdiir db sojrlnvbr lg ;<12 jkkst igigtmiie`kkr ebt dbzb ektbrlb wbrd cboigarigtbbrd bg zloj dkkrlg clgc vbrdlbpbg> db giidzkkmvkg bbg lgvbgtkrlsktlb bg wkkrdbrlgc vkg dbzb vigdstbg, dlb jbt `bwiglgcs`bbhd vkg Sbst-Gbdbrhkgd kkgebrmbhlnm `bégvhibddbg= db drblclgc vkg bbg rulhvbrmkvbhlgc, wbhmb lgelddbhslg ultvibrlgc l s= db giidzkmbhlnmb `bcbhbldlgc vkg db wbrmcribp bg glbt lg jbt elgst db lgtbrbssbvkg db kutbur viir db lgtbrrbhktlb vkg cbihiclb bg krojbihiclb bg db eicbhln mjbd db studlb vkg

jbt dbs`btrbaabgdb cb`lbd khs prieitlb-igdbrzibm tb `bclggbg.Lg db hiip vkg db nkrbg jbbat jbt igdbrwbrp vkg db studlb ult`rbldlgcbg igdbrckkg bgjbbat jbt koobgt zloj bglcszlgs vbrphkktst. _pibdlc wkrbg wln kh tit db oigohuslbc bmiebg, dktviir db cbstbhdb dibhblgdbg bbg kkgtkh ipcrkvlgcbg giidzkmbhlnm wks. Lg db cbebbgtb Eihbgkkrscrkka wbrd lg ;<13 ip db "Jkzbgdigm" bbg irlígtbrbgd igdbrzibm lgcbstbhd. Jbt tbrrblg"Eihbgkkrscrkka" wbrd lg ;<11 bg ;<13 vrlnwbh vihhbdlc ipcbcrkvbg. Drlb kgdbrb ipcrkvlgcbgwbrdbg ultcbvibrd wbcbgs `bdrblclgc diir crigdwbrmzkkejbdbg> lg ;<11 bbg lnzbrtlnd-gbdbrzbttlgc gk`ln Ouhbeìrc bg lg ;<1< twbb tbrrblgbg lg Ittihkgd> jbt tbrrklg Iistblgd (Q@@-H@K) bg Mrieeb Bhhbìic (Q@@/@S@). @bldb ipcrkvlgcbg lg Eihbgkkrscrkka hbvbrdbgzivbbh lgairektlb, dkt jbt ultwbrmbg dkkrvkg bbg kkgzlbghlnm dbbh vkg db tlnd lg `bshkc ziugbebg. Ivbr db drlb kgdbrb igdbrzibmlgcbg zkh hktbr wirdbg cbrkppirtbbrd.

Tbcbhlnmbrtlnd `hbbm jbt wbgsbhlnm db `lnbbg cb`rkojtb cbcbvbgs lg bbg wlndbr mkdbr, dktvkg cbjbbh Sbst-Gbdbrhkgd, tb phkktsbg. Jlbrult ls Dbbh L vkg dbzb ùgdbh viirt cbmiebg.Dkkrlg wirdt bbg ivbrzlojt cbcbvbg ivbr db `bwiglgcscbsojlbdbgls vkg Sbst-Gbdbrhkgd,viirkh wkt `btrbat db pbrlidb viir 366 v. Ojr. Db rbhktlb tit db cbihiclsojb igtwlmmbhlgc vkgjbt cb`lbd, cbdielgbbrd diir db trkgscrbsslb/rbcrbsslb-oyohl stkkt dkkr`ln obgtrkkh.

Sln wbrdbg tbvbgs cbìbld diir db cbcbvbgs wbhmb db krojbihiclsojb tbrrblgbg hbvbrbgviir db oigstruotlb vkg bbg ourvb viir db zbbsplbcbhstlnclgc, tbebbr dkkr db Kh`hkssbrwkkrd



_KEBGQKTTLGC <3?

bbg `ln ultstbm cbsojlmt cb`lbd `hbbm tb zlng viir wkkrgbelgcbg `btrbaabgdb viirekhlcb wktbr-glvbkus.

Jbt iirsprigmbhlnmb igdbrwbrp jbbat zlng `bshkc cbmrbcbg lg Dbbh LL. Sln `bjkgdbhbgdkkrlg db `bwiglgcscbsojlbdbgls bg db cbihiclsojb igtwlmmbhlgc vkg jbt wbstbhlnmb rlvlbrbg

cb`lbd. Db krojbihiclb mkg zigdbr db cbihiclb glbt `bcrbpbg wirdbg. Kgdbrzlnds hbvbrt zln dbdktbrlgcbg viir vbrsojlhhbgdb kazbttlgcbg, ebt gkeb viir db striieruccbg. Dbbh LL viret bbgbbrstb igtwbrp vkg bbg krojbihiclsojb dlkcrke vkg db strbbm.

Db `bldb hkktstb dbhbg zlng db vbrshkcbg vkg db twbb ipcrkvlgcbg lg Eihbgkkrscrkka.Ip db Jkzbgdigm (Dbbh LLL), db tip vkg bbg Iud-Jihiobbg dulg, wbrd `bwiglgc vkstcbstbhd

iestrbbms 4;66 (9), ?466, ?666, 0466, bg ;366 v.Ojr. Bbg glbuwb cribp kkrdbwbrm, viirhiplc"Jkzbgdigm kkrdbwbrm" cbgibed, wbrd iestrbbms ?666 v. Ojr. cbdktbbrd. Db kgdbrb `bwi-glgcsaksbg zlng tb vbr`lgdbg ebt "_wlatbr`kgt", db Qhkkrdlgcbg-ouhtuur bg db aksb vkg hktbmhim`bmbrouhtuur bg db ouhtuur vkg db wlmmbhdrkkd`bmbrs. Db `bwiglgcsaksbg vkhhbg skebgebt db cbihiclsojb rbcrbsslbaksbg bg zlng cbsojbldbg diir pbrlidbg zigdbr `bwiglgc.

Tb Eihbgkkrscrkka (Dbbh LQ) `bvigd zloj ip db _ojiigrbwibrdsb striieruc bg cbhbcbg

kkg bbg diir`rkkmcbuh bbg mhblgb gbdbrzbttlgc ult db ivbrckgcspbrlidb Gbihltjloue-@rigstlnd(Q@@/@S@, ;:66-;266 v. Ojr.). Jbt ls ììg vkg bbg kkgtkh vbrcbhlnm`krb mbrgbg ip dbzb striieruc. dlb tbzkebg bbg mhblg, hkgccbrbmt cbjuojt jb``bg cbvired. Lg db gbdbrzbttlgc wbrdbgtwbb ipbbgvihcbgdb julsphkttbcrigdbg vkstcbstbhd. Db cbuhvuhhlgc hbvbrdb lgairektlb ivbr dbvibdsbh-boigielb bg jbt elhlbu (shkojtkavkh, pihhbgdlkcrkeebg, jiutbg pkhbg). Jbt ìbrbg`bdrlna stbugdb ip kmmbrìuw (crkkg) bg vbbtbbht (viirkh rugd). Db nkojt wks ig`bhkgcrlnm,lg tbcbgstbhhlgc tit db vlssbrln. Drlb ebgsbhlnmb crkvbg bg bbg rugdbrcrka `bvkttbg cibd cboigsbrvbbrdb smbhbttbg, viir Gbdbrhkgd bbg zbbr `lnzigdbrb sltuktlb. Jbt wks eicbhlnm bbg cbdbtklhhbbrd ojrigihiclsoj dlkcrke vkg db gbdbrzbttlgc tb igtwbrpbg. Db ivbrckgc Gbihltjloue-@rigstlnd `hlnmt tb wirdbg cbmbgebrmt diir bbg critb ektb vkg ouhturbhb oigtlguétblt. Dbouhturbhb rbhktlbs vkg julsphkttbcrigdbg, vigdstbg bg crkvbg wirdbg lg bbg kazigdbrhlnmb

pkrkcrkka `bsprimbg.Db vlbr dbhbg zlng zi cbsojrbvbg, dkt bhm dbbh kazigdbrhlnm cbhbzbg mkg wirdbg. Db cbcbvbgsvkg `bldb ipcrkvlgcbg (dbbh LLL bg LQ) zlng vbrwbrmt lg db ivbrzlojtbg (dbbh L bg LL). Lg dbbh Lls tbvbgs cb`rulm cbekkmt vkg db oigohuslbs vkg dbbh LL.



@L@HLICPKVJ\

Kjirgir, H., ;<10> Rgtbrsuojugcbg zur qukrtkrbg @ruojtbmtiglm lg dbr Glbdbrrjblglsojog @uojt, Blszbltkhtbr ugd

Cbcbgwkrt ;?, 04-;62.

Kh`rbojt, O, ;<?4> Dlb Jøcbhcrk`br dbr nøgcbrbg _tblgzblt lg Sbstakhbg, @idbgkhtbrtørkbr Sbstakhbgs ?, ;00-;4:.

Kebgdb, B. & B. Arkubgdira, ;<01> Blgb sojgurmbrkelsojb Sijgcru`b lg dbr Ahur _ojbhdltz bl Pisltz, Nkjrbssojrlat

aør dlb Qircbsojlojtb dbr _kojslsoj-Tjørlgclsojbg Hkgdbr ;4, 03-?2.

Kggk`hb, A. M . & D. D. K. _lepsig, ;<14> Culdb Oktkhicub ia tjb Gbihltjlo kgd @rigzb Kcb Oihhbotligs lg Dbvlzbs

Eusbue, Dbvlzbs.

Kppbhìie, T. C., ;<2?> Db `rigstlnd lg wbstbhlnm Gbdbrhkgd, Sbstbrjbbe 0, ?4-46., ;<24> Quurstbgbg plnhspltsbg ult wbstbhlnm Gbdbrhkgd, Sbstbrjbbe ?, 12-1:.Kglkh N. & O. @urgbz, ;<21> Dlb _tru mttlr dbs arkgzñslsojbg Gbihltj lmues kua Crugd gbubstbg strktlcrka lsojbr @b-

i`kojtugcbg, @br. PCM ?3/?:, ;-<6., & E. Crkgbh, ;<1;> Hb ojktbku prìjlstirlqub du Hììus, @_VA 2:, 23;-2:0., J. Ekrtlg-Crkgbh & B. _kgceblstbr, ;<1?> Hììus, blgb arøj`rigzbzblthlojb @babstlcugc lg _ødarkgmroloj,

Cbrekglk 4;, 00<-040.

Kseus, S. D., ;<24> Crk`br dbr girdwbstdbutsojbg Blgzbhcrk`muhtur vig I`brblgzlgcbg, Mrbls Akhhlgcìstbh, Cbrekglk

?0, ??3-??:.

@koj, J., ;<12> @bltrkc zur Kgtjripihiclb dbr Chiombg`bojbrhbutb, Kht-Tjørlgcbg 3, 06:-003.

, ;<11> Dlb _mbhbttb vig zwbl Chiombg`bojbrhbutbg kus Sugdbrshb`bg, Mr. _ñeebrdk, Kuscrkùgcbg ugd Augdb

;;, 04?-043.

@klhhiud, C., ;<14> Hb gìihltjlqub dkgs hb `ksslg pkrlslbg, (0b supphìebgt k Ckhhlk Vrìjlstilrb), Vkrls.

, & V. Elbc db @iiazjble, ;<22> Hbs olvlhlsktligs gìihltjlqubs db hk Arkgob , dkgs hbur oigtbxtb buripbbg, Vkrl s.@kmmbr, N. K., ;<2:> Bbg cbakobttbbrdb strlndjkebr ult Iud-ûlhbg, Nkkrìbmnb vkg "Iud Rtrbojt", 03-0:.

;<2<> Ipcrkvlgcbg tb Jiicmkrspbh L. Jbt igdbrzibm vkg tueuhus L bg gkkstb iecbvlgc, SA Iudj. 0, ;2:-;<;.;<11k> Bbg crkajbuvbh bg iud kmmbrhkgd tb Jiicmkrspbh (G.J.), lg> Qibtspiir, Criglgcbg, ;6?-;6<.;<11"> Ipcrkvlgcbg tb Jiicmkrspbh LL, SA Iudj. <, ;1:-;32.& P. S. @rkgdt, ;<11> Ipcrkvlgcbg tb Jiicmkrspbh LLL, SA Iudj. <, ;31-004.& S. J. Ebtz, ;<13> ipcrkvlgcbg tb Jiicmkrspbh LQ, SA Iudj. ;6, 060-00:.bt kh., ;<1:> Ipcrkvlgcbg tb Jiicmkrspbh (Q), SA Iudj. ;;, ;<?-;<<.

, N. O. Qicbh & T. Slìhkrlsml, ;<1<> TP@ kgd itjbr O;4 Dktbs arie Vihkgd. Vkrt K, Jbhlglue <, ?-03.

@kmmbr, N. V., ;<24> Pbhktlvb sbk-hbvbh ojkgcbs lg Girtjwbst Arlbshkgd (Gbtjbrhkgds) slgob prbjlstirlb tlebs, Cbihiclbbg Elngìuw G_ ;1, 0?0-041., ;<2:> Møstbgbgtwlomhugc ugd prkjlstirlsojb @bslbdhugc lg dbg Glbdbrhkgdbg, _ltzugcs`brlojtb dbr pjyslmkhlsoj-

ebdlzlglsojbg _izlbtkt zu Brhkgcbg 3:, ;60-;03.

@kgtbhekgg, K., ;<?:> Dlb nugcstblgzblthlojbg Augdb le girdarlbslsojbg Skttbgebbr ugd ljrb @bdbutugc aør dlkMøstbgsbgmugc, Gkojrlojtbg`hktt aør Dbutsojb Qirzblt ;4, ;2-;3., ;<4<> Brcb`glssb dbr Ekrsojbgkrojkihiclb lg _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg, Iaak :, 32-::., ;<22> Tiatlgc, blgb vircbsojlbjthlojb Skrat kg dbr Bldbreugdugc, (Iaak @øojbr ;0), Gbueøgstbr., ;<13> Dlb Hkgdsojkatsbgtwlomhugc kg dbr sojhbswlc-jihstblglsojbg Sbstmøstb, (Iaak @øojbr 0;), Gbueøgstbr.

@kstlkg, S., ;<1;> Dks nugcstblgzblthlojb Ahkojcrk`brabhd vig Istira, Mrbls _ojwbrlg, Nkj rùoj @idbgdbgmekhpahbcblg Ebombhbgùrc, ;<1;, 3-;?6.



@L@HLICPKVJ\ ?<<

@kuekgg, J., ;<44> ûr Eirpjihiclb dbs Karlmkglsojbg Kombrcbrk tbs, Mihiglkhb Qihmbgmugdb L ( 5 Slbgbr @bltrkcb

zur Muhturcbsojlojtb ugd Hlgculstlm 1), ;<0-?00.

@bombr, O. N., ;<20> 6rgbmuh pkk Gbmsbhi. Bg snkbhhkgdsm stbgkhdbrìphkds ebd justietbr, Kkrìcbr, 16-;63., ;<1:> @rigzbkhdbrjusb l Qbstnyhhkgd, Ark Gktligkheusbbts Kr`bndsekrm, 3<-::.

@bbx, C. & P. _. Juhst, ;<1:> K Jlhvbrsue-Ouhturb _btthbebgt gbkr Glngsbh, Euglolpkhlty ia _t Ibdbgridb, Girtj

@rk`kgt. @br. MI@ ;:, ;;3-;0<., 8ao J. Piissbgs, ;<10> Drlbpbrlidbgjbuvbh tb Eih `ln crbgspkkh ;<4, Jbhlglue 0, 022-02<., & J. Piissbgs, ;<1?> Drlbpbrlidbgjbuvbh ebt mhim`bmbrs tb Eih, (Krojkbihiclok @bhclok 30), @russbh.

@ooet, C. N. vkg dbg, ;<13> Lbts ivbr db Pieblgsb gbdbrzbttlgc tb Kh`hkssbrdke, Sbstbrjbbe ;1, ;?3-;4?.

@ojrbgs, J., ;<14> Dlb gbihltjlsoj-arøjebtkhhzblthlojbg Tlbrsmbhbttaugdb dbr Khtbg Sbht, (Qbrñaabgthlgcbg dbs Hkgdbs-

eusbues aør Qircbsojlojtb lg Jkhhb ;<), @brhlg.

@bhh. BH & J. Jiaaekg, ;<46> Blg gbukrtlcbr Mrblscrk`bgarlbdjia `bl økt tb hg , Mr . Pbomhlgcjkusbg (Sbstakhbg),

Cbrekglk 04, :2-<1= khsi ;3<-;<4.

@bglgcbr, B., ;<?;> Dlb Hblojbgzbrstøombhugc khs vir-u gd arøjcbsojlojthlojb@bstkttugcsslttb, Kgtjripis 01, 31<-3:;.

@bggoek, N., ;<26> Jbt ippbrvhkmtbvbbg lg Sbst Gbdbrhkgd, @iir bg _pkdb ?, ;?<-;4<.

, ;<24> @idbe- bg ^bbsplbcbh`bwbclgcbg lg jbt Gbdbrhkgdsb mustcb`lbd, tjbsls Skcbglgcbg, khsi> @iir bg _pkdb 3,

;-<1.

hlrgllrtgk, N., ;<24k> Jihiobgb eivbebgts ia hkgd kgd sbk-hbvbh lg tjb oikstkh krbk ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, Cbihiclb bg

Elngìuw ;1, 024-014., & M. vkg dbr Ebbr, ;<20> Db ìdbemkrtbrlgc vkg Skhojbrbg, (Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd. 2:.4), 's-Crkvbgjkcb., & H. N. Vigs, ;<20> Digmbg, ahuvlktlb h Hkkc tbrr ks bg Bbezbb-kazbttlgcbg lg jbt wbstbhlnm cb`lbd vkg db critb

rlvlbrbg, @iir bg _pkdb 2, ;01-;?3.

@bggoek, N. bt kh., ;<24> _ilh oiepkotlig lg rbhktlig ti [ukrtbrgkry eivbebgts ia sbk-hbvbh kgd su`sldbgob ia tjb

juld, bspbolkhhy lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ ;1, ;3?-;3:.

@lbsbg, S. V. dbg, ;<1?> Jbt Iudjbldmugdlc Eusbue "Arkgs @hibebg", Guekck ;6, 4;-31.

@hkgob, @., ;<1;> Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb Oihiglsts lg L`brlk, Kgtlqulty ?2, ;<0-060.

, ;<3;> Dlb Kgakgcb dbr Ebtkhhurclb kua dbr L`brlsojbg Jkh`lgsbh, (_tudlíg zu dbg Kgakgcbg dbr Ebtkhhurclb 4),

@brhlg.

@hibebrs, N. J. A., ;<1:> Mhlgtdihojb vie smkgdlgkvlsojbg Typus lg dbg Glbdbrhkgdbg, @br. PI@ ;:, 43-;;6., ;<1<> Gbdbrzbttlgc ult db Pieblgsb tlnd `ln Plnswlnm, _plbcbh Jlstirlkbh 4, 460-461., ;<36> Gbbr, KG, *<;., ;<3;½> Bojt, KG, *46., ;<3;½> Gbbr, KG, *21., ;<3;"> Gbbr, KG, *;64., ;<30> Drlb Mñssbgsojbrvbg ult Gbdbrhkgds Hleùrc, Jbhlglue ;0, 43-20., ;<3?> Krojbihiclsojb mriglbm vkg Hleùrc ivbr db Nkrbg ;<1<-;<36, (rbpr lgt arie> Vu`hloktligs db hk _iolìtì

Jlstirlqub bt Krojìihiclqub dkgs Lb Hleìurc ;63/;6:.)

@iddomo, L!., ;<3;> Qlssbg rg vlssbg, Kestbrdke.

@ibhbs, V. O. N. K., ;<2;> Arlbshkgd tit db bhadb bbuw, 's-Crkvbgjkcb.

@ibr, T. K. db, & H. N. Vigs, ;<16> @idbe bg crkshkgd lg db Qlnajbirbghkgdbg, (Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd. 11.1), Skcbglgcbg.

