Upload
nikos-papadoulopoulos
View
29
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
B Λυκείου ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ_ΣΤΙΣ_ΑΡΧΕΣ_ΑΡΧΕΣ_ΤΗΣ_ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗΣ_ΤΩΝ_ΗΥ
Citation preview
., ., ., ., ., .
&
:
, :
: ,
: , -19 . , -19 , -19 , -19 , -19 , -19
, -19 .
: , . -19 , . -19 , . -19
: /....
5 -
/, - . - :
1 -, .
(2, 3, 4 & 5) , , , - , .
- . - . - .
2015
6 , ,, .
:
:
1 4
2 5
3
-
- -
123
54
7
1. .................................................................................................11
1.1 ; ..................................................11
1.2 ....................................................13
1.3 ...............................................13
2. ................................................................................19
2.1 / .......................................................19
2.2 ..........................................................................19
2.3 ............................................................20
3. ........................................................................................................29
3.1 ...........................................................................29
3.2 ......................................................................32
3.3 ..................................................................................35
3.4 .........................................................................38
3.5 ........................................................................42
4. .............................................................49
4.1 ...........................................49
4.2 ........................................................................................53
4.3 ............................................................................................57
4.4 ......................................................................................66
4.5 .......................................................................76
4.6 ................................................................................................78
5. & ..........................................................................83
5.1 .....................................................83
5.2 ........................................................................................87
5.3 .......................................................................................................90
..............................................................................................................102
on-line .............................................................................................................102
8 ...............................................................................................103
.....................................................................................................105
...............................................................................................106
9
1
10
: -.
; 1. ; ;2.
, , -
/1
1.
1.1 ; . - 1960 (Informatique) (Informatik). :
, .
H - . , (Computer Science). (computer), (computing) .
- .
, , - . :
, , .
11
1
300 .. , 100 .. , 820 .. al-Khwarizmi,
1822 Charles Babbage , -.
1940 John von Neumann , - von Neumann, .
1944 Aiken Mark I. : 1/3 s., : 6 s
1946 Eckert Maughly ENIAC, 18000 -. : 6 ms
1949 Wilkes EDSAC, ( von Neumann)1969 ARPANET 1991 (WWW) CERN
- . , , ; - , . , - .
- . - .
12
/1
(Computer Science)
- (Software and its engineering)
, ,
(Theory of computation)
, -
(Mathematics of computing)
, , - ,
(Hardware) ,
H/Y (Computer organization)
, -
(Networks)
, -
(Infor-mation systems)
, -, ,
(Security and privacy)
, -
(Human-centered computing) -,
(Computing methodologies)
, ,, , -,
(Applied computing)
, , -, , , -, , , , , ,
1-1. -
ACM (Asso-ciation for Computing
Machinery)
1.2 . - . - , .
- , , - . - . - , .
. - , , , - ( ), -.
1.3 - .
(hardware) . - , . , -, , . - , . .
, , , , , , . , .
!
13
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
. - .1. .2. .3. .
. :
1. , _______________ _______________ .2. ___________________ ___________________ .3. _______________ .4. ______________ - .
.
14
/1
1. .
.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
17
2
18
:
. - . - . .
-1.; ;2. 3. ;
- - , - , , , , -, , -- -,
/2
2.
2.1 / . - , ... - , , , , , . - , , , DNA, , , . .
- . . , ( ) - ( ). , .
, .
2.2 , - . . - , :
. , , . - , , -, , .. , . , , . . . - , , .
. -
19
2
.
.
Jackson (1985):
+ =
Goldbach
, .
2-1.
2-2.
. . - , - . . -, , ; - - . , 100 , ;
2.3 .
1. -. - (, , , , ). -. ( )
.
.
, , .. , (3) - : , .
. , . , - . .
- . - 2-3. (
20
/2
) -.
. , , . ,
.
, . , . .
-. Super Market. , . , , ,, .
