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8/7/2019 Articulo Ingieneria
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/articulo-ingieneria 1/3
Fl zfybkco Kcnfckfyâh fw jfmkckjo
wfnñc ftpfyzow gobo lh pyomfwk÷c fc
lh gvhl low gocogkbkfczow jf lhw bh"
zfbèzkghw { lhw gkfcgkhw chzvyhlfw oi"
zfckjow h zyh}ëw jfl fwzvjko, lh ftpf"
ykfcgkh, { lh pyhgzkgh, woc hplkghjow
goc gykzfyko { goc gocgkfcgkh hl jfwh"
yyollo jf bfjkow phyh vzklkqhy fgoc÷"
bkghbfczf goc yfwpocwhiklkjhj wogkhl
{ ihwhjow fc vch ëzkgh pyomfwkochl, low
bhzfykhlfw { lhw mvfyqhw jf lh chzvyhlf"
qh phyh ifcfmkgko jflh dvbhckjhj# Lhw
pfywochw xvf wf jfjkghc h fllh yfgkifc
fl cobiyf jf Kcnfckfyow#
Goc fl phwo jfl zkfbpo { jf gkfyzo
bojo lh dkwzoykh jf lh gk}klkqhgk÷c { lh
jf lh kcnfckfyâh wf dhc vckjo phyh
gyfhy vch cvf}h dkwzoykh bvcjkhl h
ck}fl jf vc zojo#
Lh kcnfckfyâh chgk÷ goc low pykbfyow
dobiyfw gvhcjo fwzow vzklkqhyoc hl"
nvcow jf wvw pykcgkpkow $wkc gocogfy"
lh hvc+ phyh gocwfnvky wvw hlkbfczow,
pkflfw f kcglvwo gocwzyvky hybhw jf
jfmfcwh { ghgfyâh# Hvcxvf fl }fyjh"
jfyo hvnf jf fwzh pyomfwk÷c wf jko h
bfjkhjow jfl høo 4000 H#G, gvhcjo
low dobiyfw jfahyoc jf wfy c÷bhjhw
{ }k}kfyoc fc lvnhy mkao phyh pojfy
gvlzk}hy wvw pyojvgzow { gykhy hckbh"
lfw gobfwzkilfw#
Jfwjf fczocgfw, lh gk}klkqhgk÷c dh kjo h}hcqhjo jf bhcfyh goczkcvh
poy lh lâcfh jfl zkfbpo, kcnfckhcjo, kc}fczhjo, gocwzyv{fcjo, f kcco"
}hcjo zojo lo xvf yfpyfwfczf }hloy fgoc÷bkgo { vzklkjhj phyh fl wfy
dvbhco#
Jfmkckzk}hbfczf mvf lh cfgfwkjhj lh xvf dkqo h low pykbfyow kcnfckfyow#
Fw cfgfwhyko yfgoyjhy xvf ghjh pfykojo jf lh dkwzoykh dh zfckjo jkwzkc"
zow glkbhw wogkhlfw { fgoc÷bkgow, hwâ gobo pyfwkocfw xvf dhc kcmlvkjo
nyhcjfbfczf zhczo fl wfczkjo gobo fl pyonyfwo jf lh gkfcgkh { jf lh
kcnfckfyâh fc lh gk}klkqhgk÷c#
Xvf fw lh kcnfckfyh { gvhl fw wv dkwzoykh
Gkfcgkh, Zëgckgh { Zfgcolonâh
Kcf}kzhilfbfczf zojo fczf xvf
dhikzh h cvfwzyo hlyfjfjoy zkfcf
poy bâckbo hwâ wfh vch pkqgh jf
zfgcolonâh fc wv kczfykoy#
[ zkfcf xvf xvfjhy glhyo xvf
gvhcjo wf dhilh jf zfgcolonâh,
fwzf gocgfpzo wf zyhf gocwkno h lh
gkfcgkh { lh zëgckgh xvf h wv }fq
boljfhc lh bkwbh#
Fl dobiyf $bhxvkch jf hpyfcjk"qhaf gvykowh+ wkfczf vc hyjvo
jfwfo jf gocogfy lo xvf dhikzh h
wv hlyfjfjoy goc fl mkc jf co wfc"
zkywf fc vch lhnvch jf jfwgocogk"
bkfczo wk co hjxvkyky lh ghphgkjhj
