Bai Giang Hoa Hoc Glucid

5/28/2018 Bai Giang Hoa Hoc Glucid

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HO HC GLUCID


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MC TIU BI HC

1. Trnh by cnhngha,phn loi,vai

tr caglucid.

2. Trnh by ccuto,tnh chtchung

camonosaccharid, oligosaccharid, vai trmtspolysaccharid.


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Cu to

Nui dng(d tr)

Bo v

Nng lng

GLUCID


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1. I CNG

1.1 nhngha

- Glucid l hp cht hu c, phn t c 3

nguyn ttothnh: C, H, O.

- Cng thc chung (CH2O)n, n3 gi l

carbohydrat hay saccharid.


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Glucid

Monosaccharid Oligosaccharid Polysaccharid

aldose

cetose

polysaccharid

thun

polysaccharid

tp

disaccharid

trisaccharid

1.2 Phn loi


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2. MONOSACCHARID

2.1 Cuto- L dn xutca polyalcol (3 7 C) c

chanhm carbonyl.

- L n v ca glucid, khng b thy

phn.


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2. MONOSACCHARID (tip)2.2 Danh php

- C 4 cch gitn:

+ Cch 1.Githeo ha chckh: aldose, cetose.

+ Cch 2. Gi theo s carbon: S carbon theo

tingHylp+ ose.

3CTriose 6CHexose4CTetrose 7CHeptose

5CPentose


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+ Cch 3. Gigp2 cch:

V d: nhm kh l aldehyd, 5C gi l:

aldopentose.

+ Cch 4. Gi tn c bit: fructose

(cetohexose), glucose(aldohexose)


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2.3 Mtskhi nim

ng phn dy D v dy L camonosaccharid:

- Ly glyceraldehyd lm chun, khi nhm OH

nguyn tC btixngnmbn phigi ldy D, cn bn tri l dy L.


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ng phn quang hc ca monosaccharid-Slngngphn quang hc: N = 2n (n l scarbonbt

ixngC*).

- Trdihydroxyaceton cn cc monosaccharid khc uc C* nn cngphn quang hc.


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ng phn v ca monosaccharid

OH bn acetal: nmdimtphngdng(cis).

nmtrn mtphngdng(trans)


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Theo qui c dng vng:- Phi cnh ca MS thng khng vit nguyn t carbon trong vng.- Gch dc ng pha trn hay pha di ca mt phng ch nhm OH

-D-glucose

1O

CH2OH

-D-glucose

1

CH2OHO

-D-fructose

OCH2OH

CH2OH1

-D-fructose

1

CH2OH

CH2OHO

-

-

1

1


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2.4 Tnh chtcaMonosaccharid

2.4.1 Tnh chtl hc

- D tan trong nc, tan t trong alcol, khng

tan trong este.

- Vngt.


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2.4.2 Tnh chtha hc

Tnh kh(boxy ha)

- Nhm (-CHO)boxy ha thnh (-COOH).


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- PhnngFehling: Monosaccharidboxy ha

bi mui kim loi nng trong mi trngkim.


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- Boxy habiaxit mc:

- ng sorbitol c nhiu trong qu l, qu to,

ngimcbnh tiung c th sdngc

ngny.

CHO

(CHOH)n

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

(CHOH)n (CHOH)

CH2OH

C On-1

+ 2H + 2H

Aldose Polyalcol Cetose


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PhnngtoFurfural (Molish)


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Phn ng to ete v este-Toete (lin ktglucosid)): nhmOH bn acetal caMS ny kthp

vinhmOH alcol caMS khc

-To este: cc este phosphat ca monosaccharid c vai tr quan trng

trong trao ichtnhtrong tnghpglucose, glycogen.

O

CH2OH CH2O-P

O-P

O O

CH2O-P

CH2O-P

Glucose-1P Glucose- 6P Fructose-1,6DP

11

66

O

CH2OH

O OH

CH2OH

O

4 11

1-4 glucosid

1-6 glucosid


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Phnngtothnh ozazonnatriacetat

Monosaccharid + phenylhydrazin (d) ------------> ozazon (tinh th)

t0

Glucozazon Galactozazon

(Glucose, fructose, mannose) (Galactose)

Pht hin galactose/nc tiu (bnh nhn b bnh galactoseniu).


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3. OLIGOSACCHARID

3.1 nhngha

- Glucid c chat2- 8 gcmonosaccharid lin kt

vinhaubnglin ktglucosid . C hai loichnh

l di v trisaccharid.

3.2 Disaccharid (DS)

- L loiglucid m miphn tcachng khi thu

phn cho 2 phn tmonosaccharid.


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DS c tnh khv khng c tnh kh:

- Nunhm OH camonosaccharid ny kthpvinhm OH bn acetal ca monosaccharid khc

disaccharid vn cn mt nhm OH bn acetal

cn tnh kh.

- Nu 2 nhm OH bn acetal ca 2 monosaccharid

kthpvinhau disaccharid khng cn nhm

OH bn acetalkhng cn tnh kh.


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Maltose

ngmchnha

Lactose

ngsa

Saccharose

ng ma

Ngun gc mm ht ng cc sa ma (14-25%)ccing

Cu to

Tnh cht c tnh kh c tnh kh khng c tnh kh


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4. Polysaccharid

Polysaccharid gm2 loi:

Polysaccharid thun.Polysaccharid tp.


