JURUSAN TEKNIK KELAUTANFTK ITSFTK-ITS

Ti M t i lTipeMaterialT f M t i lTypeofMaterials

Dr WahyudiDr. Wahyudiwahyudictr@oe.its.ac.id

JURUSAN TEKNIK KELAUTANJURUSAN TEKNIK KELAUTANFTK-ITS

MengapaMengapa Material?Material?g pg p

Fungsi

Bentuk

MaterialSifat/kemampuan:

fisik, mekanik, Bentukpanas, elektrik,

lingkungan, ekonomi

Proses

Material Material TeknikTeknik

M t i l T k ikMaterial Teknik

K itKeramikL Pl tik Komposit

Termoplastik Termoset Elastomer

Keramik& yg lain

Logam Plastik

Ferrous Nonferrous Oksida Plastik bertulang

Amorf ArkilikNilonABS

EpoksiPolimidaPenolik,

KaretSilikon

Poliuretan

NitridaKarbidaGelas

Keramikgelas

as be u a glogam-matriks

Keramik-matriksLaminasi

dll

BajaBaja stainless

Besi corPeralatan baja

AluminiumTembagaTitanium Tungsten

dll.

PolietilenPVC,dll.

dll.gelasGrafitIntan

MaterialMaterialTeknikTeknik

carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die steels

aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium, superalloys, refractory metals beryllium zirconium low-melting alloys

Metal ferrous

Metalnon-ferrous refractory metals, beryllium, zirconium, low melting alloys,

gold, silver, platinum,

termoplastik (akrilik, nilon, polietilen, ABS,)

non ferrous

( )termoset (epoksi, polimida, fenolik, )elastomer (karet, silikon, poliuretan, )

Plastik

l fit i t C bi B Nit idK ik

reinforced plastics, metal-, komposit matriks keramikKomposit

gelas, grafit, intan, Cubic Boron NitridaKeramik

shape-memory alloys, superconductors, Nanomaterial

PropertiProperti MaterialMaterialpp

Properti mekanik kekuatan, toughness, Properti fisik kekerasan, duktilitas, elastisitas, kelelahan dan rayapan

p densitas, panas jenis, titik didik dan titik cair, ekspansi panas dan konduktivitas kelelahan dan rayapan ekspansi panas dan konduktivitas, sifat elektrik dan magnetik

Properti kimia oksidasi, korosi, if t t h d / i ( d h/tid k d t t b k ) sifat terhadap panas/api (mudah/tidak dapat terbakar), toksisitas,

SpesifikasiSpesifikasi MaterialMaterialpp

K i i Ki i Komposisi Kimia Properti Mekanik kekuatan, kekerasan (di bawah

b b i k di i t t h idit t k )berbagai kondisi: temperatur, humiditas, tekanan) Properti fisik densitas, optik, elektrik, magnetik Lingkungan ramah lingkungan, recycling

LogamLogam ((metalsmetals))gg (( ))

Metal Non ferrous Metal Ferrous Metal Non-ferrous Aluminium dan alloy-nya

T b d ll

Metal Ferrous Besi cor Baja

S ll

Tembaga dan alloy-nya Magnesium dan alloy-nya

Nik l d ll

Baja

Super alloys Berbasis-besi

Nikel dan alloy-nya Titanium dan alloy-nya

Berbasis-nikel Berbasis-kobalt

Seng dan alloy-nya Timbal & perak Refractory metals Precious metals

Properti Umumd A lik i F Alldan Aplikasi Ferrous Alloys

Ferrous alloys Ferrous alloys

Logam yang sangat berguna berdasarkan properti (mekanik fisik dan kimia) n a properti- (mekanik, fisik, dan kimia) -nya

Mengandung besi sebagai logam dasarnya.

KarbonKarbon dandan bajabaja aloyaloyjj yy

B j k b (C b t l )Baja karbon (Carbon steels)Diklasifikasikan kedalam low, medium dan high:1 l b l ild l1. low-carbon steel atau mild steel:

< 0.3%C, bolts, nuts dan sheet plates.2 Medium-carbon steel:2. Medium-carbon steel:

0.3% ~ 0.6%C, permesinan, peralatan otomotif dan pertanian.

