Auto Guiding primjena teleskop

Astronomsko društvo “ANONYMUS“, Valpovo

AUTOGUIDING I NJEGOVA PRIMJENA UASTROFOTOGRAFIJI

Denis Vida2. razred

Mentor: Robert Gregić[email protected]

2008./2009., Valpovo

AUTOGUIDING I NJEGOVA PRIMJENA U ASTROFOTOGRAFIJI

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SADRŽAJ

1. UVOD ................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Povod radu .............................................................................................................. 3

1.2 Uzroci problema ...................................................................................................... 4

2. CILJ RADA ............................................................................................. 4

3. MJERENJA I METODE OBRADE ............................................................... 5

3.1 Korištena oprema .................................................................................................... 5

3.2 Prva metoda ispravljanja grešaka - guiding .............................................................. 6

3.3 Druga metoda ispravljanja grešaka - autoguiding..................................................... 7

3.4 Kako postaviti autoguiding? ..................................................................................... 8

1.1 Rad s programom PHD guiding................................................................................. 9

4. REZULTATI .......................................................................................... 10

5. RASPRAVA .......................................................................................... 12

6. ZAKLJUČAK ......................................................................................... 13

7. ŽIVOTOPIS .......................................................................................... 14

8. POPIS LITERATURE .............................................................................. 15

9. PRILOZI ............................................................................................... 16


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1. UVOD

1. 1 Povod radu

Članovi astronomskog društva „ANONYMUS“ već dugi niz godina organizirajupromatranja, kako za članove, tako i za javnost. Godine 2006. društvo je kupilo teleskopCelestron C8 XLT s GO-TO montažom Celestron CG-5GT koja ima mogućnostpraćenja objekta na nebu. Prva promatranja koja su se njime vršila bila su isključivovizualna. Najčešći objekti promatranja bili su planeti sunčevog sustava, maglice, galaksijei zvjezdani skupovi. S vremenom se javila potreba da se iza promatranja ostavi nekakavtrag. Kupio se DSLR fotoaparat Canon 300D za snimanje maglica, galaksija i zvjezdanihskupova, te web kamera Philips TouCam Pro II za snimanje planeta i Mjeseca. Već napočetku zamijetio se problem na slikama. Pri snimanju promatranog objekta dulje od 30-tak sekundi na slikama su se zvijezde pojavljivale kao linije, a promatrani objekt, uvećini slučajeva neka maglica, je djelovala kao da je "razmrljana".


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1. 2 Uzroci problema

Saznao sam da su "razmrljane" slike čest problem kod astrofotografije i uzrokuje ganekoliko faktora:

· loše usjeveravanje teleskopa· neusklađena brzina rotacije motora s pomakom nebeskog svoda· nesavršenost zupčanika u montaži· pomicanje težišta teleskopa pri praćenju objekta na nebu· hodanje ili bilo kakve vibracije na tlu oko teleskopa

2. CILJ RADA

Cilj ovog rada je odrediti i analizirati pogreške montaže koju ćemo koristiti, te toprimijeniti na dobivanje višeminutnih fotografija maglica i zvjezdanih skupova nakojima se ne primjećuju pomaci. Kasnije se sustav koji ću napraviti može koristiti zarazne fotometrije, astrometrije, otkrivanje promjenjivih zvijezda ili svjetlijihasteroida.

Nakon što napravim sustav koji će moći proizvoditi kvalitetne astrofotografije, on ćeostati u društvu i moći će se kontinuirano koristiti. Ako bude potrebe da se napravi jošjedan takav, po mogućnosti napredniji sustav, moći će se to uraditi zbog prethodnogiskustva sa sadašnjim.


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3. MJERENJA I METODE OBRADE

3. 1 Korištena oprema

Teleskop Celestron C8-SGT XLT,Schmidt-Cassegrain,D=203 mm, f/10

Teleskop Skywatcher 80ED PRO OTA,refraktor,D=80mm, f/7.5

Montaža Celestron CG-5GT,GOTO opcija,Tracking

Web kamera Philips Toucam Pro II,USB, rezolucija 640x480,1.25" adapter

Laptop HP 6715b,2 GB RAM,procesor AMD Turion64 X2 TL58,15.4" LCD zaslon

Kabel NexStar RS-232,spajanje laptopa s teleskopom

Fotoaparat Canon 300D,6.3 megapikselaCMOS senzor

http://www.skywatchertelescope.net/swtinc/product.php?id=30&class1=1&class2=102

http://www.anonymus.hr/images/stories/oprema/toucam.jpg


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3. 2 Prva metoda ispravljanja grešaka - guiding

