Bài 12 Dữ Liệu Kiểu Cấu Trúc C

Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Cng ngh thng tin B mn Cng ngh phn mm

1

ThS. ng Bnh Phng [email protected]

NHP MN LP TRNH

D LIU KIU CU TRC

VC &

BB

2 2

Ni dung

D liu kiu cu trc

Khi nim kiu cu trc (struct) 1

Khai bo & truy xut kiu cu trc 2

Kiu d liu hp nht (union) 3

Bi tp 4

VC &

BB

3 3

t vn

Thng tin 1 SV

MSSV: kiu chui

Tn SV: kiu chui

NTNS: kiu chui

Phi: kiu k t

im Ton, L, Ha: kiu s thc

Yu cu

Lu thng tin n SV?

Truyn thng tin n SV vo hm?

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

4 4

t vn

Khai bo cc bin lu tr 1 SV

char szMSSV[8]; // 0312078

char szHoten[30]; // H. P. Trang

char szNTNS[9]; // 17/06/85

char cGioiTinh; // y

float fToan, fLy, fHoa; // 8.5 9.0 10.0

Truyn thng tin 1 SV cho hm

void xuat(char* szMSSV, char* szHoten, char* szNTNS, char cGioiTinh, float fToan, float fLy, float fHoa);

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

5 5

t vn

Nhn xt

t tn bin kh khn v kh qun l

Truyn tham s cho hm qu nhiu

Tm kim, sp xp, sao chp, kh khn

Tn nhiu b nh

tng

Gom nhng thng tin ca cng 1 SV thnh mt kiu d liu mi => Kiu struct

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

6 6

Khai bo kiu cu trc

C php

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

struct { ; ; };

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX; int m_nY; };

VC &

BB

7 7

Khai bo bin cu trc

C php tng minh

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

struct { ; ; } , ;

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX; int m_nY; } diem2D1, diem2D2;

VC &

BB

8 8

Khai bo bin cu trc

C php khng tng minh

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

struct { ; ; }; struct ;

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX; int m_nY; }; struct SDiem2D diem2D1, diem2D2; // Trong C chun

VC &

BB

9 9

S dng typedef

C php

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

typedef struct { ; ; } ; ;

typedef struct { int m_nX; int m_nY; } SDiem2D; struct SDiem2D diem2D1, diem2D2;

VC &

BB

10 10

Khi to cho bin cu trc

C php tng minh

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

struct { ; ; } = {,,};

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX; int m_nY; } diem2D1 = {2912, 1706}, diem2D2;

VC &

BB

11 11

Truy xut d liu kiu cu trc

c im

Khng th truy xut trc tip

Thng qua ton t thnh phn cu trc . hay cn gi l ton t chm (dot operation)

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

.

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX; int m_nY; } diem2D1; printf(x = %d, y = %d, diem2D1.m_nX, diem2D1.m_nY);

VC &

BB

12 12

Gn d liu kiu cu trc

C 2 cch

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

= ; . = ;

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX, m_nY; } diem2D1 = {2912, 1706}, diem2D2; diem2D2 = diem2D1; diem2D2.m_nX = diem2D1.m_nX; diem2D2.m_nY = diem2D1.m_nY * 2;

VC &

BB

13 13

Cu trc phc tp

Thnh phn ca cu trc l cu trc khc

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX; int m_nY; }; struct SHinhChuNhat { struct SDiem2D m_diem2DTraiTren; struct SDiem2D m_diem2DPhaiDuoi; } hinhChuNhat1; hinhChuNhat1.m_diem2DTraiTren.m_nX = 2912; hinhChuNhat1.m_diem2DPhaiDuoi.m_nY = 1706;

VC &

BB

14 14

Cu trc phc tp

Thnh phn ca cu trc l mng

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SSinhVien { char m_szHoten[30]; float m_fToan, m_fLy, m_fHoa; } sinhVien1; strcpy(sinhVien1.m_szHoten, Nguyen Van A); sinhVien1.m_fToan = 10; sinhVien1.m_fLy = 6.5; sinhVien1.m_fHoa = 9;

VC &

BB

15 15

Cu trc phc tp

Cu trc quy (t tr)

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SNguoi { char m_szHoten[30]; struct SNguoi *m_pNguoiCha, *m_pNguoiMe; }; struct SNut { int m_nKhoa; struct SNut *m_pNut; };

VC &

BB

16 16

Cu trc phc tp

Thnh phn ca cu trc c kch thc theo bit

D liu kiu cu trc

struct bit_fields { int bit_0 : 1; int bit_1_to_4 : 4; int bit_5 : 1; int bit_6_to_15 : 10; };

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

VC &

BB

17 17

Kch thc ca struct

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SA { int m_nA; double m_nB; }; sizeof(A) = ???

struct SB1 { int m_nA; int m_nB; double m_dC; }; sizeof(SB1) = ???

struct SB2 { int m_nA; double m_dC; int m_nB; }; sizeof(SB2) = ???