3. High-carbon steel:

> 0.60% C, per (springs), peralatan rumah tangga, kabel.

KarbonKarbon dandan bajabaja aloyaloy

CampuranBaja

jj yy

p j Bajayangmengandung jumlah signifikan dari

campuran unsurunsur.p

Karena kekuatannya,baja aloy kualitas strukturdigunakan untuk industri konstruksi.

Bajacampuranyanglaindigunakankarenakekuatannya,kekerasan,ketahananterhadapcreep&fatique,dantoughness.

Dilakukanperlakuanpanasuntukmemperolehpropertiyangdiinginkan.

KarbonKarbon dandan bajabaja aloyaloy

High strength low alloy steels

jj yy

High-strength low-alloy steels Meningkatkanrasiokekuatanberat(strengthto

weight)weight).

Digunakanpadabodiotomotifuntukmenurunkanberat dan pada peralatan pertanian.beratdanpadaperalatanpertanian.

Beberapa contoh:1 B j d l h1. Baja dual-phase2. Baja micro-alloyed3 B j ll d3. Baja nano-alloyed

Baja Baja StainlessStainlessjj

Dicirikandariketahananterhadapkorosi,kekuatanpdanduktilitastinggi,dankandungankromiumtinggi..

Stainlesssebagailapisanfilmdarikromiumoksidamelindungilogamdarikorosi.

Baja Baja StainlessStainless

Lima Lima tipetipe bajabaja stainlessstainlessjj

Lima Lima tipetipe bajabaja stainlessstainless1. Austenitic steels2. Ferritic steels3 M t iti t l3. Martensitic steels4. Precipitation-hardening (PH) steels5. Duplex-structure steels

Typical Selection of Carbon and Alloy Steels for Various ApplicationsSteels for Various Applications

TABLE 5 1TABLE 5.1 Product Steel Product Steel Aircraft forgings,

tubing, fittings 4140, 8740

Differential gears Gears (car and truck)

4023 4027, 4032g, g

Automobile bodies Axles Ball bearings and races Bolts

1010 1040, 4140 52100 1035 4042 4815

( )Landing gear Lock washers Nuts Railroad rails and wheels

,4140, 4340, 8740 1060 3130 1080Bolts

Camshafts Chains (transmission) Coil springs

1035, 4042, 4815 1020, 1040 3135, 3140 4063

Railroad rails and wheels Springs (coil) Springs (leaf) Tubing

10801095, 4063, 6150 1085, 4063, 9260, 6150 1040p g

Connecting rods Crankshafts (forged)

1040, 3141, 4340 1045, 1145, 3135, 3140

gWire Wire (music)

1045, 1055 1085

PropertiProperti mekanismekanis KarbonKarbon &Baja&BajaAloyAloydalamdalam berbagaiberbagai kondisikondisidalamdalam berbagaiberbagai kondisikondisi

TABLE 5.2 Typical Mechanical Properties of Selected Carbon and Alloy Steels in the Hot-Rolled,Normalized, and Annealed ConditionAISI Condition Ultimate

tensilestrength(MPa)

YieldStrength(MPa)

Elongation in50 mm (%)

Reduction ofarea (%)

Hardness(HB)

( )1020

1080

As-rolledNormalizedAnnealedAs-rolled

Normalized

448441393

1010965

346330294586524

3635361211

5967661720

143131111293293

3140

4340

NormalizedAnnealed

NormalizedAnnealed

NormalizedAnnealed

965615891689

1279744

524375599422861472

112419241222

204557503649

293174262197363217

8620Annealed

NormalizedAnnealed

744632536

472385357

222631

495962

217183149

AISI Designation for High-Strength Sheet S lSteel

TABLE 5 3TABLE 5.3Yield Strength Chemical

CompositionDeoxidation

Practicepsi x 10

3 MPa35 240 S = structural alloy F = killed plus sulfide inclusion control354045506070

240275310350415485

S = structural alloy

X = low alloy

W h i

F = killed plus sulfide inclusion control

K = killed7080

100120140

485550690830970

W = weathering

D = dual phaseO = nonkilled

PropertiProperti MekanikMekanik padapadaSuhuSuhu kamarkamar &&AplikasiAplikasi daridari Annealed StainlessAnnealed Stainless SteelsSteelsAplikasiAplikasi daridari AnnealedStainlessAnnealedStainlessSteelsSteels

