(1) Chng 1 Nhng vn c bn ca khoa hc KTTNMT KT hc tr li cu hi: lm nh th no trong cc quyt nh s dng v phn phi ngun lc con ngi v ngun lc t nhin hiu qu nht. -KT hc chia ra hai phn l KT vi m v KT v m -KTTNMTraquytnhthnotrongvicPTvqunlsdngtinguyn,MTtrong hin ti v tng lai. -C s l thuyt ca KTTNMT -Khinim:tphptonbcccimcatinguyn,hocnguntinguynmccc im ny xc lp cho ch s hu ca n c mt quyn lc thc s qun l, v s dng n - c im +Quyn s hu mt ngun ti nguyn c th b gii hn bi chnh ph; + Khong thi gian khai thc l yu t quan trng cho quyn s hu tn ti. +Chshucnhiuquynkhcnhau:Chshucthloitr,cthtinhnhcchot ng s dng, c th chia v c th chuyn i cc ngun ti nguyn. + S hu chung + Ti nguyn v ch (Open acess) -C s KT vi m v phc li x hi -Cc iu kin t c phc li x hi ti a (1) Hiu qu trong sn xut Gi s hm sn xut X = F (LX,KX) v Y = F (LY,KY) rwMPMPMRTSXKXLXKL= = i vi hng ho X rwMPMPMRTSYKYLYKL= =i vi hng ho Y (2) Hnh 1.1: Hiu qu trong sn xut -Kt lun (2) Hiu qu trong qu trnh tiu dng Gi s hm hu dng U = U (X,Y) YXAYAX AXYPPMUMUMRS = =i vi ngi tiu dng A YXBYBX BXYPPMUMUMRS = =i vi ngi tiu dng B rwMRTS MRTSYKLXKL= = OY OX K L w/r I1 I2 A B ng ng ph LX LY KX KY (3) Hnh 1.2: Hiu qu trong tiu dng Kt lun (3) Hiu qutng hp Ta t: XYMRS l MRS gia hng ho X v Y XYMRT t l chuyn i bin ca hng ho X v Y PP xc nh:Hiu qu trong phn phi sn phm v ti nguyn t c khi MRS giahai loi hng ho X v Y (MRSXY) bng vi t l chuyn i bin (marginal rate of transformation) gia hai hng ho X v Y v bng vi t s gi gi hai loi hng ho. Hnh 1.3: Hiu qu hn hp (trong phn phi) 222YXXYPPMRT = Y A 111YXXYPPMRT = B MRSXY Y1 Y2 X1X2 X YXBXYAXYPPMRS MRS = =

ng ngn sch A B Y X PX/PY U1 U2 A B U3 XA XB YA YB (4) Kt lun (4) Ti a ho phc li x hi iu kin ti a ho phc li x hi (1)Hiu qu trong sn xut (2)Hiu qu trong tiu dngTi u Pareto (3)Hiu qu tng hp (4) Cng bng x hi,l thuyt ca s chn la Ti a ho phc li x hi (5) Phc li KT x hi trong KTTN v vai tr ca chnh ph Tiahophclixhi(Paretooptimal):Sdngccnguntinguyn(conngi,t nhin) trong mt nn KT t ti mc ti u, m ch c th tng phc li ca c nhn ny trong x hi bng con ng duy nht l gim phc li ca c nhn khc trong x hi. 1) Hm cu Marshallian: Max U = U(Xi) Rng buc: Y = PiXi (rng buc v ngn sch) Trong : U l mc tho mn (hm hu dng), Y l thu nhp (ngn sch), Xi l hng ho tiu dng i, Pi l gi ca hng ho, dch v i YXXY XYPPMRT MRS = = Ti a ho phc li x hi ng phc li xa hi SWF Ti a ho phc li x hi Bliss point UA UB (5) (2) Hm cu Hicksian (hm cu n b) Min Y = PiXi Rng buc: U = Uo(Xi) Trong : U l mc tho mn (hm hu dng), Y l thu nhp (ngn sch), Xi l hng ho tiu dng i, Pi l gi ca hng ho, dch v i (3) Tnh s thay i b sung (CV) s thay i tng ng (EV) khi gi gim (tng ng vi ci thin iu kin MT) q2 q1 ng ngn sch M hnh hm Marshallia 0 ng ngn sch U0 q1 0 M hnh hmHicksian q2 (6) Thay i phc li khi cht lng MT tng CV = Y0 E(P1 U0) (trong E l chi ph), EV= E(P0 U1) Y0 CV = A + B < CS = A + B + C < EV = A + B + C + D CV v EV c s dng nh l o s thay i phc li x hi S thay i ca phc li x hi Khigitng( nhim MT) Khigigim(cithin iu kin MT sng CV(trongiukin quyn s hu khng thay i nh ban u) Bnglngchpnhn (WTA) Bnglngtrt c s ci thin (WTP) EV(Trongiukin quyn s hu thay i) Bnglngtr trnhsnhim Bnglngchpnhn nhm hy sinh (WTA) q2 q1 U11 U22 Hm cu Hicksian Hm cu Marshallian EV CV A B C D P11 P12 A B C D -p11/p12 -p21/p12 (7) (WTP) -i tng ca KTTNMT -CclthuytKTtiahophclixhitronghinti,tnglaitrongkhaithc,s dng cc ti nguyn -Cc l thuyt ti u ho qu trnh nhim, cc cng c qun l MT ng thi thit lp cc PP nh gi MT. -Nhim v -NghincukhoahcKTchovicnghincumiquanhgiaPTKTvbovti nguyn, MT. -Nghin cu cc phng thc KT s dng ti u ti nguyn v KT nhim MT. -nh gi tc ng tiu cc, tch cc n MT ca cc chng trnh d n nhm bo v ti nguyn, MT mt cch hiu qu. -PP nghin cu mn KTTNMT -PP phn tch h thng: s dng phn tch mi quan h qua li gia PT KT v MT, hiu qu KT vi hiu qu MT sinh thi trong tng giai on PT KT x hi nht nh. -PP phn tch cn bin: Xem xt quyt nh sn xut im dng ti u (MC=MR) -Phn tch li ch v chi ph (BCA - Benefit - Cost Anlaysis) | |( )01>+ii irC B i | |> 0 Ei Ci Bi i -PPtonhcvth:MhnhhoccmiquanhgiaKTvMT,nhgiviu khin ti u cc quan h . -V nhiu phng php c th khc Chng 2 Mi trng v pht trin -Mi quan h gia KT & MT -MT l tng hp cc iu kin sng ca con ngi -PT KT l qu trnh s dng v ci thin cc iu kin -Mi quan h: MT l a bn cho hot ng ca h KT v hot ng ca h KT l nguyn nhn to nn nhng nh hng tch cc, tiu cc i vi MT. -Hot ng ca h KT, tc ng PTKT n MT CPR (8) -Tc ng trc tip vo MT: Ngoi cht thi PT KT cn tc ng trc tip ti MT nh xy dng p nc, trng rng) -Mi quan h gia MT v PT -MT l ni cha ng cht thi -MT l ni cung cp ti nguyn -T l khng gian sng ca con ngi CPR W r MTA *WAchtlng mitrngbsuy gim (-) R NRR RR h>y h>yh0; h>0y=0; h>0 (-) (-) (+) C P R Wc WpWr (9) - -MT l ni cung cp cc thng tin (t thin nhin, cc hnh tinh, a dng sinh hc t cc ngun zen, t cc ho thch) -MT l ni lm gim nh nhng tc ng bt li t thin nhin (ng ho CO2, cht thi, chng l lt, ) PT bn vng -Herman Daly (World bank) Th gii bn vng l mt th gii khng s dng cc ngun RR nh nc, th nhng, sinh vt nhanh hn s ti to ca chng (hy h 10.000USD/ngi/nm;1000USD MAC hng s lp thit b gim thi; ti im2 c th lp t h thng gim thi hoc tr thu; ti im 1 tr thu 5.3.4 Tr cp " thu m" Cu hi? "Kirked" point MAC MNPB MEC1 MEC2 MEC3 P,MC; AC MC' = MC + Thu= MC+ tr cp Pt Ps P QtQ*Qs S* Ss Q'' Q' Q AC'' = AC- tr cp St ng cung ca ngnh D MC AC AC' =AC + Thu ng cung ca hng (47) Kt lun: Tr cp gim thi s to ra hai chi ph cho x hi, l chi ph ca Chnh ph dng ngn sch trang tri cho tr cp, chi ph th hai l nhiu hng nhy vo ngnh cng nghip ny s to ra nhiu s nhim cho cng ng. 5.3.5Chun mc thi (Standard) B & C SlS* Sr O -Ch : chun mc thi lun lin quan n chi ph gim thi -Nu Chnh ph ban hnh chun mc thi tiSl (Mc thi thptc l kht khe) chi ph gim thi s cao v hin tng nhim s c ci thin nhiu hn. -Nu chnh ph ban hnh chun mc thi Sr (mc thi caotc l khng kht khe) chi ph gim thi ca cc hng thp nhng chi ph thit hi do cho cng ng tri li cao. Nh vy chun mc thi hiu qu nht l ti S*. Hn ch ca chun mc thi l khng hiu qu v sao? P ,B & CSs MNPB MEC Q & lng nhim QlQ*Qr Hnh. Ban hnh mc thi MEC Mt mt ca (48) P* P O -Bi v hng mun tng s nhim tiQb ! Anh ta s lm nh vy bi v tng mc pht cho ti Qb l nh hn so vi MNPB ca hng. Hng lun c xu hng sn xut ti Qb. Ti Qb x hi phi tr mt khon thit hi do nhim gy ra l phn mt mt phc li x hi. -Cc nguyn nhn khc dn ti kt qu khng hiu qu ca vic chun mc thi l hin tng tham nhng, thng ng trong vic nh gi chun mc thi. 5.3.6 So snh gia thu v chun mc thi a) Thu l phng php tn t chi ph nht khi a vo p dng trong thc t Chi phS* Gi O Hnh. Thu l cng c can thip gim mc thi it chi ph nht O P Q MAC2 Lng nhim c gim PR1PR2PR3 MAC3 MAC1 Thu hoc ph thi (49) -HnglptccthitbkthutgimthibivMAC3nhhnthuphitr;ivi hng 1 t P n O hng bng lng lp t cc thit b k thut nhm hn ch thi bi v ti MAC1 < thu phi tr, cng hng ny s tr thu khi sn xut t O n Q bi v MAC1 > thu phi tr. Hng 2 c th tr thu hoc lp t thit b gim thi tu thuc vo cc yu t khc ca hng. -Chnhvschngchonlanhvytrongthtrngsdntichiphtithiu,hay hiu qu trong chn la k thut. 5.3.7 Thit hi phc li x hi bi v c tnh khng chnh xcMNPB P ,B & CSs P O Kt lun: Nu c tnh nhm MNPB, c hai cng c l thu v chun mc thi s dn ti s mt mt phc li cho x hi! Cng bng phng php tng t chng ta c th phn tch khi c tnh sai MEC hoc c MEC & MNPB. a) So snh tnh u vit cu thu v chun mc thi MNPB ng MNPB sai Pt O QsQt MEC dc nh thu khng ng Q &lng cht thi Hnh. Chun mc thi tt hn thu MNPB ng Thu hoc pht nhng do c tnh saiMNPB MNPB sai Hnh. Phc li x hi b thit hi do c tnh saiMNPB MEC Q &lng cht thi Qs Q* Qb Phclixhib mt do qua lng lo trong vic ban hnh chun mc thi, mt mtldolng nhim qu nhiu Phc li x hi b mt mt bi v qu kht khe trong vic ban hnh chun mc thi. S mt mt l do hn ch mc tng trng kinh t (50) MNPB ng MNPB sai Pt O MEC khng dc Hnh. Thu tt hn chun mc thi Trong trng hp cng ng phi i mt vi cht nhim rt c, hay ni cch khc chun mc thi tt hn so vi thu khi MEC dc Ch:Hthngthuihiphixydngmththngthu,qunldoanhthuthu,do thng dn ti cc hin tng thng ng, quan liu. C h thng thu v chun mc thi i hi mt h thng quan st theo ri mc thi cu cc doanh nghip mt cch thng xuyn. 5.3.8 Th trng giy php thi a) Th trng Vi mt mc thi c n nh cho kh nng an ton cho c mt vng, cc nh chnh sch cho php cc x nghip thi mt lng tng s nht nh, sau ban hnh mt lng giy php thi bng vi lng thi cn m bo cho s an ton ca cng ng. Giy php thi c php trao i bun bn t do trn th trng giy php thi. P & C S* MAC ~ MNPB MEC nh thu khng ng Q &lng cht thi (51) P* P1 O n gin, chng ta gi s mi mt giy php thi cho mt n v cht thi. S lng ti a ho ca giy php thi l OQ* v gi ti a ho OP*. t c Pareto optimum, nh chc nng ban hnh s lng OQ* giy php. S* l ng cung giy php. ng chi ph gim thiMACl tng cu cho giy php thi. Vi gi P1, ngi sn xut th nht mua OQ1 giy php, anh ta mua lng ny v chng r hn so vichiphgimthi.