jf bo}klkqhywf h zyh}ëw jf fwzh,
ftployhcjo { jfwgviykfcjo cvf"
}ow doykqoczfw#
Zfckfcjo fc gvfczh lo hczfykoy
pojfbow yfmfykycow h jow nyhcjfw
èbikzow âczkbhbfczf yflhgkoch"
jow goc fl xvfdhgfy dvbhco, bv{
fclhqhjow fczyf wk pfyo wvbhbfc"
zf jkmfyfczfw1 Fl ghbpo jf lh gkfc"
gkh $Lh kcjhnhgk÷c+ { fl ghbpo jf
lh zëgckgh { lh zfgcolonâh $lh hg"
gk÷c+#
Lh gkfcgkh gobo zhl wkfbpyf dh
jfwpfyzhjo fl jfwfo dvbhco poy
gocogfy { gobpyfcjfy “jf bhcf"
yh yhgkochl‒ fl bvcjo xvf lo yo"
jfh { low mfc÷bfcow goc fl yflh"
gkochjow, wkzvhgk÷c xvf lo fcgh"
bkch poy lh iñwxvfjh jfl gocogk"
bkfczo, fl }fyjhjfyo gocogkbkfc"
zo gkfczâmkgo#
Zfgcolonâh f kcco}hgk÷c
86 jf mfiyfyo jfl 9088Hyzkgvlo “Vc phwo poy lh kcnfckfyâh‒
Vc Phwo poy lhkcnfckfyâh…
OIAFZK]OW1
• Gocogfy f kczfyko"
ykqhy fc fl gocgfp"
zo jf kcnfckfyâh#
• Gobpyfcjfy gobo
lh kcnfckfyâh wf dh
}vflzo phyzf jf lh
}kjh dvbhch#
• Mhbk l kh y k qhycow
goc zëybkcow yflh"
gkochjow h lh kcnf"
ckfyâh { wv hplkgh"
gk÷c fc lh hgzvhlk"
jhj#
Goczfckjo1
Xvf fw lh kcnf"
ckfyâh { gvhl fw wv
8
Gkfcgkh, Zëgckgh {
Zfgcolonâh#
8"9
Lh Kcnfckfyâh fc
lh hgzvhlkjhj#
9
Pfywochl jf hpo"
{o fc lh kcnfckfy"
âh
7
Ghbpow jf fwpf"
gkhlkqhgk÷c#
7
8/7/2019 Articulo Ingieneria
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/articulo-ingieneria 2/3
jf hgzk}kjhjfw { gocogkbkfc"
zow zhc hbplko, xvf gvhlxvkfy
jfmkckgk÷c wfykh jf ghyègzfy
kcgobplfzo phyh fcgfyyhy
zojo wv goczfckjo fc nfcf"
yhl# Zojo fwzo wvynf gvhcjo
fl dobiyf ivwgh jfwgviyky {
gocogfy poy wk bkwbo bf"
jkhczf lh oiwfy}hgk÷c { fl
yhqochbkfczo, hl fwzyvgzvyh
jf lh chzvyhlfqh#
Fwzow zyfw gocgfpzow wf yfwvbfc fc zyfw phwow1
8# “Lh oiwfy}hgk÷c‒
9# “Lh moybvlhgk÷c jf lh dkp÷zfwkw‒
7# “Lh gobpyoihgk÷c jf lh dkp÷zfwkw‒
Gvhcjo dhilhbow jf zëgckgh { zfg"colonâh cow yfmfykbow h jow gocgfp"
zow xvf yfwpocjfc jf bhcfyh fmkghq
$wk wf lfw whif vwhy+ hl jfwfo { }o"lvczhj jfl dobiyf phyh zyhcwmoybhy
lo xvf dhikzh h wv hlyfjfjoy#
Yfwpvfwzh xvf cow kbpvlwh h lhiñwxvfjh cvf}hw { bfaoyfw moybhw
jf whzkwmhgfy lhw cfgfwkjhjfw { jfwf"
ow jf lh dvbhckjhj#
Fc fwzow ghbpow pyf}hlfgf lh }olvc"
zhj jf dhgfy $gocwzyvky, gocgfiky,
gyfhy, mhiykghy, fzg#+
Pojyâhbow jfgky xvf lh gkfcgkh fwzh âczkbhbfczf lknhjh
hl jfwfo jfl dobiyf poy “gocogfy { gobpyfcjfy‒ wv
fczoyco { xvf h lo yfwpfgzk}o h lh zëgckgh { zfgcolonâh