- . - ( ) ( ). 2-1. 78 1296.
2. -
. (problem solving) . , , -, .
21
2
. 3/22/98 2/25/98 5/20/98
2-3.
x,y 78 x+y= 78 1296 xy= 1296
- - -.
2-4.
22
/2 ,
. , - - . . .
, , . (Top Down), (Bottom Up), (Mixed).
(Top Down problem solving) - . :
(sub-problems).1. -2., . -3., , . 2-2. -
: .
. - : , - . . -
2-5.
, , - .
-. 2.5.
(bottom up problem solving) - . :
.1. , , -2. , -3.. (mixed),
. - , - .
. , , .
3. . - , . , -. , - . , , , - . - . .
23
2
2-6. -
- -
;
-
. - .1. . 2. , , .3. - .4. , .5. . 6. .7. - .8. 3+7=16 .
. .
24
/2
1. - 2 .
2. .
3. aids.
4.
5. .
6.
7. .
8. (Goldbach, - )
9.
10.
. :1. _______________ _______________ .2. , _______________ .3. - _______________, _______________, _______________.
- -1.: . , - . . - 10 . - 3 . - 20 1 . ; . 2. ; : x2+bx+c=0. 3. . 4.. - . ; ;
: . . - . , - . - .
25
2
27
3
:
-. -. . .
-1. ; -2. ; -3. ;
28
/3
(, -, , , ), -, , , , , - , -, , , , , , , , , , ,
29
33.
3.1 - - . , - . ; ; , - , , . , -. .
- . . . , . , . , , .
, ! . : y y2 = x. . 9
3. 49 7. , 2 2371; . ; . . 2, - 1.4142135623730950488016887242097 !!!! ; ; , , , ; ,, , . ! , - . : Newton . y , , . , -.
, ,
. , , , , - . .
-. . . , (.. 2). , - . , - (.. ).
- .
- . - . - , .
. - , , -. , (3) :
, - . , . , , - , , .
-
. - .
-1.. -2.. -3.. 4. , -5.
. :1. _________________.
30
/3
/
= -
= -
= /
2. _________, _____________ ____________.
. 1.
2.
- . - 32 40.
: - . , .
31
3
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
. 1. /
. 2.
. 3.
32
/33.2 O , , . , , - ; . - , , :
: -.: , - . : , - - . : , () .: , . .
- . , . , , , , , , . -, , , -, . . . - . , , .
: ;
: .
: :
: 175 45 , !: . .: , , !
33
3 -
. - .
. 1. .2. .3. .4. -5. , . 6..
. :
. :
1. __________ , - , ___________ .
2. __________________ ___________________ .
. 1. 2 3.14 . ; ;2. , ;3. ( ) .
- -1. . .
: - . - .
34
/3
35
33.3 - - . ; - ; .
, , - . , - .
: ) , , ) , . - - , . , - .
. - 128000 . , , . - . , .
- , - , , . - , -
3-1. -
36
/3. , 10 , 10 . - 128000 - ., n , (n) - . ( ) - .
-. , . , , , , . ! 64000 64000 , . 32000 . , , 17! 128000(log2128000) - 2.
3-2.
- - :(1), (logn), O(n),O(nlogn), O(n2), O(2n)
37
3 n, - (log n) ( log n n) . -, .
-. - , , . -. - -.
:
10 100 1000 10000 100000
O(logn) 3,3 ns 6,6 ns 10 ns 13,3 ns 16,6 ns
O(n) 10 ns 100 ns 1000 ns 10000 ns 100000 ns
O(n^2) 100 ns 10000 ns 0,001 sec 0,1 sec 10 sec
O(n^3) 1000 ns 0,001 sec 1 sec 100 sec 278
O(2^n) 1024 ns 401969368413
3-3. 1 ns
3.4
. , . 5 , . 3-4 (), . , , , , . 3-4 (), - .
, - 8 -. 8 : 3-5 . , , .
