Astronomie des ondes

gravitationnelles :

Détections avec le réseau LIGO-Virgo et

70 observatoires (de la radio au TeV)

Image Credit: LSC/Sonoma State University/Aurore Simonnet

What are Gravitational waves ?

2

3

Multimessenger astronomyHE (>1 TeV) ν

LE ( MeV ) ν

Gamma-rays

X-rays

Optical

Radio

GRB

SGR/AXP

Giant Flare

Pulsar/ pulsar glitches

Supernovaetype II

4

Advanced generation detectors

Michelson interferometerGoal : (Lx-Ly)/Lx = 10-23

High power laser

High qualityoptics – 40 kgSurface RMS ~nm

Fabry-Perotcavities

SuspendedOptics

Attenuation1014 @ 10 Hz

Full system undervacuum ~10-12 atm

5

Feedback loops fromfew Hz to few kHz

200 W

The GW detectors networks

Virgo 3-km

GEO 600mLIGO –Hanford 4-km

LIGO –Livingston 4-km

3-km in 2017-18

4-km in 2020-22

6

Full ITF in 2020

O2 run

7

Ch

rist

mas

bre

ak

Co

mm

issi

on

ing

bre

ak

Earthquake close to Hanford

Detections after January 2017

8@ Leo Singer

August 2017

an interesting summer

9

GW170814 : Virgo first detection

10

7.3 13.7 4.4

GW170814: A Three-Detector Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Coalescence, Abbott et al. , PRL 119, 141101

A new binary black hole

11

GW170814: A Three-Detector Observation of Gravitational Wavesfrom a Binary Black Hole Coalescence, Abbott et al. , PRL 119, 141101

Better sky localisation (compare to LIGO only)

12

Source parameters improvements

13

Error in sky area : factor 20 !Reduced incertitude in distance by 1.5

8h 6h 4h 2h 0h 22h

30°

0°

-30° -30°

DL=0 250 500 750 1000Mpc 10°

1160 deg2

1oo deg2

6o deg2RA = 03h 11mDec = -44° 57m

Rapid localization

HL

HLV

Final localization

570 Mpc+300-230

540 Mpc-210+130

GW170814: A Three-Detector Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Coalescence, Abbott et al. , PRL 119, 141101

Polarization in GR

14

Tensor modes

Only ones expected with GR

Vector modes

Scalar modes

Allowed by other gravitation theories

Favor pure tensor vs pure vector or scalar

Cannot conclude on mixed version

GW170814: A Three-Detector Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Coalescence, Abbott et al. , PRL 119, 141101

Antenna pattern

17th of August

15

Masses

16

MChirp

=(m

1m

2)3/5

(m1+m

2)1/5

=1.188-0.002+0.004M

Known BNS

Allow by EOSs

Largest knownmass for NS

Source parameters

17

Pro

perties

of th

e bin

aryn

eutro

n sta

r merg

erG

W170817, A

bb

ott et al, su

bm

ittedto

PR

X, 2018

GW

1708

17 :

Ob

serv

ati

on

of

gra

vit

ati

on

alw

aves

fro

ma

bin

ary

neu

tro

n s

tar

insp

iral

, PR

L 2

017

Equation of state (EOS)

18

Lµk2

R

m

æ

èç

ö

ø÷

5

Remanent object

19

Properties of the binary neutron star merger GW170817, Abbott et al, submitted to PRX, 2018

QNM ≥ 6kHz

Signal from ms to 10s ks

delay betweenms to 10s of ks

Signal ~ ms

Key role from Virgo in the

localisation

20

« Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger », Abbott et al., ApJ, 2017

17/08/201712:41:04

GW170817

+5h GW : send updatedskymap with the 3

detectors

+10h GW : send updatedskymap with refined

algorithm

GW170817 localization

2 interferometers (HL) AddingVirgo (HLV)

190 deg2, distance 40 Mpc 28 deg2, distance 40 MpcVolume : 380 Mpc3

Less than 100 galaxies couldbe the host of the event !!

What an alert !

21

« Gravitational waves and Gamma-rays from binary neutron star merger: GW170817 and GRB170817A », Abbott et al., ApJ, 2017

Signal from BNS :GW170817

Detection fromFermi/GBM of a short gamma-ray burst(GRB170817A)

First reports fromtemporal coincidences

with GW170817

17/08/201712:41:04

+2 s

GRB alert sent+16 s

Sent alert on GW sideBEGINNING OF THE

MULTI-MESSENGER

CAMPAIGN

+40 min

+1h20min

Report from Integral/SPI-ACSDetected GRB170817A

P(GW-GRB only by chance) < 5 10-

8

Discovery of kilonovaAT2017gfo by SwopeFind host galaxy : NGC4993START CAMPAIGN ON AT2017GFO