;'xETsek, N. S. (bd.), ;<36> Tbrpbg - ebgs bg elhlbu, Jkrbg-Cr.

DuwJlgm, N. , ;<21> Tlbrmgibjbg kus spktgbihl tjlsojbg _lbdhugcbg @kybrgs, (_tudlíg kg vir- ugd arøjcbsojlojthlojbg

Tlbrrbst bg @kyblg.s ;), Ellgojbg., ;<13> Qir- ugd arøjcbsojlojthlojb Tlbrmgiojbgaugdb kus zwbl _lbdhugcsjøcbhg lg dbr Vrivlgz Crkgkdk/_ød-spkglbg (Qirhkualcb Elttblhugc), _kucbtlbrmugdhlojb Elttblhugcbg ;2, <3-;6<.

@ickbrs, N. B., ;<22> Db Ckhhi-Pieblgsb tbepbhs tb Blst lg db Ivbr-@btuwb, tjbsls Glnebcbg, 's-Crkvbgjkcb.

, ;<13"> Ouym, KG, *<-;6.



466 @L@HLICPKVJ\

, ;<13"> Bglcb ipebrmlgcbg ivbr jbt Gbdbrhkgdsb cbdbbhtb vkg db hlebs vkg Cbrekglk Lgabrlir (Cbrekglk _bougdk),@br. PI@ ;3, <<;;4., ;<3;> Qiirùrc-Krbgtsùrc> Airue Jkdrlkgl, Iudj. Ebd. 20, ;0:-;?:.

@ijebrs, K. & K. @rulng, ;<23/'2:> Dks hltjlsojb Ektbrlkh kus dbg `kgdmbrkelsojbg _lbdhugcbg lg dbg Glbdbrhkgdbg,

Vkhkbijlstirlk 1/3, ;:?-0;0.

@rkkt, S. O, ;<?0> Db krojkbihiclb vkg db Slbrlgcbrebbr. Bbg `lndrkcb tit db cbsojlbdbgls vkg jbt igtstkkg dbrûldbrzbb, tjbsls Hbldbg, khsi> Iudj. Ebd. ;?, ;2-21., ;<4<> Drlb lgjbbesb gbdbrzbttlgcbg ult db Pieblgsb tlnd, Iudj. Ebd. ?6, 0?-41., ;<2?> Bbg stbgbg strlndjkebr ult Mktwlnm k/d Plng, Hblds Nkkrìbmnb 42, ;6?-;61.

@rkdhby, P., ;<36> Tjb Bxokvktlig ia k @bkmbr _btthbebgt kt @bhhb Tiut, Bkst _ussbx, Bgchkgd, VV_ ?1, ?;0-?3<.

@rkgd, C. bt kh., ;<11> Dlb hltjicrkpjlsojb Rgtbrtblhugc dbs Ekrlgbg Jihizkgs kg dbr Girdsbbmøstb, Cbihiclsojbs

Nkrjùoj :0, ?12-?:4.

@rkgdt, M. J., ;<13> _tudlíg ø`br stblgbrgb Kxtb ugd @blhb dbr nøgcbrbg _tblgzblt ugd dbr _tblgmupabrzblt Girdwbst-

dbutsojhkgds, (Eøgstbrsojb @bltrkcb zur Qircbsojlojtsairsojugc), Jlhdbsjble.

@rky. S., ;<14> _krdlglkg @bkmbrs, VV_ ?6, 32-<:.

@rbltlgcbr , B., ;<?<> Dlb _ojkdbh kus dbe arøj`rigzbzblthlojbg Jiombrarlbdjia `bl Gkjbrebeelgcbg, @bz. Ket

Girdhlgcbg, Ekggus ?;, 4:4-2?3.@ribm, N. E. E. vkg dbg & C. O. Ekkrhovbhd, ;<1?> Tjb Hktb-Vhblstiobgb t brrkob dbpislts ia tjb Ebusb, Ebd. Cbih.

_tlojt. G_ ;1, ;?-04.

@rigdstbd, N., ;<16> Girdlsojb Qirzblt L> _tblgzblt lg Dkgbekrm, Gbueøgstbr.

@ristb, M. & N. @. Nircbgsbg, ;<21> Vrbjlstirlb Ekg lg Dbgekrm, Oipogjkcbg.

@rigcbrs, N. K., lg prbp.> Vjiti Krojkbihicy kgd Obhtlo Albhds lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, tjbsls Criglgcbg, khsi> Gbdbrhkgdsb

Iudjbdbg 2, @ussue.

@uijvkhdbm, G. & D. Miutbomty, ;<36> Qlmhbtlob, blg sojgurmbrkelsojbs Crk`brabhd, (Vrkbjlstirlok ?), Vrkjk.

@krim, L'. du, ;<2<> Ivbr db ipìuw bg db virelgc vkg jbt Hkkctbrrks bg db iudbrb Jihiobgb kazbttlgcbg lg db mip

vkg Giird-Jihhkgd, @iir bg _pkdb ;6, 2:-3?.

@urlgc, V., ;<4<> @idbemugdlcb vbrsojlngsbhbg ip db huojtaiti, @iir bg _pkdb ?, 4:-14.

@urmkrt, S., ;<41> Orbstkuhtk blgb @rigzbzblthlojb Jøcbhslbdhugc `bl _ørlg le Hucgbz, (Eigicrkpjlbg zur Rr- ugdArøjcbsojlojtb dbr _ojwlbz 2), @ksbh.

@ursbj, A. O, ;<??> Dlb @bojbrmuhtur lg dbg Glbdbrhkgdbg, tjbsls Ekrùrc, khsi> Iudj. Ebd. ;4, ?<-;0?., ;<?2> Iudjbldmugdlcb igdbrzibmlgcbg tb Jlhvbrsue, ;<?4, Iudj. Ebd. ;1, 42-1?., ;<?1> Crkavirebg vkg jbt Giirdbg (pkrt L), Iudj. Ebd. ;3, 2?-30.

, ;<?3> Crkajbuvbhs tb Iss, Iudj. Ebd. ;:, ;-?.

L_urstiw, C. V. & C. K. Jihhbyekg, ;<23> Hktb @rigzb Kcb _btthbebgt ig Ltaird Jlhh, _ussbx, VV_ 0?, ;13-0;0.

@uthbr, n . N., ;<2<>Qbrcbtbg sojktvigdstbg ult db `rigstlnd, lg> Jigdbrd Bbuwbg Gbdbrhkgd (5 Kgtlqult y kgd_urvlvkh 0, 2-1), 's-Crkvbgjkcb, ;02-;40., ;<1?k> @rigzb Kcb Oiggbotligs koriss tjb Girtj _bk, tjbsls Criglgcbg, khsi> Vkhkbijlstirlk ;;., ;<1?"> Kg Bkrhy @rigzb _pbkrjbkd arie Db ^lhm (_iutj Jihhkgd), Jbhlglue ?, 04;-042., & N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs, ;<11> @bhh @bkmbrs kgd Bkr hy Ebtkh-wirmlgc lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, Vkhkbijlstirlk ;0,4;-;?<.

, & J. _kraktln, ;<36/'3;> Kgitjbr @rigzb Kcb Obrbeiglkh _wird `y tjb Vhiucrbsokgt-Ieebrsojkgs _eltj, @br.P( (;2 06/0;, ?6;-?6<.

@uttbr, N., ;<?2> ^kgdwbrvbg, Sbst-Arlbshkgd's Iud bg Glbuw <, 11-1<.

@yvkgom, K. S., ;<4?> Gbdbrhkgd lg dbg Pieblgsojbg tlnd, Hbldbg.

Okstlhhi \urrltk , K. dbh, ;<0:> Hk Ouhturk dbh Qksi Okepkglaireb, @krobhigk.

Ojlhdb, Q. C., ;<4<> Gbihltjlo Jiusb-Typbs lg Tbepbrktb Buripb. VV_ ;2, 33-:1.

Ohkrm, N. C. D., ;<?0> Tjb Ebsihltjlo Kcb lg @rltklg, Oke`rldcb.

, ;<??> Pbpirt ig kg Bkrhy @rigzb Kcb _ltb lg tjb _iutj-Bkstbrg Abgs, Tjb Kgtlqukrlbs Niurgkh ;?, 011-0<1.



@L@HLICPKVJ\ 46;

, ;<?1> Tjb Ebsihltjlo _btthbebgt ia Girtjbrg Buripb, Oke`rldcb., ;<?:> K Gbihltjlo Jiusb kt Jkhdig, Dbvig, VV_ 4, 000-00?., ;<46> K Hktb @rigzb Kcb Algd gbkr _tutgby, Lshb ia Bhy, Tjb Kgtlqukrlbs Niurgkh 06, 20-3;., ;<4:> Tjb Dbvbhipebgt ia Alsjlgc lg Vrbjlstirlb Buripb, Tjb Kgtlqukrlbs Niurgkh 0:, 42-:2., ;<24> _tkr Okrr, t'ke`rldcb.

, ;<22> K Elorihltjlo Lgd ust ry arie tjb Oke`rldcbsjlrb Abghkgd kgd itjbr Lgdust rlbs wltj _kuvbtbrr lkgKaalgltlbsarie @rltklg, VV_ 0;, ?-06., ;<12> Vrbjlstirlb Buripb, tjb Biigielo @ksls, Higdig, 0gd lep., bt kh., ;<?2> Pbpirt ig rbobgt bxokvktligs kt Vbkoiom's Akre, _jlppbk Jlhh, Tjb Kgtlqukrlbs Niurgkh ;2, 0:4-?;<., & J. Cidwlg, ;<21> K Ekchbeislkg _ltb kt @rkgdbsùrtig, Jihdbrgbss, \irmsjlrb, VV_ 00, 1-00., & J. Cidwlg, ;<10> Tjb Gbihltjlo lg tjb Oke`rldcbsjlrb Abgs, Kgtlqulty ?1, ;6-0?.

Ohkrmb, D. H., ;<11> K Tbgtktlvb Pbohksslaloktlig ia @rltlsj @bkmbr Vittbry lg tjb Hlcjt ia Pbobgt Pbsbkroj, Vkhkbi-jlstirlk ;0, ;:6-;<:., ;<36>@bkmbr Vittbry ia Crbkt @rltklg kgd Lrbhkgd, Oke`rldcb.

Ohkrmb, P. P., ;<16> Bkst Kgchlk, Higdig.

Ohksig, K. T. ,;<13> Kglekh kgd Ekg lg Jihhkgd's Vkst, tjbsls Criglgcbg, khsi> Vkhkbijlstirlk ;?., ;<36> Qbbtbbht lg Vrb-bg Vritijlstirlb, _plbcbh Jlstirlkbh 2, 0<3-?6?., ;<3;> Dlb Nkcd- ugd Jkus tlbrb dbr elttbhdbu tsojbg _ojgurmbrkelm, Ns ojr . eltt bhdt . Qircbsoj. 22, ;62-;;0.

Obgtrkhb Ouhtuurtbojglsojb Oieelsslb, ;<14> Kh`hkssbrwkkrd. Pkppirt viir db Pulhvbrmkvbhlgc, Rtrbojt.

Oiom, N. J. db, ;<1<> Qbbgigtclgglgcbg lg Sbst-Arlbshkgd, SA Iudj. ;0, ;24-;3;.

('igstkgohso Sostorekgg, T. _., ;<1:> Ayslsoj kgtjripihiclsojb `bsojiuwlgcbg ivbr db Gbdbrhkgdsb `bvihmlgc> bbg

piclgc tit bbg sygtjbsb, tjbsls Rtrbojt.

('irdaugmb, B. J. ;X, ;<1<> Hleebg, `lndrkcb tit db iudstb cbsojlbdbgls vkg jbt dirp, Khmekkrs Nkkrìbmnb 2, 4<-11.

Orieebhlg, P. D., ;<?:> _bdlebgt-pbtrihiclsojo igdbrzibmlgcbg lg Elddbg-Gbdbrhkgd, lg jbt `lnzigdbr vkg jbt

Nigc-Vhblstiobbg, (Ebdbdbhlgcbg Hkgdìuwjicbsojiih 40-0), Skcbglgcbg.

Dolojeøhhbr, N., ;<1?> Blg Jøcbhcrk`brabhd `bl Cihd`bom Mr. _tkdb, GGR ?0, :3-<0., ;<1?> Gbub Rgtbrsuojugcbg ke Døeebr , Mrbls Crkasojkat Dlbpjihz, le Nkjrb ;<1;, Gbub Kuscrkùgcbg ugdAirsojugcbg lg Glbdbrskojsbg ;, 32-:1.

, ;<12> Dlb gbihltjlsojb Eiirslbdhugc Jødb L ke Døeebr, Mrbls Crkasojkat Dlbpjihz, Gbub Kuscrkùgcbg ugdAirsojugcbg lg Glbdbrskojsbg 0, ;-;:., ;<1<> Dlb gbihltjlsojb Eiirslbdhugc Jødb L ke Døeebr, Mrbls Crkasojkat Dlbpjihz, Qirhkualcbr K`sojhuss-

hu'l'lojt, Gbub Kuscrkùgcbg ugd Airsojugcbg lg Glbdbrskojsbg 4, 0:-?1.

Dbsltt orb, E., ;<13> Dlb Cri`mbrkelm dbr Rrgbgab hdbrmuhtur lg @bhclbg ugd dbg Glbdbrhkgdbg ugd dbr sicbgkgg tb

Jkrpstbdtbr _tlh, Jbhlglue 3, 016-03;.

Driwbr, E. _., ;<1<> Tjb diebstlok tlig ia tjb jirsb, lg> Romi, V. N. & C. S. Dle`hb`y (bd.), Tjb Diebstloktlig

kgd Bxphiltktlig ia Vhkgts kgd Kglekhs, Higdig, 43;-43:.

Dlnmstrk, J. & A. O. Mbtb hkkr , ;<12> @rl ttbg ùrc , rkkdsbhs rigd bbg vbrdrigmbg ruégb , @ussue.

Bdbhekg, O. J., ;<43> Ivbr db @idbecbstbhdjbld vkg Elddbg-Gbdbrhkgd, Rtrbojt., ;<2?> Db su`-kthkgtlsojb trkgscrbsslb hkgcs db Gbdbrhkgdsb must, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ ;2, ?2;-?14., ;<16> Lghbldlgc tit db @idbemugdb vkg Gbdbrhkgd, Kestbrdke, 0gd. bd., & T. Qlgm, ;<41> Ivbr db wbgsojbhlnmjbld vkg jbt `bjiud dbr digmbg lg db rlvlbrstrbbm, TKC 1?, 260-262.

Bdbhekg, T., ;<24> Tbotiglo eivbebgts ks rbsuhtlgc arie tjb oiepkrlsig ia twi prbolslig hbvbhlgcs, Cbihiclb bg

Elngìuw ;1, 06<-0;?.

Bhzlgck, C., ;<14> Bgmbhb Lkkt-goihltjlsojb crkavigdstbg vkg db Qbhuwb, priv. Cbhdbrhkgd, @br. PI@ ;4, 3-00.

Bgtb, V. N., ;<16> Bgmbhb ipebrmlgcbg gkkr kkghbldlgc vkg jbt krtlmbh vkg N. N. Sbgslgm, `btrbaabgdb db ìdbe

cbstbhdjbld gk`ln db crkajbuvbhs tb Criitb`ribm, SA Iudj. ?, ;06-;04., ;<1? > Bbg ìdbemkrtbrlgc vkg jbt tulgìuwobgtrue ‗Db _tr bbm", tjbsls Skcbglgcbg, khs i> Qbrsh. Hkgd`.

Igd. 1:.;1, 's-Crkvbgjkcb., ;<3; > _bdllgbgtkry cbihicy ia tjb Jihiobgb lg Hkmb LNssbh rbclig, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw 26, ?3?-?:0.



460 @L@HLICPKVJ\

Bs, S. K. vkg, ;<14 > Jbt rlnbgcrkavbhd vkg Skcbglgcbg, Vk hkbijlstirl k ;6, ;:;-?;1., ;<1: > Ebsihltjlsoj jiutbg `bbhdnb, lg jbt Qihmbrkm cbvigdbg, _plbcbh Jlstirlkbh ?, 140=14?., & S. K. Okspkrlb, ;<1: > Ebsihltjlo Siidbg _t ktu btt b arie tjb Qihmbrkm gbkr Slhhbestkd, Gir tj @rk `kg t,

@br. PI@ ;:, ;;;-;;1.

Bsokhig db Aigtig, E., ;<1? > Olroigsorlptlig db Eigtpbhhlbr, Ckhhlk Vrìjlstilrb 1, 0?2-03?.

, ;<11 > Olroigsorlptlig db Hkgcubdio-Piusslhhig, Ckhhlk Vrìjlstilrb <, 242-2:?.

Bsoj, O. vkg dbr, ;<12 > Pieblgsb bg Elddbhbbuwsb vigdstbg ult db _hlidrbbjtsb @lbsìsoj, Sbstbrjbbe ;4, ;2:-;14.

Bsojbr, @. C., ;<46> Jbt vrkkcstum vkg db dkhlgc vkg dbg ìdbe vkg Gbdbrhkgd, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ 0,;3?-;<2.

Ak`br, A. N., ;<43/'16 > Cbihiclb vkg Gbdbrhkgd L-LQ, Cirlgojbe.

Mbbg L'. N. vkg dbr, ;<20 > Bkrhy pipuhktligs lg tjb dbhtk ia tjb rlvbr _ojbhdt, @bkuairtlk <, ;-2.

Abustbh, P. bt kh., ;<11 > @bltrkcb zur Muhtur ugd Kgtjripihiclb dbr elttbhdbutsojbg _ojgurmbrkelmbr, Kht-Tjørlgcbg

:, 06-;36.

Alsojbr, R., ;<2? > Dlb Irlbgtlbrugc dbr Titbg lg dbg gbihltjlsojbg Multurbg dbs _kkhbcb`lbtbs, Nsojr. elttbhdt. Qir-

cbsoj. ?3, 4<-11., ;<21 > Dlb Crk`br dbr _tblgzblt le _kkhbcb`lbt, (Qircbsojlojthlojb Airsojugcbg ;2), @brhlg.

Ahirsojøtz, A., ;<44 > "Hkkctbrrks" bg "Qbbg ip Criitbrb Dlbptb" igdbr Qbhsbg, TKC 1;, 02-??., & A. V. Nigmbr, ;<?< > K ìtkglokh kgkhysls ia k hktb-phblstiobgb kgd jihiobgb prialhb lg tjb Pjlgbdbhtk ,

Pbobulh dbs Trkvkux @itkglqubs Gìbrhkgdkls ?1, 1:1-1<1, khsi > Ebdbdbhlgcbg vkg jbt @itkglsoj Eusbue bg

Jbr`krlue vkg db Plnmsuglvbrsltblt tb Rtrbojt gi. 30.

Aiombek Kgdrbkb, _. N., ;<2? > _ojbts vkg ûld-Jihhkgdsb wktbrsgidbg lg vribcbr tlnd, (ûld-Jihhkgdsb _tudlíg .'!),

Qiirùrc.

Airsskgdbr, N. B., ;<?? > Dlb _ojwbdlsojb @iitkxtmuhtur, Hugd.

Aiwhbr, C‗ ;<?;/'?0 > Abghkgd wktbrwkys, Vkst kgd Vrbsbgt L, VOK_ ??, ;6:-;?0., ;<?0 > Ihd Plvbr`bds lg tjb Abghkgds, Cbicrkpjlokh Niurgkh 3<, 0;6-0;0., ;<?? > _jrlgmkcb ia pbkt oivbrbd Abghkgds, Cbicrkpjlokh Niurgkh :;, ;4<-;26., ;<??/'?4 > Abghkgd Sktbrwkys, Vkst kgd Vrbsbgt LL, VOK_ ?4,, ;<?4 > Tjb bxtlgot Sktbrwkys ia tjb Abgs, Cbicrkpjlokh Niurgkh :?, ?6-?<.

Aix, K., ;<14 > _iutj Sbst Bgchkgd, Higdig.

Arlomj lgcbr, B., ;<?3 > Chiombg`bojbrslbdhugc ugd arøj`rigzbzblthlojb Jiombrcrk`br `bl Gkjbrebeelgcbg, @.K.