(Q1nQ2)anhtasmualpththngthitbkthutgimthiv MACP1). b) u th ca th trng giy php thi. P & C O MAClngcu vlnggiyphpthi, ngi gynhimthnht smuaOQ1vngi gynhimthhai smuaOQ2lngtigiP*. (ch :vi chiph gimthicaohn vvy ngi gy nhim 2 phi mua nhiu giy php hn OQ2> OQ1) Kt lun: -Bn thn mi x nghip c s chon la vi mc sn xut no nn mua giy php thi v vi mc no khng nn mua giy php thi m nn xy dng h thng gim thi. MAC = MAC1+MAC2 P* MAC1 MAC2 Q2 Q1 S* Q* = Q1 + Q2 Hnh. Ti thiu chi ph ca x hi ca th trng GPT S lng GPT (52) MAC2 $ MAC1 MAC1 Ngi gy nhim mi tham gia th trng lm cho cu v th trng giy php thi tng nn P* Q* S* P** Mua giy php (nh sn xut mi, nh mI trng, Chnh ph) Nu mun ni lng thi trng ny c th tng lng cng v giy php thi lm gi gim, nhim nhiu Dp Dp1 Hnh. S thay i cung cu giy php thi -Giaccxgnhipvinhauscstraoibunbngiyphpthi vnhvy,sc mt th trng GPT cc x nghip c chi ph gim thi nh s bn GPT ra th trng v cc x nghipcchi ph gimthicao smuaccgiyphpthi nytorachi ph thp nht cho x hi v vn chng nhim. -Th trng giy php thi to ra mt s thun li cho cho cc nh sn xut mi gy nhimvngaycccnhkhngsnxut,khnggyranhimcththamgiamuabngiy php thi trn th trng, nhm iu hnh vn nhim. P & C O c im ca th trng. Ngi mi gy nhim lm cho cu v giy php chuyn sang phi t Dp chuynDp1 v P* tng nnP**.Nhngnh sn xutmigynhimphimuagiyphpthinu chi ph gim thi cu h cao hn so vi gi ca giy php thi, ngc li h s c xu hng u t vo cc k thut gim thi. Ngaycchnhph, cctchckhnggynhimhoccctchcbo vmitrngcth muagiyphp,cunggiyphpthitoramtthtrnglinhhottrongviciuchnhs nhim. 5.3.9 Chun mc thi v nguyn l cn bng bin (Barry 1997) Nguyn l v cn bng bin (equimarginal principle) l c c mt lng cht nhim ln nht gim trong iu kin mt lng chi ph gim thi cho sn cc ngun nhim khc nhau phi ciuchnhdatrnchiphgimthibintngt.(cngchiphgimthibinvicc ngun nhim khc nhau). iu ny c ngha rng cc ngun nhim khc nhau cn phi c mc can thip, iu khin khc nhau da trn chi ph gim thi bin ca mi ngun. S lng giy php (53) 102015 204.9 32.5 16.5 Hnhtrnchorng,nukhngcanthipvovngimnhim,mihngsthirami trng khong 20tn cht thi/thng. Nh vy, tng s cht thi do hai x nghip ny thi ra l 40 tn/thng. Vn t ra l: Bng cch no a ra chun mc thi gim mc thi ca c hai hng ny xung 20 nhng c hai hng phi chi ph gim thi it nht? iu kin l chi ph gim thi cu hai hng ny khc nhau v theo nh hnh trn, MAC2 > MAC1. V d chi ph gim thi bin cho hai ngun nhim Mc nhimChi ph gim thi bin ($) (tn/thng)AB 200.000.00 191.002.10 182.104.60 173.309.40 164.6019.30 156.0032.50 147.6054.90 139.4082.90 1211.50116.90 1113.90156.90 1016.50204.90 919.30264.90 822.30332.90 725.50406.90 628.90487.00 532.50577.00 436.30977.20 340.50787.20 244.90907.20 149.701037.20 054.901187.20 Hnh. Chi ph bin gim thi cho hai ngun khc nhau Lng nhim (tn/thng) 5 (54) Ngun: Barry C. Frield 1997 Nu chng ta s dng chun mc thi cho c hai hng tng t nhau ti mc l mi hng phi ch cthi10tn/thng.Chngtaviphmnguynlchiphgimthibinphibngnhau, ngun 1cMAC1 = $16.5, ngclingun 2cMAC2=$204.9.Tngchi phltngchi ph bin (bng...), nhng kt qu l $75.9 cho hng 1 v $684.4 cho hng 2 tng chi ph gim thi m hai hng phi chu l$760.30. Mc nhimChi ph gim thi bin ($) (tn/thng)AB 200.000.00 191.002.10 182.104.60 173.309.40 164.6019.30 156.0032.50 147.6054.90 139.4082.90 1211.50116.90 1113.90156.90 1016.50204.90 919.30264.90 822.30332.90 725.50406.90 628.90487.00 532.50577.00 436.30977.20 340.50787.20 244.90907.20 149.701037.20 054.901187.20 Ngun: Barry C. Frield 1997 Vy,nuchngtathomncnguynlcnbngchiphbingimthicahaihngth, cngsgimclngchtthil20tn/thngnhngchiphstithiuhotimcbao nhiu?Theo nh nguynl trn hng 1ct lng thiti 5 tn/thng,hng haict 15tn/thng. Ti,chiphbin gimthiMACs tng t nhau ($32.5/tn) v tngchi ph gimthi 20 tn/thng ch $272.3 (204.4 cho hngv $67.9 cho hng 2). Nu ta so snh vi lng ban u khi yu cu mi hng phi gim l 10 tn/thng: $272.3/$760.30 * 100= 36% so vi khng p dng nguyn l trn! Chng 6 Cc phng php nh gi gi tr ti nguyn mi trng v nhim mi trng (55) 6.1 Gi tr ca kinh t ca TNMT a) Gi tr kinh t cu ti nguyn mi trng bao gm Hnh. Gi tr kinh t ca ti nguyn mi trng Gi tr c th s dng trc tip (direct use value consumptive value): l gi tr ca ti sn, ti nguyn c th dng hoctiu th trc tip.Ngi ta thng phn loi ny nh l hng ho hu hnh. Gitrsdnggintip(indirectusevaluenon-consumptivevalue):Lichmangli mt cch gin tip cho ngi s dng. V d: Du lch sinh thi, chng si mn, bi li, bi thuyn,picnicking.. lnhng hot ng mtinguynthin nhinmang li gintipcho con ngi. Gi tr chn la (option value): Bao gm gi trc tip s dng v gin tip trong tng lai. X hi bng lng tr (WTP) dnh li s dng ti nguyn trong tng lai. Gi tr li (Bequest value): Cc gi tr s dng gin tip v trc tip li cho cc th h mai sau s dng. Gitrcastnti(Existencevalue):Gitrcasbotn,ggitinguynthin nhin. c) nh gi TNMT nhngha:nhgigitr,chiphcatinguynvmitrngltintrnhpdngcc phng php o gi tr ca chi ph, li ch (thng l c th quy v tin) cho cc ngun ti nguyn v mi trng. Hay ni cch khc, l vic s dng cc phng php tin t ho cc gi tr s dng trc tip, gin tip ca ti nguyn, v gi tr khng s dng ca ti nguyn, mi trng. Gi kinh t TNMT Gi tr s dng Gi khng s dng GT SD trc tipGTSD gin tipGTchn la GT li cho th h mai sau GT tn ti bn trong (56) Nhim v chnh ca nh gi ti nguyn, mi trng l tm ra phn khch hng hoc x hi bng lng tr Willingness to Pay cho hng ho, ti nguyn. 0 Q* Hnh. WTP S khc nhau gia bng lng tr v bng lng chp nhn ca khch hng hoc x hi (v d cht lng khng kh cho mt khu vc b nhim) Bng lng tr (WTP)Bng lng chp nhn (WTA) Khng c quyn s huC quyn s hu t c s ci thin cht lng mi trng B qua s ci thin mi trng Khngcscithinnukhng bng lng tr C s hin hu ca s ci thin d) V sao phi nh gi mi trng v quan tm ti hng ho cng cng? Questions? V sao? V lm cch no nh gi gi tr ti nguyn m trng? V hiu qu ca s dng ngun ti nguyn V s cn kit dn ca ngun ti nguyn khng th ti to v khai thc bn vng cc ngun ti nguyn c th ti to. V s sai lch trong nhn thc v khai thc v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn, mi trng. Khng c gi c th trng Hng ha cng cng lun dn n cc chi ph ngoi ng do cc c im cu chng l khng c cnh tranh v khng th loi tr. Tinguynthinnhinmangrtnhiucimcahnghacngcng,ylthchthc cho vic qun l v nh ga. 6.2 Cc phng php nh gi mi trng (Phng php1) Phng php chi ph li ch (CBA) PhngphpphntchchiphlichCBA(NPV,B/C;IRR,...)chphngphpnyc tin hnh trong iu kin ton b chi ph v li ch ca d n c th c tnh. ng ngn sch (ng cu) A B P* A+B +C l bng lng tr (WTP) C Pmax Qmax (57) Standard cba -Use this when only goal is economic efficiency B > C (not other goals, example: Social equity do not use that) -When it is possible to montetize all efficiency impacts Q Qu ua al li it ta at ti iv ve e C CB BA ACBA -Standard CBA but accept that all efficiency impacts are not monetized -Ex: physical quantities + Detail description of the impacts (how many people are sick) Modified CBA -The same standard CBA but -Efficiency goal + other goal impact; both can be monetized and quantified Weighted cba -Both effective & quality of outcome are relevant goals -Their important can be quantified used distributed weighted CBA -Net benefit of each group with weighted factor General formula of cba Bt Ct + or Et

NPV =t --------------------- (1 + r)t (Bt +Et)/(1 + r)t B/C =t ---------------------&IRR (Ct +Et)/(1 + r)t Rule of decision:NPV > 0 means that B/C > 1 go; 0. (b) Cc bc c bn tin hnh phng php TCM Bc 1: Chn khu vc nghin cu Bc 2: Chia khu vc iu tra ra cc vng ph hp Bc 3: Chn mu iu tra cho khu vc nghin cu Bc 4: iu tra lng t l khch du lch cho mi vng Bc 5: Tnh chi ph du lch cho mi vng Bc 6: S dng hi quy tuyn tnh tm ng cu cho khu vc nghin cu Hmcudulchlhmscatngchiphdulch,thunhpcakhch,vchtlngmi trng ca khu thm quan, gii tr. Bc 7: c tnh thng d ca ngi tiu dng Bc 8: c tnh li ch ca vic ci thin mi trng khu vc b) Cc lnh vc p dng phng php chi ph thm quan du lch (TCM) Khu ngh ngi Khu bo tn thin nhin, cng vin quc gia, rng v t ngp s dng cho