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arhitecture of slovenia 1arhitektura slovenije 1

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arhitecture of sloveniavernacular arhitecture, alpine part

arhitektura slovenijevernakularna arhitektura, alpski del

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Pregled / Overview

arhitecture of sloveniavernacular arhitecture, alpine part

arhitektura slovenijevernakularna arhitektura, alpski del3

Univerza v Ljubljani

Založba i2 Ljubljana 2009

2451borut juvanecborut juvanec

Pregled / Overview

Pregled / Overview

vsebina

Predgovor

Pregledna karta

ček

Izvlečki

V , Teorija 1Objekti, predstavitve,

Kratki angleški slovarčekIndeks

78111365109129131135139

PrefaceIntroductionMap of Slovenia

ernacular Architecture, Theory 1Objects, presentation, Alpine Part

Shortndex

Abstracts

V

Glossary (Slovene)Glossary (English)

IBibliography

contents

Pregled / Overview

6

Pregled / Overview

7 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA, ALPINE PARTARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL

predgovor

Recognition of the high-quality, identifiable and characteristic space inwhich we live and, at the same time, consideration of the future of thecultural heritage of our living environment, appear very largely todayprecisely in connection with the characteristics of its buildings. Thisconsists of both architecture of special value and, even more, architecture(= building) which is designated anonymous, folk or vernaculararchitecture. All human shaping of the living environment, in fact, hasalways been directed at establishing a particular identity, which ensuresthe possibility of meeting mankind's demands for a particular way of lifeand a relation to space adapted to man. If, therefore, we seek one of thebasic attributes of the building heritage, and thus the living environment,this can only be that of the achieved level of design of space andarchitecture that man has created or is still creating. Because theseattributes are today mercilessly forgotten, because they are simply nolonger recognised, presenting them to the public is so much moreimportant.A presentation of the most characteristic elements of vernaculararchitecture still preserved today, within selected regional frameworks,such as Dr. Juvanec has achieved, offers Slovenia several possibilities. Itfamiliarises today's inhabitants of the country with features because ofwhich they can be proud of their home. It shows that, over the course ofmany generations, people in this apparently small part of the world havecreated their own, high quality image of the living environment, from thesmallest detail to shaping the landscape as a whole. At the same time, itprovides a comparison with the wider European space and presents theseattributes as a special contribution to this wider area. Because thepresentation has been prepared in such a way that it is understandable toeverybody, including to readers outside the borders of Slovenia, it issimultaneously a special form of presentation and promotion of thisexceptional part of Europe. It can thus be expected to encourage greaterpride that we have such a cultural heritage and to encourage manyvisitors to go and see these presented pearls of Slovene vernaculararchitecture for themselves, which should in turn encourage theinhabitants to preserve them as the exceptional attributes that they are.

kako kvalitetnem, razpoznavnem in značazmislek o bodočnosti kulturne dediščine

v največji mebarskimi značilnostmi Te sestavlja tako

arhitektura posebnih vrednosti kot še bolj tista arhitektura(=stavbarstvo), ki jo označujemo kot ano

. Vse človekovo oblikovanje bivalnega okolja je bilonamreč itev posebne identitete, ki mu jezagotavljala uveljavitev njegovih zahtev po njemu prilagojenemnačinu življenja in odnosu do prostora Če torej iščemo eno odosnovnih vrednot stavbne dediščine in s tem bivalnega okolja, je tolahko le vrednost dosežene s

, ki jo je človek ustvaril ali ki jo še ustvarja. Ker pa čas danesneusmiljeno pozablja na te vrednosti, ker jih preprosto ne razpoznaveč, je njihova predsta

ih najbolj značilnih sestavin vernakularnearhitekture v izbranih regionalnih okvirih

ia

a tudi bralcem izven meja Slovenije, je tohkrati posebna oblika predstavitve in promocije tega izjemnega delaEvrope. Pričakujemo lahko, da bo zato spodbudila večji ponos,

kulturno dediščino in

prof. dr. Peter Fister

preface

Pregled / Overview

8

uvod introduction

Značilnosti slovenske vernakularne arhitekture sledijo predvsemoblikovanju narave: od ostrin kraške pokrajine do ravnin panonskegasveta, od visokih Alp do mehkih, zelenih gričev Dolenjske in Belekrajine. Arhitektura Slovenije odraža obilico gozdov, ki j

