BACTERIA

BACTERIOLOGY

J. ALEJANDRO BRAMBILA C. . D. ED.

MICROBIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

&

PARASITOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY VIROLOGY Microbiology MICOLOGY PARASITOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY

ENTAMOEBAS PROTOZOA. MALARIE

PARASITOLOGY

HELMINTHES MATAZOARIOS ARTHROPODS

bacteriology

BACTERION MEANS =

ROD = “ CANE “

PHENOTYPIC CLASSIFICATION

MICROSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC BIOTYPING SEROTYPING ANTIBIOGRAM PATTERNS PHAGE TYPING

BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION

GRAM STAIN :(+) POSITIVE (blue)&(-) NEGATIVE (red)

GRAM STAIN

1880 DANES CHRISTIAN GRAM 4 STEPS : 1.- POUR ON CRYSTAL VIOLET 60 “ 2.- WASH OFF WATER & FLOOD IODINE SOL. 60 “ 3.- WASH OFF WATER AND THEN “DECOLORIZE “ WITH 95 % ALCOH. 4.- COUNTER STAIN WITH SAFRANIN 30 “ AND WASH OFF WITH WATER.

WHY ARE GRAM (+) OR (-) ?

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER :

(+) = VERY THICK

(-) = VERY THIN

MAJOR DIFERENCES GRAM (+) & (-)

(+ ) ( - ) PEPTIDOGLYCAN 60-100 % 5-10 %

ENDOTOXIN NO YES (LPS) except Listeria

EXCEPTIONS TO GRAM

1.- MYCOBACTERIUM : ACID –FAST

2.- SPIROCHETES : DARK FIELD

3.- MYCOPLASMA : NO CELL WALL

BACTERIAL CLASS.

BY THE SHAPE :

COCCI , BACILLI,

CURVED , SPIRAL

BACTERIAL CLASS.

AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

AEROBIC GRAM (+) COCCI

CATALASE (+) : STAPHYLOCOCCUS

CATALASE (-) : STREPTOCOCCUS

AEROBIC GRAM (+) BACILLI CORYNEBACTERIUM

NOCARDIA

MYCOBACTERIUM

LISTERIA

AEROBIC GRAM (-)

NEISSERIA SALMONELLA ESCHERICHIA VIBRIO HELICOBACTER BRUCELLA

ANAEROBIC GRAM (+)

PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS

CLOSTRIDIUM

LACTOBACILLUS

ANAEROBIC GRAM (-)

VEILLONELLA

BACTEROIDES

MISCELLANEOUS BACTERIA

MYCOPLASMA

TREPONEMA

CHLAMYDIA

RICKETTSIA

BACTERIAL STRUCTURE

EUKARYOTES = GREEK FOR “ TRUE NUCLEUS” : CELLS FROM ANIMALS , PLANTS AND FUNGI.

PROKARYOTES = GREEK FOR “ PRIMITIVE NUCLEUS” : BACTERIA

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS

CHARACT. EUKARYO. PROKARIO. Major groups alga, fungi, bacteria plants,animals Size > 5 micro 0.5–3 micro Nuclear struct. nucleus classic membr. No nuclear membrane

Major charact.

chromosomes strands DNA single DNA diploid genome haploid Cytop. Structures. Mitochondria present absent Golgi bodies present absent Endoplasmic retic. present absent Ribosomes 80S 70 S

Major character. Cytoplasmic memb. Sterols no sterols

Cell wall absent (chitin) protein. li- pids &

pepti- doglycans Reproduction sexual & asexual (bina- asexual ry fission) Respiration via mitochondria via cytop. memb.

BACT. METAB.

H2S OR

H2

SUN-LIGTH

INORGA-NIC

CO2PHOTO-SINTHE-TIC

BACTE-RIAL

--------

OXID. OF INORG.

COMPO-UNDS

INORGA-NIC

CO2

AUTOTR-OPHIC

O2 REQUIREMENTS

MOST BACTERIA

I.E., ENTERO-BACTERIA-CEAE

WILL RESPIRE

AEOROBIC AND ANAERO-BIC

FACULTATIVE

ANAEROBES

CAMPYLOBAC-TER

HELICOBAC-TER.

LOW O2MICROAERO-PHILIC

O2 REQ.