(7) , , (3).
, -.
38
/3
3-4. -
1: .
2: .
7: .
3-5.
-, (1000) - ; - ;
39
3 - , .
- . , , , . . .
-. , , , - . , :
. .
. . -. .
, , .
- .
.
1*2** , - -:
= 1 , =1
= -1 * , >1
- - .
3-6.
, = 1*2*3** - . - , 1*2**6 , 6 . : 1*2*3**6, 6 1*2**5. - 1*2*3**5, 5 1*2**4. -, 1*2 . , , , - 1*2, (1*2)*3, ((1*2)*3)*4, ..., ((1*2)*)*6. - .
. , , - .
-
. - .
, 1.. ,2. . 3. . -4..
. :1. ______________ , _________________.2. _______________ _______________, .3. 8 , - _________ , - , ________.
40
/3
41
3 - 1. ((x-y)*(x+y))/((2+x)*y) . ; ; ;
2. . 3 . , - 4 . -. .
: - - . . . .
3.5
-. , -. , , , . , , - .
, - . , - . - .
. -. , , - . , , . . . , :
. , . - , , , - .
42
/3
( )
-
-
3-7.
43
3 .
. - - . , - .
. 3-8, . - . , . , -, .
; ; - - ; ; . , .
, - - . , .
/
. ' ' . 2 3.14. .
*2*3.14
2 3.14. .
^2*3.14
. ,
3-8.
-
. - .
1.. 2. . 3.. 4. . .5. -6. . -7. . -8.. C -9. .
.
1.
2.
44
/3
( )
-
45
3. :
1. ___________ .2. ___________ ___________ - .3. ___________ ___________ - .4. ___________ ___________ ___________ - .5. ___________ ___________ , . 6. ___________ .
- 1. -. 9.5, - . , , .
: -. - .
43
4
48
/4
: . -. - . . .
-1. ; ;2. ;3.
- -
, , , , -, , , , ,
49
44.
4.1
, . , . .
, - :
. . - () (). . .
, - .
- .
. . . .
- . , , . 4 : , , , .
. - (.. 95.6). , (..GE1742) 4G ( -
(, )
. : (+,-,*,$,%)
, . - ( - )
). , . :
, - . , -.
. , , - . ^ . - div mod , . .
o () (). . . , , . , . , .
- , . !
50
/4
. ..
: ,, = : ,
+ > - - .
() 128 1024
95.6 137.20
'GE1742' 'S34-1G'
4G ;
^
>, < , >= ,
- . -.1. 2. , , -.3. - .4 . - .5. .6.
.
.
51
4
1. ...
.
.
2. 23. 24. 5. 6. ""7. _8. 9. *2 10.S$
1.
. . . .
2. 2
3. ^
4. +3
5. >3
6.
7. ''
8. < >
9. DIV
10. A DIV 3
:
(-, , , )
52
/4
4.2
- ., .
-: -, .
- : - , - .
.
.
53
4
_
. - , . . - , , .
.. ,
! . , 9 . :7:00-7:30 . 7:30-7:45 . 7:45-8:00 . 8:00-8:15 . 8:15-8:30 . 8:45-9:00 . . , .
-, .
.. *
.
4-1. - . 1,6/. MB -.
4-2. , - 4-2. , .
, 4-2. , .
54
/4
4-2.
4-1.
4-2.
Download(, ) /1,6
Download
(EUR,USD,GBP,JPY)USD EUR * 1.362GBP EUR * 0.8013JPY EUR * 138.75
_
-. . , , . - , .
..
- . -.
1. - .
2.
3. . 4.
.5. .6. -
.
. - .
. ,1. () 2. () 3. () ()
()4.
. . - . _1
, * +
55
4
A
1. 14 div 5
.
B.
.
.
2. B 6
3. 8.6
4. ( + 3) / 3
5.
6.