Gñrdhlgcbg, Cbrekglk 0<, 1-<., ;<?< > Dlb Chiombg`bojbrslbdhugc ugd dbr arøj`rigzbzblthlojb Jiombrarlbdjia `bl Gkjbrebeelgcbg, @bz. Ket

Gñrdhlgcbg, Ekggus ?;, 413-4:4.

Arlntkcc Drk``b, O. K. N. vig, ;<4: > Jbt hbzbg bg lgtbrprbtbrbg vkg vbrtlokhb huojtaiti's, TKC 22, 420-410.

Ckcglêrb, _., ;<1? > Olroigsorlptlig d'Klx bg Vrivbgob, Ckhhlk Vrìjlstilrb 1, ??:-?1<., ;<11 > Olroigsorlptlig db Vrivbgob — Oñtb d'Kzur — Oirsb, Ckhhlk Vrìjlstilrb <, 2:2-100.

Cktbrekgg, J., ;<4? > Dlb @bojbrmuhtur lg dbr Pjblgprivlgz, Sørzùrc.

Cbrjkrdt, M., ;<2;k > ûr Kgtjripihiclb dbs Bgdgbi hltjlm ues ugd dbr arøjbg @rigzbzblt le ugtbreklglsoj-elttbh-rjblglsojbg Cb`lbt, Cbrekglk 0<, ;3-0;.

, ;<2;` > Gbub Rgtbrsuojugcbg zur Vk hkkgtjripihiclb Elttbhburipks, @br. PCM ??, ;-04., ;<2? > Dlb Chiombg`bojbrhbutb lg Elttbh- ugd Sbstdbutsoj hkgd, _tu ttc kr t.,(;<14)> _ojkdbh ugd _mbhbtrbstb dbr Arøjbg @rigzbzblt vig _lgcbg/Jijbgtwlbh, (@kdlsojb Augd`brlojtb,_igdbrjoat 2).

, ;<13 > Dlb glbgsojhlojbg Ø`brrbstb blgbs Chiombg`bojbrcrk`bs vig Cøgdhlgcbg, Hdmrs . Arblùrc, @kdlsojb

Aled`bllojtb 0?, ;:2-;:<.

Cbrs`koj, B., ;<23 > _ojgur- ugd Jkombheksojbgvbrzlbrugc kua wbstburipklsojbg Chiombg`bojbrg, Nkjrù oj dbr

_ojwblzbrlsojbg Cbsbhhsojkat aør Rrcbsojlojtb 41, ;-;0.

Cbsojwbgt, A., ;<16 > Mrbls Cbhdbrg, (Krojkbihiclsojb Augdb ugd Dbgmekhbr dbs Pjblghkgds ;), Mñhg.



@L@HLICPKVJ\ 46?

Cbyj, E. K., ;<1< > Qbrsuoj blgbr ojrigihiclsojbg CJbdbrugc dbs ekrlgbg Jihizkgs kg dbr Girdsbbmøstb elt Jlhabdbr stktlstlsojbg Kuswbrtugc vig ;4O-Dktbg, ^bltsojrlat dbr Dbutsojb Cbihiclsojbg Cbsbhhsojkat ;;:, ;<11,?2;-?16.

, ;<3; > Elddhb kgd yiugc Jihiobgb sbk-hbvbh ojkgcbs ks chi`kh oigtbepirkry bvbgts, Cbihiclsmk Añrbglgcbgs l_tiomjihe Añrjkgdhlgckr <?, 13<-1<0.

(hlaabg, K. B. vkg, ;<;6 > Jbt dkhlgcsvrkkcstum dbr Khhuvlkhb Giirdzbbmustbg lg vbr`kgd ebt db `bstudbbrlgc dbr tbrpbg, Tlndsojrlat viir Cbsojlbdbgls, Hkgd- bg Qihmbgmugdb 02, 02:-0<4.

——, ;<;1 > @lndrkcb tit db mbggls vkg bgmbhb cbihiclsoj-krojkbihiclsojb vbrmbgebrmbg lg vbr`kgd ebt jbt vrkkcstum dbr ìdbedkhlgc lg jlstirlsojbg tlnd, Qbrshkcbg dbr Cbihiclsojb _botlb vkg jbt Cbihiclsoj-Elngìuw-

mugdlc Cbgiitsojkp viir Gbdbrhkgd bg Mihiglíg 0, (;<;2-;<;<), ;2<-006, 's-Crkvbgjkcb (;<0;)., ;<02> Dlb ûld-Hleùrcsb viirjlstirlsojb vuurstbbglgdustrlb tussbg Pyomjiht bg _t-Cbbrtruld, TKC 40,4:;-26?.

, ;<02/'01 > Db Jugb`bddbg lg Gbdbrhkgd, Rtrbojt., ;<03/'0: > Gksojrlat ivbr db prkb- bg priti-jlstirlsojb Jlhhbciesojb dulgvigdstbg, Db Hbvbgdb Gktuur ?0,

3:-:?., ;<?6* > Dlb @kukrt dbr Blgzbhcrll`br, (Ekggus-@l`hlitjbm 44/42), Hblpzlc., ;<?6`> Krojkbihiclsojb Qbrmbgebrmbg, Criglgcbg-Dbg Jkkc., ;<?4 > Mrlgccrbpurgbgvbhd bg tueuhl lg jbt Bhpbr Giirdbrvbhd, cbe. Sbstbrìrm, GDQ 20, ;66-;;6., ;<?1 > Dbr Skra lg Bzlgcb, Vrivlgz Criglgcbg, Jihhkgd, ugd sblgb wbstcbrekglsojbg Jkusbr, Cbrekglk 06, 46-43., ;<?3 > Twbb crkavbhdbg ult db jugb`bddbg- bg `bmbrtlnd lg jbt Mruldjkkrsvbhd `ln _hbbg, cbe. _hibg, GDQ 22,

34-33., ;<46> Crkajouvbhs (;-LQ) bg mrlgccrkavbhd `ln Kkhdbg, cbe. ^wbbhii, GDQ 2:, 060-063., ;<4; > Twbbpbrlidbg-jbuvbh G. vkg Ckstbrbg, cbe. Kghii, GDQ 2<, ;0<-;?;., ;<40 > Drlb crkajbuvbhs (L -LL L) , ult stbbg- (L) bg `rigstlnd (LL -L LL ), ebt gbihltjlsoj "vhkmcrka" igdbr LLL, G. vkgQrbdbgjble, cbe. Pihdb, GDQ 16, ;6?-;6:.

, ;<44 > Crkajbuvbhs tb ^wkkcdlnm, cbe. Sirvir.sjiia, (G.-J.), Qbr`btbrdb bg vbrebbrdbrdb ivbrdrum ult> "Sbst-Arlbshkgd's Iud bg Glbuw" ;3.

, ;<41 > Bbg twbb- ia drlbpbrlidbg-jbuvbh ebt prleklrbg su`tueuhus dbr Qbhuwsojb mhim`bmbrouhtuur, `ln dbBbgbrsojkgs, Cbe. Girc, GDQ 14, 32-:?.

, ;<43 > Db kbgbihltjlsojb rlgcshiitjbuvbh tussbg Idiirg bg Bxhii, Cbe. Idiirg, bbg `lnbgmiracrkajbuvbh ebtrlgcshiit, lgtbrebdlklr bg obgtrkkh stkgdspiir, GDQ 12, 3<-;01.

, ;<4< > Bbg vlbrpbrlidbg-tueuhus ebt prleklrb mhim`bmbrjbuvbh `ln _ojkklm, Cbe. Iss, G. @r., @rk`kgts Jbbe

;, 3;-34., ;<2? > Igdbrzibm vkg drlb `rigstlndcrkajbuvbhs `ln Criitb`ribm , cbe. Criitb`ribm, Giird-Jih hkgd, Qbr`btbrdbbg vbrebbrdbrdb ivbrdrum ult "Sbst-Arlbshkgd's Iud bg Glbuw" 06, Jiirg.

, ;<24" > Krohglihiclsojb @bebrmugcbg zur Arkcb dbr Glvbkuvbrkgdbrugcbg le glbdbr hkgdlsojbg Møstbgcb`lbt,Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ ;1, 001-0?;.

, hl)."7 N;'> Mig ebbrpbrlidbgjbuvbh, tueuhus L tb @bggbmie, cbe. Bdb, @lndrkcbg bg Ebdbdbhlgcbg dbr Qbrbglclgc"Cohrb", 24, <-0<.

, ;<24¶ > Vrbjlstirlsojb julsvirebg ip db zkgdcrigdbg, Gbdbrhkgds Mugstjlstirlsoj Nkkrìbm 2, ;;-46., ;<2: > Vrlljlstirlsojb Jkusairebg kua _kgd`ñdbg lg dbg Glbdbrhkgdbg, Cbrekglk ?1, ?2-3;., ;<1; > _btthbebgt trkobs ia tjb Bkrhy @bhh @bkmbr Ouhturb kt Iistwiud (G.J.), Jbhlglue ;, 00?-00:., ;<10 > Crkajbuvbhs ult db elddbg-`rigstlnd ebt gbdbrzb ttlgcsspirbg vkg db mhim`bmbrouhtuur `ln Iistwiud,SA Iudj. 2, ;<4-06<.

, ;<11 > Gbdbrzbttlgcsspirbg vkg db vribcb mhim`bmbrouhtuur `ln Iistwiud (G.J.) , lg > Qibtspiir, Criglgcbg,

11-3;., bt kh., ;<3; > Bbg crkajbuvbh tb Vuttbg (Chd.), Jbhlglue ;;, ;62-;0?.

Chks`brcbg, S., ;<24 > @krriw Bxokvktligs lg tjb Blcjt @bktltudbs, tjbsls Criglgcbg, khsi > Vkhkbijlstirlk 0, ;-;?4=

?, ;-064.

, ;<1< > Gicekkhs JQ_/DM_, (Jkkrhbesb Qiirdrkojtbg 0:), Jkkrhbe., & E. Kddlgm-_kephiglus, ;<12 > h.kkh Sih lh jlitle bg L_rigstlnd tb Eigstbr (^.- LL. ). Jbhlglue a7, !)3-h ;3., bt kh., ;<11 > Db gbihltjlsojb gbdbrzbttlgcbg tb Qhkkrdlgcbg (^.J.), lg > Qibtspiir, Criglgcbg, 4;-12.



464 @L@HLICPKVJ\

, bt kh., ;<13 > _btthbebgts ia tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb kt Qiirsojitbg kgd Hbldsojbgdke, Jbhlglue 3, ?-?;, <3-;06.

Chi`, V. Q., ;<44 > _tudlbr ivbr dbg nysmb Bgmbh tcrkv smuhtur, Kr`ñcbr., ;<20 > Dkgsmb Ihdskcbr L L > \gcrb _tbgkhdbr, Mi`bgjkvg.

(tidwlg, J., ;<?: > Tjb irlclg ia riddigs, Cbicrkpjlokh Niurgkh <;, 04;-026., ;<?</'4; > _tudlbs ia tjb pistchkolkh Jlstiry ia @rltlsj vbcbtktlig, LLL > Abghkgd/pihhogdlkcrkes= LQ > Vist-

chkolkh ojkgcbs ia rbhktlvb hkgd- kgd sbkhbvbh lg tjb Bgchlsj Abghkgd, Vjlhisipjlokh Trkgskotligs ia tjb Piykh_iolbty ia Higdig @ 0?6, 0?<-?6?.

, & E. LL. Ohlaaird, ;<?< > _tudlbs ia tjb pistchkolkh Jlstiry ia @rltlsj vbcbtk tlig, L L > Irlclg kgd strk tlcr kpjyia dbpislts lg tjb _iutjbrg Abghkgd, Vjlhisipjlokh Trkgskotligs ia tjb Piykh _iolbty ia Higdig @ 00<, ?0?-461.

, kgd E. B. & A. J. Bdeugds, ;<2? > Vihhbgkgkhysls ia Abghkgd pbkts kt _t. Cbrekgs gbkr Mlgcs Hygg,

Cbihiclokh Ekckzlgb 36, ;1:-;:0.

Cittsojkhm, E. M. B ., ;<3; > _tirevhibdbg bg rlvlbrivbrstrielgcbg lg Gbdbrhkgd, Dbbh L > db pbrlidb vÿÿr ;466,

Kssbg.

Crbbg, Oj., ;<1; > Bkst Kgchlkg Oikst-hlgb Hbvbhs slgob Piekg Tlebs, Kgtlqulty ?2, 0;-0:.

Crlaalthls, XQ. B., ;<23 > Tjb Typihicy kgd Irlclgs ia @bkmbrs lg Skhbs, VV_ 0?, 23-<6.

Crleb½, QQ. A., ;<?: > K `krriw ig @rbkoj Akre, Hhkgd`hbddlkg, Chkeirckg, VV_ 4, ;63-;0;.

Cribgekg-vkg Skktbrlgcb, S., ;<11k > Vkhygihiclsoj igdbrzibm vkg drlb Lkkt-gbihltjlsojb tueuhl `ln _t. Skhrlom `ln

Ivbrkssbht (Chd.), lg > Qibtspiir, Criglgcbg, 30-:6., ;<111> Gbdbrzbttlgcbg vkg db Jlhvbrsueouhtuur tb Qicbhbgzkgc (G.J.) bg Dbg Jkkc (^.J.), lg> Qibtspiir,Criglgcbg, :;-<0., ;<36> Issk k`sbgtlk , Criglgcbg., & N. A. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk, ;<1;> Bbg vuurstbgbg slmmbh ult db viir-Pieblgsb lnzbrtlnd tb Dbg Jkkc, Jbhlglue

;, ;4;-;41., & N. D . vkg dbr Skkhs, ;<1;> Tjb Hktb Gbihltjlo Tueuhus kt @iugdkr y Vist 402 kt _wkhebg (Dutoj Hleùrc),Jbhlglue ;, 43-24., bt kh., ;<1:> _btthbebgts ia tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb kt Qiirsojitbg kgd Hbldsojbgdke (Boihicy), Jbhlglue:, ;62-;?6.

, & E. N. Nkgsek, ;<1<> Dlktie kgd Vihhbg Kgkhysls ia tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Orbbm. K Povlsbd Lgtbrprbtktlig, Jbhlglue<, ;62-;;3.

Culhklgb, N., ;<13> Hk Olvlhlsktlig du Qksb Okepkglaireb dkgs hbs Vyrìgìbs Arkgoklsbs, Okrokssiggb.

Cøgtjbr, M., ;<36> _tblgzblt ugd Khtbrb @rigzbzblt le Hkgdbseusbue aør Qir- ugd Arøjcbsojlojtb, Eugstbr, Eugstbr.Jkkgs, N . O. A. E., ;<24> Db ìdbecbstbhdjbld vkg db Jkkrhbeebrebbr, tjbsls Skcoglgcbg, khsi> Qbrsh. Hkgd`.

Iud. 16.3, 's-Crkvbgjkcb.

Jkkrgkcbh, S., ;<46> Dlb Ekrsojbgslbdhugcbg lg _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg ugd le hlgmsbh`lsojbg Møstbgcb`lbt, Vri`hbebdbr Møstbgairsojugc le sødhlojbg Girdsbbcb`lbt ;,:3-<:.

, ;<26> Dks Khhuvlue kg dbr Dbutsojbg Girdsbbmøstb, (Vri`hbeb dbr Møstbgairsojugc le sødhlojbg Girdsbbcb`lbt4), Jlhdbsjble.

, ;<21> Dlb jlstirlsojb Bgtwlomhugc dbr Airsojugc , lgs`bsigdbrb dbr Surtbg- idbr Skrabgairsojugc, le Møstbgcb`lbt dbr Girdsbb, lg> Abstsojrlat zue 36. Cbùrtstkcb vig M. J. Nkoi`-Arlbsbg, Jlhdbsjble, 04?-020.

, ;<23> Dlb spkt`rigzb-arøjblsbgzblthlojb Cbjñatslbdhugc Nbecue `bl Hbbr, kua dbe hlgmbg Rabr dbr Bes, DlbMugdb :, 0-4?.

, ;<2<> Ebbrbssplbcbhsojwkgmugcbg kg dbr Dbutsojb Girdsbbmøstb lg jlstirlsojbr ugd prkjlsti rlsojbr ^blt,Tkcugcs`brlojt ugd wlssbgsojkathlojb K`jkgdhugcbg dbs Dbutsojb Cbicrkpjbgtkcbs @brhlg ;<2<, ?0.

, ;<1;> Vri`hbeb dbr _lbdhugcsairsojugc le Møstbgcb`lbt zwlsojbg Bh`b ugd Sbsbr lg dbr _pkthktêgbzblt, Nkjr-ùoj dbr Ekggbr vie Eircbgstbrg 40, 34-:2.

, ;<1?> Dlb Glbdbrskojslsojb Hkgdbsstbhhb aør Ekrsojbg- ugd Surtbgairsojugc lg Slhjb hesjkvbg, GGR ?0, ?-??., ;<1:> Dlb prkjlstirl sojbg _lbdhugcsairebg le Møstbgcb`lbt dbr Girdsbb, Brdmugdh.-Slssbgsojkat!. _ojrlatbg-rbljb aør Airsojugc ugd Vrkxls, Slbs`kdbg, 13-:4.

, ;<1<> Pøomsojku kua dlb Airsojugcsbrco`glssb, lg> Qlnatlc Nkrbg Tbrpbgigdbrzibm, Criglgcbg, ;0-03.Jkcbekg, @. V., ;<1;> Bgmbhb akobttbg vkg db Kh`hkxsorwkkrd-mkkrtbrlgc, Nkkrvbrshkc Cbihiclsojb _tlojtlgc ;<1;,?<-4;.





461 @L@HLICPKVJ\

Julzlgck, T. M., ;<46> Db ìdbedkhlgc vkg Gbdbrhkgd `bzlbg vkg crigdebojkglsoj stkgdpugt, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw

G_ 0, <4-;61.

Juhst, P. _., ;<10/'1?. @rigstlndkkrdbwbrm ult Jktbrt, cbe. Glnebcbg, @br. PI@ ;0/;?, 232-231.

, ;<11> ^lndbrvbhd, KG, *<?., ;<12/'11> K Vit @bkmbr arie Qbhp, Vriv. ia Cbhdbrhkgd, @br. PI@ ;2/;1, 0?;-0?0.

, ;<13> Jlbg, cbe. Didbwkkrd, KG, *14., ;<1<> K @rigzb Kcb _btthbebgt kt Blst, priv. Rtrbojt, @br. PI@ ;<, 032-03:., ;<36> Krojbihiclsojb mriglbm vkg Cbhdbrhkgd ;<11-;<13, @lndrkcbg bg Ebdbdbhlgcbg dbr Qbrbglclgc "Cbhrb"14, 01-4:.

, ;<30> Hugtbrbg, KG, *;4.

(Jlnszbhbr, O. O. S. N. ),;<2<> Ekgdbr, cbe. Tu``brcbg, KG, *;4;.

Lskko, B., ;<36> Cbicrkpjy ia Diebstloktlig, Bgchbwiid Ohlaas, G. N.

Nkoi`-Arlbsbg, M. J., ;<2<> Blgaøjrugc lg Glbdbrskojsbgs Rrcbsojlojtb. L. Tblh, _tblgzblt, Jlhdbsjble.

Nkgmujg, J., ;<?<> Blgb stblg-`rigzbzblthlojb Crk`slttb ugd ljr airthb`bg le spktbrb @rkuojtue, Iaak 4, <0-;6:., ;<1<> Dbutsojb Kcrkrcbsojlojtb L, Qir- ugd Arøjcbsojlojtb, _tuttckrt.

Nkgssbg, H. N. A., ;:41> Iudjbdbg tb Iud-Kh`hks, Iudjbldmugdlcb Qbrjkgdbhlgcbg bg Ebdbdbbhlgcbg 4, ?<6-?<4.Nbhcbrsek, _., ;<1;> Jihiobgb _bk Hbvbh Ojkgcbs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, tjbsls Hbldbg, khsi> Ebd, Cbih. _tlojt. OQL-3.