TA B L E 5.4 Room -T emperature M echanical Properties and T ypical Applications of Selected AnnealedStainless Steels

A ISI(U N S)

U ltimatetensile

strength(M Pa)

Y ieldstrength(M Pa)

Elongationin 50 m m

(% ) C haracteristics and typical applications(U N S) (M Pa) (M Pa) (% ) C haracteristics and typical applications303(S30300)

550620 240260 5350 Screw m achine products, shafts, valves, bolts,bushings, and nuts; aircraft fittings; bolts; nuts;rivets; screws; studs.

304(S30400)

565620 240290 6055 Chem ical and food processing equipment,brewing equipm ent, cryogenic vessels, gutters,(S30400) brewing equipm ent, cryogenic vessels, gutters,downspouts, and flashings.

316(S31600)

550590 210290 6055 H igh corrosion resistance and high creep strength.Chem ical and pulp handling equipm ent,photographic equipm ent, brandy vats, fertilizerparts, ketchup cooking kettles, and yeast tubs.p p g y

410(S41000)

480520 240310 3525 M achine parts, pump shafts, bolts, bushings, coalchutes, cutlery, tackle, hardware, jet engine parts,m ining m achinery, rifle barrels, screws, andvalves.

416 480520 275 3020 Aircraft fittings, bolts, nuts, fire extinguisher(S41600) inserts, rivets, and screws.

Tool and die steelsToolanddiesteels Designed for high strength, impact toughness, and wear

resistance at a range of temperatures.

Basic Types of Tool and Die SteelsBasicTypesofToolandDieSteels

TABLE 5.5Type AISIHigh speed

Hot work

M (molybdenum base)T (tungsten base)H1 to H19 (chromium base)

Cold work

( )H20 to H39 (tungsten base)H40 to H59 (molybdenum base)D (high carbon, high chromium)A (medium alloy, air hardening)

Shock resisting

Mold steels

S i l

O (oil hardening)SP1 to P19 (low carbon)P20 to P39 (others)L (l ll )Special purpose

Water hardening

L (low alloy)F (carbon-tungsten)W

ProcessingandServiceCharacteristicsofC T l d Di St lCommonToolandDieSteels

TABLE 5.6 Processing and Service Characteristics of Common Tool and Die Steels

AISIdesignation

Resistance todecarburization

Resistance tocracking

Approximatehardness(HRC) Machinability Toughness

Resistance tosoftening

Resistance towear

M2 Medium Medium 6065 Medium Low Very high Very highT1 High High 6065 Medium Low Very high Very highT5 Low Medium 6065 Medium Low Highest Very highg y gH11, 12, 13 Medium Highest 3855 Medium to high Very high High MediumA2 Medium Highest 5762 Medium Medium High HighA9 Medium Highest 3556 Medium High High Medium to

highD2 Medium Highest 5461 Low Low High High to very

highD3 Medium High 5461 Low Low High Very highH21 Medium High 3654 Medium High High Medium to

highH26 Medium High 4358 Medium Medium Very high HighP20 High High 2837 Medium to high High Low Low to

mediumP21 High Highest 3040 Medium Medium Medium MediumW1, W2 Highest Medium 5064 Highest High Low Low to

dimedium

Source: Adapted from Tool Steels, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1978.

Aluminium dan aloy aluminiumAluminiumdan aloy aluminium

Properticampuranaluminiump p

1. Rasiokekuatan/beratyangtinggi

2 Tahan terhadap korosi2. Tahan terhadap korosi

3. Konduktivitas panas dan listrik yangtinggi

4. Mudahdibentuk

5. Nonmagnetikg

Magnesium dan magnesium aloiMagnesiumdanmagnesiumaloi

Magnesium(Mg) metal yangpalingringan.g ( g) y g p g g

Aloi digunakandalamaplikasistruktur dan nonstruktur.

