Appendix 4 Task sheets 實驗工作紙 - rytc.com.hk · PDF filePlot a graph of reciprocal of time (l/t) against temperature to show the effect of temperature on the permeability of

Appendix 4 實驗工作紙 827

Appendix 4 Task sheets 實驗工作紙實驗工作紙實驗工作紙實驗工作紙

Experiment (1)

實驗實驗實驗實驗 (1)

A study on cell membrane

研究細胞膜研究細胞膜研究細胞膜研究細胞膜

The cell membrane is a kind of lipoprotein membrane which can be easily denatured by heat. The leaf

cells of Oxalis corymbosa have a highly acidic cell sap. If the leaf is heated, the tonoplast will be

destroyed. The chloroplasts remain green as long as they are not in direct contact with the acid.

However, if they are exposed to the acid, they will turn yellow.

細胞膜是一種脂蛋白膜，它很容易被熱力所變質。酢醬草(三葉草)的樹葉細胞含有一高

度酸性的液胞液，若樹葉受熱，液胞膜會被破壞，只要葉綠體不和酸直接接觸，它仍可

維持青綠，但是，若葉綠體和漏出來的酸接觸，它們會變黃。

Using the following materials, design and carry out an investigation to study the effect of temperature on

the permeability of cell membrane.

利用以下物料，設計實驗進行研究，以找出溫度對胞膜透性的影響。

(a) Hot water source (electric water bath) (b) leaves of Osalis corymbosa

熱水(從水浴器取) 酢醬草的葉

(c) a 250 ml beaker (d) several cotton threads

250毫升燒杯幾條棉線

(e) a glass rod (f) distilled water

一枝玻璃棒蒸餾水

(g) a thermometer (h) stop watch

一枝溫度計一個秒錶

Write a full report of your investigation.

將你的發現寫一詳細報告。

Plot a graph of reciprocal of time (l/t) against temperature to show

the effect of temperature on the permeability of cell membrane.

用時間的互反 1/t作縱軸及溫度作橫軸，繪一曲線圖以顯示

溫度對胞膜透性的影響。

Note: Oxalis corymbosa can be found from the book: Hong Kong

Herbs And Vines, published by Hong Kong Urban Services

Department, written by Dr. S.L. Thrower, P.77.

注意﹕酢醬草的資料可從下列書本尋找﹕香港市政局出版

的香港草本植物，由杜詩雅博士編寫，第 77頁。


Aim : to study the effect of temperature on the permeability of cell membrane

實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的﹕﹕﹕﹕研究溫度對胞膜透性的影響研究溫度對胞膜透性的影響研究溫度對胞膜透性的影響研究溫度對胞膜透性的影響

Procedure:

程序﹕

1. Prepare a large beaker of distilled water of 700C.

預備一大燒杯水溫達 700C 的熱水。

2. Tie the petiole of a leaf of 0. corymbosa firmly to a glass rod with the cotton thread provided and

immerse it in the heated water.

用棉線將酢醬草的葉柄縛於一枝玻璃棒上，然後將酢醬草浸於熱水中。

3. Measure the time (t) required for the change in colour of the leaf to occur. Maintain water

temperature by checking reading of the thermometer. If temperature falls, suck out some water (by

using a shortened kerosene pump) and add some hot water.

量度樹葉變成黃色的時間(t)，經常檢視溫度計的讀數以維持水溫，若溫度下降，可抽

出燒杯內的水(用剪短了的火水泵)，加進熱水。

4. Repeat the procedure, using another fresh leaf of similar size for different temperatures.

利用同等大小的新鮮葉於不同水溫重覆以上步驟。

Please refer to eg (1) of A5.3 Techniques in tabulating the experiment results

請參考 A5.3表列實驗數據的技巧的例子(1)

thermometer溫度計

glass rod玻璃棒

leaf of oxalis corymbosa酢醬草的葉

distilled water蒸餾水


Experiment (2)


A study of anaerobic respiration in yeast

研究酵母菌的缺氧呼吸研究酵母菌的缺氧呼吸研究酵母菌的缺氧呼吸研究酵母菌的缺氧呼吸

Yeast carry out anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. However, different substrate has

different energy value, yeast then should have different anaerobic respiration rate in different solution.