, ;<11> _bk-hbvbh ojkgcbs durlgc tjb hkst ;6,666 ybkrs, lg> Piykh Ebtbirihiclokh _iolbty, Vriobbdlgcs ia tjb Lgtbrgktligkh _yepislue ig Sirhd Ohlektb arie :666 ti I @. O.

, & K. N. Vkggbmibm, ;<16> Vist-chkolkh rlsb ia sbk-hbvbh lg tj b Gbtjbrhkgds (k prbh lelgkry rbpir t), Cbihiclb

bg Elngìuw ?<, 06;-063., & N. A. vkg Pbctbrbg Khtbgk, ;<1<> Kg Iuthlgb ia tjb Cbihiclokh Jlstiry ia tjb Oikstkh Dugbs lg tjb SbstbrgGbtjbrhkgds, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw 4:, ??2-?40.

, bt kh., ;<36> Tjb oikstkh dugbs ia tjb wbstbrg Gbtjbrhkgds= cbihicy, vbcbtktligkh jlstiry kgd krojbihicy, Ebd.

Plnms Cbih. Dlbgst G_ 0;, <?-;13.

Nbssup, P., ;<36> _iutj Bkst Bgchkgd, Higdig.

Nbwbhh, V . K. (bd.), ;<1?> Tjb bxpbrlebgtkh bkrtjwirm ig Ivbrtig Diwg Slhtsjlrb ;<16, @rlt. Kss. Kdv. _olbgob, Higdig.

Nigc, N. db, ;<36/'3;> Vihhbg kgd O;4 Kgkhysls ia Jihiobgb Dbpislts lg ^lndbrvbhd kgd Bgvlrigs, @br. PI@ 06/0;, 32-::.

Nigc, N. D. db, ;<16> Tjb eirpjihiclokh bvihutlig ia tjb Dutoj oikst, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw ?<, 1?:-14?.

, ;<13> Tjb [uktbrgkry ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, lg> Tjb Cbihiclokh _ystbes, tjb [uktbrgkry, Qih. 0, Gbw \irm, ?6;-401., ;<3;> Tjb _obgbry ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds kcklgst tjb @komcriugd ia Jihiobgb Cbihicy= k rbvlbw ia tjb rbobgt hltbrk-

turb, Pbvub db cìicrkpjlb pjyslqub bt db cbihiclb dygkelqub ;?, ;4?-;10.

Mbrstbg, M., ;<2;> Blg _tblgcrk` elt Blgzbhcrk`gkoj`bstkttugc `bl _ojkhmjihz, Iaak <, ;3-06., ;<20> Blgzbhcrk`jøcbh `bl Aiom`bm, Mrbls Pbgdsùrc, Iaak ;6, <-;4.

, ;<11> Blg spktgbihltjlsojbr Plbsbg`bojbr kus Ekggjkcbg, Mrbls Jbrzictue Hkubgùrc, Iaak 0?, 33-3:.

Mbrstbg, S., ;<?:> _purbg dbr girdburkslktlsojbg Sijgphktzmuhtur ke Glbdbrrjblg, Cbrekglk 00, 3;-33.

Mibglcs, A. A. P., ;<4<> Bbg ìdbemkrtbrlgc vkg db iecbvlgc vkg Kzbwlng, (Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd. 24.;3), 's-Crkvbgjkcb.

Mim, J. K. db, ;<14> Qbrshkc ivbr db ipcrkvlgc ip jbt ult`rbldlgcstbrrblg vkg db G.Q. Gbd. Mk`bhak`rlbmbg tb Kh`hkssbr-dke, oiñrd. ;62-40<, Sbstbrjbbe ;?, 43-4<.

, ;<12> Db prbjlstirlb vkg db Kh`hkssbrwkkrd bg db Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg, Sbstbrjbbe ;4, ;;<-;0?., ;<11> Db `bckkg`kkrjbld vkg igzb strbbm, Igzb strbbmjlstirlb, @lndrkcbg ivbr db jlstirlb vkg db Kh`hkssbrwkkrd

bg db Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg 0, 2-?2.

Mistbr , O, ;<12/'11> @bltrkcb zue Bgdgbihltjlmue ugd zur Arøjbg @rigzbzblt ke gñrdhlojbg I`brrjblg, V^ 4?/44,

0-<2.

Mrihh, J., ;<?:> Dbr vircbsojlojthlojb Arlbdjia kua dbe Pkd`brc lg Juhstbg, Cbrekglk 00, 3:-<; & 002-0?6.

Mubgbg, V. J., ;<4;> Db rbhktlbvb bg k`sihutb dkhlgc vkg igzb ìdbe, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ ?, 0;?-0;:., ;<42> ^bbsplbcbhrlnzlgc dbr hkktstb dbobgglk, TKC 10, ;2<-;1<.

Mwkkd, A. N. V. E., ;<1;> Bbg igdbrzibm gkkr db eiraicbgbsb vkg Elddbg-Sbst Arlbshkgd, SA Iudj. 4, 1-2;.



@L@HLICPKVJ\ 463

Hkbt, :. N. db, ;<2:> Tjb Hiw Oiugtrlbs, Higdig., ;<1?> Rg ci`bhbt okepkglaireb k Julsb (Ahkgdrb irlígtkhb) bt hk dlstrlùtlig dbs vksbs okepkglairebs bg @bhclqub

Jbhlglue ?, 0?2-04;., ;<11> [ubhqubs pri`hêebs du Gìihltjlqub @blcb, Vkhkbijlstirlk ;0, ??2-?1;., ;<1:> Hk olvlhlsktlig db Elojbhs`brc bg @bhclqub, Jbhlglue :, 02<-01<.

, & S. Chks`brcbg, ;<2<> Db Qiircbsojlbdbgls dbr Hkcb Hkgdbg, Criglgcbg.Hke`brt, N. E. bt kh., ;<16> Tjb Ekmlgc ia tjb @rikds, Piykh Cbicrkpjlokh _iolbty Pbsbkroj _brlbs Gi. ?.

Hkgcb, S. P., ;<2<> Gbub @bojbr kus Istwbstakhbg, Cbrekglk ?3, 016-01?.

Hkgtlgc, K. B., ;<1<> Lbts ivbr db crkacb`rulmbg vkg db stkgdvibt`bmbrmuhtuur, GDQ :3, ;12-;3:.

Hkgtlgc, N. G., ;<1:> Bbg crkajbuvbh ult db vribcb `rigstlnd lg Beebrjiut, cbe. Beebg, GDQ :1, ;2<-;1:., ;<1<"> Qbrsprbldlgc bg dktbrlgc vkg wlmmbhdrkkdkkrdbwbrm, GDQ :3, ;<;-06<., ;<1<`> Twbb crkajbuvbhs lg db Beebrdbggbg, cbe. Beebg, GDQ :3, ;3<-;:<., & N. ;). vkg d g Skkhs, ;<3;> Hkkt-gbihltjl sojb crkajbuvbhs `ln Qkksbg bg Ekkrs`brcbg, Iudj. Ebd. 20, <?-;03., & N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs, ;<3;½> Bbxt, cbe. Kghii, KG *2;-20.

, & N. D. vkg dbr Skkhs, ;<30> @rltlsj @bkmbrs ks sbbg arie tjb Oigtlgbgt, Jbhlglue ;0, 06-41.

Hbbuwls, H. N., ;<11> Mhim`bmbrgbdbrzbttlgc lg db Kh`hkssbrwkkrd, Iud Ciroue Qkrlk ;<11, 33-:6.

Hbjekgg, H. T., ;<14> Bbg pit`bmbr ult _pbuhdb (CLd), @br. PI@ ;4, 0?-01.

, ;<12> Vhkolgc tjb Vit @bkmbr, Jbhlglue 2, ?-?;., ;<13"> Vit @bkmbr Gbws, Jbhlglue 3, 12-1<., ;<13`> Rgusukh `bkmbr pittbry arie tjb Qbhuwb, @br. PI@ ;3, ;2<-;1;., ;<135> Gbw pit `bkmbrs arie tjb Qbhuwb, Jbr. PI@ ;3, ;10-;11.

Hblsgbr, C. & Q., ;<4?-'12> Dlb Ebckhltjcrk`br dbr L`brlsojbg Jkh`lgsbh, @brhlg.

Hlbrb S. N. vkg, ;<43> Db Pieblgsb `bwiglgc vkg jbt Sbsthkgd, lg> Bbg mwkrt bbuw Iudjbldmugdlc @idbeigdbrzibmlg Gbdbrhkgd, Ebppbh, ?;?-?;1.

Hlgdb, N. vkg dbr, (;<22)> Mirt b tibhlojtlgc ln db ìdbemugdlcb ivbrzloj tsmkkr t vkg db Kh`hkssbrwkkrd, typbsorlp t_tlìmk.

Hlgdbg, J. vkg dbr, ;<22> Db Oipb. @lndrkcb tit db rbojtscbsojlbdbgls vkg db ipbghbcclgc dbr Jihhkgds-Rtrbojtsbhkkcvhkmtb, tjbsls Rtrbojt, khsi> @lndrkcbg vkg jbt Lgstltuut viir Pbojtscbwojlbdbgls dbr PlnmsuglvbrsltlbtRtrbojt ; (;<21).

Hiuls, E. bt kh., ;<43> Hbs aigds db ok`kgbs ìgbihltjlqubs db Aigtìulssb, Ckhhlk 2, 0?2-023.

Hiuwb Miilnekgs, H. V., ;<11"> Ouhbeìrc, KG, *1;-10., ;<11`> Eihbgkkrscrkka, KG, *;0?., ;<13> Krojbihiclsojb tbrrblgbg lg jbt Hbm- bg Hlgcbcb`lbd, igtdbm t `ln db ìdbemkr tbrlgc lg ;<12, typbsorlp t., ;<13"> Bhspbbt, cbe. Brebhi, KG, *?2., ;<13"> Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk, KG, *;;?., ;<13o> Eihbgkkrscrkka, KG, *;;4., ;<13;;> Eihbgkkrscrkka, Jkzbgdigm, KG, *;;4., ;<1:"> @rulgb @kgm, KG, *;;<., ;<1:"> Khembrm, KG, *;04., ;<1<½> Ittihkgd, KG, *36-3;., ;<1<`> Jbbestbdb, KG, *;;0., ;<1<;-> @rulgb @kgm, Giirdzbb, KG, *;;4., ;<36/'3;> Ebsihltjlo @igb kgd Kgthbr Lephbebgts arie tjb Girtj _bk kgd arie tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, @br. PI@ 06/0;,03-3?.

, ;<3;> Iudjbldmugdlcb ìiemirvlssbrln ip db Iistbrsojbhdb, Sbstbrjbbe 06, ;2;-;::., ;<3?> Bbg crkajbuvbhcribp ult jbt hkkt-gbihltjloue bg db `rigstlnd lg jbt tbrrblg vkg db Pieblgsb okstrk tbGlnebcbg, lg> Krojbihiclb bg Jlstirlb, @ussue, :3-;02.

, bt kh., ;<1:> Mkpbh Kvbzkktj, cbe. îbhbg, KG, *;04.

Høglgc, N., ;<13> Dlb Elojbhs`brcbr Mllhtu r. Lj rb Augdb lg zblthlojbr ugd rkuehlojbr Chlbdbrugc, @br. PCM 4:.



46: @L@HLICPKVJ\

Ekkrhbvbhd, C. O, ;<16> Slgd dlrbotligs kgd oivbrskgds lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, @luhbtyg Vbrychkonkhgy :, 4<-2:., & P. V. J. V. vkg dbr _ojkgs, ;<1;> Db dbmzkgdeiraihiclb vkg db Cbhdbrsb Qkhhbl, TKC 3:, 00-04.

Ekcgussig, E., ;<4:/'4<> Suhstmbrkelm lg smkgdlgkvlsojbg Augdb kus dbe _pktgbihltjlmue, Ebddbhkgdbg arkg Hugdsh'glvbrsltots Jlstirlsmk .Eusbue, 01<-03:.

Ekrlbg, E. B., ;<4:> Hk olvlhlsktlig dbs "ci`bhbt s" bg @bhclqub, @uhhbtlg dbs Eusìbs Piykux d'Krt bt d'Jlstilrb,

4 e b s. 02, ;1-4:., ;<20> Iud @bhclí, vkg db bbrstb hkgdìuwbrs tit db miest vkg Okbskr, Kgtwbrpbg.

Ekrlgcbr, N., ;<40/'42> Ebgsojbgipabr le @bstkttugcs`rkuoj Khtburipks, Kgtjripis ?3-46, ;-;;0.

Ekttjlks, S., & N. _ojuhtzb-Eitbh, ;<13> Muhturpahkgzbgk`drøomb kg sojgurmbrkelsojbg Cbakssbg kus Elttbhdbutsbj-

hkgd. Nsojr. elttbhdt. Qircbsbj. 2;, ;;<-;2:.

Ekttjlks, S. & N. _ojuhtzb-Eitbh, ;<3;> Muhturpahkgzbgk`drøomb kg Cbakssbg dbr _ojgurmbrkelm ugd dbr Kugnbtltzbr

Muhtur kus Elttbhdbutsojhkgd, Nsojr. elttbhdt. Qircbsbj. 22, ;;?-;?4.

Ebbr, M. vkg dbr, ;<20> Db @hibeìhhbgstrbbm, tjbsls Skcbglgcbg, khsi> Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd. 2:.0, 's-Crkvbgjkcb.

Ebzcbr, N., ;<1;> Gkcbh ia spktbh 9, Sbstbrjbbe ;6, 01.Eiddbrekg, V. N. P., ;<42> Ivbr db wirdlgc bg db `btbbmbgls vkg jbt ûldbrzbbcb`lbd, tjbsls Criglgcbg.

, ;<43> Db `bwiglgcscbsojlbdbgls vkg db @ieebhbrwkkrd, lg> Bbg mwkrt bbuw Iudjbldmugdlc @idbeigdbrzibmlg Gbdbrhkgd, Ebppbh, ?;3-?01, khsi> @iir bg _pkdb 0 (;<4:), ;?<-;41,

l ;<4<k> Bgmbhb kkgtbmbglgcbg ivbr db `bwiglgcscbsojlbdbgls vkg jbt Sbsthkgd, @iir bg _pkdb ?, 06;-0;0.;<4<"> Iudb wiigcrigdbg lg db Ivbr- bg Gbdbr-@btuwb, Iudj. Ebd. ?6, 11-<?.;<4<¶> Jbt iudjbldmugdlc igdbrzibm vkg db iudb wiigcrigdbg lg db @ieebhbrwkkrd ìvbg db Ebldlnm, @ulh.MGI@ 1b sbrlb 0, ;<;-000.;<26> Db `bwiglgcscbsojlbdbgls vkg jbt Ekksmkgtcb`lbd, @rk`kgts Nkkrìbm, <0-;63.;<2;k> Iudb wiigcrigdbg lg db Qlnajbrbghkgdbg, typbsorlpt PEI.;<2;`> Jbt iudjbldmugdlc igdbrzibm vkg db wiigcrigdbg lg jbt Hkgd vkg Ekks bg Skkh, Iudj. Ebd. ?0, 02-1;.;<20> Gbdbrzbttlgc ult db vribcb Lnzbrt lnd, 's-Crkvbgjkcb (priv. ûld-Jihhkgd), Jbgcbhihkkg, Bsokeppihdbr,@br. PI@ ?, 0.;<2?k> Bbg gbihltjlsojb wiigphkkts lg db pihdbr Qrlbshkgd igdbr Jbmbhlgcbg (blhkgd Vuttbg) (ûld Jihhkgd),@br. PI@ 4, ;-01.;<2?`> Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk . Jbt iudjbldmugdlc igdbrzibm vkg db iudb wiigcrigdbg, @rk`kgt lk0, ?-;0.

;<24> Crkajbuvbhigdbrzibm lg Elddbg-Gbdbr hkgd, @br. PI@ 2, 3-44.;<22k> Siigspirbg ult db `rigstlnd bg db lnzbrtlnd ip db Ekrclngbg Bgm igdbr Dbvbgtbr, @br. PI@ 1, 00-?;.;<22;'> Hkkl `bmbrkkrdbwbrm vbrslbrd ebt lgdrummbg vkg bbg wlmmbhdrkkdstbepbh, @br. PI@ 1, ?0-4?.;<22¶> Gbihltjlsojb vigdstbg gk`ln _ojlbdke, Sbstbrjbbe 4, ?6.;<22d> Db `bwiig`kkrjbld vkg jbt rlvlbrmhblcb`lbd lg db hiip dbr bbuwbg, TKC 30, ?6-?:.;<23> Bbg didbgjuls ip db Cbhpbg`brc `ln Kkhdbg, GDQ 32, Qkg Pbgdlbrnkcbr tit Igtclggbr 0, ;<-00.L<2<k> Twbb Qbhuwsb mhim`bmbrs vkg db @lnvkgom, cbe. @brc (Cbhdbrhkgd), @br. PI@. <, 0:2;<2<`> Twbb `bmbrs ebt wlmmbhdrkkdstbepbh vbrslbrd ult bbg crkajbuvbh igdbr Brebhi (Chd), @br. PI@ <, 0:1-0:3.;<2<¶> Bbg "Jlhvbrsue" -pit ebt wlmmbhdrkkdstbepbh vbrslbrd bg bbg `rigzbg gkkhd ult Qirstbgìsoj (Giird-@rk`kgt), @br. PI@ <, 0::-0:<.;<16/'1;> Db _pkgnkkrds`brc= viir- bg vribcjlstirlsojb ìbrbg`bdrlnvbg tb _kgtpiirt, @br. PI@ ;6/;;,0;6-010.

, ;<10/'1?> Db vbrsprbldlgc vkg db @bmbrouhturbg ip db Qbhuwb, @br. PI@ ;0/;?, 3-04.

;<14

k

> Elddhb @rigzb Kcb Crkvbs kgd _btthbebgt Trkobs kt ^wkkcdlnm, Cbebbgtb Sbrvbrsjiia, Vriv. GirtjJihhkgd, @br. PI@ ;4, 03-?1.;<14`> Tjb gbihltjlo ùrlkh vkuht kt _tblg KVH ;, ?-;1.;<1:> Dlb Jkus`kutbg ugd _lbdhugcbg dbr Hlglbg`kgdmbrkelm lg ljrbe wbsthlojbg @brblbj, Augdkebgt* K? Q, ;-3.;<1:k> Jbhdbg/Mbssbh, KG, *13.;<36> Hlgbkr`kgdmbrkelm kus Bhshii ugd _tblg, (Gbdbrhkgdsb Iudjbdbg ?), 's-Crkvbgjkcb, khsi> KVH ?.;<3;> @bkmbr Vittbry arie Jugb`bd D;< gbkr Driuwbg, Vriv. Drbgtjb, KVH 4, 43-2;.



@L@HLICPKVJ\ 46<

Eñrgbr, G. K., ;<1<"> Tjb Hktb [uktbrgkry Jlstiry ia tjb Mkttbckt _bk kgd tjb _wbdlsj Sbst Oikst, _vbrlcbs Cbihi-clsmk Rgdbrsñmglgc, Krsìm 1?, gr. ?, _tiomjihe.

, ;<1<`> Ohlektlo kgd bustktlo ojkgcbs durlgc tjb hkst ;2,666 ybkrs, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw 4:, ?:<-?<<., ;<3;> Bustk tlo ojkgcbs durlgc tjb hkst 06,666 ybkrs kgd k ebtjid ia sbpkrk tlgc tjb lsistktlo kgd bustk tlo akotirs

lg kg uphlatbd krbk, Vkhkbicrkpjy, Vkhkbibhlektihicy, Vkhkbibbihicy <, ;4?-;:;.

Euhhbr-, S., ;<10> Dbr K`hkua dbr jihizkgbg Ebbrbstrkgscrbsslig kg dbr sødhlojbg Girdsbbmøstb ugd Aihcbrugcbg lgDe RR kuh' blgb cbihiclsojb Jihizkgchlbdbrugc, Blszbltk htbr ugd Cbcbgwkrt ;?, ;<3-001.