Penggunaanaloi magnesiumdalampesawatdankomponenrudal(missile).

Jugabaikdalamperedamgetaran.

Tembaga dan aloy tembagaTembaga dan aloy tembaga

Aloi tembaga mempunyai properti Aloitembagamempunyaipropertimekanikdanelektrik,tahankorosi,k d ktifit d t h d lkonduktifitaspanas,dantahandalampemakaian.

Aplikasi:komponen elektronik ,springdanheat exchangers.heatexchangers.

Brassaloy dari tembaga dan seng

Bronzealoy dari tembaga dan tin

NikelNikel dandan aloyaloy nikelnikelNikelNikel dandan aloyaloy nikelnikel

Nickel (Ni) mempunyai kekuatan toughness dan Nickel(Ni)mempunyaikekuatan,toughness danketahananterhadapkorosi.

Digunakan dalam baja stainless dan aloi berbasis nikelDigunakandalambajastainlessdan aloiberbasisnikel.

Aloidigunakandalamaplikasitemperaturtinggiseperti komponen mesin jet dan roket.sepertikomponenmesinjetdanroket.

SuperalloysSuperalloysSuperalloysSuperalloys

Aloitemperaturtinggidipakaidalammesinjet,p gg p j ,turbingas,gasturbin dan mesinbertenagatinggi.

TitaniumTitanium dandan titaniumtitanium aloyaloyTitaniumTitaniumdandan titaniumtitaniumaloyaloy

Titanium(Ti)sangatmahal,mempunyairasio( ) g , p ykekuatan/beratyangtinggi,dan tahankorosi.

Digunakan sebagai komponen untuk pesawatDigunakansebagaikomponen untukpesawatterbang,mobilbalap,dankapallaut.

MetalMetal rrefractoryefractoryMetalMetal rrefractoryefractory

Refractory metals have a high melting point and Refractory metals have a high melting point and retain their strength at elevated temperatures.A li i l i l d Applications are electronics, nuclear power and chemical industries.

Molybdenum, columbium, tungsten, and tantalum are referred to as refractory metal.

MetalMetal nonferrousnonferrous lainlainMetalMetalnonferrousnonferrouslainlain

1. Beryllium1. Beryllium2. Zirconium3 Low-melting-point metals: 3. Low-melting-point metals:

- Lead- Zinc- Tin

4. Precious metals: - Gold - Silver

Pl i- Platinum

MMetaletal dandan aloyaloy sspesialpesialMMetaletal dandan aloyaloy sspesialpesial

1 Shape-memory alloys (i e eyeglass frame 1. Shape-memory alloys (i.e. eyeglass frame, helical spring)

2 Amorpho s allo s (Metallic Glass)2. Amorphous alloys (Metallic Glass)3. Nanomaterials4. Metal foams

PerlakuanPerlakuan panaspanas MetalMetal

Annealing

PerlakuanPerlakuan panaspanas MetalMetal

Annealing Full annealing Normalising (faster rate of cooling) Normalising (faster rate of cooling) Recovery annealing (longer holding time, slower rate of

cooling,) Stress relieving (lower temperature)

Martensite formation in steel Austenitizing (conversion to austenite)Quenching (control cooling rate Tempering (reduce brittleness)

PerlakuanPerlakuan panaspanas MetalMetalPerlakuanPerlakuan panaspanas MetalMetal

Precipitation hardening Precipitation hardening Solution treatment (-phase conversion) quenching quenching precipitation treatment (aging)

Surface hardening Surface hardening Carburizing NitridingN d g Carbonitriding Chromizing and Boronizingg g

