ARCHITECTURE HISTORY ENG.Shireen Abdelrahman Slide 2 Romanesque
Architecture Slide 3 Romanesque Architecture - Influences Slide 4
Architecture styles briefed description 1. Romanesque Architecture
used expressive language characterized by using the accurate and
minute columns in facade perspective and entrances to give it
character of vertical mouldings in addition to the use of the
towers and small windows It characterized by using the architecture
nature of the materials which In general has not reproduced forms
that have been used in the wood when used stone instead, in
Romanesque the magnitude of Roman architecture might Shrunk. 2.
Gothic Architecture Features by using the different forms of
Pointed arch, the multiple centers arches then the Elliptical
arches as construction and expressive elements Slide 5 3.
Renaissance architecture provide a broader concern of front facade,
considering it a disguise or mask for buildings and there has been
a trend to highlight the structure of the building situated as well
as the focus was on the roof lines levels in the faade and
emergence of linear perspective and use simple mathematical ratios
between the various elements and the buildings symmetry 4. Baroque
architecture has trend towards influencing Theatrical effect and
the emergence of the Oval form in the rules of expressive forms
instead of pure circular basis in most buildings, which included
formations of convex and concave and opposite combinations also
appeared directions of minute ornaments and vague forms in
manipulation within the facade shade, shadow, And light Slide 6 5.
Rococo and Eclecticism characterized by rooted orientation
selective Several styles represent the most significant
architectural carvings and ornamentations and decoration expansion
of the use of drawings and sculptures denying any importance to the
origin and employ architectural elements of any other civilization
that may seem appropriate in the picture It is an extension of the
baroque and higher Rococo in addition to Adoption of historic
methods of revivals of old Greek and Roman classicism and the
evolution and revivals of medieval architecture. Slide 7 Romanesque
Architecture Romanesque began late ninth century AD, and have
greatest achievements in ten centuries after the emergence of
Christianity and have had many changes that paved the way to great
renaissance and buildings named medieval or Dark age buildings
Romanesque, means: like the Romans and architecture is essentially
A mixture of Roman and Byzantine architecture and other types
Romanesque Interfere with Gothic and varies from country to country
based on it distance from Italy were the cradle of Roman
architecture style important Romanesque buildings are churches in
Italy first, then in France, Germany, Spain and England recently
Slide 8 Romanesque style adopted Articulation system instability or
Animation in shaping the plans and elevations in terms of using the
successive arches, movement in the form to show the differences in
sizes and lengths of blocs and the roof levels Dark Ages divided to
three periods 1.Early period 450-900 2.Dark period 900-1200
3.Renaissance period 1200-1450 Slide 9 Romanesque Architecture
Churches Features Vertical trends have emerged in churches because
the church is the gate to Paradise where an expression of power and
interest in church and religious buildings neglect mundane Churches
differ from country to country, but the most have certain feature.
the model church has thick walls, built pillars, huge arches and
The tower rises from the ceiling at the point at which the wing
intersects in the church main court The tower rises over four
pillars, aisles separated from the main court corridors bypasses.
adding internal balcony overlooking the bypass arcades called
Treiforim (vestibule troika decades). The gallery lighting through
row of windows within arches. Churches were very large to
accommodate large numbers. For example, Church of St.Sernin (1080 -
1120 AD) in Toulouse, France Slide 10 the massive west facade
crowned by a tower or by twin towers, the complex design of the
eastern part housing the sanctuary, the rhythmic alternation of
piers and columns in the naverepresent only the advanced stages in
a lengthy and complex formal evolution marked by considerable trial
and error. Slide 11 Ailse Slide 12 Slide 13 Barrel Vault- St Peters
Cathedral, Rome Slide 14 Groin Vault- St Peters Cathedral, Rome
Slide 15 Romanesque Church Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19
Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Aachen Cathedral Aachen,
Germany Slide 24 Romanesque Church Aachen Cathedral Aachen, Germany
Slide 25 Romanesque Church Aachen Cathedral Aachen, Germany Slide
26 Romanesque Church The "blind arcade" Canterbury Cathedral has
overlapping arches forming points, a common decorative feature.