Enotne slovenske značilne hiše ni.Seveda so v zgodovini delili in razkosavali našo deželo; na primer naKranjsko, Štajersko, Dolenjsko. Do danes do popolne razdelitve ne naarhitekturnem ne na kakem drugem področju nismo prišli. Najomenim le nekaj rešitev:

Ivan Sedej je bil bolj širokogruden in je določil 17 regij [Fister 1993: 9],pri čemer gre ponekod v podrobnosti, drugod pa pušča ogromnenedeljene pokrajine. Očitno je bolj cenil tisto, kar je poznal. Vzhod inJug sta daleč od Ljubljane.

orabna za resno obdelavo. Znanstveno je regionalizacijoarhitekture leta 1993 obdelal Peter Fister, ki je našel 74 regij,poenostavil pa jih je v 14 značilnih skupin [Fister 1993: 247].

za uveljavitev novih kriterijev identitete, ki naj postavijo merila inspecifične oblike nadzora nad varovanjem, oblikovanjem tersmotrnim razpostavljanjem vseh vrst stavb in naselij, ki soustvarjajoidentiteto slovenskega prostora

Arhitekturna krajina je torej prostorska enota, v kateri je mogočeprepoznati enotna merila identitete prostora emse naslanja predvsem na Listino iz Granade iz leta 1985, ki govori o”skupnem spominu Evrope”kot priporočilu o zaščiti in prenovi ruralne

The characteristics of Slovene vernacular architecture primarily followthe design of nature: from the sharpness of the Karst landscape to theflatness of the Pannonian plain, from the high Alps to the soft, green hillsof Dolenjska and Bela krajina. The vernacular architecture of Sloveniareflects the abundance of forests that we have, and is thus predominantlyof wood, though it also uses stone and clay.There is no uniform typical Slovene house.Slovenia has of course been historically divided and partitioned: forexample into Kranjska, Štajerska and Dolenjska. A complete division inneither the architectural sphere nor in any other sense has yet occurred.Let me mention only a few solutions:The geographer Anton Melik divided Slovenia into nine regions: Alps,Škofja Loka, Cerkljansko, Primorska, Central Slovenia, Pannonia and thesub-regions: Bovška, Vrhhlevna, Dolenjska, Belokranjska and Kozjanska[Fister 1993:8].Ivan Sedej was more broad-minded and decided on 17 regions [Fister1993: 9], whereby he goes in some places into detail and elsewhere leaveshuge undivided regions. He clearly valued more those that he knew. Eastand South are far from Ljubljana.This is of course a division of architecture made by non-architects and ismore or less unusable for practical purposes. Peter Fister dealt with theregionalisation of architecture scientifically in 1993 and found 74regions, but simplified them into 14 characteristic groups [Fister 1993:247].With the architectural regions of Slovenia, Professor Fister introduced afresh attitude “for establishing new criteria of identity, which should setstandards and specific forms of control over the protection, design andsensible location of all kinds of building and settlement which help createthe identity of the Slovene space” [Fister 1993: 17].It is a matter of protecting the quality of the space, with the sole purposeof raising the quality of life and preserving identity [Fister 1993: 20].The architectural landscape is thus a spatial unit in which it is possible torecognise uniform standards of the identity of the space [Fister 1993: 21].

Pregled / Overview

9 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA, ALPINE PARTARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL

arhitekturne dediščine

Za arhitekturo je to vsekakor logična in umna razdelitev, a za splošenpregled še vedno prezahtevna.

Pri tem je seveda marsikaj treba prilagoditi. Za Severovzhodni del bibil bolj logičen in ožji naziv Pomurski del, saj je Pohorje zadnji obronekCentralnih Alp, a se po arhitekturni kulturi naslanja tako na eno kot nadrugo stran. Odločil sem se za manj primeren izraz SeverovzhodnaSlovenija, ki bolj logično povezuje tipiko in materiale, pri čemer žalizstopa manjši, zahodni del Pohorja, ki se po tipiki naslanja na Koroško.Enako je poenostavljeno Posočje, ki ga geografija reže na tri območja,a je smiselna njegova povezava v eno samo, vertikalno spreminjajočese območje med Sredozemljem in Alpami. Že to je posebna značilnosttega območja. Arhitektura to nedvomno potrjuje.