7. ''
8. > 4
9. ''
10 18
_1
. 1 52 + 53 4 2*
- -1. . 2. : = 5/9 (-32) -3. , = 23%. -4. % . -5. . . - - 0,2 .
- , - , -
56
/4
1 5
4.3
, , . . - . , . , . , , - : , .
4.3.1.
.
4.3.2. . , - .
57
4
_
( ), . , _. - , _.
4-3.
4-4.
1
2
_
( ), 1. ( ) - 2. , - _.
; . , , ; , , , ; . ; ; , . ; !!!!
- .
4-3. . - - . , , .
4-4. .
() -. 3, .
58
/4
4-4. () , ()
1(x,y,) x < y
y
x_ 1
2(x,y,) x < y
y_ 2
() ()
1(x, ) x < 0
x * -1
x_ 1
4-3 ().
4-3 ().
2(x, ) x x < 0
x * -1_ 2
4.3.3. , - , . - .
4-5. () :/^2. , , . , .
59
4
1 1
_ 2 2
_
_
1. , -1. 2. . , . , . - _..
4-5.
( , ) / ^ 2 < 18.5
_ < 25
_ < 30
_
4-5.
-
< 18,5
18,5 -24,9
25 - 29,9
> 30
- -.
4.3.4. , , , . , . , . - , ... 4-6. , , . , .
. - , 2 * 2 = 4.
, . - . -
60
/4
(,,) =
.
, , . - - . , -.
- . -.
1. , .
2. , .3. ( )
. 4. -
.5. -
.6.
.7.
.8.
(=) ()9. 10. > .11.
.12.
.13.
61
4 2( , , ) =
.
. , , .
1. A+B = 102. < 3. A y5. x , y >= 0 6. A < 2*B KAI B < 227. A < 2*B < 228. < 9. 10. >0 -=82. x-3=8
62
/4
1. _ .
2. .
3. .
( )
( )
5 x mod 2=16 x=y+1
. :1. 80 2. 90 50 3. 4. 1 75. 1 7 3 : _,1, 2
. : > = 18,5
> = 14
> = 10
_
__
1. .2. - ... ... _...._.3. - ... ... _.
. 3 .
1. , - .2. , -.
63
4
. > 0
> 5 1
18
_
>= -5 3
__
1. ) = 1 ) = 0 ) =102. 3. , _.
- 1. . .2. , , - . .3. :
200 (0-200) 0,25 ./ 1000 (201-1200) 0,40 ./ 1200 0,50 ./
64
/4 x,y,z x>=y
Max ___
Max ____ z>_____
Maxz_ Max
x,y,z x>=y x>=z
Max ____ y>=x __________
Max y
Max ____ Max
x,y,z x>=y z >= ___
Max z
Max ___
_____
Max y
Max ___
_ Max
- - .
65
4
4.4
. . , , _ .
4.4.1. .
4-7. ( 18). - 0 20. -, -1. . - . (0). . :
_: (),
: (),
_: ()
66
/4
4-6.
. 10 , . ; . 15 +. 19 +. +. - / 10. . 10 !
_
. . - . - , _.
4.4.2. _ _ .
4-8. , . 25 5. , - . , .
, . (1). _
:
: () : () : 5
67
4 _ 0_ 0 0 -1
> 18 _ _ + 1
_ + _ _ + 1
_ _ 0
_ / _ _, _
_
4-8.
_
_
, . , -. . - . , _.
4-7. -
_
4.4.3. - .
4-9. 1 25 . - -,
68
/4
(, ) 0 1 25
, = 1 + >
__ / 25 ,
( ) 0 0 25_
+ + 1 + 5
_ >= A >
, -
!_
4-9.
4-10.
[_ ]
_
, . . . 4-8.
. - 20.
. 25, - .
- (). .
4-9 -.
4.4.4 . . . - ", - 1 1 25 1 5.
4-10. 1 1 10.
69
4
_
( ) (
)
0
>= _, < 0
0 1 0
4-9.
