Cu trc chnh ca mt BCL1. Yu cu thit k:Thit k BCL hp v sinh khc vi cc loi thit k khc, tuy nhin n cng yu cu nhng bn v chi tit v nhng k thut nhm hng dn r cho ngi vn hnh BCL. Cc ti liu ban u cn thit cho cng vic thit k bao gm: Cc ti liu quy hoch ca th; Cc iu kin dn s, iu kin kinh t - x hi, hin trng v nh hng pht trin trong tng lai; Cc ti liu v a hnh, a cht cng trnh, thy vn, iu kin kh hu ca khu vc; Cc ti liu khc c lin quan.2. Cc yu cu i vi thit k mt bng BCL: Tng din tch s dng hu ch phi ln; Chi ph cho xy dng, vn hnh v u t ban u cng thp cng tt; Cc thao tc xy dng v vn hnh phi thun li, d dng v tn ch cng sc; m bo v sinh mi trng, trnh c ti a nh hng ca kh thi t BCL v kh thi t h thng x l nc thi ti khu vc iu hnh, bo v, ngh ngi v cc khu dn c ln cn; c bit cn xem xt trnh tc ong ca kh thi do cc hng gi ch o; D theo di, qun l trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh.3. Cc cng trnh xy dng c bn trong BCL: Tt c cc cng trnh xy dng phi t trong phm vi BCL. Ty theo quy m bi v a hnh xy dng m BCL c tt c hay cho php gim mt s cng trnh.Bng 2.3: Quy nh cc cng trnh bt buc hoc khng bt buc i vi cc BCLSttCng trnhng bngTrung du

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Ngun: Thng t 01 ca B Khoa hc Cng Ngh Mi Trng B Xy dng chn lpCc chn lp bao gm mt s dng nh sau:a. Cc chn lp CTR thng thng Cc chn lp l ni cha v chn cht thi. i vi cc ln v rt ln c th chia thnh cc chn lp thng thng v mt s chn lp cht thi nguy hi khi c php ca C quan Qun l Nh nc v mi trng (CQQLNNMT). Trong mi BCL thit k s chn lp phi ph hp vi cng sut ca BCL v cc iu kin thc t ca tng a png.

Hnh 2.1: Cu to chn lp

Kch thc cc chn lp thit k sao cho mi vn hnh khng qu 3 nm phi ng ca v chuyn sang chn lp mi.Cc nn c ngn cch vi nhau bi cc con v trng cy xanh hn ch nhim v to cnh quan mi trng.Nn v vch ca chn lp phi c h s thm nh v c kh nng chu ti ln, c th l nn v vch t nhin hoc nhn to. Nn v vch t nhin y chn lp phi m bo c cc lp t v h s thm ca lp t 1 x 10-7cm/s v b dy trn 1m. Nu lp t st t nhin c h s thm nc > 1 x 10-7cm/s v b dy khng nh hn 60cm, nn v vch ca cc trong BCL cn phi lt y bng lp mng tng hp chng thm c chiu di t nht 1,5mm. nh ca vch ngn ti thiu phi t bng mt t v y ca n phi xuyn vo lp st y bi, t nht l 60cm.y chn lp phi c sc chu ti > 1kg/cm2 thun tin cho vic thi cng c gii. dc y khng nh hn 2%. Ti cc im gn rnh thu nc rc th dc khng nh hn 5%.y cc chn lp phi c h thng thu gom nc rc.b. chn lp cht thi dng bn:Yu cu tng t nh cc chn lp cht thi thng thng. Tuy nhin chn lp cht thi dng bn cn btng ha v lng ximng k hoc cu to cc lp lt y kp v thm mt lp mng tng hp chng thm HDPE ( hoc cc vt liu c tnh cht v cht lng tng ng) dy t nht 1,5 mm hon ton khng thm v thun tin cho vic thi cng c gii. Khong cch gia cc rnh v cc h thu nc rc phi m bo sao cho thu hi hiu qu nc trong rc. Bn trc khi vo cc lp cn phi c phi kh v nn p.c. chn lp cht thi nguy hi:Vic chn lp cht thi nguy hi phi c CQQLNNMT c thm quyn cho php. Cu trc chn lp cht thi nguy hi phi m bo tuyt i khng cho nc r thm r ra ngoi v cu trc to kp nh chn lp bn.d. Chng thm cho cc chn lp:Mc ch ca vic chng thm cho cc chn lp cht thi l ngn cn s nhim t v nc ngm do nc r rc sinh ra t cc chn lp. Cu to ca lp chng thm chn lp c trnh by hnh sau:

Hnh: Cu toH thng thu gom nc r r c s dng l h thng gm nhiu ng thu gom nc r r rc y BCL, c biu din theo hnh sau:

Hnh: H thng thu gom nc r

Din tch y c chia thnh mt dy cc hnh ch nht bng cc ng chn t st t ti cc khong cch thch hp. khong cch ca cc ng chn t st tng ng vi chiu rng ca mt t bo chn lp. Cc ng thu gom nc r r th c t theo chiu dc mt cch trc tip trn lp mng a cht ca tng chng thm y chn lp. C 100mm ng thu gom nc r r s c khoan l thot nc, cc l khoan c khoan trn na chu vi pha trn ca cc ng thu gom, khong cch gia cc l khoan l 6mm v kch thc ca l khoan l 0,0000254mm ph hp vi kch thc ht ct nh nht lp ct 30cm phc v cho vic lc nc r rc trc khi n c thu gom x l. tng hiu qu thot nc, y c lm nghing 2%. Cc ng thu gom nc r r t cch nhau 6m, ng knh ng thu gom nc r r l 20mm. S dng h thng nhiu ng thu gom nc r r s m bo loi b nhanh nc r rc t y ca BCLCc cng trnh khc1. H thng thu gom v x l nc r r, nc thi ca BCL: H thng thu gom nc r r, nc thi bao gm: cc rnh, ng dn vo h thu nc rc v nc thi c b tr hp l m bo thu gom ton b nc r r, nc thi v trm x l. H thng thu gom ny bao gm: Tng thu gom nc r r c t y v thnh chn lp, nm trn tng chng thm ca y chn lp hoc trn mng tng hp chng thm ty theo tng trng hp.Tng thu nc r r phi c chiu dy t nht 50cm vi cc c tnh nh sau: C t nht 50% khi lng ht c kch thc 0,075mm; C h s thm ti thiu bng 1 x 10-2cm/s Mng li ng thu gom nc r r c t bn trong tng thu gom nc r r ph ln ton b y chn lp. Mng li ng ng thu gom nc rc ny phi p ng cc yu cu sau: C thnh bn trong nhn c c ng knh ti thiu 150mm C dc ti thiu 1% Lp lc bao quanh ng ng thu gom nc rc, nc thi bao gm: mt lp t c ht t nht 5% khi lng l ht c ng knh 0,075mm hoc mt mng lc tng hp c hiu qu lc tng ng ngn cn s di chuyn cc ht qu mn xung h thng thu gom sao cho nc rc t chy xung h thng thu gom. H thng thu gom nc r r, nc thi phi c thit k v lp t sao hn ch ti mc thp nht kh nng tch t ca nc r r y chn lp. Vt liu c la chn xy dng h thng thu gom nc r r, nc thi phi m bo bn c v tnh cht ha hc v c hc trong sut thi gian vn hnh v s dng BCL. H thng thu gom v x l nc r r, nc thi u phi x l chng thm y v bn thnh m bo khng cho nc r r v nc thi thm vo nc ngm v nc mt.2. Thu gom v x l kh thi m bo an ton v sinh mi trng, tt c cc BCL phi c h thng thu hi v x l kh gas. Ty theo lng kh sn sinh, kh gas c th s dng vo mc ch sinh hot hoc tiu hy bng phng php t, thu hi nng lngkhng kh thot t nhin ra mi trng xung quanh.Thu hi kh gas thng bng h thng thot kh b ng (i vi BCL loi nh) hoc h thng thu kh gas ch ng bng cc ging khoang thng ng (i vi BCL va v ln).V tr cc ging khoan nn t nh cc cht thi. su l khoan ti thiu phi khoan su vo lp cht thi (di lp ph BCL) 1 1,5m. khong cch cc l khoan thu kh thng t 50 70m v b tr theo hnh tam gic u. Xung quanh l khoan thu hi kh gas phi c ln k bng st v ximng. Xung quanh khu vc thu gom v x l kh thi phi c ro chn hoc bin bo.3. H thng thot nc mt v nc ma 1. H thng thot nc mt Loi b hay gim thiu nc mt xm nhp vo BCL l mt yu cu c bn trong thit k BCL hp v sinh, bi v nc mt l nguyn nhn chnh sinh ra nc r rc. Do , nc ma v cc ngun nc mt khc t cc vng xung quanh khng c php vo BCL cng nh khng c php tch tr trn b mt BCL. Ti nhng v tr m dng chy ca nhng cn ma ln c th vo BCL th phi thit k cc b phn thot nc thch hp ring cho BCL. Cc b phn thot nc c thit k loi b dng chy t khu vc xung quanh hoc t nc b mt ca BCL. Trong nhiu trng hp, cn phi xy dng cc lu vc lu tr nc ma ngn chn cc dng chy. Nc ma trn ton khu vc BCL phi c thu gom trit t cc phn hon thnh ca BCL cng nh cc khu vc cha chn lp. Ty theo a hnh BCL m h thng thot nc mt v nc ma c khc nhau:i vi cc BCL xy dng min ni v trung du c th phi dng cc knh/mng thu nc, ngn nc t cc sn dc vo BCL. Knh ny cng lm nhim v thot nc ma trong BCL.Quy m (kch thc knh mng) c thit k trn c s lng nc t cc sn dc xung quanh c kh nng i vo BCL. nhng v tr dng l mnh phi tin hnh k trnh nc pha b knh vo BCL. ng bng, c th s dng h thng (khng thm) bao quanh BCL nhm ngn cch BCL vi mi trng xung quanh. phi c cao ln hn mc nc l 2 - 3m, mt rng 3 - 4m c ro v trng cy, c h thng thu gom nc ma ring v ra cc knh thot nc ma cho khu vc.Cu to b phn thot nc mt c trnh by hnh sau:

Hnh 2.4: Cu to h thng thot nc ma 1. Lp ph trung gian:Thng thng, t st sau khi nn cht dy 60cm c s dng lm lp ph trung gian. Vic s dng t st lm lp ph trung gian cn ch n kh nng ngn chn cc loi gm nhm o hang v s pht tn kh. Vn ny c th khc phc bng cch gi m thch hp cho lp t ph nh ti mt lng nc va thm vo t st bao ph.2. Lp ph cui cngCu to ca lp bao ph cui cng c to t nhiu lp, mi lp c mt vai tr ring. Lp t nn c s dng bao ph b mt BCL v lm nn cho lp chn. Lp chn c s dng ngn cn s di chuyn ca cc lp cht lng vo BCL v s pht tn kh chn lp qua lp ph. Lp thot nc c s dng vn chuyn nc ma thm qua vt liu ph v lm gim p lc nc ln lp chn. Lp bo v c s dng bao ph b mt ca BCL v trng cc loi cy m s c s dng trong thi gian BCL ng ca.Bng 2.4: Cc loi vt liu ca lp ph cui cngHp phnLoi vt liu

Lp b mtt ph ti v tr

Lp bo v

Lp thot ncCt, si

Lp chnMng a cht

Lp nnt t nhin c nn v lm dc

4. Hng ro v vnh ai cy xanhi vi BCL, nht thit phi c hng ro quanh bi. Giai on u nn s dng hng ro km gai c kt hp trng cy xanh loi mc nhanh, r chm (nn s dng loi cy r) hoc xy tng.a. Nn la chn loi cy c tn rng, khng rng l, xanh quanh nm. Chiu cao ca cy tnh ton ti thiu thng bng chiu cao ca BCL.b. Cy xanh cn c trng nhng khong trng khu vc nh kho v cng trnh ph tr.c. Cy xanh cn c trng dc hai bn ng dn t giao thng chnh vo BCL.5. H thng giao thng 1. ng vo BCL ng vo BCL c thit k, xy dng trn c s tnh ton lu lng xe chy, ti trng xe, tc theo quy phm thit k ng b ca B Giao thng vn ti; mt ng phi rng hai ln xe chy vi tc 60-80 km/h, mt ng phi tt t cng 5 7kg/cm2, thot nc tt. C vch phn cch cho xe, ngi di b v xe th s. C rnh thot nc (nu min ni v trung du). Khng cho php xy dng nh ca hai bn ng. Trng cy hai bn ng. 2. ng trong BCL Phi thun tin, rng cc xe v my mc hot ng thun li. i vi cc BCL ln v rt ln, phi c cc ng vnh cu, bn vnh cu v u phi tri nha hoc btng. Cc ng bn vnh cu, ng tm b tr ch yu xe chy mt chiu. Xe vo rc xong i ra ng khc, qua bi v sinh ra xe v i qua ca khc ra ngoi nhm trnh n tc v gim bi. ng tm ch lm cho xe rc, cc ng tm phi c ch quay xe d dng.3. H thng cp nhc H thng cp nc c th c lp, hoc u t h thng cp nc ca th. Trong trng hp cp nc c lp, tt nht nn s dng nc ngm t l khoan v phi c h thng x l t tiu chun cp nc cho sinh hot. Nc cho sn xut (ra xe, ti ng, ra sn bi) c ly t knh thot nc ma (hoc h sinh hc sau khi x l t tiu chun) khng dng nc cp cho sinh hot v sinh xe, bi.