, ki v svetu niso enotni in ne enaki.Obstajajo stopinje, ki si jih kot dolžinske enote pač ne predstavljamo,metri pa nastopajo v več sistemih. Izbral sem pravokotno mrežoprojekcije UTM na elipsoidu WGS 84, ki je

pa je mrežavrisana v vijoličasti barvi. Lokacija je izjemnega pomena za prostorskopredstavo, z GPS podatki pa knjiga postane pravi turistični vodnik. Pritem ne mislim na masovni, pač pa na kulturni turizem. Slovenija jepremajhna za množice, ki tekajo od posebnosti do posebnosti, se

GPS pomeni Global Positioning Systemali Splošni umestitveni sistem

It relies primarily on the Granada Document of 1985, which talks aboutthe 'common memory of Europe' as a recommendation for the protectionand renovation of the rural architectural heritage [Grobovšek 2003].Fister develops eight groups of regions [simplified from a total of 74]:

PrimorskoGorenjskoDolenjskoŠtajerskoKoroškoPodravsko - PomurskoIdrijsko - NotranjskoLjubljansko.

It is certainly a logical and understandable division for architecture, butstill too demanding for a general overview.The geographers Žiberna, Natek and Ogrin simplified it further, whenthey established five macroregions [Žiberna 2004: 85], made up asfollows:

AlpineSubalpineDinarid-KarstCentral SloveniaPannonian [Žiberna 2004: 86].

For a review of architecture, and especially vernacular architecture, thisdivision is fairly suitable, since it corresponds both to the design of natureand settlement and the materials that people used there. The namescould also be adapted to architecture with minor modification:

It is of course necessary to adapt a number of things here: Pannonian partwould be a more logical and narrower title for the North-eastern part,since Pohorje is the final flank of the Central Alps, but in terms ofarchitectural culture, it relies as much on one as the other side. I decidedon the less appropriate expression North-eastern Slovenia, which morelogically connects typology and materials, although it unfortunatelyleaves out the smaller, western part of Pohorje, which in terms of typologyis c

egion. Architecture undoubtedlyconfirms this.The books The Vernacular Architecture of Slovenia will also be publishedin this order, from the first to the fifth. I would like to stress that is in nosense a reflection of the quality of architecture; merely that Slovenia isunfortunately too small a market to publish all five books simultaneously.A further note on GPS [Global Positioning System] data, which is neitheruniform nor the same throughout the world. There exist degrees which

1 Alpine part

2 North-eastern part

3 Central Slovenia

4 Dolenjska

5 Mediterranean [and Karst] part

loser to Koroška. Posočje is similarly simplified, which is divided bygeography into three regions but is sensibly combined into a singlevertically changing region between the Mediterranean and the Alps. Thisis already a special characteristic of this r

Pregled / Overview

10

pehajo za številom obiskov, fotografirajo in si zapisujejo, potem pa vseskupaj varno zaklenejo v predal.

omoč in vodilo umnemu človeku, kiga zanima kultura na področju oblikovanja prostora. Namenjena niarhitektu in ne nearhitektu: posvečena je vsem kulturnim ljudem.

we do not present as a unit of length, and metres appear in a number ofsystems. I chose a rectangular net projection UTM on ellipsoid WGS 84,which is drawn on the maps in the books, on a of scale 1:50,000 [GeodeticAdministration of Slovenia] and the network is drawn in violet. Location isextremely important for a spatial presentation, and with GPS data, abook becomes a real tourist guide. I am not thinking here of mass tourism,but cultural tourism. Slovenia is too small for the crowds which run fromfeature to feature, scramble after the highest number of visits,photograph and record them and then lock it all safely in a drawer.The Vernacular Architecture of Slovenia is an aid and guide to theintelligent person who is interested in culture in the sphere of spatialdesign. It is meant neither for the architect nor the non-architect: it isdevoted to all people of culture.