酵母菌在缺氧時會進行缺氧呼吸，基於不同的基質有不同的能量值，酵母菌在不同的溶

液中應有不同的缺氧呼吸率。

Using the following materials, design and carry out an investigation to find out the anaerobic respiration

rate of yeast in different substrate.

利用以下物料，設計實驗進行研究，以找出酵母菌在不同基質的缺氧呼吸率。

(a) 5 ml pipette (b) four 1 ml pipettes

一枝 5毫升移液管 4枝 1毫升移液管

(c) 4 pieces of rubber tubing (d) retort stand with 4 clamps

4 段橡皮管一個支撐架連 4個夾子

(e) 5 test tubes (f) 1% yeast suspension

五枝試管 1%酵母懸濁液

(g) solution A : sucrose solution (1%) (h) solution B : glucose solution (1%)

溶液 A﹕蔗糖溶液(1%) 溶液 B﹕葡萄糖溶液(1%)

(i) solution C﹕starch solution (1%) (j) a beaker of warm water

溶液 C﹕澱粉溶液(1%) 一杯暖水

(k) a thermometer (l) paraffin oil

一枝溫度計石蠟油




Aim : to find out the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast in different substrate.

實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的﹕﹕﹕﹕找出酵母菌在不同基質的缺氧呼吸率找出酵母菌在不同基質的缺氧呼吸率找出酵母菌在不同基質的缺氧呼吸率找出酵母菌在不同基質的缺氧呼吸率。。。。

Procedure:

程序﹕

1. Label four test tubes A, B, C and D.

將四枝試管標示為 A, B, C和 D。

2. Add some volume (state value) of yeast suspension to each tube by using the 5 ml pipette,

利用 5毫升移液管，在每枝試管加進適當分量(寫出數值)的酵母懸濁液。

3. Separately, preferably one by one, add some volume (state value) of solutions A, B, C and water to

test tubes A, B, C and D, using the 5 ml pipettes and mix thoroughly.

利用 5毫升移液管，在每枝試管逐一加進適當分量(寫出數值)的溶液 A、B、C和水，

然後搖勻。

4. Set up test tubes A, B, C, D in respirometer settings as shown in the diagram :

將試管 A, B, C和 D按下圖裝配好。

5. Add a few drops of paraffin oil to the solution surface of each test tube.

在每枝試管的液面加上數滴石蠟油。

6. Record the volume of gas evolved from each test tube at fixed time intervals (state value).

紀錄每枝試管每隔一段時間(寫出數值)所釋出的氣體體積。



rubber tubing橡皮管

clip夾子

retort stand支撐架

inverted graduated1ml pipette倒轉了的 ml 液管1 移

yeast suspension +solution A,B, C or water酵母懸濁液 +溶液、、或水

A B C

water水


Paraffin oil石蠟油


Experiment (3)


A study of water potential of plant cells

研究植物細胞的水潛能研究植物細胞的水潛能研究植物細胞的水潛能研究植物細胞的水潛能

If the water potential of a tissue equals the water potential of the external solution, the weight and the

volume of that tissue would not be changed after putting in the external solution for a period of time.

若組織的水潛能等於外間溶液的水潛能，當該組織置於該溶液內一段時間後，重量和體

積是不會改變的。

Using the following materials, design and carry out an investigation to determine the water

potential of the cell sap of potato cells.