thm quan du lch. c) Nhng vn gp phi khi s dng phng php TCM Thm quan, i du lch vi nhiu mc ch, ti nhiu ni trong mt chuyn i Chi ph c hi ca thi gian i du lch, thm quan TCM cung cp cho chng ta chi ph cho ton b khu vchn l cho mt s c im ging bit ca mi trng khu vc nghin cu Phng php ny cha bao gm chi ph bin ca cc cng c mang i du lch thm quan. Cc vn thng k, mu, kinh t lng trong s dng mt hnh c tinh cu cho khu vc nghin cu. (Phng php 5) Phng php gi chnh lch (hng lc) (Hedonic Pricing Method HPM) (60) Phng php HPM c tnh gi n cho mt loi hng ho dch v cu mi trng, m loi hng ho dch v ny ca mi trng li c th hin trn th trng thng qua mt loi hng ho trn th trng. (a) Cc bc tin hnh Bc 1: Xc nh th trng hng ho (v d: t ai, nh ca) v cc c im ca cc loi hng ho ny bao gm c cc c im v mi trng. Bc 2: Xy dng hm gi hedonic, hm ny phn nh mi quan h gia gi th trng v tt c cc c im ca hng ho ni trn. Bc 3: c tnh hm gi hedonic s dng phng php hi quy tuyn tnh Bc 4: Ly o hm ging cho c im v mi trng (b) Cc lnh vc p dng phng php ny Xc nh s khcnhau v gi ca ti sn, lao ng hai khu vc c iu kin mi trung khc nhau ( nhim, khng hoc t nhim). (Phng php 6)Cc phng php nh gi th trng tc ng vt l (Market valuation of Physical effects- MVPE) MVPE quan st nhng thay i trc tip ca cht lng mi trng v sau c tnh xem nhng s khc nhau no nh hng ti gi c gi tr cu hng ho, dch v ca mi trng. (6.1)Mt s phng php chnh ca MVPE. (a) Hm phn ng liu lng (dose response function) Phng php ny o nh hng vt l cu s thay i mi trng nn mt i tng. V d o nh hng ca hin tng ph rng n hin tng si mn t. Mc ch ca phng php l thnh lp mi quan h gia tc hi mi trng n i tng nh hng (si mn t). (b) Hm tc hi (damage fuctions) Phng php ny s dng s liu ca phng php hm phn ng liu lng c tnh chi ph kinh tca hin tng thay i cht lng mi trng. V d: nh hng ca hin tng ph rng n vic si mn c th c c tnh tnh thng qua s gim nng sut cy trng. Ri da vo gi c th trng ca cy trng m c tnh nh hng ca hin tng ph rng n si mn. (c) Phng php hm sn xut (production fuction approach) Phng php ny nghin cu s thay i cu mi trng, ti nguyn m t lmthay i sn phm bin ca hng ho v nh hng trc tip ti gi ca sn phm trn th trng (v d: do nhim ca mt nh my m sn lng v gi c ca mt loi cy trng trong khu vc gim). Y = F(Xi,Z) Trong:Ylsnlngcasnphmsnxuttrongkhuvc;Xiltphpccuvo(lao ng, vn, t ai); Z l u vo ca mt yu t mi trng. Nu ta gi s rng, Y l sn lng ca mt loi sn phm no c th o c (nng sut cy trng no ...). Trong iu kin cc u vo khc khng thay i, trong khi u vo Z (mi trng thay i). Nh vy, s thay i ca u ra nh hng ca Z s c c tnh. (d) Phng php ngun vn con ngi (Human capital approach). (61) Phngphpnyctnhchiphvsckhoconngidonhhngcasthayimi trng. Chi ph kinh t c c tnh da trn s thay i nng xut lao ng. (6.2) Cc bc chnh s dng MVPE Bc 1: Xc nh nhng thay i vt l v cht lng mi trng (trong nng nghip, thu sn, sc kho, ti sn). Bc 2: c tnh s khc nhau v cc nh hng vt l ny ti s thay i u ra hoc chi ph. Bc 3: c tnh gi th trng cho cc thay i u ra ny. (6.3) Cc lnh vc p dng phng php MVPE ph hp Phng php ny ph hp khi s thay i v mi trng nh hng trc tip lm tng hoc gim u ra cu mt loi sn phm, hoc mt loi sn phm thay th. Cc nh hng l r rng v c th c quan st v kim tra bng cac th nghim. Th trng hot ng tt, v vy gi c l mt ch s tt ca gi kinh t. (6.4) Cc hn ch ca phng php MVPE - Rt kh xc nh chnh xc nguyn nhn, lng nh hng cu ring nguyn nhn thay i mi trng n u ra ca mt loi sn phm no . - Th trng cho mt s sn phm cu mi trng l khng c hoc khng pht trin, khng hon ho. - Khi mi trng thay i mt ni no s dn ti nhiu yu t khc thay i cn phi quan tm nh cu trc th trng, co dn, phn ng ca cung, cu, loi hng ho ...