Not just architecture, in it is concealed the entire culture of the

Slovene nation, of which we are too little aware. If they talked in

Granada of the common memory of Europe, Slovenia is in an

enviably high place. We still have what many preserve only in

museums, we still use it, develop it, think about it. The heritage is not

something obsolete and unusable, it is the basis of our thought and

development for tomorrow. We cannot build or use vernacular

architecture today, let alone in the future, but familiarity with it and

understanding of it will undoubtedly build a better life for

tomorrow. Even better architecture.

Pregled / Overview

11 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA, ALPINE PARTARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL

Drau

Gail / Zilja

Drau

Savinja

Drava

Savi

nja

Sava Dolinka

Sava Bohinjka

Sava

Sava

Ljubljanica

Sava

Soča

IdrijcaSoča

Soča

Piv

ka

Reka

KolpaKupa

Krka

KrkaSava

Kupa

Drava

Drava

Mura

Mura

Mur

Tržič

Radovljica

Bled

IzolaPiran

Pirano

RADKERSBURG

Rogaška Slatina

Slov Bistrica

Slovenj Gradec

Ravne na K.

Trbovlje

Velenje

Idrija

Krško

Brežice

Črnomelj

Kočevje

Ilirska Bistrica

Sežana

Bohinj

Most na Soči

Tolmin

CerknoS Pietro al Nat.Špeter Slovenov

Borovnica

Žužemberk

Ig

Kranjska Gora

Mojstrana

HermagorŠmohor

VeldenVrba

PoertschahPoreče

St VeitŠt Vid

MURSKA

SOBOTALavamuendLabot

EisenkappelŽel. Kapla

FerlachBorovlje

Karlovac

Čakovec

Lenti

GradoGradež

Logatec

Cerknica

Grosuplje

POSTOJNA

VoelkermarktVelikovec

Kobarid

Mokronog

Mozirje

Črna

Solčava

Spittal

Vrhnika

HrastnikZagorje

Gornji Grad

Kamnik

DomžaleŠkofja loka

Polhov Gradec

Ajdovščina

Železniki

Poljane

Boh Bistrica

Divača

CividaleČedad

Lenart

Ormož

G.Radgona

PTUJ

Žalec

NOVO MESTO

Litija

Tuhinj

Studor

Ribnica

Sevnica

TrebnjeIv GoricaGORIZIA

GORICA

JESENICE

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CELJE

KLAGENFURT

CELOVEC

VILLACH

BELJAK

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5.ooo.ooo m

o 1 2 3 4 5 km

I olas

Pregled / Overview

Skica 1 / Figure 1Skica 1 / Figure 1

22

Hiša je bivalna hiša ali hlev, domačija pa je sklop vseh objektov vorganizirano celoto. Ta sklop je lahko enoten ali v več objektih, ki solahko tudi nekaj kilometrov vsaksebi, odvisno pač od potreb [Juvanec1998: ]

ki bi dovoljeval postavitevdomačije v ravninipogojevana: predvsem z uporabo zemljišča, predvsem za

ečji ali manjši padec dovoljuje umno izrabo za dostope vrazlične nivoje.Postavitev v padcu dokazuje umik arhitekture z osrednjih, plodnihdelov na obrobje, kar je uporabno in koristno hkrati: večja izrabapovršin in pogled nanje, kar predstavlja tudi kontrolo.

gričevnatem terenu so naselja postavljena razloženo,tako da ne nastopajo izrazito strnjeno, pač pa posamično. Zgradbe sopraviloma tik pod slemenom, ob cesti, ki se spušča s slemenskeprometnice.

15 .Teren - ravnina: Redkokje pri nas je prostor,

, povsem prosto v teren. Taka postavitev je vednopolja. Zato

se je treba tem kakovostnejšim kulturam umikati na rob.Kadar so te postavitve možne, so tlorisi bodisi razloženi bodisisestavljeni. Redko nastopajo vzdolžne, preproste oblike tlorisov, pa šetakrat so dopolnjevani z nadstreški, podaljški, vkopi, da je arhitekturav terenu razgibana in da ne nastopa v ravnini kot povsem tuj element.