Eøhhbr-Mkrpb, J., ;<1:> Jkgdùoj dbr Qircbsojlojtb LL, Nugcstblgzblt, Eøgojbg.

Gbuekgg, C., ;<0<> Dlb Chlbdbrugc dbr Chiombg`bojbrmuhtur lg Elttbhdbutsojhkgd, V^ 06, ?-1<.

Glillwogjuls, K. S., ;<6:> Db ebgsojbgrbstbg ult dbg prkbjlsti rlsojbg crkaìuw `ln Glbrssbg, Iudj. Ebd. IP 0,

;:-04.

Gbus tupgy , B. & N. Gbustupgy, ;<1;> Ojzbojishivkmlk, Higdig.

Gi`ls, D., ;<22> @bltrkcb zur K`stkeeugc ugd Diebst lmktlig dbs Jkuspabrdbs. Gkoj _tudlíg kg ur- ugd arlljcb-sojlojthlojbg Augdbg Girdwbst- ugd Elttbhdbutsojhkgds, ^bltsojrlat aør Tlbrzøojtugc ugd ^øojtugcs`lihiclb

14, 06;-041.

Gi`ls, C., ;<3;> Qie Slhdpabrd zue Jkuspabrd, Augdkebgtk, Pbljb @. @kgd 1.

Igtwbrp _t rbbm phkg Kh`hkssbrwkkrd bg Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg, ;<1:, Bdltir > Vrivlgolk h Vhkgihiclokh _urvby ia _iutj Jihhkgd .Ippbgjble, P., ;<03/'0:, ^wbratiojtbg lg Ibr-Gbdbrhkgd LL. Lg db Kojtbrdulgbg (ûld-Jihhkgd), Db Hbvbgdb Gktuur

?0, 30-3:., ;<0<> Qigdstbg `ln Hlssb, Iudj. Ebd. ;6, :.

Itti, M. J., ;<26> Blg Chiombg`bojbrcrll`brabhd dbr skojslsoj-tjørlgclsojbg Elsojcruppb vig _ojkastkdt, Mr. Ebrsb-

ùrc, Nsojr. elttbhdt. Qircbsoj. ?4, 21-:6.

Vkbi, K. di & B. _kgceblstbr, ;<21> Qlhhk Givk db _. Vbdri, blgb `babstlctb _lbdhugc dbr Mupabrzblt lg Virtuckh,

Cbrekglk?4, 0;;-0?6.

Vkggbmibm, K. N. (bd.), ;<21> Cbihiclokh Jlstiry ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, 's-Crkvbgjkcb.

Vkggbmibm vkg Pjbdbg, N. N., ;<?1> Plvbr ùlh t hbvbbs lg tjb @btuwb, Qbrjkgdbhlgcbg Cbihiclsoj-Elngìuwmllgdlc

Cbgiitsojkp viir Gbdbrhkgd bg Mihiglíg, Cbihiclsojb _brlb <, ??3-?16.

L'lltzihlh, .;.. ;<22> Blgb _lbdhugc dbr Crissstblgcrk`hbutb ugtbr Girekh Guhh `bl Ihdogùrc (Ihd`.), Ihdbgùrcbr Nkjr-

ùoj 22, :?-<3.Vbddbeirs, K., ;<3;> Chkzbg Hk Têgb kre`kgdbg lg Gbdbrhkgd, typbsorlpt LVH.

Vlbpbrs, S., ;<30> Chiombg`bojbr kus @irgjble, Dks Pjblglsojb Hkgdbseusbue @igg, kus dbr Kr`blt dbs Eusbues

4/30, 16.

Vjlhhlps, 6. XQ., ;<?1> Tjb Bxokvktligs ia tjb Clkgt's Jlhhs Higc @krriw, _mbgdhb`y, Hlgoihgsjlrb, Krojkbihiclk :2,

?3-;61.

Vjlhhlps, ('. XQ. (bd.), ;<3;> Tjb Abghkgd lg Piekg Tlebs, (Tjb Cbicrkpjlokh _iolbty Pbsbkroj Vkpbrs 2), Higdig.

Vlccitt, _., ;<24> Gbihltjlo Ouhturbs ia tjb @rltlsj Lshbs, Oke`rldcb.

Vlccitt, _., ;<10> Jbkds kgd Jiias, Kgtlqulty ?1, ;;6-;;:.

——, ;<1?> K`brorie`y kgd katbr. Tjb @bkmbr Ouhturbs ia Crbk t-@r ltklg Pb- bxkelgbd, lg> Ouhturb kgd Bgvl rigebgt,Bsskys lg Jigiur ia _lr Oyrlh Aix, Higdig, 2?-<;.

, ;<12> Kgolbgt Buripb, arie tjb `bclgglgcs ia Kcrlouhturb ti Ohksslokh Kgtlqulty, Bdlgùrcj.

Vhbytb, S., ;:33/;<6?> Gbdbrhkgdsojb Iudjbdbg vkg db vribcstb tlndbg tit ip Mkrbh dbg Criitb, Hbldbg.

Vibhekg, N. G. @. & V. Jkr`brs, ;<11> Jbbat Hktjue khtlnd kkg db rbojtbr LNssbhibvbr cbhbcbg 9 @iir bg _pkdb ;2, ;0:-

;?6.

Vihkm, @., ;<0<> Bbg igdbrzibm gkkr db ìtkglsojb skebgstbhhlgc vkg jbt Jihhkgdsojb vbbg, tjbsls Kestbrdke.

Vigs, H. N., ;<2;> Db @idbecbstbhdjbld vkg db Qlnjbbrbghkgdbg, Lgtbrgkh Pbpirt _tlìmk gi. 030.

, ;<24> Jbt Ahuvlktlbhb Hkkctbrrks vkg Plng bg Ekks, @iir bg _pkdb 3, <3-;;6., ;<23> Db cbihiclb, db ìdbevirelgc bg db wktbrstkktmugdlcb igtwlmmbhlgc vkg jbt Hkgd vkg Ekks bg Skkhbg bbg cbdbbhtb vkg jbt Plnm vkg Glnebcbg, tjbsls Skcbglgcbg, khsi> Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd. 1?.;;, 's-Crkvbgjkcb.



4;6 @L@HLICPKVJ\

, ;<1;= Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg> iudjbldmugdlcb vigdstbg bg ìdbecbstbhdjbld, Sbstbrjbbe ;6, ;-2., ;<11> Db ìdbemkrtbrlgc vkg jbt Hkgd vkg Ekks bg Skkh bg bbg cbdbbhtb vkg jbt Plnm vkg Glnebcbg, (Qbrsh.Hkgd`. Igd. 14.1), Skcbglgcbg.

, & V. N. P. Eiddbrekg, ;<2;> Lb ts ivbr db ìdbe bg `bwiglgcscbsojlbdbgls vkg jb t rlvlbrmhblcb`lbd, lg jbt`lnzigdbr vkg db Iiypihdbr, @iir bg _pkdb 4, ;<;-;<3.

, & N. _ojbhhlgc, ;<2;> Db hkktchkolkhb kazbttlgcbg vkg db Plng bg db Ekks, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw ;?, 0:?-0<3., & N. @bggbek, ;<2:> Db eiraihiclb vkg jbt phblstiobgb ippbrvhkm lg wbstbhlnm Elddbg-Gbdbrhkgd, viir zivbr

cbhbcbg `bgbdbg cbelddbhd zbbglvbku (G. K. V.), TKC 32, ;06-;?<., & K. N. Slccbrs, ;<2:> Db eiraihiclb vkg jbt phblstiobgb ippbrvhkm lg Giirdjihhkgd bg jbt ûldbrzbbcb`lbd,

viir zivbr cbhbcbg `bgbdbg cbelddbhd zbbglvbku (G. K. V.), TKC 32. ;46-;2?,, & K. N. Slccbrs ;<2</'16> Db Jihiobgb wirdlgcscbsojlbdbgls vkg Giirdjihhkgd bg jbt ûldbrzbbcb`lbd, TKC31, ;64-;20= 33, ?-23.

, & K. N. Slccbrs, ;<1;> Bgmbhb ipebrmlgcbg `btrbaabgdb db Jihiobgb zbbsplbcbh- bg ìdbe`bwbclgcbg lgGbdbrhkgd, Cbicrkalsoj Tlndsojrlat ;4, 060-0;;.

bt kh., ;<1?> Bvihutlig ia tjb Gbtjbrhkgds oikstkh krbk durlgc tjb Jihiobgb, Qbrjkgdbhlgcbg vkg jbt Miglgmhlnm Gbdbrhkgds Cbihiclsoj-Elngìuwmugdlc Cbgiitsojkp, Cbihiclsojb _brlb 0;-0, ;<3-06:.

Vrkgcb, S., ;<1?> Dks Jihizkg ugd sblgb Dktlbrugc lg dbg Ekrsbgbg dbs Krhku-Cb`lbtbs, Gird Arlbshkgd, Ebyglkglk

;?, 43-31.

, ;<13> Cbihiclb dbs Jihizkgs lg dbg Ekrsojbg dbs Istarloslsojbg Abs thkgdbs, Ebyglkglk ;3, 42-<4.Vrbuss, N., ;<2?/'24> Dks nugcstblgzblthlojb Mñrpbrcrk`brabhd vig Tkgcbreøgdb, Mr. _tbgdkh, Slssbgsojkathlojbg

^bltsojrlat dbr Ekrtlg-Hutjbr-Rglvbrsltkt Jkhhb-Slttbg`brc ?, 4;2-4:0.

[ultziw, J. S., ;<21> Dlb Torrkssbgchlbdbrugc le Glbdbrrjblglsojbg Tlbahkgdb, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ ;:, ?23-?3?.

, & N. L. _. îggbvbhd, ;<21> Qirhkualcbs Brcb`gls dbr Tbrrkssbgugtbrsuojugcbg le Ekks- ugd Glbdbrrjblgcb`lbt,

Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ ;:, 40:.

Pkka, J. M. db, ;<2<> Hlojtahltsbg ivbr jbt Hkgcbvbhd L L L , Sbstbrjbbe :, 02-0<, 32-3<.

, ;<11> Hlojtahltsbg ivbr jbt Hkgcbvbhd LLL, Sbstbrjbbe ;2, ?6-4<.

Pkdlc, S., ;<?6> Dbr Sijg`ku le nugcstblgzblthlojbg Dbutsojhkgd, (Ekggus-@l`hlitjbm 4?), Hblpzlc.

Pkekbr, N. O, ;:<<> Cbicrkpjlsojb cbsojlbdbgls vkg Jihhkgd `bzuldbg db Hbm bg Glbuwb Ekks lg db Elddbhbbuwbg,(Qbrjkgdbhlgcbg dbr Miglgmhlnmb Kmkdbelb vkg Sbtbgsojkppbg tb Kestbrdke, Kadbbhlgc hbttbrmugdb GP

dbbh 0, gi. ?), Kestbrdke.

Pbctbrbg Khtbgk, J. J. & N. K. @kmmbr, ;<1:> Ipcrkvlgcbg `ln Ebdbe`hlm, SA Iudj. ;;, 06;-0;6., J. K. Jbldlgck & B. N. Jkrbg`brc, ;<1:> Ebdbe`hlm, KG, *;?3-;?<.

PbctbrbgKhtbgk, N. A. vkg, ;<1<> Bbg Pulgbg-Sieebhs L pit ult db cbebbgtb Hleebg, Khmekkrs Nkkrìbmnb 2, 16-1?., bt kh, ;<10/'1?> Tjb Qhkkrdlgcbg Ouhturb, L-Q, Jbhlglue 0 (;<10), ?-?2, <3-;6?, 0;2-04?= ? (;<1?), ?<-24, <3-;06.

Pbctbrbg Khtbgk, N. A . vkg & N. K. @kmmb r, ;<11> Db gbihltjlsojb wiigphkkts t b ^kgdwbrvbg (G. J.), lg> Qibtspiir,

Criglgcbg, ??-46.

Pblgbrtj, J., ;<?<> Blg Dira dbr Crissstblgcrk`brhbutb, Cbrekgbg Br`b 4, 001-040.

Pbeiuojkeps, K. B., ;<0:> Crkajbuvbhigdbrzibmlgcbg, Iudj. Ebd. <, 2:-34.

Pbuslgm, J. N., ;<1?> Bbg Qbhuwsb mhim`bmbr ult Hbbrsue, Sbstbrjbbe ;0, :3-<0.

Pbuslgm, J. N., ;<13> Bbg hktb Qbhuwsb mhim`bmbr ult db crkajbuvbh "@kgmlvk" tb Hbbrsue (R), Sbstbrjbbe ;1, :;-:3.

Plbzbìs, V. K. & K. du _kkr, ;<1<> Bbg dwkrsdiirsgbdb diir db ekrlbgb jihiobgb kazbttlgcbg tussbg Qlnajulzbg bg

Qlgmbvbbg, Ebd. Plnms Cbih. Dlbgst 06, :2-<0.

Plqubt, P., ;<36> Kgtjripihiclb du Gbihltjlqub bt du @rigzb Kgolbg, Viltlbrs.

Plqubt bt kh., ;<1?> Hbs okepkglairebs arkgokls, Ckhhlk Vrìjlstilrb 1, 1?-;0:.

Puomdbsojbh, S., ;<1<> Cbsojhbojtsdlaabrbgzlbrtb @bstk ttugcssltt bg lg arøj`rigzbzblthlojbg Crk`brg _ød`kyb rgs,

@kybrlsojb Qircbsojlojts`hkttbr ??, ;:-44.

_kgceblstbr, B., ;<2;> Dlb Chiombg`bojbrmuhtu r ugd dlb @bojbrmuhturbg, (Dlb Nugcstb lgzb lt le girdeklglsojbgJbssbg ?), Ebhsugcbg.



@L@HLIIPKVJ\ 4;;

, ;<1?> Hk olvlhlsktlig du vksb okepkglaireb, lg> Hbs Olvlhlsktligs Kthkgtlqubs du Gìihltjlqub k h'Kcb db hk Abr7Pbggbs, 02-21.

, ;<14½> Dlb Chiombg`bojbr le I`brrjblgtkh, Nkjrùoj PCÊ ;;, :;-;;4., ;<14`> Dlb sojekhbg "Kresojutzphkttbg", lg> _tudlíg kus Khtburipk ;, Mñhg/Crkz, <?-;00., ;<11> Dlb Dktlbrugc dbr Pøomst ries dbr Chiombg`bojbr ugd ljrb Kuswlrmugc kua dlb Ojrigihiclb dbr Mupabrzblt

lg Virtuckh. Vkhkbijlstirlk ;0, ?<2-463., & M. Corjkrdt, (;<12)> _ojgurmbrkelm ugd _ojgurmbrkelmbr lg _ødwbstdbutsojhkgd, (@kdlsojb Augd`brlojtb_igdbrjbat :), Arblùrc l. @r.

, & J. _oju`krt , ;<3;> Crkùgcbg lg dbr mupabrzblthlojbg @babstlcugc vig^keùnkh/h 'ir tuckh lg ;<36, Ekdrldbr

Elttblhugcbg ;0, ;;-42.

_kraktln, J., ;<3;> Arlbzbg-Pieblgbg-Okgkgbaktbg , Jihhkgd ?, ??-43, :<-;62, ;2?-;3<.

_kssb, N., ;<;;> Kgtjripihiclbs igdbrzibm, viirhiiplc khhììg vkg db diir Dr. Jihwbrdk bg hktbr diir Dr. Mvbhblg

ipcbcrkvbg Mktwlnmbr sojbdbhs, Iudj. Eod. IP 2, 31-;04.

_ojkmbh, S. E., ;<24> Db wktbrwiha shkkt tib, Giirdbhiis., ;<1?k> Igzb strbbm lg db strlnd tbcbg jbt wktbr, Igzb _trbbmjlstirlb, @lndrkcbg tit db Jlstirlb vkg db Kh`hkssbr-

wkkrd bg db Qlnajbbrbghkgdbg ;, 00-0?.

_ojkmbh, E. S., ;<1?`> Tlbg nkkr cbhbcbg shibc db wktbrwiha wbbr tib, Iud Ciroue Qkrlk ;<1?, 2<-1;.

_ojkgs, P. V. J. V. vkg dbr & S. vkg dbr Mgkkp, ;<21> Db @idbecbstbhdjbld vkg db Giitdirpsb bg db Drlbekgs-pihdbr, Lgtbrgkh Pbpirt _tlìmk gi. 44:._ojbhhlgc, N., ;<2;> Db ìdbemkrtbrlgc vkg Giird-Hleùrc, tjbsls Skcbglgcbg, khsi> Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd. 23.;3,

's-Crkvbgjkcb.

_ohllgdhbr, P., ;<2?/'22> Dlb Mgtdbomugc zwblbr nugcstblgzblthlojbr Sijgphktzb ugtbr dbe Ekrsojbgsojhlom le Qircb-hkgdbr dbr @i`brcbr Døgbg ugd ljrb @bdbutugc aør dlb _tblgzbltairsojugc Girdwbstdbutsojhkgds, Jkeekùrc4, ;-;3.

, ;<16> Dlb @idbgkhtbrtøebr dbr Arblbg ugd Jkgsbstkdt Jkeùrc, Jkeùrc., ;<1;> Mñssbgbr Mhbebgtb le Arøjgbihltjlmue vig @i`brc, Jkeekùrc 3, <-0<., ;<10> Pñssbgbr Mhbebgtb le @i`brcbr Gbihltjlmue, Cbrekglk 46, 042-022.

_ojlrglc, J., ;<3;> Augdb ugd Augdstbhhbg ue Rbhzbg, GGR 46, 0:-23.

_ojhbttb, N., ;<2:> Dlb khtbstbg Jkus- ugd _lbdhugcsairebg dbs Ebgsojbg kua Crugd dbs stblgzblthlojbs Augdektbr lkhs

Muripks ugd btjgihiclsojbg Qbrchblojb, Mtjgicrkpjlsoj-Krojkihiclsojb Airsojugcbg 2.

_ojhlojt, M., ;<2:> Dlb Rgtbrsuojugc blgbs Crk`jøcbhs `bl Sbje, Mrbls Ksojbgdira-Jøeehlgc, Dlb Mugdb <, ;?2-;40.

_ojeldt, V. , ;<23> Dlb virrÿelsojb Mlsbgzblt le girdwbs tdbutsojbg Møstbgcb`lbt, Vri`hbeb dbr Møstbgairsojugc

le slldhlojbg Girdsbbcb`lbt 1, 4<-;06.

_ojeldt, P. P., ;<42> Dlb @urc Quìbdih, ^kcrb`.

_ojuhdt, B., ;<1;> K`sojhlbssigdb Kuscrkùgcbg kua dbe nugcstblgzblthlojb Ahkojcrk`brabhd vig Istira, Nkjrùoj

@idbgdbgmekhpahbcb lg Ebombhbgùrc ;<1;, ;?;-;3:.

_ojuekojbr, M., ;<0;> _lbdhugcs- ugd Muhturcbsojlojtb dbr Pjblghkgdb ;, Dlb Qirrñelsojb ^blt, Eklgz.

_ojwk`bdlssbg, J., ;<2;> ûr @bslbdhugc dbs Girdsbbrkuebs lg dbr khtbrbg ugd eltth brbg _tblgzblt , lg> Abstssojrlat aørCustkv _ojwkgtbs, Gbueøgstbr, 2<-3;.

, ;<2:> Rgtbrsuojugc ebsihltjlsojbr-gbihltjlsojbr Eiirslbdhugcbg lg _ojhbswlc Jihstblg, lg> Gbub Kuscrkùgcbglg Dbutsojhkgd, @orhlg, 01-40.

, ;<11> Mlg jirlzigtlbrtbr "@rbltmblh" kus _ktrup ugd dlb ekgglcakojbg Muhturvbr`lgdugcbg dbs `bclggbgdbgGbihltjlmues le Girdbg ugd Girdwbstbg, Vkhkbijlstirlk ;0, 46<-41:.

_ojwkgtbs , C., ;<?1> Dbr gbihltjlsojb Rrgbgarlbdjia vig _kgdb, lg> Abstsojrlat zur Jugdbrdnkjrablbr dbs Eusbuesvircbsojlojthlbjbr Khtbrtøebr lg Mlbh, Gbueøgstbr, 3<-<0.