22

17/08/201712:41:04

Localisation with GWDistance 40 Mpc

+2 s GRB170817A

+5h

GW170817

+11h

+1.2j First spectra of the kilonova

+9j Discovery of an X-ray counterpart

First radio signal found

with VLA

+16j

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Observation inX increasing

+150j

GRB detection

23

Goldstein, A., et al., “An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi-GBM Detection of GRB 170817A.” 2017, ApJL, Vol. 848, issue 2,

Model for short gamma-ray bursts

24

secondsdays

Common GW-GRB analysisTest for fundamental physics

using time delay and source distance

25

-3 10-15 £vGW - vEM

vEM

£ + 710-16

dtS = -1+g

c3U(r(l ))dl

re

ro

ò

-2.610-7 £gGW -gEM £1.210-6gravitational

potentialDeviation to Einsten-Maxwell

Improve between a factor 2 and 1010

previous constraints

"Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A", ApJL (2017)

Common GW-GRB analysisAstrophysical impact

26"Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A", ApJL in press (2017)

Is this a standard short GRB ?

27

"Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A", ApJL in press (2017)

Possible scenarios

28

"Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A", ApJL in press (2017)Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: detection of a blue kilonova, Evans et al, Science

Could we detect similar events ?

29

Redshift (z)

Cu

mula

tive

Observ

ed

Rate

(yr

)

Known sGRBpopulation 40/year

GR

B17

0817

A

GRB detections (/year):• O3 : 0.1-1.4 • Design : 0.3 – 1.7

BNS detections (/year):• O3 : 1-50• Design : 6-120

"Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A", ApJL in press (2017)

GW rate=1540-1220

+3200 Gpc-3y-1

Kilonova

30

Fer

nan

dez

an

d M

etzg

er,

A..

Rev

. Nu

c. P

art.

Sci

. 201

6, 6

6

Kilonova – spectral observations

31

Date

Blue Red Near infrared

Grawita Spectrum ESO/VLT & Gemini

ePESSTO - Spectrum ESO/VLT & Gemini

Signal

continuous (BB)

absorption Cs,Te

Blue Red Near infrared

TGW+2.5 d

Hubble constant measurement

32

H0 = 70-8

+12kms

-1Mpc

-1

"A standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant with GW170817", Nature in press (2017)

h(t)µMchirp

5/6

Df (cosi)

Main results with GW170817

33

LIGO and Virgo in the next years

34

Observing scenario

35

LIGO

Virgo

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

KAGRA

60-80

Mpc

Early Mid Late Design

60-100

Mpc

O2 O3O1

O3

200

Mpc

130

Mpc

140

Mpc

O2

Futur is bright !

36

Imag

e C

red

it: N

AS

A G

od

dar

d S

pac

e F

igh

t C

ente

r /

CI

Lab

backup

37

The full campaign

(up to now)

38

-100 -50 0 50

GW

g-ray

X-ray

UV

Optical

IR

Radio

10-2

t-tc (s) t-tc (days)10-1 100 101

LIGO, Virgo

Fermi, INTEGRAL, Astrosat, IPN, Insight-HXMT, Swift, AGILE, CALET, H.E.S.S., HAWC, Konus-Wind

Swift, MAXI/GSC, NuSTAR, Chandra, INTEGRAL

Swift, HST

Swope, DECam, DLT40, REM-ROS2, HST, Las Cumbres, SkyMapper, VISTA, MASTER, Magellan, Subaru, Pan-STARRS1, HCT, TZAC, LSGT, T17, Gemini-South, NTT, GROND, SOAR, ESO-VLT, KMTNet, ESO-VST, VIRT, SALT, CHILESCOPE, TOROS, BOOTES-5, Zadko, iTelescope.Net, AAT, Pi of the Sky, AST3-2, ATLAS, Danish Tel, DFN, T80S, EABA

REM-ROS2, VISTA, Gemini-South, 2MASS,Spitzer, NTT, GROND, SOAR, NOT, ESO-VLT, Kanata Telescope, HST

ATCA, VLA, ASKAP, VLBA, GMRT, MWA, LOFAR, LWA, ALMA, OVRO, EVN, e-MERLIN, MeerKAT, Parkes, SRT, Effelsberg

SALT

ESO-NTTSOAR

ESO-VLT

7000o

4000o

t-tc(days)

1.2

1.4

2.4

wavelength (nm)

no

rma

lize

d F

l

400 600 1000 2000

INTEGRAL/SPI-ACS

Fermi/GBM

t-tc (s) -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

counts

/s (arb

. sca

le)

fre

qu

en

cy (

Hz)

500400300

200

100

50

LIGO - Virgo

Chandra

9d

J VLA

16.4d Radio

Las Cumbres

11.57h w

DECam

11.40h iz

MASTER

11.31h W

VISTA

11.24h YJKs X-ray

DLT40

11.08h h

1M2H Swope

10.86h i

«M

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39

Wikipedia

40