(binh thng, th cp..) - Gi ca th trng thng to ra s c tnh nh hn vi thc t do khng bao gm s thng d ca ngi tiu dng. - Hm sn xut ch ph hp vi th trng hng ho c th trc tip s dng, khng ph hp voi nh gi gi tr ca hng ho khng s dng, hoc li ch do gi tr khng s dng ca ti nguyn, mi trng mang li. Phng php 7: Phng php to dng th trng (Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)). Phng php CVM s dng k thut iu tra phng vn trc tip v s thay i cht lng mi trng n s thch ca ngi c phng vn. Thm ch, trong nhng trng hp s thay i ca mi trng khng nh hng n hng ho dch v c th trng. Ti nhng ni m khng c gi th trng, chng ta c th thnh lp, xy dng mt th trng nhm tm ra khon ngi tiu dng bng lng tr (WTP), hoc bng lng chp nhn (WTA). V d: ng, b c bng lng tr n ng Vit nam c c mt ngun nc sch cho gia nh hng nm? (1) c im cu CVM - Quan tm ti iu kin gi nh, hoc gi s -Thnggii quyt vi hng ho cngcng(cht lngkhngkh,gitr tn ticangvt hoang d, cht lng nc bn cho ngi tiu dng. - CVM c th p dng cho c gi tr s dng (cht lng nc, thm quan cc loi ng vt hoang d) hoc gi tr khng s dng nh gi tr tn ti ca ti nguyn, mi trng (existance value). (62) - Gi tr th hin cu nhng ngi c phng vn th hin trong phng php CVM ph thuc vo (are contingent) cc yu t m t hng ho, cch thc n c cung cp, phng thc tr. (2) Cc bc tin hnh (s lc) Bc 1: Chn k thut phng vn (th, in thoi, phng vn trc tip) Bc 2: Thit k cu hi phng vn Bc 3: Chn tin trnh, cch th hin cu hi Bc 4: Phn tch s liu Bc 5: Kim tra, nh gi chnh xc ca kt qu (Bann .C. 1998) Bc 6: D vo kt qu tm c suy lun, ngh (3)Cc lnh vc phng php ny p dng ph hp - Nhng thay i ca mi trng khng c nh hng trc tip nn u ra cu th trng - y khng phi l phng php quan st trc tip s thch ca khch hng - Mu iu tra phi i din cho tng th, v tng th phi c hiu bit tt v hng ho. -Phngphpnyrtttkmvihimtlngmulnchonnmunlmcphng php ny tt i hi phi c thi gian, qu, v tin hnh mt cch rt cn thn. (5) Nhng vn thng mc phi khi p dng phng php CVM Phng php ny ph thuc nhiu vo cch thhin cu hi, th hin m t hoc cc yu t nh hng ti hng ho, i tng iu tra. Do sai lch trong phng php ny l nhiu v tng i ln, loi tr, hn ch c nhng sai lch ny i hi phi thit k cu hi, v phng vn th(pretestingofquestionanaires),qunliutra,ihiknngslccchngtrnh chuyn dng v kinh t lng cho CVM. - Thit k sai lch (desigh bias): Sai lch v cc k thut th hin cu hi - Sai lch thng tin (Information bias): Do thng tin th hin cho ngi c thng tin sai lch - Sai lch do im khi u (starting point bias) (do k thut th hin s bng lng tr) - Sai lch do gi cch bng lng tr (payment vehicle bias) - Sai lch do phng vn v ngi tr li (interview and respondent bias) - Sai lch do gi thuyt (Hypothetical bias) - Sai lch do chin lc ca ngi c phng vn (Strategic bias) Phng php 8. Cc phng php nh gi d trn chi ph c bn (Cost Based Valuation). (a) Phng php chi ph c hi gin tip (oppotunity cost) (b) Chi ph phc hi (restoration cost) (c) Phng php chi ph thay th (replacement cost) (d) Phng php chi ph chuyn v tr (relacation cost) (e) Phng php chi ph bo v (preventive expenditure or defensive expenditure) (63) Hn ch ca cc phng php ny -Li ch cu vic duy tr, ti to Bm > Cm hoc Bm/ Cm> 1 -Trong trng hp ny nu li ch mang li cho x hi do chi ph phc hi gn gi thc s ln hn so vi li ch lc u (original) mang li. Trong trng hp ny chi ph duy tr iu kin mi trng s ln hn so vi WTP ca cng ng, x hi! -Trong iu kin s dng chi ph thay th cho lich mang li t vic du tr iu kin mi trngtnhin,chngtaphiginhrnglaong,vn,taihontoncogin. Nhng trong mt s d n phc hi, duy tr iu kin s lm cho u vo (chi ph) ca d n v d t ai, lao ng, vn khng hon ton co gin, nh vy s nh hng ti gi chi ph. Kt lun: phng phng php na ch nn s dng khi khng cn phng php no (second best valuation method). Chng 7 Ti nguyn MT trong nng nghip v PT KTnng nghip sinh thi 7.1. Ti nguyn MT trong nng nghip- c im v chc nng 7.1.1. Ti nguyn MT nng nghip l g? 7.1.1.1. Ti nguyn nng nghip? TheoquannimcaHeiBenhuber,AlandwirtschaftandUmwelt,EconomicaVerlag.1994, ti nguyn nng nghip bao gm 3 b phn: Ti nguyn hu c, ti nguyn sinh vt, ti nguyn thm m. - Ti nguyn hu c nh nc, t, khng kh. - Ti nguyn sinh vt nh thc vt, ng vt,MT sng, c nhn, dn s, cng ng v h sinh thi. - Ti nguyn thm m nh tnh a dng ca cc yu t cnh quan, bc tranh a dng ca cnh quan, nhng s chia ct tha rung, lun canh cy trng, hng lung cy trng, ng ni ng, hng ro, mng lch, h v m. - MT nng nghip gn lin vi khi nim cnh quan. Cnh quan l mt khi nim trong a l hc (khng gian hc) bao gm t ai v khng gian ca n. Da vo khi nim ny, t ai v khng gian ca n trong mt nc c chia thnh cnh quan t nhin v cnh quan mang tnh nhnvn.Cnhquanmangtnh nhnvncphn thnhkhuvcrngni,khu vcnng thn (bao gm t ai nng nghip v lng xm) v khu vc thnh th. - Mt cnh quan cha ba b phn c lp, l nhng yu t v c (yu t a l, yu t vt l), yu t