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Polysaccharid

Theo cu to Theo chc nng

Polysaccharid thun(cc ngn)

Polysaccharid tp(ngn+ cht khc)

Cu trccellulose thc vt

D trglycogen, tinh bt

Tinh bt

Glycogen

Cellulose

Acid hyaluronic

Condrointin sulfat A

Condrointin sulfat B

Keratan sulfat

Heparin, heparin sulfat

Condrointin sulfat C

4 1 P l h id th


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Tinhbt Glycogen Cellulose

Ngun

gc

Htla (60-80%)Ng (65-75%)Khoai ty (12 - 20%)

ngvt (gan v

c)

Mng tbo thcvt

KLPT 106- 107 107- 109 106- 2.106

Cuto

+ Amylose

+ Amylopectin

Glycogen phnnhnh nhiu hn v di ca minhnh ngn hnAmylopectin

Tnh cht Amylose + I2xanh l

Amylopectin + I2tm

Glycogen + I2nu

Bthuphnbi

-glucosidase

0

oo

ooo

ooo

oooo

o

o

o

oo

o

o

ooo

oo

oo

oo o

ooo

o oo

oo

oo

o

o

o

o o

oo

oo

o

oo

o

o

o

oo

o

o ooo

oo o

oo o

o o

oo o oo

o

A

B

R (Glucose)

4.1 Polysaccharid thun


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Amylose

Amylopectin


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4 2 P l h id


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4.2 Polysaccharid tp

Khu tr Vai tr

Acid hyaluronic thu tinh th, cung nhau thai,

dchkhp,van tim, snphi thai,da,sn

cht kt dnh t/ch

l/kt, cn tr s xmnhp

Condrointin sulfat A sn, xng, sn phi thai, gicmc

Condrointin sulfat B da

Condrointin sulfat C da, gn, dy chng, cung nhau

thai, van tim

Keratan sulfat Keratan sulfat 1 gic mc

Keratan sulfat 2 sn

Heparin

Heparin sulfat

gan, trong thnh mch mu v

trongphi

chng ng mu


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(1-4)

(1-4)1

3(1-3)

NHCOCH3

n

O OO

CH2OHCOOH

OO

* Acid hyaluronic

n v: -D-glucuronic + N- acetylglucosamin bng lk (1-3)glucosid.

Cc n v lk vi nhau bng lk (1-4) glucosid.

* C d i ti lf t A C


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(1-4)

(1-4)1

3(1-3)

NHCOCH3

n

O OO

CH2OHCOOH

O

O HO3SO

* Condrointin sulfat A, C

Cu to chung: A.glucuronic + N-acetyl-D-galactosamin-sulfat.

S khc bit gia chng l v tr nhm sulfat.

Condrointin sulfat A

HO3SOCH2O

O

COOHO

OO

n

NHCOCH3(1-3)

3

1

(1-4)

(1-4)

Condrointin sulfat C(A.glucuronic + N-acetyl-galactosamin-4-sulfat) (A.glucuronic + N-acetyl-galactosamin-6-sulfat)

* Condrointin sulfat B

(A.L-iduronic + N-acetyl-galactosamin-4-sulfat)


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* Keratan sulfat

n v: D-galactose + N- acetylgalactosamin-6-sulfat bng lk (1-4)glucosid.

Cc n v lk vi nhau bng lk (1-3) glucosid.


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* Heparin, heparin sulfat

OCOOH HO3SOCH2

OSO3H NHCOCH3

O

O O

n

n v: D-glucuronat-2-sulfat + N-acetyl-glucosamin-6-sulfat

Cc thnh phn v n v lk vi nhau bng lk (1-4) glucosid.

CU HI LNG GI


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CU HI LNG GI

- Cu 1.Trong cc glucid sau, cc cht th hintnh kh l:

A

B

3C

4D

Glucose, fructose, tinhbt.Glucose, fructose, saccarose

Fructose, tinh bt,saccarose.Glucose, fructose,

lactose.D Glucose, fructose,

lactose.CU HI LNG GI


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- Cu 2.Tn khoa hcycaMaltosel:

A

B

3C

4D

1-2 D Glucosido D

Glucose1-4 D Glucosido D Glucose

1-4 D Glucosido D Glucose1-2 D Glucosido D Glucose

CU HI LNG GI

B 1-4 D Glucosido D Glucose

CU HI LNG GI


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- Cu 3.Cc cht no sau y l Polysaccarid

tp:

D

A

B

C

Cellulose, tinh bt, heparin

Condroitin sunfat, heparin,

glycosaminglycan

Tinh bt,condroitin sunfat, heparin

Acid hyaluronic, glycogen, cellulose

CU HI LNG GI

B Condroitin sunfat, heparin,

glycosaminglycan

CU HI LNG GI


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- Cu 4.Cc nhm chtsau y,nhm no c cuto

phn nhnh

Amylopectin, GlycogenD

Amylose, GlycogenA

Amylopectin, celluloseB

Cellulose, AmyloseC

CU HI LNG GI

Amylopectin, GlycogenD

CU HI LNG GI


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- Cu 5. Cng thc

bn l cutoca:

CU HI LNG GI

GalactoseD

SaccharoseA

LactoseB

MaltoseC

LactoseB

CU HI LNG GI


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- Cu 6.PhnngMolish dng nhnbit:

D

A

B

C

Cc chtl acid amin

Cc chtl Monosaccharid

Cc chtc nhm ceton

Cc chtc nhm aldehyd

CU HI LNG GI

Cc chtl MonosaccharidB

CU HI LNG GI


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- Cu 7:Cc cht no sau y thuc nhm

Polysaccarid thun:

D

A

B

C

Saccarose, Heparin, Glycogen

Fructose, Amylopectin, Heparin

Glycogen, Condroitin Sulfat,

Glycogen, Amylose, AmylopectinGlycogen, Amylose, Amylopectin

CU HI LNG GI

C

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Bai Giang Hoa Hoc Glucid