1 1 10
,*,1,=,*1_ 1
4-11. 1
, Newton - . 4-11. .
x - . 1 2.4
- , . . , , - .
4-12. , ! = 1*2**.
, - = 1. , !
70
/4
(x, , )_ x /10 _
__ ( + x / ) / 21(_ , )
_ < _
4-13.
1 10
1 10 ,*,,=,*
__
4-12. 1 10
-
. -.
-1. . , 2., _ . 3. . 4. . _ -5. , . _ -6. . 5 1 5 .7. 8. . 9..
5 5 .10.
71
4 (, ) =1
1
(-1, ) *
_
(, ) 1 i 1
* i_
4-14. ,() , ()
.
.
72
/4
1.
_
2. _
_
3. _
_
. . . - . .
1. 2.
3.
. = 1
_
. < 0
2.
. 100 5. ) (-) ) (). ( 06. 20). . - . _. 7. . 0 . 8. . 1000. 100 9. .
100 10. 20 , . ( )
350 . -11. . , .
12. ) ) .
: - , - , , ,
75
4
4.5 , , - , - .. . .
, - . - ( ) . - , .
-
, - .
4-13. . - . x y, x y -. . x y y x.
. x=5 y=6. x y, x . , y!
, x . -, - x, y.
-
. - .
1. _ 2. + + / 3 3. ( + + ) / 3 4. -5.
76
/4
77
4
. :
1. + / 2 2. ( + / 23. ( + / 2) 4. ( + ) : 2
- 1. - x, y. (x, y)
x x + yy x - yx x - y
:
4.6 - . (!) , , . , . - .
-
. o
. o
78
/4
. 1.
. 2.
. 3. -,
! x,y,z ! x>=y !
Max x !
Max y ! _ ! z> Max !
Maxz ! _ ! Max
4-15.
. - :
RL 2*3.14*R 3.14*R^2 :, L :,
:
79
4
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
5. ,
6.
7.
8.
81
&
5
&
82
/5
: - -
1. ;2. - ;3. ;4. .
-
, , , , , , , - , ,
5. &
5.1 . . -. , - , : , , , , ,, .. - , , - . 5-1 , .
-. . . - . - . - . , .
(data) .
- - .. , . . - , ,
83
& 5
() ,
-
5-1.
, - (-).
. .
. , 0 1. 0 1 bits (binary digits). , 0 1. - bytes. byte , , . 4 8 bytes. bits - .
- - bits bytes. (datatype) - . - , . .
- . - , -, , . 5-2 - .
, . -, . -,
84
/5
0, 37, -156 , ,, -,
1.67, -0.0345,3.14159
, ,, -,
,
, a, ,@, 8,
5-2.
27 - 00011011, 01000001. 27 2bytes - 0000000000011011.
. , , . ( 5-3, 5-4), - . 0 20. () (), . , - , 1, 2, 3, . , .. 18,7. , .
. (strings) - . -. . ! -, . - - .
85
& 5
0 20 , 1, 2, 3 4 0 20
5-3.
..
..
18 19 18.5 17 17.75
17 16 16.5 18.5 17.5
18 18 18 20 19
5-4.
- A.
B. -
. : ) , ) 1., ) , .
- -1. . - : )
86
/5
i. 1.0
ii. 2.
iii 3.$
iv. 4.
5.-156
6.1.14
7.49
8.
9.-0.0827
10.#
a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.
e.
f.
g. ;
; ) - 12:00 ; 2. : ) , ) , ) - , ) ;
: - -
5.2 - . - . . - .
, , , . .
, - .
: : . : . : . . : .
87
& 5
. - . - . , (2) -.
- () . - , .
- . - , - -.
- A. -.
.1. -2. . 3.. .4. -5..
. :1. _________________ ___________________2. __________________, - ____________________ 3. , (2) : ) _______________________ )___________________________
. 1. : ) , ) , ) () ) ;
88
/5
- 1. : ) - , ) , ) ,) ( ).