sinh vt hc (sinh hc) v yu t nhn to (yu t mang tnh nhn vn). Nh vy, cnh quanphnnhmthsinh thiycakhnggian; schunmccanguyntcsinhthi trong cnh quan ; s quy hoch s dng ti u t ai.Khi nim ny c th khi qut qua hnh 6.1 7.1.1.2. Quan im KT sinh thi v ngnh nng nghip (64) *ChngtalnhngnhKTnngnghiptquanimsinhthihccnhquanhiunng nghip nh l mt phn ca cnh quan (s dng t ai trong khu vc nng thn) c ngha quan trng v hu ch v: (1) Nng nghip khng ch xem xt kha cnh KT m c kha cnh sinh thi. Vi mc ch ca sn xut hng ho bn ra th trng th ngi nng dn s dng t ai ca h (tnh nhn vn) vi nhng vt cht v c ca n (yu t a l, t, nc, khng kh) v nhng vt cht sinh vt (ng, thc vt). Bi vy, ngi nng dn phi i x mt cch thn trng vi t ai ca h vkhnggiancan(t,nc,khngkh,cytrng,vtnuivphongcnhkhnggian) khng c to ra s thay i qu mc h sinh thi trn t ai ca h. Hnh 7.1: Sinh thi cnh quan, sinh vt hc, a l hc Ngun: Leser, 1984 (2) Quy hoch vic s dng t ai trong khu vc nng thn v trn ton t nc hon ton cnthitchosPTmnhmcanngnghipvcngnghiptrongkhuvcnngthnvc H thng sinh thi cnh quan Mt phng chc nng H Thng Sinh hc H Thng Nhn vn H Thng a l Sinh thi hc a l Sinh thi hc sinh vt H ng vt SINH THI cnh quan Mt phng cnh quan khng gian H thc vt Yu t sinh hc Yu t nhn vn Yu t a l Thc vt ng vt a hnh Th nhng Thu vn H thng a hnh H thng thnhng H thng thu vn H thng thu vn (65) nc. Tip sinh thi hc cnh quan c th a ra mt PP c li cho cng tc quy hoch vic s dng t. i vi cc nc PT c cng tc quy hoch cnh quan c thc hin t lu. 7.1.2. Chc nng ca MT nng nghip, nng thn 7.1.2.1. Tnh a chc nng ca nng nghip Cc hot ng nng nghip khng ch sn xut ra hng ho lng thc thc phm nhn thy ocmcntoranhnggitrkhngnhnthycgiltnhachcnngcanng nghip. Tnh a chc nng ny khng th phn nh vo gi c ca sn phm trn th trng. (1) 1950 Nguynliu mua vo Sn xut nng nghipNng sn phm Ti nguyn v c: -nc-t-khng kh Cnh quan Tc ng tch cc- Bc tranh a dng ca cnh quan - a dng sinh hc Tc ngtiu cc : -Hu nh khng c S dng MT (66) *Cn c vo phm vi hng li ch t PT nng nghip c th chia ra: -Lich nginngdn hngmanggitrKT tnngnghipt vicsn xut cungng sn phm nng nghip, thu nhp v ti sn khc. - Li ch ton x hi cng hng vi tnh a chc nng nng nghip v cng ng nng thn th hin qua hnh 6.2. (1) Chc nng MT nh phng chng l lt, lu tr nc, a dng sinh hc. V d: cnh ng ladtrnctrongthigianmalnvdnvosngvccvnglncn,dophng chng hoc gim bt c thit hi do l lt. (2) Chc nng x hi nh gp phn tng kh nng PT v tn ti ca cc cng ng nng thn thng qua to vic lm v thu nhp, gip dn c nng nghip tham gia cc hot ng thc y PT cng ng ca mnh. c bit, t nc khi c khng hong KT, c sc ti chnh nghim trng xy ra, khi nng nghip l ni thu ht lao ng d tha t thnh th, l ni an ton vng m hay n nh KT. iu c coi nh l chc nng che ch n nu. (3) Chc nng an ninh lng thc l m bo cung cp lng thc ni a p ng nhu cu chin lc quc gia vi mc cung d tr v kh nng nhp khu. (2)-1960~ Nguynliu mua vo Sn xut nng nghipNng sn phm Ti nguyn v c: -Nc -t-Khng kh Cnh quan Tc ng tiu cc ngoi sinh- Bc tranh n iu ca cnhquan -Gim a dng sinh hc - nhim ti nguyn v c Tc ng tch cc ngoi sinh: Hu nh khng c ngha nhim khng kh do cng nghip v giao thng Khc S dng MT: - Nc ung -Vui chi, gii tr, -v.v... Hnh 7.2: Mi quan h KT gia MT v Nng Nghip Ngun: Heirichmeyer W. agraprolitik, UTB 1651 (Ulmer), 1919, pp 191- 193 Gii php chng nhim MT (67) (4)ChcnngKTviyucuchosPTcnivtngtrngcacccngngnng thn. iu ny c hiu nh l mt chc nng c in v lch s ca nng nghip nh vic cung cp lng thc thc phm v to thu nhp, to c hi vic lm n nh trc nhng bin ng ln v KT. Nh vy, chc nng ny gp phn cho nng thn PT cn i, c tng trng KT ca cc cng ng nng thn gp phn s bn vng trong PT ca c quc gia. (5) Chc nng vn ho l to ra nhng cnh nng thn p, bo tn cc di tch vn ho. achcnngcanngnghipvcngngnngthncnhhngrnglnthngqua nhng qu trnh v nhng hng khc nhau. *TquanimgitrKT,thachcnngcanngnghipvcngngnngthn c chia ra: Trc ht tt c cc gi tr KT ca nng nghip v cng ng nng thn c chia thnh gi tr s dng v gi tr khng s dng. Trong , gi tr s dng c chia thnh gi tr s dng trc tip v gi tr s dng gin tip, gi tr s dng la chn v gi tr s dng li. Cc khi nim ny c khi qut nh sau: (1) Gi tr s dng trc tip l chc nng sn xut ra sn phm nng nghip, chc nng to ra thu nhp v cc ti sn. (2) Gi tr s