Slide 27 Slide 28 The tympanum of Vzelay Abbey, Burgundy,
France1130s, has much decorative spiral detail in the draperies
Slide 29 Slide 30 Romanesque Interior Slide 31 Slide 32 Slide 33
Slide 34 Slide 35 Influence Factors Romanesque Architecture
1.Historical 2.Geographical 3.Geological 4.Climatic 5.Religious
6.Social Natural Factors Civil Factors Historical Factors There
were six factors that influence the construction of architecture
styles which are: Slide 36 Geographical On the decline of the Roman
Empire, the Romanesque style grew in Western Europe countries which
had been under the rule of Rome, and geographical position
determined many of the peculiarities of the style in each country.
Romanesque style took its name from Roman origin, owed something to
Byzantine art, which was carried westwards along the great trade
routes, by way of such centers as Venice, Ravenna, and Marseilles,
and thus exercised a formative influence on Romanesque, The long,
narrow peninsula of Italy stretches from the snowy Alps on the
north, right down through the waters of the Mediterranean, almost
to sultry Africa on the south. These geographical variations were
accompanied by other differences which influenced the architecture
in such varying degrees that it may considered under (a) Central
Italy, within the inner zone of Roman influence ; (b) Northern
Italy, in contact with Western Europe ; (c) South Italy and Sicily,
open to influences from the East- (Islam). Slide 37 A. Central
Italy The central region Florence, Pisa, and Naples which are rich
in ancient pagan monuments and Early Christian churches that
exercised a paramount influence on architecture. B. North Italy
Milan, the capital of Lombardy, has prosperity of its proximity to
several Alpine passes and its situation in the fertile plains of
Lombardy, where the cultivation 'of the vine and mulberry was then,
as now, a staple industry. Venice and Ravenna, which were
connecting trade links between East and West, fell geographically
under the influences of Byzantine art. C.South Italy and Sicily
including Calabria, was influence from the East, after having been
a Greek and Roman colony, it formed part of the Byzantine Empire
under Justinian. While Sicily, an island which is triangular in
form, is situated in the Mediterranean sea, and, facing Greece on
one side, Italy on another, and North Africa on the third, was
exposed to influences from all three countries. Slide 38 Slide 39
Slide 40 Slide 41 Slide 42 Hagia Sophia - Constantinople Slide 43
Geological The use of local materials, whether stone or brick,
marble or terra-cotta, as well as of ready-made columns and other
features from old Roman buildings, accounts for many of the varying
characteristics in each country over this wide area, with its
different geological formations. A.Central Italy: Tuscany has
mineral wealth and abundance of stone. Various building materials
were used in Rome, including bricks, volcanic tufa or peperino,
travertine stone from Tivoli and marble from Carrara, Paros, and
other Greek islands. Much material was also obtained from the ruins
of Classic buildings. Slide 44 B. North Italy: The plains of
Lombardy supplied clay for making bricks, which, used with marble
from the hills, gave a special character to the architecture.
Venice on the Adriatic imported marbles in her merchant vessels. C.
South Italy and Sicily: The mountains of South Italy and Sicily
supplied limestone and many kinds of marble, while the sulphur
mines, especially of Sicily, largely contributed to that prosperity
which was conducive to building enterprise. Slide 45 Limestone
Slide 46 Sand Soil Slide 47 Rocks of stones Slide 48 Sand Soil
Slide 49 Slide 50 A cement building Slide 51 Mud bricks Slide 52
Fired bricks Slide 53 Marble Slide 54 Climate The Climatic
conditions contributed to differences of treatment north and south
of the Alps. In the duller climates of the north, window openings
were enlarged to admit sufficient light, while in the south they
were kept small to exclude the dazzling sunshine. The slope of
roofs was also largely determined by climate ; flat roofs in the
south and high-pitched roofs in north to throw off rain and snow.
A. Central Italy The brilliant sunshine demanded small windows and
thick walls, both in cities of the plain and in cities built on the
hill-tops, both for defense and to be above the miasma of the
low-lying country. The climate not only varies from north to south,
but also from east to west according to the proximity to the
Apennines, which are often snow-clad, or to the sea-board. Slide 55
B. North Italy The climate varies between extremes of heat and
cold. The towns from Milan on the west to Venice on the east lie
below the Alps, and thus in the winter they are swept by the
ice-winds from the mountains. in the summer these same mountains
protect them from the north winds, when the heat in the plains is
often excessive. C. South Italy and Sicily The climate is almost
sub- tropical ; palms grow in the open air and the orange and lemon
groves of Palermo are famous. On the southern coasts of Italy
buildings have the flat roofs and other characteristics of Oriental
cities. Slide 56 Stavronikita Monastery - Mount Athos
(Macedonia)