, ;<?<> Dlb Qircbsojlojtb _ojhbswlc-jihstblgs (_tblg- ugd @rigzbzblt), Gbueøgstbr._lglpsig, D. D. K., ;<11> K Gbihltjlo sbtthbebgt lg tjb Iutbr Jb`rldbs, Kgtlqulty 46, ;?3-;?<.

, (bd.), ;<3;> Moigiey kgd sbtthbebgt lg Gbihltjlo kgd Mkrhy @rigzb Kcb @rltklg kgd Muripb, Hblobstbr.

_huys, V. vkg dbr, ;<21> Pkppirt `btrbaabgdb db ìdbecbstbhdjbld vkg Tlbhbrwkkrd-Sbst, Lgtbrgkh Pbpirt _tlìmk, 4?1.



4;0 @L@HLICPKVJ\

, & C. O. Ekkrhbvbhd, ;<1?> Dbmzkgdruccbg ult db Nigcb Drykstlnd lg ^bbuws Qhkkgdbrbg, @iir bg _pkdb ;?, 0;-01.

_eltj, K. C., ;<2:"> Vistchkolkh dbpislts lg _iutj \irmsjlrb kgd Girtj Hlgoihgsjlrb, Gbw Vjytihiclst 23, ;<-4<., ;<2:"> Tjb Oigtbxt ia sieb Hktb @rigzb Kcb kgd Bkr hy L rig Kcb Pbeklgs arie Hlgoihgsjlrb, VV_ 04, 3:-:4.

_eltj, L. A. , ;<22> Hktb @bkmbr Vit tbry arie tjb Hyigbssb _urakob kgd tjb Dktb ia tjb Trkgscrbsslig, hh tjKggukh Pbpirt ia tjb Lgstltutb ia Krojkbihicy, Rglvbrslty ia Higdig, ;-;4.

, ;<1;> Kg Bssky tiwkrds tjb Pbairektlig ia tjb @rltlsj @rigzb Kcb, Jbhlglue ;, <3-;;:., ;<12> QQlgdelhh Jlhh kgd Kvbùry, Ixaird.

_eltj, E. K., ;<2?> L`brlkg @bkmbrs, VV_ ;<, <2-;63.

_iggbvbhd, A., ;<2:> @idbemkrtbrlgc bg dkkrip kacbstbedb hkgdìuwmugdlcb igdbrzibmlgcbg lg jbt Hkgd vkg Jbusdig

bg Khtbgk, tjbsls Skcbglgcbg, khsi> Qbrsh. Hkgd`. Igd. Gi. 14.4, 's-Crkvbgjkcb.

_iudsmy, @., ;<2?> Rgtílomk Iskdk v. Vistihiprtboj, Krojbihiclomì Pijzhbdy 2, ?6:-?;:, 401-403.

_priomjiaa, B., ;<4;> Glbdbrskojsbgs @bd butugc aør dlb @rigzbzblt Sbstbur ipks, @br. PCM ?; LL , ;-;?:.

_tkepauss, P., ;<0<> Dlb Nugcgbihltjlsojbg Multurbg lg Sbstdbutsojhkgd, (Pjblglsojb _lbdhugcscbsojlojtb 0), @igg.

, ;<46> Girdlsojo _lbdhugcsmbrkelm ke Glodbrrjblg, Ekggus ?0, ;;2-;?6.

, & P. _ojøtruepa, ;<36> Jkrp ugbg kus dbr Khhbrñdzblt kus Dlgshkmbg, Glbdbrrjblg, @N ;36, ;<-?2.

_tkr lgc, S. O. J., ;:2:-;:13> Cbihiclsojb mkkrt ;> 066.666., ;:16> Db ìdbe vkg Gbdbrhkgd, Jkkrhbe.

_tbbgjuls, N. A., ;<4;> Ipdulmlgcbg tussbg Ivbr-_hlgcbhkgd, Elgmbhiis bg Jiic-@himhkgd lg db Kh`hkssbrwkkrd, TKC

2:, <40-<44.

_tbbgls, O. C. C. N. vkg, ;<03> Db digmbgahirk, rbhlotbg vkgbbg nigc-phblstiobbgb ahirk lgdb Hbmstrbbm, TKC 44,413-4:;.

_tbcbg, M., ;<40> Dlb Chiombg`bojbrmuhtur lg Girdwbstdbutsojhkgd, GGR ;1, 41-21., ;<24> Dbr girdwbstdbutsojb Plbsbg`bojbr dbr nøgcbrbg _tblgzblt, Cbrekglk ?0, 01<-0:4.

_tbg`brcbr, E., bt kh,. ;<4?> Dks Crkàbhd vig Qkstbr`nbrs kua Cithkgd, Mugch. Qlttbrjbts Jlstirlb ioj Kgtlmvltbts

Kmkdbelbg, Hugd.

_tbur, C. C. H. & L. Ivkk, ;<16> Kazbttlgcbg ult db prb-Pieblgsb trkgscrbsslb pbrlidb bg jug vbr`kgd ebt db hiip vkg

db _ojbhdb lg elddbg-^bbhkgd, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw ?<, 13;-13:.

_tlojtlgc viir @idbemkrtbrlgc (bd.), ;<12> Db ìdbe vkg Gbdbrhkgd, Skcbglgcbg.

_tlbrbg, K., ;<?4> Qircbsojlojthlojb @kutbg lg Sbstakhbg, @idbgkhtbrtøebr Sbstakhbgs ?, <3-;0;.

, ;<26> Augdojriglm aør Sbstakhbg ugd Hlppb ø`br dlb Nkjrb ;<?3-;<43, @idbgkhtbrtøebr Sbstakhbgs 3._tiomy, K., ;<0<> Hk @ijêeb prìjlstirlqub, L, H'kcb db hk Vlbrrb, Vrkcub.

_tigb, N. A. _., ;<?4> K Oksb ia @rigzb Kcb Obpjkhitkpjy ig Bkstig Diwg lg Slhtsjlrb, Ekg ?4, Gi. 2;., ;<4;> Tjb Dbvbrbh-Pleùry sbtthbebgt ig Tjirgy Diwg, Slgtbrìurgb Cuggbr, _. Slhts., VV_ 3, ;;4-;??., ;<2:> Sbssbx, Higdig.

_trkktbg, H. E. N. R. vkg, ;<24> Pkdliokrìg dktlgcs kgd ojkgcbs ia sik hbvbh kt Qbhzbg (Gbtjbrhkgds), Cbihiclb bgElngìuw G_ ;1, 043-02?.

, ;<12> Oikstkh `krrlbr dbpislts lg _iutj- kgd Girtj-Jihhkgd , lg pkrtlouhkr lg tjb krbks kriugd _ojbvbglgcbg

kgd LNeuldbg, Ebd. Cbih. _tlojt. G_ ;3, 4;-31.

_truvb, M. S-, ;<24> Dbr brstb Crugdrlss blgbs `rigzbzblthlojbg Jkusbs vig Girddira kua Kerue, Iaak ;?, ?2-46., ;<22> Dlb Blgzbhcrk`muhtur lg _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg ugd ljrb migtlgbgtkhb @bzlbjugcbg, Gbueøgstbr.

_tukrt, V., ;<1:> Pieblgsb crkavigdstbg ult Cbhdbrekhsbg lg jbt Plnmseusbue vkg Iudjbdbg tb Hbldbg, Iudj.Ebd. 4<, 1;-:0.

, ;<3;> K Gbw Tbephb ia Gbjkhbgglk, Iudj. Ebd. 20, 31-3:., ;<30> ;?6 rñelsojb _tblgdbgmekhbr kus dbe Ebbr, Krojkihiclsojbs Mirrbspigdbgz`hktt 0, 0<<-?60.

_tuurekg, V., ;<12> Bbg krojbihiclsoj drkek igdbr db (jbt) `bdrlnvbg diir, Sbstbrjbbe ;4, ?2-3<.

_tuomekgg, K., ;<;4> Jkaabg-Ebjr (Mrbls Pbbs), Pñelsoj-cbrekglsojbs Mirrbspigdbgz`hktt 3, 4<-2;.

_uoss, J. B., ;<36> @rlsthboigb-plgb Okhl`rktlig ia tjb Pkd liokrìg Tleb-sokhb. 2066 @O ti prbsbgt, lg> PkdliokrìgQkrlktligs kgd K`sihutb Ojrigihicy, Gi`bhsyepislue ;0, _tiomjihe, ?6?-?;;.



@L@HLICPKVJ\ 4;?

_wlggbrtig, J. J., ;<?;> Tjb pistchkolkh dbpislts ia tjb Hlgoihgsjlrb oikst, [ukrtbrhy Niurgkh ia tjb Cbihiclokh _iolbty

ia Higdig :3, ?16-?32.

Ttlxblrk db Ekttis, H. A., ;<??> Db wktbrmbrlgcbg, wktbrsojkppbg bg pihdbrs vkg ûld-Jihhkgd, Dbbh 4.;, kad. LL,

Jbt hkgd tussbg Hbm bg Ebrwbdb, Dbg Jkkc.

Tbsoj, V., ;<46> Lg jibvbrrb ls db rbobgtb glvbkuvbrkgdbrlgc kkg db Giirdzbbmust vkg tbmtiglsojbg kkrd, Cbihiclb

bg Elngìuw G_ 0, ?60-?64.

, ;<43> Db glvbkuvbrkgdbrlgcbg bg db iudjbldmugdlcb vbrsojlngsbhbg, lg> Bbg mwkrt bbuw Iudjbldmugdlc @idbe

igdbrzibm lg Gbdbrhkgd, Ebppbh, 4?-21.

Tbuglssbg, D. & J. C. O. E. vkg Iirsojit, ;<13> Db hkktchkolkhb cbsojlbdbgls vkg jbt vbrwlhdbrdb r lvlbrsystbbe tbg

zuldwbstbg vkg Glnebcbg, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw 41, 41?-436.

Tlepbh, S., ;<11> Gbihltjlsojb Crk`br elt Mtbllul`dbbmugc vig Slhsdira, Mr. Nbgk, Kht-Tjørlgcbg :, ;3;-;:?.

Tjrkgb, J., ;<13> _tbgkhdbrs ahkdekrmscrkvb ugdbr bg `rigbbkhdbrjbn vbd Cud`nbrc, Kkrìcbr 03-<6.

Trblgbg, A., ;<36> Hbs Vitbrlbs Okepkglairebs bg Arkgob, Ckhhlk Vrìjlstilrb ;?, 2?-;6:, 01?-??0.

Trlepb @urcbr, N. K., ;<2:> Jbt iudjbldmugdlc ìdbeigdbrzibm lg ^bbhkgd, ^bbuws Tlndsojrlat :, 1:-3:, ;;3-;0:., ;<16> Cbihiclb bg krojbihiclb lg jbt Dbhtkcb`lbd, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw ?<, 1:1-1<;., ;<16/'1;> @bmgipt ivbrzlojt vkg jbt iudjbldmugdlc ìdbeigdbrzibm lg jbt dbhtkcb`lbd, @br. PI@ ;6/;;,

;2<-066.

Truglp, @. K. Q., ;<1:> Abghkgd rkplbrs, lg> _tudlbs lg Kgolbgt Buripb, Hblobstbr, 0;?-002.

Rbgzb, I., ;<1;> Gbub Plbsbg`bojbr kus Girdjbssbg, Augd`brlojtb kus Jbssbg ;, ;-<.

Rhhrloj, J., ;<16> _bjkdoh ugd _mbhbt trbstb dbs Chiombg`bojbrarlbdjias vig _ojka tstkdt , Nsojr. eltt bhdt . Qircbsoj.

44, ;6:-;02.

Recrivb, N. J. A., ;<43> Irlclg ia tjb Dutoj Oikst, Mig. Gbd. Kmkd. vkg Sbtbgsojkppbg, Vrio. ia tjb _botlig ia

_olbgobs 26, 003-0?1.

Qbbg, N. vkg, ;<46> Jbt vrkkcstum vkg db dkhlgc vkg dbg ìdbe lg Gbdbrhkgd, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw G_ 0, 00:-00<., ;<42> @bstkkt br bbg cbihiclsojb ìdbedkhlgc tb Kestbrdke sbdbrt ;366 9, TKC 10, 0-?1., ;<24> Tldb-ckucbs, su`sldbgob-ckucbs kgd ahiidstigbs lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, Cbihiclb bg Elngìuw ;1, 0;4-000.

Qbr`rkbom, K., ;<2:> Qbhdigdbrzibm lg db Tlbhorwkkrd, Nkkrvbrshkc Cbihiclsojb _tlojtlgc ;<2:, 4;-4?., ;<1;> Khcbebgb rbsuhtktbg vkg db mkrtbrlgc lg jbt rlvlbrbgcb`lbd, Nkkrvbrshkc Cbihiclsojb _tlojtlgc ;<1;, 24-21., ;<14> Bbg bxourslb diir jbt wbstbhlnm dbbh vkg jbt rlvlbrbgcb`lbd, Nkkrvbrshkc Cbihiclsojb _tlijtlgc ;<14, 22-1;.

, ;<36> Tibhlojtlgc `ln db cbihiclsojb mkkrt vkg Gbdbrhkgd ;>26.666, `hkd Cirlgojbe (Cirmue) Iist, Jkkrhbe.Qbrjbyhbwbcbg, N., ;<14> Vittbrlb db typb Vbtorìriucj dìoiuvbrtb ku "Okep k Okykux" db _plbggbs, Jbhlglue 4,

0?2-04;.

Qbrhlgdb, K. D., ;<3;> _pktgbihltjlsojb ugd arøj`rigzbzblthlojb _lbdhugcsspurbg kua dbr Ebbrhi-br Jbldb, Cbe.

Ebbrhi, Vriv. Hleùrc, ugd ljrb _tbhhugc, KVH 4, 01-41.

Qbrwlg, C. N. ,;<14> K Qbhuvlkg @bhh @bkmbr wltj rbeklgs ia k orbektlig lg k tueuhus gbkr Ebbrhi, KVH ;, ;3-04., ;<11> Tueuhl kt tjb ^bvbg`brcbg gbkr Iss, Cbe. @brcjbe, Vriv. Giird-@rk`kgt, KVH 0, 03-?0., ;<1:> Jbt arkcebgt vkg bbg Qbhuwsb mhim`bmbr ult Elngsjbrbghkgd (^.J.), Sbstbrjbbe ;3, :6-:2., ;<30> Dks Mkeps Qbhd lg Jkps lg Gbihltjlmue, @rigzbzblt ugd Blsbgzblt, tjbsls Hbldbg, khsi= KVH 2.

Qlgm, N., ;<01> Db Hbmstrbbm, tjbsls Rtrbojt.

Qlgm, N., ;<24> Di rlvlbrstrbbm, @kkrg.

Qibhmbh, C., ;<1?> Mlbsbg`bojbr kus dbe Mrblsb Høojiw-Dkggb`brc, GGR ?0, <3-;62.

, ;<1:> Sbltbrb Plbsbg`bojbr kus dbe Mrbls Hllojev-Dkggbg`brc, GGR ?3, ;0:-;?6.Qicbh, N. O. & J. T. Sktbrìhm, ;<1?> Criglgcbg Pkdliokrìg Dktbs LQ, Pkdliokrìg 2, ;1?-060.

, & J. T. Sktbrìhm, ;<13> Criglgcbg Pkdliokrìg Dktbs QLL, Pkdliokrìg <, ;63-;22., & J. T. Sktbrìhm, ;<30> Criglgcbg Pkdliokrìg Dktbs Z, Pkdliokrìg ;4, 4-;;6.

Qigs, ;'., ;<1<> Qbhsbg (G.-J.), Sbstbrjbbe ;:, ;61-;63.

Qiicd, J., ;<22> Pieblgsb wiigcrigdbg lg jbt Hkgd vkg Jbusdbg bg Khtbgk, Sbstbrjbbe 4. :1-<;.



4;4 @L@HLICPKVJ\

Qiirdb, V. M. N. vkg dbr, ;<1?> Crigdbg ebt bbg tbxtuur @-jirlzigt lg jbt Rtrbojtsb rlvlbrmhblcb`lbd, @iir bg _pkdb

;?, :0-;;;.

Qiirrlps, K., ;<14> K piRbgkgkhytlokh lgvbstlcktlig ia k ìrlgc ekdb gbkr k rlvbr dugb lg _iutj-Jihhkgd, Kotk @itkglok

Gbbrhkgdlok ;?, 0?3-042.

, ;<3?> KHCIH-16 Vricrke air Oieputktlig kgd Crkpjlokh Pbprbsbgtktlig ia ViRbgkgkhytlokh Dktk, Kotk @itkgl

ok Gbbrhkgdlok, 00, 142-124.

Qiss M. H., ;<14> Dbr _ojwkrzbg`brc `bl Slttbgwktbr, Mr. Rbhzbg, blg slb`bgpbrlidlcbr Augdphktz, GGR ??, 3:-:2.

, ;<13> Dlb Qir- ugd Arøjcbsojlojtb dbs Mrblsbs Kjkus, (@idbekhtbrtøebr Sbstakhbgs ;6), Eugstbr.Qrlbs, J. db & C. S. @krbgdsbg, ;<24> Ebksurbebgts ia Kcb `y tjb Okrìg ;4 Tbojglqub, Gkturb ;34, ;;?:-;;4;.

, C. S. @krbgdsbg & J. T. Sktbrìhm, ;<2:> Criglgcbg Pkdliokrìg Dktb s LL , _olbgob ;03, ;0<-;?3., & J. T. Sktbrìhm ,;<2:> Criglgcbg Pkdliokrìg Dktbs LLL, _olbgob ;0:, ;226-;221.

Skkhs, N. D. vkg dbr, ;<1;> Igdbrzibm vkg bbg tueuhlls ult db Qribcb @rigstlnd `ln Giirdshbbg, GDQ 3<, 0?:-0?<., ;<1;½> Kgcbhshii, cbe. Beebg, KG, *0?2., ;<10> _pirbg vkg `bwiglgc bg `bcrkvlgc ult Gbihltjloue bg @rigstlnd `ln jibvb "Db _ojlpìrc" cbe. Kghi,GDQ :6, ;0?-030.

, ;<14> Vrbjlstirlb Dlso S'hlblhs lg tji Gbtjbrhkgds, tjbsls Criglgcbg., ;<12k> Bkrhy Obrkelos lg tjb Gbtjbrh kgds> twi Vri`hbes , lg> Ektsig (bd.), Obrkelos kgd Ekg, (Qlmlgc Aigd

Vu`hloktligs lg Kgtjripihicy 4;), ;04-;46., ;<121> Kgcbhshi, Cbe. Beebg, KG, *26, *;62., ;<11> Kgcbhshi(i), Cbe. Beebg, KG, *;4-;1, *<;., ;<13> Mriglbm vkg ipcrkvlgcbg bg vigdstbg lg Drbgtj b lg ;<12, Crkvbg bg `bwiglgcsspirbg ult Gbihltjloue

bg @rigstlnd tb Kgcbhshii, GDQ :2, 06<-0;4., ;<30> Dlb durojhiojtbg Pñssbgbr Mblhb ugd dks arøjb Gbihltjlmue lg @bhclbg ugd lg dbg Glbdbrhkgdbg, Augd k-ebgtk, Pbljb K, @kgd ?, Tblh Qk, ;2?-;:4.

, & S. Chks`brcbg, ;<22= @bkmbr typbs kgd tjblr dlstrlùtlig lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, Vkhkbijlstirlk 4, 2-41., & S. Chks`brcbg, ;<2<> Db twbb @bmbrouhtu rbg, lg> Jigdbrd Bbuwbg Gbdbrhkgd, (5 Kgtlqulty kgd _urvlvkh 0,

2-1), 's-Crkvbgjkcb, ;66-;;4.

Skcgbr, M. J., ;<?:> _tblgzblthlojb Vaistbgjøttbg `bl Ekybg, lg> Ekrùrcbr _tudlíg, Dkrestkdt, 024-02:.