PerlakuanPerlakuan panaspanas bajabajaPerlakuanPerlakuan panaspanas bajabaja

Presipitasi pengerasanPresipitasi pengerasan

S l ti t t tSolution treatment

Quenching

Precipitation treatment

Perlakuanpanasdengantungku/ovenPerlakuanpanasdengantungku/ovenp g gp g g

Fuel fire furnaces gas oil

Electric furnaces batch furnaces box furnaces - door car bottom furnaces track for moving large parts car-bottom furnaces - track for moving large parts bell-type furnaces - cover/bell lifted by gantry crane

continuous furnaces continuous furnaces

Perlakuan panas dengan tungku/ovenPerlakuan panas dengan tungku/ovenPerlakuanpanasdengantungku/ovenPerlakuanpanasdengantungku/oven

Vacuum furnaces Vacuumfurnaces SaltbathfurnacesFl idi d b d f Fluidizedbedfurnaces

beberapapemanasanperlukondisikhusus,sepertiudarayangkayakarbondannitrogen

MetodMetodeperkerasanpermukaaneperkerasanpermukaanp pp p

Flame hardening Flame hardening Induction heating High frequency resistance heating High-frequency resistance heating Electron beam heating

L b h ti Laser beam heating

MetodMetodeperkerasanpermukaaneperkerasanpermukaanp pp p

PemanasanPemanasandenganinduksidenganinduksi

PemanasandenganPemanasandenganfrekuensitinggifrekuensitinggi

Klasifikasi keramikKlasifikasi keramik

K ikKeramik

Keramik KeramikKeramiktradisional

Keramikbaru

Gelas

L Silika: Silik Oksida Karbida: Nitrida: kLempung:kaolin

Silika:Kwarsa,batupasir

AluminaSilikonkarbida

Oksidakeramik:Alumina

Karbida:Silikon

&titaniumkarbida

Nitrida:Silikon &boronnitrida

Produkgelas

Keramikgelas

polikristalin

Kaca jendelaKontainer kacaKaca bolalampuGelas laboratGelas optikGelas fiber

Klasifikasi PolimerKlasifikasiPolimer

Berubahkefasesemuladenganpemanasandanpendinginan kembaliFasesolidpadasuhukamar,danlikuiddengan

Thermoplastics

p , gpeningkatansuhu

Tak kembali ke fase semula dengan pemanasan danThermosets Tak kembali ke fase semula dengan pemanasan danpendinginan kembaliBerubah menjadi fase likuid dengan peningkatansuhu, diikuti dengan irreversible exothermic chemical

Thermosets

reaction. Kemudian tetap dalam fase solid

Karet Elastomer

Termoplastikp

Acetals Acrylics - PMMA Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene - ABS Cellulosics Fluoropolymers - PTFE , Teflon Polyamides (PA) - Nylons, Kevlar Polysters - PET Polyethylene (PE) - HDPE, LDPE Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Termoset

Amino resins Amino resins Epoxies Phenolics Phenolics Polyesters

P l h Polyurethanes Silicones

Elastomer

Karet Alam Karet Alam Karet Sintetis butadiene rubber butadiene rubber butyl rubber chloroprene rubber ethylene-propylene rubber isoprene rubber nitrile rubber nitrile rubber polyurethanes silicones styrene-butadiene rubber thermoplastic elastomers

Klasifikasi Material Kompositas as Ma e a o pos

Masa dasar logamMetal Matrix Composites = MMCMetal Matrix Composites = MMC

Masa dasar keramikC i M t i C it = CMCCeramic Matrix Composites = CMC

Masa dasar plastikPolymer Matrix Composites = PMC

Material Kompositp

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)Campuran keramik dengan logam kekuatan dan kekakuan yang tinggi dari serat.

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)Keramik (aluminum oksida dan silikon karbida) dengan ( ) gserat untuk meningkatkan properti, terutama aplikasi temperatur tinggi.

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)Termoset atau termoplastik dicampur dengan penguatan

b b k serat atau bubuk.

Material Kompositp

1D fibre

Woven fabric

Random fibre

Material Material KompositKompositpp

TaTaksksonomonomii untukpemilihanuntukpemilihanmaterialmaterialmaterialmaterial

Ashby,: Material Selection in Mechanical Design