Pomaci na fotografijama se mogu riješiti metodom guidinga. Uz standardnu opremuteleskopa (montaža koja ima mogućnost praćenja, okulari, te sam teleskop) dodajemo jošjedan manji teleskop. Njega se može pričvrstiti na glavni, veći teleskop pomoću tzv.ringova:

Ali ako imamo montažu kao našu, Celestron CG5-GT, može da se staviti paralelno s njimna mjesto utega:

Veći teleskop

Manji teleskop(guider)

Veći teleskop

Manji teleskop(guider)


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Taj manji teleskop (guider) nam služi da kroz njegapromatramo jednu sjajniji zvijezdu i koristećimicro guide okular (okular koji preko vidnog poljaima označenu skalu i označeno središte, te posjedujeosvjetljenje kojem skala i središte postaju jasnovidljivi).

Pomoću takvog okulara gledamo prati li dobromontaža zvijezdu, i ako primijetimo pomak,ispravljamo ga vraćajući montažu na pravomjesto dok zvijezda se postigne željeni položaj.

Ovakva metoda ispravljanja grešaka montaže zna biti vrlo duga i mukotrpna jer čestomoramo pogledavati kroz guider teleskop, te nekada može doći i do neželjenog dodiraili udarca teleskopa zbog uvjeta u kojima se radi. Zbog toga sam se odlučio iskušatidrugačiju metodu.

3. 3 Druga metoda ispravljanja grešaka - autoguiding

Saznao sam da se umjesto oslanjanja na micro guide okular i vlastite oči, može koristitweb kamera, u mom slučaju to je Philips Toucam Pro II, koju smo prije koristili zasnimanje Mjeseca i planeta. Nju se umetne na mjesto micro guide okulara, spoji salaptopom i teleskopom, te uz pomoć programa "PHD guiding" se vrši autoguiding.

Autoguiding je metoda ispravljanja pogreški u praćenju montaže, nakon čijegpostavljanja sustav teleskopa, kamere, računala i montaže, potpomognut odgovarajućimsoftverom, sam obavlja ispravljanje grešaka.

Postavljanje autoguidinga traje duže od postavljanja guidinga micro guiderom, ali kasnijepri samom fotografiranju nebeskih objekata zahtjeva manje vremena.

Pogled kroz micro guide okular


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3. 4 Kako postaviti autoguiding?

1. Montiranje glavnog teleskopa i vršenja aligna montaže2. Montiranje manjeg, guider teleskopa umjesto utega i stavljanje web kamere (PhilipsTouCam Pro II)4. Umjesto okulara glavnog teleskopa umećemo fotoaparat (Canon 300D)5. Postavimo laptop pored teleskopa, spojimo ga na napajanje, spojimo ga s teleskopom(koristeći NexStar RS-232 kabel) i spojimo ga s web kamerom6. Okrenemo montažu prema nekoj svjetlijoj zvijezdi da izoštrimo oba teleskopa7. Okrenemo montažu prema objektu koji ćemo fotografirati8. Pokrenemo program PHD Guiding, napravimo kalibraciju i program automatski počneguiding

Izgled postavljenog sustava


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3. 5 Rad s programom PHD guiding

PHD Guiding je besplatan program koji služi za autoguiding. Njegovo sučelje je vrlojednostavno i intuitivno na što upućuje i njegov nazivPHD = Push Here Dummy.

1. Skinemo program s web adrese http://www.stark-labs.com/phdguiding.html

2. Instaliramo skinuti program

3. Pokrenemo PHD guiding

4. Klikom na sličicu fotoaparata odaberemo Philips TouCamPro II web kameru, nakon odabira kliknemo na "OK"

5. Klikom na sličicu teleskopa otvara se prozor iz kojegbiramo vrstu našeg teleskopa, u našem slučaju je to opcijaASCOM, to je protokol preko kojeg Celestronovi teleskopikomuniciraju s računalom

6. Klikom na sličicu koja izgleda kao mozak, dobivamonapredne opcije u kojima ćemo odabrati "Log info", pri čemuće program bilježiti greške u jednu tekstualnu datoteku

7. Klikom na sličicu strjelice pokrećemo proces koji nam pomaže pri izoštravanju ipokazuje vidno polje kamere, te kada smo gotovi sizoštravanjem kliknemo na jednu od svjetlijih zvijezda

8. Klikom na sličicu na kojoj piše "PHD", programpočinje s kalibracijom i autoguidingom

http://www.stark-labs.com/phdguiding.html


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4. REZULTATI

Nakon 22 minute autoguidinga što ga je PHD guiding odradio, iz tekstualne datoteke sgreškama sam pomoću programa PHD log analyzer pretvorio brojčane podatke u grafove.