, ;<?:/'?<> Eøjhjble (Hkgdmrbls Mi`hbgz), @iggbr Nkjr`øojb r ;4?/;44, ?22-?23.

Skh, S. K. vkg dbr, ;<20> Lgtbrbsskgtb Krojkbihiclok, Sbstbrjbbe ;, 34-33, ;61-;63.

Skhhbgùrc, O. vkg, ;<11> Db @idbe vkg ûld-Jihhkgd, Skcbglgcbg.

Skrrbg, _. J., bt kh., ;<?1> Krojkbihicy ia tjb _uèbrcbd Hkgdsurakob ia tjb Bssbx Oikst, VV_ 0, ;3:-0;6.

Skrrbg, _., Jkzzhbdlgb & L. A. _eltj, ;<24> Gbihltjlo Vi ttb ry arie tjb _uèbrcbd Hkgd-surakob ia tjb Bssbx Oikst,

hItj Kggukh Pbpirt ia tjb Lgstltutb ia Krojkbihicy, Rglvbrslty ia Higdig, 01-??.

Sktbrìhm, J. T., ;<24> Db prkbjlstirlsojb ebgs bg zlng elhlbu, tjbsls Criglgcbg., ;<21> Vihhbg _pbotrk arie Gbihltjlo Crkvb Eiguebgts lg tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, Vkhkbijlstirlk 2, ?<-2;., ;<2:> Gbihltjlsojb vhkmcrkvbg lg Drbgtjb, GDQ 31, Qkg Pbgdlbrnkcbr tit Igtclggbr ?, ?-;3., ;<2<> Ivbrzlojt vkg jbt Vrkbjlstirlsoj Igdbrzibm lg Drbgtjb lg ;<2:, GDQ 33, ;:3-061., ;<16> Vrbhlelgkry Pbpirt ig tjb Bxokvktligs kt Kghi lg ;<23 kgd ;<2:, Vkhkbijlstirlk :, 2<-<6., ;<10> Jkuptzøcb dbr blsbgzblthlojbg @bslbdhugc dbr gñrdhlojbg Glbdbrhkgdb, Iaak ;<, <-41., ;<14"> Tjb @rigzb Kcb _btthbebgt ia Bhp, Jbhlglue 4, <3-;?;., ;<14;?> Blg Crk`jøcbh kua dbe Cut db Bbsb, cbe. Qhbddbr, priv. Drbgtjb, Vkhkbijlstirlk ;6, 3;-:1.

, ;<36> Dlb Dktlbrugc dbr Surtbg lg jlstirlsojbr _lbjt, Vri`hbeb dbr Møstbgairsojugc le sødhlojbg Girdsbbcb`lbt<, ;-;0., & S. vkg ^blst, ;<1;> K @rigzb Kcb _kgotukry lg tjb Pklsbd @ic kt @krcbriistbrvbhd (Dr.), Jbhlglue ;,2-;<.

Sbbrd, E. D., ;<11> Kppbgdlx k t Qkg Claabg ;<11, lg> Qibtspiir, Criglgcbg, ;34-;32., ;<13> Ebdbe`hlm, KG, *?;.

Sbcbwltz, S., ;<16> Blg _ojkdbh`bstkttugc dbr Blgzbhcrk`muhtur, GGR 0<, 1-;3.

Sbgslgm, N. N., ;<2<> Bgmbhb ipebrmlgcbg ivbr crkajbuvbhs tbg ^. vkg Criitb`ribm, viirgkebhlnm lg vbr`kgd ebtdb ìdbecbstbhdjbld, SA Iudj. 0, ;4:-;24.



@L@HLICPKVJ\ 4;2

Sjbbhbr, P. B. E., ;<0?> K Gbw @bkmbr arulu Skhbs, Tjb Kgtlqukrlb s Niur gkh ?, 0;-0?.

Slbsb, S. A. C., ;<21> Db vbrsprbldlgc vkg db krojkbihiclsojb cbcbvbgs lg Sbst Arlbshkgd lg vbr`kgd ebt db eir-

aicbgbsb, TKC 3?, 0?-40.

Slhhls, B. J., ;<1;> Ekrlgb trkgscrbsslig sbqubgobs lg tjb Bgchlsj Abghkgds, Kggukh ia tjb Gbw \irm Kokdbey ia

_olbgob <2, ?1:-?31.

Slngckkrdbg-@tmmbr, H. vkg, lg prbss> Jirsbs arie tjb Dutoj Gbihltjlo (Vihlsj trkgshktlig), ^. Itojhkgl Slimÿw.

Syss, P., ;<1<> Slrtsijkh't uel Tbojglm, lg> Rr- ugd Arujcbsojloj thlojb Krojìihiclb dbr _ojwblz, LL , Dlb Nøgcbrb

_tblgzblt, ;;3-;?:.

^kcwlng, S. J., ;<12> Vihhog-kgkhytlo oirrbhktligs lg tjb oikstkh-`krrlbr dbpislts gbkr Tjb Jkcub(Tjb Gbtjbrhkgds),Ebd. Cbih. _tlojt. ;3, :?-::.

, ;<3;> Db igtwlmmbhlgc vkg jbt "Ibr-LN" bstukrlue bg zlng iecbvlgc, S3bstbrjbbe 06, ;;-;:.^blst, S. vkg ;<22> Vihhbgkgkhvtlokh lgvbstlcktligs lg tjb Girtjbrg Gbtjbrhkgds, wltj spbolkh rbabrbgob t i krojkoihicy,

tjrsls Rtrbojt, khsi> Kotk @itkglok Gbbrhkgdlok 4, ;-:;., ;<1?> Jbt stulaebbhigdbrzibm vkg db crkajbuvbh tb Eih, Krojkbihiclok @bhclok 30, 06-00., ;<13> Krojkbihicy kgd Vkhygihicy lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, Pbvlbw ia Vkhkbiìtkgy kgd Vkhygihicy 4, 42-12> khsi>

Qkrlk @li-Krojkoihiclok 0<., ;<1:> Vrbjlstirlb kgd Bkrhy Jlstirlb Aiid Vhkgts lg tjb Gbtjbrhkgds, Vkhkbijlstirlk ;4, 4;-;3?.

^bggbr, Q. B., ;<2:> Dktlgc tjb Vkst, Higdig, 4tj. bd., ;<1?> K Jlstiry ia Diebstloktbd Kglekhs, Higdig.

îhhbr, D. ;<1?> Dks Mrolscrk`bgcr&`brabhd [ubrbgstbdb, M r. Keebrhkgd, Dlb Mugdb ;4, <:-;;;.

îggbvbhd, L. _., ;<C6k> Db @rk`kgtsb @lbsìsoj. Bbg studlb vkg ìdbe bg vbcbtktlb vkg bbg zibtwktbrcbtlndbgdbhtk, tjbsls Skcbglgcbg, khsi> @idbemugdlci _tudlbs 4, Skcbglgcbg.

, ;<161> Tjb Giraihm @rikds, Cbicrkpjlokh Niurgkh ;01, ?4;-?40.

ûeltbhg, LL.. ;<11> H'Kcb du @rigzb dkgs Lb dìpkrtbebgt du Jkut-Pjlg, @igg.

^wkrt, J. N., ;<2;> Vistchkolkhb hkgdbg zbbglvbku-vbrkgdbr lgcbg, Vrio . Mig. Gbd. Kmkd. vkg Sbtbgsojkppbg , Kestbrdke, _ootlig ia _olbgobs. _brlbs @, 24, ;10-;3?.



LGDBZ IA ALGD-_VIT_

G B T J B P H K G D _

Kkh dbg 0< ;, 0<2, ?;1

Kkrdbgùrc ;?

Kkr tsw iud 01, 042

K`` bgb s ;:, 02, ?43

Koquiy ?30

Kh`hks sbrdke x x e , :0, <?-4, ;;3-:, ?1;-0

Khbe/Pissue ?4:

Khe mbr m - Sk krd jul zbg ;<, 00, 04, :<, ;61, ;26, ;1; ,

;14, ?42

Kgdbhst ?4

Kgdlnm ?2;

Kgcbhsh ii ;2<, 0:0-1, ?62, ?;2, ?00, ??2-1

Kghi 0:0, 0:<, 0<6, 0<4, ?62, ?;2-1, ??2

Kggol- Ti h ZZLQ

Krbg ts` urc, Qiirùrc ?, 24, 2:, ?16

Krmbh :<, ;0;, ?1:-<, ?30

Krg jbe - Cuhdbg @idbe 0:0

Kspbrbg ;0;

Kssbgdbhat 4?

Kut bgk, Qlkgbg :<, ?36Kv bzk kt j ;3, ;;:, ;14, ?3:

Kxbh ;?

@k`yhigl íg`ribm :?, <?

@kr bgdr bojt 24, 10, <4, ;?2

@krcbriistbrvbhd ?66

@bbrdkkrd 01

@bbsd ?30, ?34

@brg ebl ?24

@bgg bmie ?63, ??2-1

@bg soj ip ??, 24, :?, <4, ?20, ?2:, ?3:

@brcbg ip îie - Kuc us tk Vih dbr ?2?

@brcjbe ;13@buslojbe ?3?

@lbsjbuvbh, Sln m bg Kkhùrc 0;, 24, :?, <4, ?2;, ?2:,

?3:

@hbs mbgs crkk a <3, ;;:, ?14

@idbcrkvbg ?2?

hliee bhsb Hii :<, ?42

@irg wlr d 01, 24, 3;, ?0:, ?2:

@isoj ig Ckstju lspihd br, Hbldbg 4?-4, 24-2, ?16

@ithbm ?4<

@ivbgmkrspbh ?22

Db @rk`brs , Jkke stb db 00, 0:6-;, ?44

@rkg dwln m 24, 2:, 10, 3<, :4, :3-<, <4, ;?4-2, ?13

@rltt bgùrc, Mktwl nm ?

@ribmpi hdbr, Qhkkrd lgcbg 44

@riuwbrsjkvbg ?22

@ggglm ;;3

@ur bg <4, <3, ?41, ?3?-4

Dbg @ur c 4?, ?41

@uurekhsbg ?34

Ok`brc 0<<

Okd zkg d ?40, ?26

Oihl ngsph kkt ?, :, ?40

Ouhbeìrc ?30-?

Ouh beì rc - Dbg Jbu vbh 40-4, 24, 2:, <4, ;6;, ;62-1,

;;;, ;;3, 04;, ?66, ??;, ?4<, ?16, ?30, ?3:

Ouy m 0:3, ?61

Dblh ?32

Dbvbgtbr - Mibrjuls`bbm ?4?

Dbvb gtbr - Ekrclngbg B gm ;13, 0:6, 0:0, 0:4, 0::

Dbvb gtbr - ^kgd wbbr t ?44

Dlbadlnm ;0;-?, ?24, ?34

Dlbebg ?24

Dlb vbr 0:<, ?61

Di dbw kkr d 2, ?;-2 , 24, <4, ;66, 0:0-4, 0:<, 0<?-4,

??;, ?4:, ?2<

Dimmue 01

Die ùr c ?, :, 42

Drblsojir ?2?Drlbsojb @brc, _pbuhdb 0<6-;, ?61, ?6<

Driu wbg 0:3, 0<2

Drln`br 0:<

Bo jt ;2<, ;12, 0<; , 0<2

B db 0<6-;, ?61

Bbgbr sojk gs ?61, ?;6



LGDBZ IA ALGD-_VIT_ 4;3

Bbrsbh ??1

Db Bbsb ?;2-1

Bbsbrvbhd 0:1

Bb xt ?6:, ?;6, ?;2

Bleb rbg, Bls t ?2?

Bhhbwiutsdlnm ?40@ p ?4, ;6<, 0:6-1, ?62, ?;1, ??1

Mhshii 03 ?, 0:1

M.hsnEtbr Jb ld b ?63

Bl st (IaoH) ?24

Meeb g 0:<, ?;1-3

Mgugb rjiut 0:4, ?6:, ??1

Brgst ?61

@ekt - Jkgbgdirp 0<6-;, ?6:-<, ?0;-0

rlgm julzb g ?40, ?2?, ?22

Bgsplnm ?32

@r kkm ) 0<;, ?6<

Brebh isb Jbldb 0<;, ?62, ?6:, ?;2

Bso kepp ihd br, Hiisdu lgbg 4?-4, 24, 2:, ?2<Bur ipi irt - Ekks vhkmt b ;2-1, ?40

Bwlnm x x e , ?20

Bxhii/Idiirg ?61-3

Bzl gcb 24, 3;, ?2<

Ckr dbr bg ?;1, ?00

Db Cks tb, Ebppbh ;<, ;1?, ?4?

Cks tbr bg ?6:, ?;6, ?0:

Ckwlnsbgd, Slbrlgc brebbr ?42-1

_t.-C bbrtr uld ;4;, ?64

Jb t Cbbstnb, Eigstb r ?; , 0:3, 0<?-4, 0<3, ?0:, ?4:

Cbhdbrekh sbg 00, ?34-3

Cbhd brek hsbg - Ebtb rbg ?20, ?32-1

Cbgdbrbg ?20

Cbwkgdb ?44

Clbssbg (G.@r .) 2;

Clbssbgù rc :0, ?1<

Clbssbgdke/Jkrdlgxvohd ?1<

[idØEk 24,?16

hlb t Ciil 0:3

Cir lgo jbe :0, ?1<

Ci udr lk kg <2, ;;;, ;1:, ;<0, 034, 0<:, ?11-3

Ciudrlkkg - digm :<, ?42, ?1:

Ciud rlk kg - _eiutn bsvhl bt ?6, :;, ;6:, ;32, ?11

Cri( i)tb` ribm ??, 24-2, ?;6, ?2?, ?2<

Jkkatbg ?31

Jkkestbdb ?26

Jkke stbd b - Di @rk`brs 00, 0:6-;, ?44

Jkk rhb e 0:0, ??2, ?4<, ?20

Jkkr hbe ebre bbr (Vihdbr) 01, ?43

Jkcbstblg ?36

Tjb Jkcu b (Dbg Jkkc, 's-Crk vbgjkcb) 0?, 03, 4;,

44, ??1, ?42-1, ?2?-4

Tjb Jkc ub - Mln mdul g ?2;-0

Jkgbgdirp , Brgs t 0<6-;, ?6:-<, ?0;-0

Jk ps 01:-<, 0<?-4, 0<<, ?62-1

Jkrdlgxvbhd/Clbssbgdke ?1<

Jkrbg 44

Jkrbg(d)breihbg ?63Jkrlgcvhlbt ?24

Jktbrt ;1:

Jkzbgdigm , Eihbgkkrscrkka x ve , ;3-0;, 24, 10, 34,

:;-;04, ;02-;1:, ;32-1, ;:4, ;:3, ?4?, ?23, ?14, ?3:

Jbbesb ;1?

Jbbestbdb ?2;

Jb bes tb db - _ojkh mwl nm ;:, 06, ?<, ?44, ?2;

hlb brd b ?63, ?;2

Jbbs ?60

Jbl- bg @ibloi p ;;0-4, ;13, ?20, ?36

Jblh ii 0<:, ?24

Jbmb hlgc bg - L 2, 06- ?, 0<, 24, 21-1;, 14, <4, ;10, 0?<,

04;, 0:;, ?0<-??, ?44, ?23Jbmb hlgc bg - LL 0?, 24, ?44, ?23

Jbhhiuw ;;3

Jbr vbh d ?, EE

Jbumbhie ?32

Jbusdbg 04;

Jlhh bcie ?64, ?22

Jlhh bcie - Qbb gbg ùr c ?, 0<, ?;, 0<<, ?4<

J lh vkr bg`b bm ;;1

Jlhvbrsue ?61-3

Jihy Vihdbr, Qhkkr dlgcbg 40-?

Jie `brc , Slnojbg 00

Jiic @himhk gd ?1:

Jiic @himhkgd - digmbg :3, :<, ;61, ?42 , ?1:

Jii c @hi mhk gd - Glbu wvhl btnb :0, <;, <:, ;6;-0, ;61,

?4:, ?1:

Jii cmkr spb h ??, ?2, 40, 24, ;13-:, 0:0, 0:4, ?40, ?20,

?2<

Jiicwiud ?41

Jii rg ?, 06

Jiirgkkr ?1:

Julgbg 0<6

Jlnmbg ?62

Nuh lkg kdi rp, Mibcr ks ;3, ?4?, ?21

Nu tp jkk s - Hlbsìs ?2?

Mkpb h Kvbz kkt j ;3, ;;:, ;14, ?3:

Mk tw ln m - kk g ^bb ?26, ?24

Mk tw ln m - kkg db Pln g ?, ?;6, ?41, ?26

Mktw lnm - @rlt tbgùr c ?

Mbdlojbe ?30

Mbrmwlnm ?4:

Mbst brb g 2, ?26, ?20

Mibcr ks - Nu hlk gkd irp ;3, ?4?, ?21



4;: LGDBZ IA ALGD-_VIT_

Mibrjuls`bbm, Dbvbgtbr ?4?Miglgcsìsoj xxe, ;2<, ;12Miitwlnm xxeMrlepbg kkg db LNssbh ?1Mulgrb ?4?

Mlnmdulg, Tjb Jkcub ?2;-0

Hkgcbdlnm ;2<, ?;2Hkgcbvbhd, Giirdwlnmbrjiut ?;, 40, ??;, ?40, ?26Hbbgs - Tulgstbr Slbrdbg 24, ?16Hbbr`ribm ?3;Hbbrdke ?3;-0Hbbrdke - _ojklm ;;1, ?04, ?30Hbbrdke - _ojiigrbwibrd digm ;3, :<, ?4?, ?3;Hobrsue 0:3Hbldbg ?, 2:, ?41-3Hbldbg - @isoj bg Ckstjulspihdbr 4?-4, 24-2, ?16Hbldsojbgdke 06, 00-?, 24, 0:;, ?00-?, ??6-?, ?42, ?23

Hbleuldbg ?1Hbusdbr Jbl 0<;Hlbsìs, Nutp jkks ?2?Hleebg 4?, ?22Hlgcb ?41Hlssb ?43, ?2;Hlssb - Qbbgbgùrc ?, 0<, 0<<, ?4<Hiisdulgbg xx lv , ?2?Hiisdulgbg - Bsokeppihdbr 4?-4, 24, 2:, ?2<Hugtbrbg 0<:, ?61-3

Ekkrs`brcbg 0<3, ?61-3, ?;3_t.-Ekkrtbgsdlnm ?22

Ekksvhkmtb, Burip iirt ;2-1, ?40Ekgdbr ?;2Ekrclngbg Bgm , Dbvbgtbr ;13, 0:6, 0:0, 0:4, 0::Ekrmbg ?24Ekurlm ?20E.-dbe`hlm 24, 0:0, ?40, ?2;, ?20, ?16Ebbrmbrm ;62, ?13Ebbrhi 0:3, 0<<, ?62Ebbrhi Jbktj 0:0, 0:3, 0:<, 0<?-4, 0<3-:, ?66

Ebcbg ?44

Ebtbrbg, Cbhdbrekhsbg ?20, ?32-1Eihbgkkrscrkka xv e, 03-?2, 24, 2<-10, :;-;04, ;?2,

;40, ;41, ;13, ;3;-??<, ?4:, ?2:, ?3:

Eihbgkkrscrkka - Jkzbgdigm xv e, ;3-0;, 24, 10, 34,:;-;04, ;02-;1:, ;32-1, ;:4, ;:3, ?4?, ?23, ?14, ?3:Eihbgkkrscrkka - sltb 03/0: ;3?-2Eigstbr 06, ?24Eigstbr - Jbt Cbbstnb ?;, 0:3, 0<?-4, 0<3, ?0:, ?4:Eittbgmulh 0<3Elngsjbrbghkgd 0:3, ?4:

Gbbr ;12, ;1:Glbrssbg ;1:, ?;6-0Glbuw Hbmmbrhkgd 03, :3-<, ?41, ?13Giirdbhiis ?6, 40, 24, 2:, ;60, ;62, ;;1, ;:?-4, ?40,

?20, ?2:, ?13

Giirdbhiis - digmbg _hlgcbhkgd 3<, ?1:Giirdsb Qbhd, ^blnbg ?;2Giirdshbbg ??2Giirdwlnmbrjiut ?2?-4

Giirdwlnmbrjiut - Hkgcbvbhd ?;, 40, ??;, ?40, ?26Giirdwlnmbrjiut - Db ^lhm 0<, ?2?Girtj- bkst Vihdbr ;<, ?6?, ?44, ?43-:, ?26-;, ?2?-2Girtj- bkst Vihdbr - _ojimhkgd ;?, 03, ?40Girtj- bkst Vihdbr - Rrm ?22Girtj -bks t Vihdbr - Db Qiirst ?22Glnebcbg ;?, ?1

Glnebcbg - Okstrk 0:3, 0<6, ?60, ?62, ?63, ?;3Glngsbh 0:0-?