: -
89
& 5
90
/55.3 .-, .
, .
. ( ) . 1 , . 1 . , .
24, 24 . : 24, . , - , - (24) . 2-28, . [1] ( 1, 1) , 29. 1 24. [24] . - 2 23 . - 24 24 . , - .
- . , , * . : . , [i, j] i j .
- 24, - . 7 * 24 = 168 24. 168 -
5-5. - , 24 -
. - , , , .
- - .
. 168 -, 7, 7 24. :
7 - (24) .
24 7 . 7[, ]
. 1 7, 1 24.
, 7, -:
(7) (7) , - 1 24 , ...
24. 1 - 1 24.
7[1,1] 1 1 24.
7[, ] 1 7 - 1 24, - 24 .
7 5-6:
5.3.1 - , - , , .
, , 1 . -
91
& 5
5-6. 24 7
[i, j]: i j,1 i M, 1 j N.
[1, j]: 1 j,1 j N.
[i, 1]: i 1,1 j N.
- .
- (.. ), 0. . ( ), .
- , .. min(minimum).
. . , -
92
/5
( , min )min [1] i 2
min < [i] min [i]_
5-3.
() i 1
[i]_
5-1.
( , , ) 0 i 1
+ [i]_ /
5-2.
. , -. .
. . - . , .
, - .
. , -
93
& 5
(, key, ) -1i 1 i =18 + 1_ 0
18 : ,
_
5-4.
. -
. .
. - , . . - , . , . . . . . , .
- , .. . .
, (insertion sort), (selection sort), (bubble sort),
94
/5
(, key, ) 0start 1end N end >= start =0
start + ((end - start) div 2) A[] = key
_ A[] < key start + 1
end - 1
_ _
5-5.
95
& 5 (quicksort), .. . . - : () - . ( -) - . (2 1) (2) , - . . . ( ), - , -. . :
5.3.2 - . - , . - - , , -.
5-2 .
() i 2
j i [j]< [j-1] j > 1
t [j][j] [j-1][j-1] tj j-1
__
5-6.
-
. - .1. .2. .3. - .4. .5. .6. - .7. -.8. -.9. .10. [j, i] -
96
/5 i 1 7
j 1 24 7[i, j]
__ i 1 7
[i] 0_ j 1 24
[j] 0_ i 1 7
j 1 24[i] [i] + 7[i, j][j] [j] + 7[i, j]
__ i 1 7
[i] [i] / 24 , i, , : , [i]
_ j 1 24
[j] [j] /7 , j-1, :00, : , [j]
_
5-2.
97
& 5 j i.
. ( ):
. :
[1]4[2]2*[1][3][1]+[2][4][1]*[2][5][[1]]+1 :
. ::1. .2. .3. [2,5] 5.:4. .5. .6. .
1 2 3 4 5
1. [5] . .
2. K0 i 1
KK+[i]_
.
3. [3,7] . .
4. A[k]
98
/5
. 1. - -
. 7 7 24 -. 24 7 ; .
2. , ; - 7 ;
- 10 1.5 (5, 10, 15,) 100 -2. . 100 3. 50 . :
0 i 1 400
[i]>50 +1
__
4. 5050:
1. [1,1]2. i 2 503. i 1 504. [i,j]>100 5. [i,j]
99
& 56. _7. _8.
. - .
100 5. 8 8 8 . :. -
.. -
..
10 .
super market 30 6.. . - :.
.. 8,50
( / )..
.
: ) -7. , ) -, ) (, ,, , ).
8. . 20 .
: 9. - , . .
10. .
100
/5 , 1011.
smartphones. : ) -
, ) , ) smart-
phones .
: . . . . . - . .