利用以下物料，設計實驗進行研究，以找出馬鈴薯細胞胞液的水潛能。

(a) 1.0 M sucrose solution (b) cork borer

1.0M蔗糖溶液鑽孔器

(c) potato (d) distilled water

馬鈴薯蒸餾水

(e) electronic balance (f) test tubes and racks

電子秤試管及試管架

(g) 10 ml pipette (h) ruler

一枝 10毫升移液管間尺

(i) beakers (j) petri dishes

燒杯平淺碟




Aim : to determine the water potential of cell sap of potato cells by measuring the weight

實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的﹕﹕﹕﹕用量度重量的方法以找出馬鈴薯細胞胞液的水潛能用量度重量的方法以找出馬鈴薯細胞胞液的水潛能用量度重量的方法以找出馬鈴薯細胞胞液的水潛能用量度重量的方法以找出馬鈴薯細胞胞液的水潛能

Procedure:

程序﹕

1. By using a dilution table, prepare a set of solution of different sucrose concentration.


利用稀釋表，準備一系列不同濃度的蔗糖溶液。


2. Trim potato cylinders of equal diameter by cork borer. Cut them into same length (state value).

利用鑽孔器鑽出同等粗幼的薯條，然後切成同等長度(寫出數值)。

3. Blot the potato cylinders with toilet paper, and then weight them with an electronic balance.

用紙巾吸乾薯條的水分，放在平淺碟內，用電子秤量度重量。

4. Place the potato cylinders in test tubes of sucrose solution of different concentration.

將薯條置於含有不同濃度的蔗糖溶液的試管內。

5. Weight the potato cylinders again after a certain period (state value).

於某段時間後(寫出數值)再量度重量。




Experiment (4)


A study of the effect of different factors on the rate of enzymatic reactions

研究不同因素對酶活性的影響研究不同因素對酶活性的影響研究不同因素對酶活性的影響研究不同因素對酶活性的影響

The enzymes are protein in nature and as such they are liable to progressive disruption and

coagulation above critical temperatures. However, higher temperature causes more substrate

molecules acquiring their activation energy, thus increasing the rate of enzymatic reaction rate. Thus,

the optimum temperature is the resultant of two contrary effects of temperature on the movement of

reactants and enzyme denaturation.

酶的本質是蛋白質，在溫度高於某個水平會逐漸變質及凝結，可是高溫亦令到基質分子

獲取它們的活化能，因而增加酶促作用的速率，結果最佳溫度是由此兩種不同溫度效應

相互作用下所產生的。

Using the following materials, design and carry out an investigation to find the effect of

temperature on enzyme activity.

利用以下物料，設計實驗進行研究，找出溫度對酶活性的影響。

(a) amylase (b) test tubes and racks

澱粉酶試管及試管架

(c) starch solution (d) dropper

澱粉溶液滴管

(e) iodine solution (f) stop watch

碘液秒錶

(g) beakers (h) white spot plate

燒杯白色有坑瓷片

(i) 10 ml pipette

一枝 10毫升移液管




Aim : to study the effect of temperature on the rate of enzymatic reactions

實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的﹕﹕﹕﹕找出溫度對酶活性的影響找出溫度對酶活性的影響找出溫度對酶活性的影響找出溫度對酶活性的影響

Procedure:

程序﹕

1. Prepare amylase solution of suitable concentration.

準備一適當濃度的澱粉酶溶液。

2. Pour appropriate amount (state value) of amylase in a test tube and place the tubes in a water bath of

temperature 30oC.

將適當分量(寫出數值)的澱粉酶溶液倒進一試管內，將試管於於溫度是 30oC的水浴器

內。

3. Add equal volume (state value) of starch solution in a second tube and place it in the same water

bath.

將相同分量(寫出數值)的澱粉溶液倒進另枝一試管內，然後置於相同的水浴器內。

4. Allow some time (state value) for the solutions to reach temperature equilibrium with the water bath.

給適當的時間(寫出數值)令兩種溶液與水浴器的水達到溫度平衡。

5. Mix the solution of two tubes after they have some time (state value) in the water bath.

一段時間後(寫出數值)將兩種溶液混和。

6. By using a white spot plate, perform an iodine test every time interval (state value) of the mixture.

Note that the mixture is remained in the water bath.