Najbolj uporabljan teren za postavitev jestrmina. V

Tudi na

Nagnjen teren, strmina:

Sleme:

A building can be a residential house or stable, a farmstead is the complexof all objects in an organised entity. This complex can be a single unit or anumber of objects, which can even be several kilometres apart,depending on need Juvanec 1998:5 .Terrain - plain: There are few places in Slovenia that allow the location of afarmstead on a plain entirely in the open. Such a location is alwaysconditioned by other aspects: mainly the use of land, for the most partarable land. So it is necessary to shift to the edge of this better qualitycultivated land.When such locations are possible, the groundplan is either dispersed orcondensed: occasionally longitudinal, simple forms of groundplanappear, and these are then supplemented with roof spaces andextensions, so that the architecture is 'broken' in the terrain and does notappear as an entirely foreign element on the plain.

The most frequently used terrain for abuilding is a steep slope: the greater or lesser fall allows sensible access tothe different levels.Positioning on a slope highlights the shift of architecture from central,fertile parts to the edges, which is functional and simultaneouslybeneficial: a greater use of surface area and the view from it, which alsoprovides control.

On hilly terrain, too, settlements are constructed in a dispersedmanner, so that they do not appear particularly contiguous, butindividual. Buildings are usually immediately below a ridge, beside a roadwhich carries traffic along the ridge.

[ ]

Inclined terrain, steep slope:

Ridge:

Arhitektura v prostoru Positioning in space

Pregled / Overview

Skica 4 / Figure 4Skica 4 / Figure 4

Skica 2 / Figure 2Skica 2 / Figure 2

Skica 3 / Figure 3Skica 3 / Figure 3

23 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA, ALPINE PARTARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL

Strnjena poselitev (najbolj običajno okrog cerkva) je značilna tudi naslemenih, mnogokrat na spoju več slemen. Tukaj so zgradbepostavljene v enotni veduti, nobena ne izstopa.

pačpa le posamične domačije, ki so

Bolj običajna postavitev je v širših dolinah, kjer so na isti načinpostavljena naselja: strnjeno, nekoliko nad

unkcionalnega dvorišča. Pritem vzporednost in pravokotnost na te elemente ne igra

ri tem je bivalnahiša največkrat vzporedna, gospodarski del pa pravokoten naplastnice, kar omogoča večjo izkoriščenost ravni (dostopi).

dva vhoda v terenu: v klet innadstropju oziroma v pritličju, spredaj in zadaj.

V kolikor gre zafunkcionalno potreben višji objekt (visok hlev, silos), je postavljen vpadec terena pod gabarit celote vasi.

V jarku ali v ozki dolini praviloma ni strnjenih naselij,zaradi zamakanja in poplav

postavljene tik nad dnom, strnjeno in nikoli razloženo.

dnom in okrog nekegaobjekta družbenega pomena, ki navadno predstavlja dominanto.

V ravninah so zgradbe postavljenepraviloma ob prometnicah, v navezavi z vodotoki, na smeri neba intako, da odpirajo možnost formiranja f

ta posebnevloge: nastopata oba primera, z rahlo prednostjo v vzporednipostavitvi.

Kadar nastopa sklop bivalne hiše in gospodarskega poslopja, stapraviloma postavljena pravokotno drug na drugega. P

Pravokotno na plastnice so postavljeni le objektidelavcev in nikoli hiša lastnika.Gospodarski objekti, tako za hrano kakor za krmo, so orientiranipravokotno. Tako zgradba dobi

Korito, jarek:

Plastnice - vzporednost:

Pravokotnost:

A condensed settlement (usually around the church) is also characteristicon ridges, often at the conjunction of a number of ridges. The buildingshere are erected in a uniform veduta, none of them standing out. Insofaras there is a functional need for higher objects (high barn, silo), they arelocated on falling land below the height of the whole village.

There are not normally condensed settlements in gorgesor narrow valleys, only individual farms, which are located immediatelyabove the floor because of damp and floods, and are condensed, neverdispersed.Positioning in wider valleys is more normal, where settlements are built inthe same way: condensed, slightly above the floor and around someobject of social importance, which normally provides the dominant.

Buildings on plains are generally located besidetraffic routes, bound to water, oriented to the sun or so that they providethe possibility of forming a functional courtyard. Parallelism andrectangularism do not play a special role in these elements: both typesappear, with a slight prevalence of parallel positioning.