Svaka plava točka na grafu predstavlja trenutak u kojem je izvršena ispravka greška i nakojoj je udaljenosti središte bilo od položaja zvijezde.

Vrijednosti na X osi su izražene u rednom broju mjerenja, a vrijednosti na Y osi suizražene u broju piksela koliko je središte bilo udaljeno od položaja zvijezde.

Na ovom grafu su prikazane greške montaže u praćenju visine zvijezde.


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Na ovom grafu su prikazane greške montaže u praćenju azimuta zvijezde.

Koristeći metodu autoguidinga dobio sam i neke vrlo dobre astrofotografije.

M13

M42


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5. RASPRAVA

Na grafovima na kojima su prikazane pogreške montaže u visini i azimutu promatranezvijezde u početku se može zamijetiti da se greške ne ponavljaju periodički kao što je toslučaj u kasnijim ispravcima. Razlog tome je što PHD guideru treba malo više vremenada uspostavi ravnotežu ispravaka kao što je to uspio kasnije.

Također se primjećuje da na grafu koji ispravlja greške visine, greške se češće pojavljujuu pozitivnom smjeru, a na grafu koji ispravlja greške azimuta, greške se češćepojavljuju u negativnom smjeru. Razlog tome je što ravnoteža između glavnog i guiderteleskopa je pomaknuta prema guider teleskopu i greške se teže pojavljivati na stranina koju guider teleskop vuče.

Pri kraju oba grafa se mogu primijetiti točke koje naglo iskaču iz normalnih periodičkihgrešaka. One su uzrokovane dodirom s teleskopom i hodanjem oko njega.

Uspoređujući priloženu sliku iz uvoda i zadnje dvije astrofotografije, može se primijetitida zvijezde više ne izgledaju kao linije, te da je kvaliteta općenito bolja.

U prilozima se nalazi usporedba krivulja ispravaka visine i azimuta zvijezde na istomgrafu.


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6. ZAKLJUČAK

Uporaba autoguidinga je vrlo korisna stvar, a koriste je većina poznatijih astrofotografa.Uspostaviti sustav teleskopa koji koriste autoguiding nije lak posao, ali ga je mogućenapraviti. Uvidio sam da društvo pri astrofotografiji ima velikih problema, pa sam našaorješenje.Između dvije moguće metode ispravljanja grešaka montaže teleskopa (guidinga microguide okularom i autoguidinga) izabrao sam onu koju je teže postaviti i napraviti, alidugotrajnije daje bolje rezultate.Utvrdio sam da montaža čini vrlo velike greške u praćenju zvijezda.Dobio sam i vrlo dobre astrofotografije kakve nisam mogao snimiti prije korištenjaautoguidinga.


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7. ŽIVOTOPIS

Ja sam Denis Vida. Rođen sam 21. rujna 1992. Član sam astronomskog društvaAnonymus tek dvije godine, no astronomija me zanima već dugi niz godina. Uastronomiji me najviše zanima astrofotografija i kozmologija.Pratim sve veće astronomske događaje i redovito ih fotografiram svojom opremom iliopremom društva. Za sada se mogu pohvaliti snimanjem kometa Holmesa, Mjeseca,planeta Venere, maglica M42, M27, M57, galaksija M31, M51, M81, M82, kuglastihskupova M13 i M92, te otvorenog skupa M45.Drugi puta sudjelujem na natjecanju iz astronomije, a ljetos sam pohađao višnjanskuškolu astronomije (VSA) u organizaciji Korada Korlevića, te radio u grupi koja se bavilaautomatizacijom metarskog teleskopa u zvjezdarnici na Tičanu.Član sam Hrvatske Meteorske Mreže i nedavno sam sudjelovao na njihovom Workshopuodržanom u Višnjanu.Ove godine planiram prisustvovati IMC-u 2009. (International Meteor Conference) uorganizaciji IMO-a (International Meteor Organization).