101
& 5
102
H. Abelson, G. J. Sussman, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, 2nd Edition, 1996.1.P. F. Drucker, Landmarks of Tomorrow: A Report on the New "Post-Modern" World, 1959.2.R. Elmasri, S. B. Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Sixth Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2010.3.A. Hodges, : , , 2004.4.H. Lewis, . . , , 20055.M. Sipser, , , 20076.E. Horowitz, S. Sahni, Fundamentals of Data Structures in Pascal, W. H. Freeman; Fourth Edition, 1993.7.B. Kernighan D. Ritchie, C, , 1990.8.D. Knuth, The art of Computer Programming, Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms. Third Edition, Reading, Massa-9.chusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1997.G. Polya, , , 1991.10.P. Rechenberg, , , 1992. 11.. , .., , ..., 2008. 12.. .., , ..., 1999.13.N. , . , . , , . -14.
, 1991.. , Pascal, Art of Text, 1997.15.
on-line
. Armbrust, e.a. (2009). Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing, TR No. UCB/EECS-2009-28,1.[Online]. Available: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.html.D. Evans (August 19, 2011). Introduction to Computing: Explorations in Language, Logic, and Machines, [Online].2.Available: http://www.computingbook.org/FullText.pdf. R. Sedgewick, K. Wayne (2003). An Introduction to Computer Science, [Online]. Available:3.ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/people/ rs/book0/pdf/IntroCS.book.pdf. R. Sedgewick, K. Wayne (2013, Oct. 13). Introduction to Programming in Java, Booksite [Online]. Available:4.http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/home/. R. Sedgewick, K. Wayne (2014, Jun 15). Algorithms, (4th .Edition), Booksite [Online]. Available:5.http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/home/.R. Sedgewick, P. Flajolet. (2013). An Introduction to the Analysis of Algorithms, Booksite [Online]. Available:6.http://aofa.cs.princeton.edu/ home/.R. Toal (2004). Programming Paradigms, [Online]. Available: http://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/paradigms.7.P. Van Roy (2009). Programming Paradigms for Dummies: What Every Programmer Should Know, [Online]. Avail-8.able: http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pvr/VanRoyChapter.pdf. UNESCO. UNESCO World Report: Towards Knowledge Societies, 2005,9.http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001418/141843e.pdf.Wikipedia. Programming paradigm (2014, Jun 19), [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program-10.
ming_paradigm. Wikipedia. Comparison of programming languages (2014, July 06), [Online]. Available:11.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Comparison_of_programming_languages. ., , http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~kassios/courses/fp/notes/0.pdf.12.
103
. .
. , - , .
. , .
. .
. .
. .
. - , .
(data). .
. .
. .
. , .
. , .
. .
. .
. - .
. .
. -. .
. .
. .
. , - ..
. .
. .
. , .
. , .
. .
104
.
. (-) .
. . .
. .
. - . .
. , , .. .
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
. , .
105
1-1. ACM (Association for ComputingMachinery) 12 2-1. 19 2-2. 20 2-4. 21 2-3. 21 2-5. 22 2-6. 23 3-1. 35 3-2. 36 3-3. 1 ns 37 3-5. 38 3-4. 38 3-6. 39 3-7. 42 3-8. 43 4-7. _ 67 4-8. 68 4-9. 69 5-1. 83 5-2. 84 5-3. 85 5-6. 24 7 91
106
4-2. .....................................................54 4-1. ..............................................................54 4-3 (). ...................................58 4-3 (). .............................58 4-4. ......................................................58() , () ............................................................58 4-5. ..59 4-6. .........60 4-7. ...............61 4-8. ...............................................................67 4-9. ..................................68 4-10. .................................................68 4-11. 1..................................69 4-12. 1 10 ......................70 4-13. ..70 4-14. ,..................................................71() , () ......................................................................71
4-15. .....................................................................................................................78 5-2. .......92 5-1. ................................92 5-3. ................................................................92 5-4. .....................................................................93 5-5. ........................................................................94 5-6. ..............................................................95
107