利用白色有坑瓷片，每隔一段時間(寫出數值)抽取混合液進行碘液測試，注意混合液

仍須留於水浴內。

7. Record the time taken to reach the end-point of the reaction. ie. when no blue-black colour occurs (or

reddish brown colour occurs).

紀錄消化作用達到終點的時間，即是再沒有藍黑色出現(或出現紅棕色)。

8. Repeat steps (1) to (7) at a series of different temperatures.

用一系列不同的溫度重覆以上(1)至(7)的步驟。




Experiment (5)


A study of the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis

研究不同因素對光合作用速率的影響研究不同因素對光合作用速率的影響研究不同因素對光合作用速率的影響研究不同因素對光合作用速率的影響

Many factors affect the growth of plant. Of these, light seems to be the utmost important. Using the

following materials, design and carry out an experiment to investigate the effect of light intensity on

the photosynthetic rate.

植物的生長受許多因素所影響，其中光的影響似乎是最重要的。利用以下物料，設計實

驗進行研究，找出光強度對光合作用速率的影響。

(a) table lamp (b) sodium bicarbonate solution (0.25%)

枱燈碳酸氫鈉溶液(0.25%)

(c) meter rule (d) rubber tubing and clip

米尺橡皮管及夾子

(e) retort stand (f) thermometer

支撐架溫度計

(g) 1 ml pipette (h) razor blade

1毫升移液管刀片

(i) Hydrilla (j) 250 ml beaker and a boiling tube

黑藻 250毫升燒杯及大試管

Note : The light intensity falling on an object is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of

its source.

注意﹕光強度與物件與光源的距離的平方成反比。

I = K/d2 where I = light intensity光強度, K = constant常數, d = distance距離

The relative light intensity ‘I’ can be calculate by the following method :

相對光強度可用以下方法計算出來﹕

I = K/d2 and ‘K’ can be assigned an arbitrary value, say the square number

of the closest distance to give a value of ‘I’ that is convenient to

handle.

而「K」可被設定為一虛擬數字，例如最短距離的平方，

使到「I」成為一容易計算的數字。




Aim : to study the effect of light intensity on the photosynthetic rate

實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的﹕﹕﹕﹕找出光強度對光合作用速率的影響找出光強度對光合作用速率的影響找出光強度對光合作用速率的影響找出光強度對光合作用速率的影響

Procedure:

程序﹕

1. Cut the stem of a piece of hydrilla to a suitable length (state value) and inserts its cut end into the

open end of a 1 ml pipette.

切下一段適當長度(寫出數值)的黑藻，將切口的一端插進一枝 1毫升移液管的開口。

2. The tapering end of the pipette is inserted into a piece of rubber tubing fitted with a clip.

將一段附有夾子的橡皮管套入移液管尖的一端。

3. The pipette together with the hydrilla is put into a boiling tube containing 0.25% sodium bicarbonate

solution.

將移液管連同黑藻一起放入一枝充滿碳酸氫鈉溶液(0.25%)的大試管內。

4. Suck the sodium bicarbonate solution from the boiling tube into the pipette. Close the clip and record

the initial reading. Make sure that the clip is tightened to prevent the solution in the pipette from

falling due to gravity.

將碳酸氫鈉溶液從大試管吸進移液管內，扭緊夾子，紀錄起始讀數，確保夾子已扭緊

以防止溶液因重力而下跌。

5. Keep the distance ‘d’ between the hydrilla and the light source to a suitable distance (state value).

將黑藻與光源的距離「d」調較至一適當的距離(寫出數值)。

6. Allow some time (state value) for the plant to adjust to the light intensity.

給一適當的時間(寫出數值)讓黑藻適應所設的光強度。

7. Record the volume of bubbles produced over a certain time period (state value).

紀錄一段時間內(寫出數值)黑藻所放出的氣泡體積。

8. Repeat the experiment at different distances. Allow some time (state value) for the plant to adjust to

every new light intensity.