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8. POPIS LITERATURE

Knjige i članci:

(1) Berić; Frlež; Kovačić; Rabuzin; Tadej; Vršnak;. "Astronomija: metodepromatranja i proučavanja", Narodna Tehnika Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1982.(2) Vujnović, Vladis;. "Astronomija", Element, Zagreb, 1997.(3) Ivica Skokić;. "Messier Atlas", Valpovo, 2002.(4) Vujnović, Vladis; "Rječnik astronomije i fizike svemirskog prostora", ŠkolskaKnjiga, Zagreb, 2004.

Internet:

(1) http://www.anonymus.hr (veljača 2009.)(2) http://www.stark-labs.com/phdguiding.html (prosinac 2008.)


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9. PRILOZI

Ovako izgledaju izlazni podaci iz PHD guidinga prije stavljanja u grafove:PHD Guide 1.9.0 -- 12/25/08 22:27:07Guiding begunlock 155.7 293.0, star 155.7 293.0, Min Motion 3.00RA angle -2.88, rate 0.0158 aggr 0.4DEC angle -1.10, rate 0.0054, Dec mode 1, Algo 0Frame,Time,dx,dy,Theta,RADuration,RADistance,DECDuration,DECDistance1,0.500,3.28,1.03,0.3,0.0,-2.75,0.0,-0.002,1.094,2.54,1.11,0.4,0.0,-2.74,0.0,-0.003,1.703,2.52,0.84,0.3,0.0,-2.66,0.0,-0.004,2.297,3.25,0.99,0.3,82.1,-3.25,0.0,-0.005,3.157,1.77,2.09,0.9,0.0,-2.44,0.0,-0.006,3.766,1.37,2.86,1.1,0.0,-2.13,0.0,-0.007,4.375,1.30,2.00,1.0,0.0,-1.84,0.0,-0.008,4.969,0.35,2.44,1.4,0.0,-1.14,0.0,-0.009,5.578,0.74,1.58,1.1,0.0,-1.12,0.0,-0.0010,6.172,1.10,3.18,1.2,0.0,-1.72,0.0,1.0611,6.782,1.63,2.57,1.0,0.0,-2.13,0.0,1.0712,7.391,1.86,2.43,0.9,0.0,-2.36,0.0,1.2013,7.985,1.46,1.49,0.8,0.0,-1.91,0.0,1.2014,8.672,2.63,1.55,0.5,0.0,-2.73,0.0,1.2015,9.344,2.49,2.58,0.8,75.9,-3.00,0.0,1.2016,10.297,0.73,2.18,1.2,0.0,-1.61,0.0,1.3217,10.985,0.95,1.88,1.1,0.0,-1.44,0.0,1.2518,11.672,0.88,2.36,1.2,0.0,-1.45,0.0,1.3219,12.344,0.57,2.66,1.4,0.0,-1.28,0.0,1.3220,13.032,7.20,3.65,0.5,166.2,-6.57,0.0,1.3221,14.172,5.56,3.49,0.6,160.0,-6.33,0.0,1.2522,15.219,2.73,3.22,0.9,102.0,-4.03,0.0,1.2523,16.219,1.44,3.05,1.1,0.0,-2.55,0.0,1.2524,16.907,1.47,2.71,1.1,0.0,-2.20,0.0,1.6225,17.578,1.80,2.63,1.0,0.0,-2.37,0.0,1.6226,18.266,2.43,3.08,0.9,0.0,-2.99,0.0,1.6427,18.938,2.82,3.52,0.9,88.3,-3.49,0.0,1.6428,19.875,9.77,4.58,0.4,232.5,-9.19,0.0,1.6429,21.063,6.28,3.95,0.6,189.7,-7.50,0.0,1.6430,22.078,3.16,3.53,0.8,118.0,-4.66,0.0,1.6431,23.016,2.02,3.43,1.0,80.9,-3.20,0.0,1.6432,23.875,0.69,4.05,1.4,0.0,-2.00,0.0,1.7233,24.485,-0.02,3.97,1.6,0.0,-1.20,0.0,1.7534,25.094,0.93,3.74,1.3,0.0,-1.72,0.0,1.7535,25.688,1.02,3.37,1.3,0.0,-1.82,0.0,1.8636,26.297,8.59,-7.82,-0.7,136.9,-5.41,0.0,1.8637,27.266,10.62,-16.39,-1.0,150.6,-5.96,0.0,1.8638,28.313,9.28,-19.72,-1.1,109.9,-4.35,0.0,1.7239,29.266,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.87,0,040,30.016,