VC &

BB

18 18

Ch th #pragma pack

Ch th #pragma pack (n)

n = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 (byte)

Bin ln nht ca cc thnh phn trong struct

BC n mc nh l 1

VC++ n mc nh l 8

Project settings Compile Option C/C++ Code Generation Structure Alignment

Canh bin cho 1 cu trc

D liu kiu cu trc

#pragma pack(push, 1) struct MYSTRUCT { }; #pragma pack(pop)

VC &

BB

19 19

#pragma pack

V d: khng c #pragma pack (1)

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SA { double a; int b; int c; }; struct SB { int b; double a; int c; }; struct SC { int b; int c; double a; };

a a a a a a a a

b b b b c c c c

b b b b m 4B

a a a a a a a a

c c c c m 4B

b b b b c c c c

a a a a a a a a

VC &

BB

20 20

Cc lu v cu trc

Lu

Kiu cu trc c nh ngha lm khun dng cn bin cu trc c khai bo s dng khun dng nh ngha.

Trong C++, c th b t kha struct khi khai bo bin (hoc s dng typedef)

Khi nhp cc bin kiu s thc trong cu trc phi nhp thng qua mt bin trung gian.

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SDiem2D { float m_nX, m_nY; } diem2D1; float fTam; scanf(%f, &fTam); diem2D1.m_nX = fTam;

VC &

BB

21 21

Mng cu trc

Mng cu trc

Tng t nh mng vi kiu d liu c s (char, int, float, )

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX; int m_nY; }; SDiem2D arr1[20]; SDiem2D arr2[10] = {{3, 2}, {4, 4}, {2, 7}};

VC &

BB

22 22

Truyn cu trc cho hm

Truyn cu trc cho hm

Ging nh truyn kiu d liu c s

Tham tr (khng thay i sau khi kt thc hm)

Tham chiu

Con tr

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SDiem2D { int m_nX, m_nY; }; void xuat1(int x, int y) { }; void xuat2(SDiem2D diem2D) { }; void xuat3(SDiem2D &diem2D) { }; void xuat4(SDiem2D *diem2D) { };

VC &

BB

23 23

Hp nht union

Khi nim

c khai bo v s dng nh cu trc

Cc thnh phn ca union c chung a ch u (nm chng ln nhau trong b nh)

Khai bo

D liu kiu cu trc

union { ; ; };

VC &

BB

24 24

0 1 2 3 4

So snh struct v union

V d

D liu kiu cu trc

struct SMyStruct { char c; int n; } s; s.c = 1; s.n = 2;

union UMyUnion { char c; int n; } u; u.c = 1; u.n = 2;

01 02 00 00 00

c n

c

n

0 1 2 3

01 02 00 00 00

VC &

BB

25 25

V d

struct trong union

D liu kiu cu trc

union date_tag { char full_date[9]; struct { char month[2]; char break_value1; char day[2]; char break_value2; char year[2]; } part_date_tag; } date = {29/12/82};

VC &

BB

26 26

V d

union trong struct

D liu kiu cu trc

struct generic_tag { char type; union { char c; int i; float f; } share_tag; };

VC &

BB

27 27

Bi tp

Phn s

Khai bo kiu d liu phn s (SPhanSo)

Nhp/Xut phn s

Rt gn phn s

Tnh tng, hiu, tch, thng hai phn s

Kim tra phn s ti gin

Quy ng hai phn s

Kim tra phn s m hay dng

So snh hai phn s

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

28 28

Bi tp

n thc

Khai bo kiu d liu n thc (SDonThuc)

Nhp/Xut n thc

Tnh tch, thng hai n thc

Tnh o hm cp 1 ca n thc

Tnh o hm cp k ca n thc

Tnh gi tr n thc ti x = x0

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

29 29

Bi tp

a thc

Khai bo kiu d liu a thc (SDaThuc)

Nhp/Xut a thc

Tnh tng, hiu, tch hai a thc

Tnh o hm cp 1 ca a thc

Tnh o hm cp k ca a thc

Tnh gi tr n thc ti x = x0

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

30 30

Bi tp

im trong mt phng Oxy

Khai bo kiu d liu im (SDiem)

Nhp/Xut ta im

Tnh khong cch gia hai im

Tm im i xng qua gc to /trc Ox/Oy

Kim tra im thuc phn t no?

Tam gic

Khai bo kiu d lu tam gic (STamGiac)

Nhp/Xut tam gic

Tnh chu vi, din tch tam gic D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

31 31

Bi tp

Ngy

Khai bo kiu d liu ngy (SNgay)

Nhp/Xut ngy (ngy, thng, nm)

Kim tra nm nhun

Tnh s th t ngy trong nm

Tnh s th t ngy k t ngy 1/1/1

Tm ngy trc , sau k ngy

Tnh khong cch gia hai ngy

So snh hai ngy

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

32 32

Bi tp

Mng phn s

Nhp/Xut n phn s

Rt gn mi phn s

m s lng phn s m/dng trong mng

Tm phn s dng u tin trong mng

Tm phn s nh nht/ln nht trong mng

Sp xp mng tng dn/gim dn

D liu kiu cu trc

VC &

BB

33 33

Bi tp

Mng im

Nhp/Xut n im

m s lng im c honh dng

m s lng im khng trng vi cc im khc trong mng

Tm im c honh ln nht/nh nht

Tm im gn gc ta nht

D liu kiu cu trc

Documents

Bài 12 Dữ Liệu Kiểu Cấu Trúc C