When a complex of residential house and outbuildings occurs, they arenormally set at right angles to each other: the residential house is usuallyparallel and the outbuildings at right angles to the contour, whichenables greater use of different levels (accesses).

Only objects for workers are ever set at right angles tothe contour, never the owner's house. Anciliary buildings, both for foodand for fodder, are oriented at right angles: the building thus obtains twoentrances onto the terrain, basement and upper storey, or ground floorfront and rear.

Orientation to the sun influences the logic of thelocation because of the use of the interior premises: front facades as far as

Gorge, ravine:

Contours - parallelism:

Perpendicularity:

Orientation to the sun:

Pregled / Overview

Doma ija Farmstead

Domačija v severnem delu Slovenije, predvsem na Gorenjskem, jespecifična zaradi svoje lokacije. Gre za alpski svet z ozkimi dolinami ali stamarji, ki so bili v preteklosti dobršen del leta nedostopni zaradi snega.Zato so morale domačije ga dela do vsehgospodarskih poslopij, ki so nujni za življenje. Pri tem ni nujno, da jegospodarski del ali del njega neposredno povezan z bivalno hišo ali da jecelo del hiše, čeprav so povezave, tudi pokrite, mogoče in predvsempraktične.

o v osrednji Sloveniji značilni razvoj tlorisa z osrednjočrno kuhinjo (ki se je razvil iz “hiše”), okrog katere se potem simetričnonanizajo drugi prostori, predvsem spalni, je na Gorenjskem črna kuhinjamnogokrat dvojna: kot značilni prečni prostor v hiši in kot posebni,majhen, praviloma kvadratast prostor z odvodom dima. Ta prostor služi zaprekajevanje in za kuho ob večjih potrebah. Dimnik take črne kuhinje jeizjemnih dimenzij, tudi do dva metra v stranici, in skoraj vedno pokrit vsaj spločevinasto s

ina je na Gorenjskem značilna. Medtem ko v Sloveniji prevladujepritlična hiša, je tukaj zaradi potreb mnogokje nadstropna, včasih

rična, dvokapna, navadno ima čopa. Naklon je enaproti ena, redko je naklon bolj strm, blažji nikoli.

koima v kleti hleve za svinje in za kokoši ter zajce, za večjo živino v podaljšku,nad katerim so tudi svisli za krmo: tam so tudi drugi prostori, shrambe invčasih kašča.Domačija severnega dela Slovenije, od Cerkljanskega, Gorenjskega doKoroške v teren, ki je pač dosegljiv. P

pa je umaknjena v breg. Zato so dostopi vedno s terena,včasih celo s petih ravni, s klančino tudi na podstrešje, kjer hranijo krmo.Domačija je postavljena tako, da ima bivalna hiša vhod in vsaj stranico“hiše” proti jugu, kar seveda vpliva na druge objekte, ki so tako z vhodiusmerjeni proti severu, na delovno dvorišče.Redko so domačije zaključene, za avadnoso odprte in z glavnim vhodom vabijo mimoidoče, medtem ko zadnjivhod domači

arna arhitektura ne pozna ograj, razen v Beli krajini.Tako so tudi domačije na Gorenjskem omejene le z lesenimi ogradami zaživino, včasih pa jih definira tudi stegnjen kozolec. Domačija ima nekatereobj

obsegati vse: od bivalne

Medtem ko imam

trešico. Zunanje stene so mnogokrat nagnjene navznoter.Tudi viš

imaspalne prostore tudi na podstrešju.Streha je vedno simet

Mnogokrat bivalna hiša nastopa v kombinaciji z gospodarskim delom,

, je postavljena olja, njive in sadovnjakso v ravninah, hiša

prte, ko imajo kamnito ograjo. N

uporabljajo vsak dan.Slovenska vernakul

ekte vedno dlje od hiše. Blizu zaradi varnosti in dlje zaradi ognja.