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.17,0,041,30.750,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.03,0,042,31.485,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.01,0,043,32.219,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.00,0,044,32.953,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.00,0,045,33.703,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.00,0,046,34.438,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.00,0,047,35.172,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.0,-0.00,0,048,35.907,7.67,-16.36,-1.1,0.0,-2.59,0.0,1.7249,36.516,7.41,-16.20,-1.1,0.0,-2.94,0.0,1.7250,37.125,7.03,-15.63,-1.1,0.0,-2.83,183.7,-10.8751,38.125,8.46,-15.45,-1.1,100.1,-3.96,289.4,-17.1152,39.672,6.73,-14.99,-1.1,0.0,-2.94,289.4,-17.1153,40.828,6.94,-14.29,-1.1,76.9,-3.04,289.4,-17.1154,42.313,5.60,-15.13,-1.2,0.0,-1.85,289.4,-17.1155,43.547,4.87,-13.45,-1.2,0.0,-1.39,289.4,-17.1156,44.766,3.42,-11.85,-1.3,0.0,-0.50,289.4,-17.1157,46.032,3.92,-11.55,-1.2,0.0,-0.77,277.6,-16.4258,47.188,4.06,-11.04,-1.2,0.0,-1.04,270.9,-16.0259,48.360,3.52,-9.94,-1.2,0.0,-0.90,268.5,-15.8860,49.516,3.49,-8.81,-1.2,0.0,-1.08,240.1,-14.2061,50.610,2.88,-8.39,-1.2,0.0,-0.73,204.9,-12.1262,51.657,1.57,-7.17,-1.4,0.0,0.10,204.1,-12.0763,52.766,1.52,-7.43,-1.4,0.0,0.36,197.5,-11.6864,53.875,1.30,-5.05,-1.3,0.0,0.09,176.8,-10.4665,54.953,1.41,-4.75,-1.3,0.0,-0.10,159.6,-9.4466,55.953,0.34,-3.10,-1.5,0.0,0.35,148.6,-8.7967,56.922,0.23,-3.08,-1.5,0.0,0.52,123.6,-7.3168,57.922,-0.51,-2.34,-1.8,0.0,0.98,120.1,-7.1169,58.922,-0.46,-1.32,-1.9,0.0,0.82,86.1,-5.0970,59.766,-0.74,-0.93,-2.2,0.0,0.93,82.4,-4.8771,60.641,-1.93,0.51,2.9,0.0,1.57,0.0,-2.9272,61.235,-0.72,0.38,2.7,0.0,0.80,0.0,-2.8573,61.844,-1.31,0.83,2.6,0.0,1.01,0.0,-1.8574,62.453,-2.14,0.17,3.1,0.0,1.82,0.0,-0.9775,63.047,-2.25,0.15,3.1,0.0,2.08,0.0,-0.4976,63.657,-1.74,0.77,2.7,0.0,1.60,0.0,0.6777,64.266,-1.48,0.76,2.7,0.0,1.31,0.0,1.1278,64.860,-1.59,0.97,2.6,0.0,1.29,0.0,1.1679,65.469,-1.13,0.70,2.6,0.0,0.99,0.0,1.1680,66.063,-1.75,0.61,2.8,0.0,1.42,0.0,1.3381,66.672,-1.47,0.42,2.9,0.0,1.34,0.0,1.3382,67.282,-1.58,1.34,2.4,0.0,1.21,0.0,1.3383,67.875,-2.07,1.51,2.5,0.0,1.54,0.0,1.3484,68.485,-1.99,1.50,2.5,0.0,1.54,0.0,1.3585,69.094,-1.51,1.55,2.3,0.0,1.16,0.0,1.4786,69.688,-1.49,1.31,2.4,0.0,1.12,0.0,1.5987,70.297,-1.52,0.76,2.7,0.0,1.24,0.0,1.5988,70.891,-1.26,1.46,2.3,0.0,0.93,0.0,1.8489,71.500,-0.78,1.86,2.0,0.0,0.41,0.0,1.8890,72.110,-1.11,1.91,2.1,0.0,0.55,0.0,1.9191,72.719,-0.84,1.74,2.0,0.0,0.40,0.0,1.9392,73.328,-1.62,2.02,2.2,0.0,0.92,0.0,2.0193,73.938,-0.93,2.32,2.0,0.0,0.43,0.0,2.0794,74.532,-0.25,2.84,1.7,0.0,-0.30,0.0,2.07

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