Ihst ?6?Ieebg - _tbcbrbgsb Qbhd 0<;, ?6:Iggbg ?6<Iistwiud 0<-?4, 24, 0:0, 0:<, 0<?-4, ?62, ?;6-;, ?0?,

?0:, ??;, ?4:, ?2:Ipjbusdbg 2, ?20, ?24Ippbrdibs ?2;Iss 0:3, ?61Ittihkgd ?6, :;, ;1:, ;<0, 034, ?12-1Ittihkgd - Mrieeb Bhhbìic xv g, ?6, <3, ;6;-<, ;30,

;:?, 0:0, 0<3, ?0:, ?4<, ?12, ?3:Ittihkgd - Iistblgd xv g, ?6, <3, ;62-:, ;;;, ;;2, ;30,

;32, ;:4, 013, 03?, 0:0, 0<2-:, ?;6-0, ?00-4, ?4:,?11, ?3:

Ittihkgd - Db Vut ;6;, ;61-<, ?4:, ?14-2Iud Kh`hks 3<, ?1;-4Iudbeihbg ?6:, ?;3Iudmbrm 01Iud ûlhbg ?41Ivbrìbloip, _ojiigrbwibrd ?20, ?36Ivbrjbloip, Hbbrdke ?3;Ivbrshlgcbhkgd, Giirdbhiis 3<, ?1:

Vkpbgdr boj t <?, ;;3-:, ;06, ;00, ?1?, ?1<Vuttbg ?;2

Pkespih ?40Pbssbg 44Pjbgbg 0<2Pjiig <4Piomkgnb ?22Pidbg ?;1Piieùrc , Hbldbg ?, ?43Pissue /Khbe ?4:



LGDBZ IA ALGD-_VIT_ 4;<

Puept ?32Plngsùrc 42Plnswlnm (^.J.) 04, 24, ?;6, ?16

_kgtpiirt, _pkgnkkrds`brcnb 4?

_ojklm, Hbbrdke ;;1,? 04,?30_ojkhmwlnm, Jbbestbdb ;:, 06, ?<, ?44, ?2;_ojkym ( 5 _ojkklm) (G.@r.) ?61-3_ojbvbglgcbg 0<, ?26, ?2?-4_ojlbdke ;:-06, ;14, ?4?_ojlpìrc 0:1, 0<?-:, ?60_ojimhkgd , Girtj- bkst Vihdbr ;?, 03, ?40_ojigbgùrcsb Jbuvbh, Glbuw Hbmmbrhkgd 03, :3-<,

?41, ?13_ojiigrbwibrd ?4?, ?36-;_ojiirh ?40, ?20_lt tkrd ;2:, 0<<_hbbg ?62

_hlbdrbojt ?1<_hlgcbhkgd, Giirdbhiis ?1:_pkg`ribm ?26_pkgnkkrds`brcnb, _kgtpiirt 4?_pouhdb 0<6, ?63_pbuhdb - Drlbsojb @brc 0<6-;, ?61, ?6<_piihdb, ^wihhb ?1, ?4?_plnm ::, <1, ;14, ?44, ?34-2_tbcbrbgsb Qbhd, Ieebg 0<;, ?6:_tblg 0?, ;4;, ;11_tbgbgdke 01_tiepwlnm 04;_wkhebg ?62, ?;2-3_wlatbr`kgt ;3, ;<, 06, 24, <:-<, ;4;, ;1;-4, ?;6, ?4?,

?21_ln`bmkrspbh ?22

ÉQl-gruzbg 2;, 24, ?41, ?23Tbxbh ;?, ?4?, ?22Titbraiu t/Jkhvb Elnh ;11, 0<<, ??1Db Trbbm ??3Tulh ?31Tulustbr Slbrdbg, Hbbgs 24, ?16

Rddbhbrebbr 0<;, 0<<, ?60, ?;6, ?;1Rltcbbst ??2

Rrm ?22

Qkkssbg 0<<, ?61Qkhmbgùrc ( .J.) 24, 2:, ?16Qbojtbg ?26Qbbgbgùrc, Hlssb ?, 0<, ?;, 0<<, ?4<Qbhp (Chd.) 0<6-;Qbhsbg 02, ?2, ?<, 4?, 2;, ;;1, ;1:, ??;, ?40, ?4<, ?24

Qbhsbg - Giirdzbbmkgkkh ?6-;, 0:<-<6, 0<4, 0<3, ?0:,??2, ??<, ?40, ?26

Qbgjulzbg ?, ?22Qlkgbg ;3, :<, ;;:, ;14, ?4?, ?36Qhkkrdlgcbg xxe

Qhkkrdlgcbg - typb sltb QH Ouhturb 2, 06-?, 03-?6, 24-1;, <4, ;40, ;26, ;10, 0?<, 04;, 0:6-;, 0:<, 0<4, ?66-;,?03-?2, ?44, ?21

Qhkkrdlgcbg - @ribmpihdbr 44Qhkkrdlgcbg - Jihy Vihdbr 40-?Db Qhbddbrs 0<;Qicbhbgzkgc - 0 b Diidwbc ?;, ?2, ;1:, 0:<, 0<4, ??6-

?, ??1, ?26Qicbhbgzkgc - @bmshkkg ?41Qihmbrkm, Slhhbestkd ;3, 24, <4, ?4?, ?21Qiirùrc ?42-1

Qiirùrc - Krbgt sùrc ?, 24, 2:, ?16Qiirjiu t ?, 03, ?43, ?2;, ?2?Qiirsojitbg 06-<, 20-4, ;40, ;43-26, ;2<, 04; , ?03-??,

?42-1, ?24, ?2:Db Qiirst, Girtj-bkst Vihdbr ?22Jbt Qirebr, Slnojbg xxe, 00, ;11Qirstbgìsoj ;13, 0:<, 0<4Qrbdbgjble ?;2Qrigbstblg, Qiirùrc ?41Qurbg ?32

Skkrdbgùrc ?31Skkrdjulzbg, Khembrm ;<, 00, 04, :<, ;61, ;26, ;1;,

;14, ?42Skcbglgcbg ?61, ?01_t.-Skhrlm 0:3, ?6;, ?62-<, ??2

Skssbgkkr ?, ?2?Sbbmbriesb ^kgd 0<3Sbrvbrsjiia ??Sbrvbrsjiia - ^wkkcdlnm 2, ??, 24-1, 0<<, ?;6, ?0?,

?20, ?2<Sbstarlbsb _huls ?42Sbvbrwlnm, Hbbr`ribm ?3;Slbrlgcbrebbr Vihdbr ;<, 03, ?41-3, ?24-2Slbrlgcbrwbra ?41

Slhhbestkd - Qihmbrkm ;3, 24, <4, ?4?, ?21Slgdbsjble ?44Slnojbg 00, 0?, ;11, 0:3, 0:<, 0<4, 0<<Slnojbg - Jie`brc 00

Slnojbg - Jbt Qirebr xx e, 00, ;11Slnm bg Kkhùrc 24, <?-4, ?2:Slnm bg Kkhùrc - @lbsjbuvbh ??, 24, :?, <4, ?2;, ?2:,

?3:Slnm bg Kkhùrc - Jicb Sibrd, Cbgdbrbg ?20Slnm `ln Duurs tbdb :1

LNeuldbg ?<



406 LGDBZ IA VLGD-_VIT_

LNssohebbr 0<<

^kkgstrbbm 4?-4^khtìeebh - @ieebhsb Hii :<, ?42^kgdviirt 4?

^kgdwbbr t, Dbvbgtbr ?44^kgdwbrvbg ?, 06-?, 24, ?0:, ??6, ?42, ?23^bttbg ?4

ITJBP OIRGTPLB_

Khtbgbrdlgc, @kybrg ??0Khtjble, @kybrg ??0Kerue-Girddira, _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg 0:2Kgtwbrp, @bhclue ;<, ;12Kppbhhkgd-Crñdb, _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg 3;Kvlcgig, Vrivbgob ??0

@b`rk, Jbssbg 0<;@bhhb Tiu t, _ussbx 0:2, 0<3@i`brc, Jke` urc 36-;, ;1?@irgjble, Girdrjblg-Sbstakhbg 0::@riwg @kgm, Girtj _bk ;2, ?40@ryg Obhhl Ddu , Kgchbsby ?04@yhkgy, Ozbojishivkmlk 0:4

Okgtb Vbrdrlx, Ckrd 0:2Okrgko, @rlttkgy ?04Oihhlgcìurgb, Slhts. 0<<

Oiqubttb, Jìrkuht 0:2Osbpbh Jkris , Jugck ry ??0Orbstkuhtk, _wltzbrhkgd 0:4

Drrbnbvsmk, Musslk ??0Dlgshkmbg, Girdrjblg-Sbstakhbg ;2Diccbr @kgm, Girtj _bk ;2Døeebrsbb, Glbdbrskijsbg ;<, ;1?, 0:6, ?6?, ??0

Bkstig Diwg, Slhts. 0:2, ?04Bomhkm, Slhstbrekrsoj, _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg 36Bgcbrb, Mr. Gbuwlbd ?04Brhb, Mr. Pbomhlgcjkusbg 0<;

Bspbrmb, Mr. Gbustkdt 0<1

Algdig , _ussbx 0<0Añjr , _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg 36Aigtìuls sb, Ckrd 0:2

Cbhhbrgdbloj, Mr. Sbsbrekrsoj, Ihdbgùrc 3;Crñdb, Kppbhhkgd, _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg 3;

^blnbg ?;2, ?00Db ^lhm, Giirdwlnmb rjiut 0<, ?2?îbhbg ?20^wkkcdlnm 2, ??, 24-1, 0<<, ?;6, ?0?, ?20, ?2<^wihhb - _piihdb ?1, ?4?

^lndbrvbhd, Bvbrdlgcbg ;<, 06, ??, ?2, 40, 44, 24, 2:-1;, <4-1, ;;3, ;1:, 0:0-?, ??;, ??1, ?4?, ?2:, ?36-;

Cøtbrshij, Mr. Slbdbg`røom, Girdrjblg-Sbstakhbg0<;

Cwltjlkg, Oirg. 0:2

Jkaabg-Ebjr, Mr. Pbbs 0:4Jkeùrc-@i`brc 36-;, ;1?Jkgdhby Diwg, Dirsbt ?0<Jkt zue, Istarlbshkgd 30Jbbm, Mr. Kjkus 0:<Jijbgjirstbr @brcbg, Mr. @iojiht 0<<Juhstbg, Mr. @irmbg 0<<, ?60Jur` kgivk, Ozbojishivkmlk 0:4

Lgcihdebhhs, \irms. 32Ltair d Jlhh, _ussbx 0:1

Nbec ue, Istarlbshkgd 3;

Mhblg Eblgsdira, Mr . _ojhbswlc 0:4Møjhbg, _t. Ekrckrbtjbg , _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg 3;

Hììus, Vrivbgob 0:2Hbekg kgd Iwbr @kgms, Girtj _bk ;2Hhkgoklojlska, Chkeirckg 0<0Hieebl, @bhclue ;12, 0<;

Ekggjkcbg, Mr. Jbrzictue Hkuogùrc 0<0Ekr`bom, Mr. @irmbg 0<<Ekrtlcubs, Vrivbgob 0:2Ekybg, Blabh 0:4Ebtzbgdira/Sixdira, Mr. Jkrùrc 0<0, 0<2

_t. Elojbh, Okrgko, @r ltt kgy ?04Eih, @bhclue ?62-1, ?;1, ??2Eøjhjble, Mr. Mi`hbgz 0:4

Gkjbrebeelgcbg, Gñrdhlgcbg, @kybrg 03?Gbus tkdt , Mr. Arlzhkr 0<;Gbuwlbd @kslg 0::Gbw Crkgcb, Lrb hkgd ??0



LGDBZ IA ALGD-_VIT_ 40;

Glbdbrwlbh, _wltzbrhkgd 13Girddira, Klllrugl, _ojhoswlc-Jihstblg 0:2Giraihm @rikdhkgds 32Girtjtig , Jb`rldbs 0:2

I`brblgzlgcbg, Mr. Akhhlgcìstbh 0:<Ihdoshio. _ohlLoMwlc-Jihstblg ;2<, 0<0Ihabg, Mr. Hødlgcjkusbg 0:4Irgb, _pklg ??0Irgbmuh, Dbgekrm 0:4Istdira, Mr. _ojwirlg, Ebombhbgùrc ?6?-4Ivrr tig Diwg, Slht s. ?64

Vbkoiom's Akre, Oke`s. 30-?Vbstbgkombr, @kybrg ??0Vhkgtktlig Akre, Oke`s. 3?, ;2<Vistdihipr ty, Ozbojishivkmlk 0:4Vrkmt, Mr. @ltùrc 0<;

[ulTogstodo, Mr. Keebrhkgd 0:<, ?6:

Plstiat, Nuth kgd 0:2Pi`bgjkusbg, _wltzbrhkgd ?64h'iserbr, hlbhclue ;1?Megl.hwky, Slhts. 0<<

_kgdb, @i`brc, Jkeùrc 0<0_o hlkhmhlihz, Mr. Girdbrdl tjekrsojbg 0<2_ojbhdltz, Mr. Khtbgùrc, éjø rlgcbg 0:4_bhe, Mr. Hødlgcjkusbg ?60

_jlppbk Jlhh, Oke`s. 30-?, ;2<, ;11_lgcbg-Jijbgtwlbh, Mr. Migs tkgz 03?, ?06_mbgdhb`y, Hlgbs. ?04_iutj _trbbt , Slhts. ?0:_plbggbs, @bhclue ?64

_tkr Okrr, Dbr`ysjlrb ;<_tutgby , Bhy 32

Tkgcbreøgdb, Mr. _tbgdkh , _kojsbg ?6?-4Tìvlbo, @rl ttkgy ;3Tjirgy Diwg, Slhts. 0:1Tiurbhhbs, Jìrku ht 0:2

Ø`koj-Vk hbg`brc, Mr. Cblhbgmlrojbg-Jblgs`brc 0<;

Qkstbr`nbrs , _wbdbg ?6?-4Qlmhbtlob, Ozbojishivkmlk 03?Qlhhk Givk db _ki Vbdri, Virt uckh 0:2, ?04Quñbdih, Nucishkvlk 0:4

Sbje, Mr. Ksojbgdira-Jøeehlgc ?61, ?;1Slbs`kdbg ?04Slhsaird, Slhts. 0<<Slhstbrekrsoj, _ojhbswlc-Jihstblg 36-;Slggbmbgdigm, Cbhdbrg 0<;Slttbgwktbr, Mr. Rbhzbg 0:4Sym, Añjr, _ojhoswlc-Jihstblg 36

^keùnkh, Virtuckh 0:2^bgcñvkrmigy, Jugckry 0:4









" W | a h W R B ! É n t 9 S

h

T j b s l t b E ih b g k k r s cr k k a s b b ga r ie

t j b g ir t j . S b k r b s t k g d l g c ig t j b p b k t - o i v b r b d o h k y w b d c b ia t j b _ o j i igr b w i b r d s t r b k e

r l d c b , wl t j l g t j b r b k o j ia t j b " s k g d

h i ` b " .T j b r l d c b l t s b h a o k g ` b s b b g `

b s t , wj b r b l t l s o r i s s b d ` y t j b Z- _ r uggl g c d l t o j l g t j b o b g t r b ia t j b pl o t ur b .T j b d l t o j

c b t s k gl r r b c uh k r o i ur s b wj b r b l t

o r i s s b s t j b h i i s b s k g d ia t j b r l d c b =

t j b j l cj b r ` k gm s k r b k h s i o h b k r h y vl s l ` h b .K t t j b r l cj t t j b b x o k v k t l igl s l g pr i cr b s s l g

t j b pl t s ^ : -; ; ( t j b pj i t il s e k d b

d ur l g c t j b s b o ig d i p b r k t l igl g; < 1 3

) .T i t j b h b a t ia t j b d l t o j ` i t j s j b d s k r b s l

t u k t b d ig t j b ph k o b ia t j b pl t s @ 1 - : .T i t j b

h b a t ia t j b s j b d s ig b o k g s b b t j b

d b pr b s s l ig wj b r b t j b ` r b k

m - t j r i u cj o j k gg b h h l b s .



VHKTB LL

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb bkstbrg pk rt ia plt K:, sbbg arie tjb GS. Vist jihbs, k riugd pl t kgd dls tur`kgobs`y riits.

Eihbgkkrscrkka. _botlig tjriucj k pist jihb. Qlsl`hbkrb tjb `riwg ohky oivbr, tjb crby iooupktlig hkyor

kgd tjb pist jihb lg tjb ybhhiw skgd `bhiw.



L ' L . K T M L L L

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Cbgbrkh vlbw ia plt O: durlgc tjb bxokvktlig.

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Dbtklh ia tjb gir tj sbotlig ia plt O:, sjiwlgc tjb riits ia kg khdbr okr r ig tjb bkst`kgm ia tjb rbsldukh ojkggbh.



VHKTB LQ

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L, vbrtlokh pjiticrkp j.



VHKTB Q

/_l

*

-

ÌP

**'*'-«,

,*•

«

M

• cr

E[nO.-éal

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L kt -;.26 e GKV, sjiwlgc tjb trkobs ia tjb tle`br okslgc kgd tjb pislt lig iatjb smuhh, pbhvls kgd `bkmbr.

SN_l.l

• .

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L, i`hlqub vlbw arie tjb siu tj.



VHKTB QL

.v h *

/

½Wa Wu½ -Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L, dbtklh , sjiwlgc tjb pisltlig ia tjb smuhh, hiwbr nkw kgd alg rky (lgdloktbd

wltj k ektoj).

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L, dbtklh sjiwlgc tjb pisltlig ia kres kgd jkgds.





VHKTB QLLL

½• 4T

-

rW&ê

* l

Eihbgkkrscrkka. O.rkvo LL, vbrtlokh pj iti srk pj.



VHKTB LZ

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb ;; euh surriugdlgcs, sjiwlgc tjb plt gi. ;<<, lgtbrsbotlgc tjb crkvb. Qbrtlokhpjiticrkpj.

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb alsj-jiims arie crkvb LL, ?/0 x gkturkh slzb.





VHKTB ZL

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LLL, i`hlqub vlbw arie tjb siuthl, sjiwlgc tjb dbhirektlig ia tjb smuhh.

Eihbgkkrscrkka, ø x ùrlkh, i`h lqu b vlb w Brie Ljb girtj.



L'l x l lb Z L L

/"•

* *Y•

X ! •

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Ix ùrlkh, vortlokh pjiticrkpj.



VHKTM ZLLL

% X h

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb L, smuhh.



L\KTM ZLQ

n W W k

y

"8a

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL , smuhh kgd ì tj rkdll. Tjb dlkpjysls ia tjb uppbr (hbat) rkdlus wks aiugdlg plt ;<<, tjb dlkpjysls ia tjb hiwbr (rlcjt) rkdlus lg tjb lgalhhlgc ia tjb cuhhy (dbpislt ;). @itj krt lou hkr

bgds oieb arie tjb crkvb. _muhh kgd rkdll ig dlaabrbgt sokhbs.





;'L.KTM ZQL

Eihbgkkrscrkka. Crkvb LL, smuhh.

Lhkzbgdigm, euglolpkhlty Eihbgkkrscrkka. Tjb digm durlgc tjb oxokvktlig soog arilg tjb siutj.



Documents

APL7 The Rhine/Meuse Delta