A farmstead in the northern part of Slovenia, above all in Gorenjska, is specificin terms of its location. This is an Alpine world with narrow valleys, or withstockpens that were inaccessible for a good part of the year in the pastbecause of snow. Farmsteads had therefore to include everything: from livingquarters to all the ancillary buildings necessary for life. It is not importantwhether the ancillary part, or some of it, is directly connected with thedwelling or is even part of the house, although they are linked, perhaps alsocovered, and above all practical.While in central Slovenia there is a characteristic development of a groundplan with a central black kitchen (which developed from the house , orliving room) around which were then symmetrically ranged the other rooms,mainly bedrooms, in Gorenjska the black kitchen often had two meanings:the characteristic transverse space in the house or a special, small, generallysquare space with an outlet for smoke. This room served for smoking produceand for cooking at times of greater need. The chimney of such a black kitchenis of exceptional dimensions, even up to two metres at the sides and is almostalways covered with a chimney pot. The external walls are often inclinedinwards.The height, too, is characteristic in Gorenjska: while single storey housespredominate in Slovenia as a whole, need gives rise to an upper storey in manyplaces, sometimes also with sleeping quarters in the attic.The roof is always symmetrical, gable, normally with a hip. The slope is one toone, occasionally steeper, but never less steep.The residential house is often combined with the working part of the farm.There may be space in the cellar for pigs, chickens and rabbits, and for largeranimals in an extension, above which there is a hayloft. It can also includeother spaces, such as storerooms and sometimes a granary.A farmstead in the northern part of Slovenia, from Cerkljansko throughGorenjska to Koroška, is located in such terrain as is available: fields, arableland and orchards are on the level, and the house must make do with slopes.Each storey is thus always accessible from the ground, sometimes even on fivelevels, with a ramp to the the roof space where the fodder is kept.A farmstead is arranged in such a way that the residential house has theentrance and at least one side of the living room facing south, which of coursehas an impact on other objects, which are thus oriented with their entrancesfacing north, towards the working yard.Occasionally, farmsteads are enclosed within a stone wall. Normally, they areopen, with their main entrance inviting passers-by, and the back door used bythe family everyday.Walls are not a feature of Slovene vernacular architecture, except in Belakrajina. So farmsteads in Gorenjska, too, are only bounded by wooden stockfences, and sometimes also defined by an elongated kozolec. Some buildingsare always at a distance from the house: closer for security and more distantbecause of the risk of fire.

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Pregled / Overview

Senik Hay Barn

Senik je preprosta zgradba, postavljena

Na Gorenjskem so seniki razmeroma majhne zgradbe, tloris ne preseženekaj kvadratnih metrov. Gre seveda za hribovit teren in za zahtevno

V Radovni in predvsem na Tolminskem ima senik v sprednjem delu nekaktrem, pokrit predprostor. Streha je potegnjena naprej in je podprta zdvema stebroma. Prostor trema služi ljudem pred delom in po njem, pa zanakladanje med delom.

kozi odprt zatrep.

na senožetih, praviloma daleč oddomačije, povsod tam, kjer doma ni zadosti krme. Objekt hrani seno kotkrmo za živino.

ternaporno košnjo, tako da je velikost kar primerna. Zgradba ima vsega enosamo celico, s podstrešjem vred. Majhnost namreč zagotavlja konstrukcijobrez osrednjega poveznika, ki bi povezoval ostrešje. Streha je lesena,skodlasta ali danes iz desak, dvokapna, z naklonom ena proti ena alipetinštirideset stopinj. Čopa ni, saj gre za najpreprostejšo konstrukcijo.

Posebni so seniki na Cerkljanskem, kjer imajo le nekaj kvadratnih metrovveliki tlorisi masivne zidane kamnite stebre. Ti so včasih le vizualnopovečani, saj so v obliki črke “L”, da je notranji prostor vseeno malo večji.Ker stojijo v strmem naklonu, imajo dve celici, drugo pod drugo.V spodnjoje dostop spredaj, v zgornjo z zadnje, zgornje strani s terena. Mnogokratnimajo zadnjih vrat in je zgornja celica dosegljiva kar s

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Pregled / Overview

1 2345

1 ALPSKI DEL

2 SEVEROVZHODNI DEL

3 OSREDNJI DEL

4 JUŽNA HRIBOVJA

5 KRAŠKO - MEDITERANSKI DEL

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borut juvanecborut juvanec

arhitecture of slovenia 1arhitektura slovenije 1

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arhitecture of sloveniavernacular arhitecture, alpine part

arhitektura slovenijevernakularna arhitektura, alpski del

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Pregled / Overview