wf }kcgvlh bhw xvf zojo lh }olvczhj jfl dobiyf jf“dhgfy‒ gowhw phyh whzkwmhgfy wvw cfgfwkjhjfw o jfwfow#
Jf knvhl moybh fwzow zyfw gocgfpzow gviyfc vc ghbpo
Low kcnfckfyow jf lh hczknüfjhj wvmykfyockbpfjkbfczow fc wv zyhihao, pvfwzo xvf
zfcâhc pogo gocogkbkfczo jf lh gkfcgkh,
wkzvhgk÷c xvf ftkwzk÷ dhwzh zkfbpow yflhzk"
}hbfczf yfgkfczfw#
Lhw gowhw dhc ghbikhjo, fl gocogkbkfczo
gkfczâmkgo dh mloyfgkjo goc vch kcbfcwhhgvbvlhgk÷c jf kcmoybhgk÷c#
Wk wf wvpocf xvf lh kcnfckfyâh bojfych fw
wkbplfbfczf vch ftzfcwk÷c jf lh gkfcgkh,
gobo gocwkjfyhc fyy÷cfhbfczf hlnvcow,
co wf pfyghzh vco jf vc pvczo kbpoyzhczf{ wf zkfcf vch mhlwh kbhnfc jf lh pyomf"
wk÷c # Lh kcnfckfyâh jf cvfwzyow jâhw wf
fcmyfczh fwfcgkhlbfczf h low bkwbow zkpow
jf pyoilfbhw, pfyo lh
gkfcgkh wf vzklkqh hdoyhfc moybh hbplkh fc lhyfwolvgk÷c jf zhlfw pyo"
ilfbhw#
Wk hchlkqhbow fl h}hcgf
jf lh gk}klkqhgk÷c pojyf"
bow jhycow gvfczh jf
xvf low kcnfckfyow wocfwpfgkhlkwzhw fc yfwolv"
gk÷c jf pyoilfbhw5 wvw
hczfgfjfczfw wf fcgvfc"
zyhc jfwjf fl kckgko jf lh
dkwzoykh { fw fl xvkfc mkchlbfczf jf bhcf"
yh l÷nkgh { gooyjkchjh, dh hwvbkjo lh
yfwpocwhiklkjhj jf hplkghy vc gkfyzo goc" avczo jf flfbfczow gkfczâmkgow oykfczhjow
hl jfwhyyollo { ikfcfwzhy jf lh dvbhckjhj#
Wkfbpyf dhc fwzhjo oykfczhjow dhgkh zhlpyop÷wkzo { hñc lo fwzèc#
Wv bozk}o pykcgkphl fw yfwol}fy fl pyoilf"
bh xvf zfcnh h lh bhco# Wk wf jh fl ghwojf xvf llfnhyf h fcgoczyhywf goc vc pyo"
ilfbh jf bhnckzvj bh{oy h wv gocogk"
bkfczo jf zojhw moybh kczfczhyè yfwol}fylo
dhwzh jhywf gvfczh jf wv lkbkzhgk÷c#
Jf fwzh moybh pojfbow }fy xvf fl kcnf"
ckfyo co wolhbfczf ftkwzf fc lo xvf yfw"
pfgzh h l hplkghgk÷c jf lh gkfcgkh, wkco xvf
ftkwzf phyh lh yfwolvgk÷c jf pyoilfbhw {
fc zhl hggk÷c vzklkqh low gocogkbkfczowgkfczâmkgow jkwpockilfw h lh bhco { fc
ghwo jf co zfcfylow o co ftkwzky low gyfhc#
Fc nfcfyhl, low kcnfckfyow pkfcwhc, jfw"
hyyollhc, gyfhc { lvfno kczfczhc pyoihy wk
wvw jkwføow lonyhc wvpfyhy o poy lo bfcow
knvhlhy wvw ftpfgzhzk}hw { hl bobfczo jf
whlky vch cvf}h zfgcolonâh hplkghilf phyh
zhl jkwføo, wf jh vc cvf}o pyogfwo fc lh
bfczf kcnfckfyh1 “Lh kcco}hgk÷c‒#
Lh Kcnfckfyâh fc lh hgzvhlkjhj
Pènkch 9
Vc Phwo poy lh kcnfckfyâh…
¿Poy xvë fwzh bhnckmkgh
zfgcolonâh gkfczâmkgh# Xvf
hdoyyh zyhihao { cow dhgf
lh }kjh bhw mègkl, co cow
hpoyzh zhc pogh mflkgkjhj
Lh yfwpvfwzh fw fwzè,
wkbplfbfczf1 poyxvf hñc
co dfbow hpyfcjkjo h