BACTEROIDES

CLOSTRIDIUM

ACTINOMYCE

1.- NO SUPEROXIDA-SE

2.- NO CATALASE

OBLIGATE

ANAEROBES

ACTINOMY-CES

WHICH TOLERATE

O2

AEROTOLE-RANT

ANAEROBES

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

--------

OAXIDATION OF

ORGAN. COMPO-UNDS

ORGA-NIC OR INORGA-NIC

ORGA-NIC

HETE-ROTROPHIC

HYDRO-

GEN

SOUR-CE.

ENER-GY

SOUR-CE

NITRO-GEN

SOUR-CE

CARB-ON

SOUR-CE

PHYSIO.

TYPE

O2 REQUIREMENTS

MYCOBAC-TERIUM

PSEUDOMO-NAS

REQUIRE O2

NO FERMENTATI-VE PATHWAYS

PRODUCE SUPEROXIDE

DISMUTASE

OBLIGATE

AEROBES

KEY

CHARATERIS-TICS

CLASSIFICA-TION

Bacterial metabolism

pH :

Neutrophil 6 – 8

Acidophil 3

Alkalophil 10.5

Bact. Metab. Temperature :

Psicrophil : 15 – 20

Mesophil : 30 – 37

Termophil : 50 – 60

Bact. Metab.

Osmotic presion : osmophil ( hight )

Saline concentration : halophil ( hight )

Cell structures

1.- flagella 2.- pili (fimbriae) 3.- capsules 4.- slime layer 4-.- spores ( some gram + )

Bact. Struct.

Flagella types :

Peritrics Monotrics lophotrics amphitrics

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

PERIODS OR STAGES: 1.- INCUBATION 2.- PRECLINICAL (PRODROME ) 3.- INVASION (DEVELOPMENT COMPLETE) 4.- ACME (MAXIM POINT) 5.- DECLINE : RECOVERY OR CONVALESCENCE

Facultative intra cellular organisms

1.- listeria 2.- salmonella 3.- yersinia 4.- francisella 5.- brucella 6.- legionella 7.- mycobacterium

BACTERIAL PORT OF ENTRY

1.- INGESTION : SALMONELLA , SHIGELLA, BRUCELLA. 2.- INHALATION : MYCOBACTERIUM, STREPTOCOCCUS. 3.- TRAUMA : CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

ENTRY

4.- NEEDSTICK : STAPHYLOCOCCUS, PSEUDOMONAS. 5.- ARTHROPOD BITE : RICKETTSIAS, BORRELIA. 6.- SEXUAL TRANSMISION : N. GONORRHOEAE CHLAMYDIA, TREPONEMA .

PATHOGENIC ACTIONS

1.- TISSUE DESTRUCTION : ENZIMES. 2.- TOXIN PREFORMED : SYMPTOMS OCUR MUCH SOONER. 3.- ENDOTOXIN : DIC 4.- EXOTOXIN : TETANUS 5.- SUPERANTIGEN : TSST (S. aureus) ERITHROGENIC ( Scarlet fever )

PATHOGENIC INFECTION 1.- NORMAL FLORA (COLONIZED )

2.- VIRULENT BACTERIA ( INFLAMATORY RESPONSES)

3,.- OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA (IMMUNODEFICIENCY)

DETERMINANT FACTORS

A.- BACTERIAL STRAIN

B.- INOCULUM SIZE : SHIGELLA : 200 VIBRIO or CAMPYLOBACTER 100 000 000

PATHOGENIC INFECTION

PATH. VIRULENCE MECHANIMS : 1.- ADHERENCE 2.- INVASION 3.- TOXIN . 4.- ENDOTOXIN 5.- INDUCTION OF INFLAMATION 6.- EVASION OF PHAGOCITIC CAPSULE 7.- RESISTENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS

PATHOGENIC INF.

ENDOTOXIN : 1.- FEVER 2.- LEUKOPENIA FOLLOWED OF LEUKOCYTOSIS 3.- ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT 4.- THROMBOCYTOPENIA 5.- DIC . 6.- SHOCK . 7.- DEATH.

PATHOGENIC INF,

1.- STRICT PATHOGENS : T.B. , GONORRHEA , MALARIA , RABIES.

2.- OPPORTUNISTIC : STAPHYLOCOCCUS, ESCHERICHIA , CANDIDA