以不同的距離重覆以上實驗，每次皆給一些時間(寫出數值)讓黑藻適應新設的光強度。


clip夾子


inverted graduated1ml pipette倒轉了的 ml 液管1 移

sodium bicarbonate solution碳酸氫鈉溶液

water水


Hydrilla黑藻table lamp

檯燈

d

Please refer to eg (5) of A5.3 Techniques in

tabulating the experiment results



Experiment (6)


A study of the environmental factors affecting the rate of transpiration

研究不同環境因素對蒸騰作用速率的影響研究不同環境因素對蒸騰作用速率的影響研究不同環境因素對蒸騰作用速率的影響研究不同環境因素對蒸騰作用速率的影響

It is found that a potted plant placed outside a house for two days without any water supply became

wilt while a similar plant placed inside the house not. Based on this observation, some people suggest

that plants will lose water through leaf surfaces to the surrounding air.

我們發現一盆盆栽植物置於室外兩天，不加淋水會凋謝，而相似的植物置於室內卻不

會。根據以上現象，有人認為植物會透過葉面將水分散失到空氣中。

Using the following materials, design and carry out an experiment to measure the rate of transpiration at

different environment.

利用以下物料，設計實驗進行研究，找出植物在不同環境下的蒸騰作用速率。

(a) 1 ml pipette 1 (b) glass tubing

1毫升移液管玻璃管

(c) rubber tubing (d) vaseline

橡皮管凡士林

(e) metre rule (f) spinach leaf

米尺菠菜葉

(g) retort stand (h) stop watch

支撐架秒錶

(i) razor blade (j) table lamp

刀片枱燈




Aim : to use a simple potometer to measure rate of transpiration at different light intensity

實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的實驗目的﹕﹕﹕﹕利用簡單的蒸騰計找出植物在不同光強度下的蒸騰作用速率利用簡單的蒸騰計找出植物在不同光強度下的蒸騰作用速率利用簡單的蒸騰計找出植物在不同光強度下的蒸騰作用速率利用簡單的蒸騰計找出植物在不同光強度下的蒸騰作用速率

Procedure:

程序﹕

1. Set up a potometer by joining 1 ml pipette, glass tubing and rubber tubing together.

利用 1毫升移液管、玻璃管及橡皮管製作一簡單蒸騰計。

2. Add vaseline to the connections between pipette and rubber tubing as well as rubber tubing and glass

tubing to ensure tight connections,

在橡皮管與移液管及玻璃管間的接口塗上凡士林以確保密氣。

3. By using a wash bottle, fill up the potometer with water and eliminate air bubbles from the

potometer.

用洗滌瓶替蒸騰計加水，小心排除所有氣泡。

4. Cut the spinach leaf under water and insert it into the glass tubing of potometer. Apply vaseline to the

joint of leaf and tubing.

在水下切斷菠菜葉，將葉柄插進蒸騰計的玻璃管，在葉與玻璃管的接口塗上凡士林。

5. Adjust the water level of both arms to the same level by raising or lowering of the pipette.

上下移動移液管以調較兩臂的水位至相同水平。

6. Turn off all the lights in the laboratory to make a dim environment (but allow light enters from the

window)

關掉實驗室內所有的燈光以營造一個幽暗的環境(容許窗口的光進入)

7. Allow some time (state value) for equilibration of potometer.

給一段時間(寫出數值)植物適應環境。

8. Record the drop of water level at fixed time intervals (state value) for half hour.

在半小時內每隔一段時間(寫出數值)紀錄下降的水位。

9. Repeat the experiment after 30 minutes with all the lights turn on, including the table lamp.

半小時後，開啟所有燈光，包括枱燈，重做以上實驗。


1ml pipette1ml 液管移


spinach leaf菠菜葉

glass tubing玻璃管

Please refer to eg (6) of A5.3 Techniques in tabulating the

experiment results


Documents

Appendix 4 Task sheets 實驗工作紙 - rytc.com.hk · PDF filePlot a graph of reciprocal of time (l/t) against temperature to show the effect of temperature on the permeability of