vwhylh goc zkco
Hlifyz Fkcwzfkc
L h
K c n f c k f y â h
w v p f y h c
v f w z y h w f t p f g z
h z k } h w # # #
8/7/2019 Articulo Ingieneria
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/articulo-ingieneria 3/3
Fl pfywochl jf hpo{o fc lh
kcnfckfyâh fwzh moybhjo poy
zojhw lhw pfywochw xvf jf
hlnvch v ozyh bhcfyh fwzèc
âczkbhbfczf yflhgkochjhw
goc fl èbikzo jf lh gkfcgkh {
lh zfgcolonâh#
Fwzhw gkfcgkhw zhlfw gobo, lh
zfgcolonâh fc jkmfyfczfw
èbikzow, hlnvcow ghbpvw jfl
fczoyco fgoc÷bkgo, lh hjbk"ckwzyhgk÷c kcjvwzykhl f kcglv"
wo wk dhilhbow jf kcnfckfy"
âhw fc fwpfgkmkgo pojyâhbow
plhczfhy xvf ghjh vch jf lh
kcnfckfyâhw gobplfbfczh h
lh ozyh poy lo bfcow fc hlno#
Wf pojyâh jfgky xvf ckcnvch
kcnfckfyâh fw kcjfpfcjkfczf,
pvfwzo xvf lh gk}klkqhgk÷c fw
vc zojo fc vco, hwâ gobo
zhbikëc lo jfifyâh wfy lh
kcnfckfyâh fc wvw jkmfyfczfw
kcglkchgkocfw jfl gocogk"bkfczo#
Fc gocglvwk÷c wf pojyâh
jfgky xvf fl pfywochl jf hpo"
{o fc fwzh pyomfwk÷c gocwzh
jf zojhw lhw pfywochw xvf jf
hlnvch v ozyh moybh dhgfc
goczhgzo goc hwpfgzow gkfczâ"
mkgow { zfgcol÷nkgow { goc"
zykiv{fc fc hlno h lh kcnf"
ckfyâh gobo pyomfwk÷c wvbh"
bfczf kczfnyhl#
Pfywochl jf hpo{o fc lh Kcnfckfyâh
Ghbpow jf fwpfgkhlkqhgk÷c fc Kcnfckfyâh
• Kcnfckfyâhw Jfl
bhy#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Jf Lh
Zkfyyh#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Jfl
Hkyf [ Fl Fwph"
gko#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Hjbk"
ckwzyhzk}hw { jf
jkwføo#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Jfyk"
}hjhw Jf Lh Mâwk"
gh [ Lh Xvâbkgh#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Jfyk"
}hjhw Jf Lhw
Gkfcgkhw Ikol÷nk"
ghw [ Lh Bfjkgkch#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Jf Lh
Hnykgvlzvyh [ Bf"
jko Hbikfczf#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Poy
Oiafzo Jf Hplkgh"
gk÷c#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Jf Lh
Kcmoybhgk÷c#
• Kcnfckfyâhw Co}f"
jowhw#
H bfjkjh xvf dh phwhjo
fl zkfbpo lh kcnfckfyâh wf
dh goc}fyzkjo $wkc jfahy
jf wfy vch wolh+ fc lhw
kcnfckfyâhw5 jfikjo h xvf
wv {h hbplko èbikzo jf
hggk÷c wf dh }fckjo ft"
phcjkfcjo#
Wfnñc lhw jkmfyfczfw kcglk"
chgkocfw wf pvfjfc fwzh"
ilfgfy gobo1
Pènkch 7
Hyzkgvlo “Vc phwo poy lh kcnfckfyâh‒
“Fl hvzfczkgo pyoilfbh
co fw wk lhw bhxvkchw
pkfcwhc, wk co wk lo dhgfc
low dobiyfw‒
Myfjfykg Ivyydvw