dng gin tip l chc nng cho gii tr, phc hi sc kho, chc nng gio dc, chc nng bo tn MT, to ra khng gian xanh v sch. (3) Gi tr s dng la chn l chc nng an ninh lng thc, chc nng bo tn vn ho lng x truyn thng, chc nng to ra khng gian xanh v sch. (4) Gi tr s dng li l chc nng bo tn MT, to rakhng gian xanh v sch, duy tr vn ho lng x truyn thng. (5)Gitrkhngsdngchlgitrtntichcnngbotnvnholngxtruyn thng, bo tn ti nguyn sinh hc, gi gn cnh quan xinh p Nh vy, tr cc chc nng gi tr s dng trc tip thuc v ngi nng dn hng th th a s chc nng ca nng nghip v cng ng nng thn tc ng rng ln n dn c trong vng cng nh ton t nc v cc th h mai sau. Do nc gi l chc nng cng cng ca nng nghip v cng ng nng thn. * Tc ng to ra bi cc: chc nng cng cng chnh xc l cc yu t KT ngoi sinh nh lm trong lnh khng kh, to ni ngh ngi gii tr, to nn phong cnh p, qun l l lt, dtrnc,phnglt,botncngngnngthn.Nhvy,huhtccchcnngca nng nghip v nng thn li l nhng yu t KT ngoi sinh. Khcvi ccyu t KT ni sinh, ngi tiu dng phi tr cc chi ph mua sn phm nng nghip, nhng l ngi s dng khng tr cc chi ph ca yu t ngoi sinh. 6.1.2.2. Nhng c im chung ca tnh a chc nng ca nng nghip Chc nng ca nng nghip v cng ng nng thn c chia thnh hai phn khc nhau, KT ni sinh, KT ngoi sinh v n thuc hng ho cng cng. * Nhng hiu ng hiu nh l KT ngoi sinh. Vic nh gi chnh xc li ch ca tnh a chc nng bng tin trn th trng nng nghip l mt vic lm rt kh khn. S hiu ng lun tn ti (68) khi cc hot ng sn xut ca mt s ngi, cng ty em li li ch cho x hi m nhng ngi khcchngnhngkhngphichitr.Cthxcnhcthhnphnsau.Mtkhc, nng nghip v cng ng nng thn mang tnh cht ca sn xut chung. Nhng li ch ca tnh a chc nng khng th thu c mt cch ring r t sn xut nng nghip. Mt v d c trng v sn phm chung l tht v lng th trong sn bn. * Nhng c im ca sn phm cng cng c gii thch thng qua hai khi nim ca KT hc l tnh loi tr v cnh tranh. (1) Tnh loi tr l c tnh ca hng ho v dch v m mt ngi tiu dng d dng t chi khng tr chi ph cho ngi cung cp (gi l ngi ua t do). (2) Tnh cnh tranh l c tnh ca nhng hng ho v dch vmmt ngi tiu dng sn sng v ng thi ngi tiu dng khc cng c nhu cu tiu dng hng ho dch v . Trong khi nhng hng ho v dch v c trao i trn th trng c c tnh loi tr v tnh cnhtranhcao,thnhiudchvnhanninhqucgiavhthnglutphpkhngctnh loitrmcngkhngctnhcnhtranh(phcvchonginyvcngcthphcv chongikhcmkhngphitnchiphthm),chngcgilhnghocngcnghon ho. (69) Tt c gi tr KTca nng nghip vcng ng nng thn Gi tr s dng Gi tr khngs dng Gi tr s dng trc tip Gi tr s dng gin tip Gi tr s dng la chn Gi tr s dng li Gi tr s dng hin hu Chc nng to ra nng sn phm, to ra thu nhp v cc ti sn khc Chc nng bo tnMT Chc nng gii tr v gi gn sc kho Chc nng gio dc Chc nng an ninh lng thc Chc nng gi gn vn ho truyn thng Chc nng to ra khng gian xanh v mHnh 7.3: a chc nng nng nghip v Nng thn (70) Hu ht cc chc nng ca nng nghip v cng ng nng thn ch c tnh loi tr v tnh cnhtranh thp, nn chng l hng hocngcng khng honho.Hng hocng cnghon ho c t bn tri pha trn ca s , hng ho t nhn c trao i trn th trng bn phi pha di ca s , nhng chc nng ca nng nghip v cng ng nng thn xp vo l hng ho cng cng khng hon ho. Phn loi ny c th hin qua s 6.3. 6.1.2.3. Mi quan h gia nng nghip v MT Khi nim khng gian ca cnh quan th hin mt vai tr quan trng trong nghin cu quan h gia nng nghip v MT. *Yutnisinhcanngnghiplvicsnxutraccthcphmnhsnphmchnh. ng thi, nng nghip to ra li ch MT nh l sn phm ph. N nh l yu t KT ngoi sinh nh bc tranh a dng ca quang cnh, a dng sinh hc, bo tn mch nc ngm. Trong khi nim ny, tnh ngoi sinh ca nng nghip c mi quan h vi ni sinh. Mi quan h gia nng nghip v MT nh trn phn nh qu trnh PT nng nghip trn th gii trc thi k 1960 v c m t hnh 6.4. Tnh Hng ho cng cng hon ho (chc nng an ninh lng thc) (chc nngan gi gnvn ho) (chc nngan nng bo tn ngun sinh hc) lng x cng ng) (chc nngan ninh MT) (chc nng phc hi cnh quan p) (chc nng gio gic) (chc nng gii tr & phc hisc kho) Hng ho t nhn (chc nngan ninh lng thc) Thp Tnh cnh tranh

Cao Hnh 7.4: Phn loi chc nng nng nghip v nng thn Ngun : R . Kada (71) * Quan im vquan h gia nng nghip v MT nh trn, n cui nm 1950 bt u xy ra s o ln v sn phm ph ca nng nghip. n thi k bng n v cng nghip ho t nhng nm 1960, do vic cng nghip ho, bt utmtlngrtlnvonngnghipnhthuchohc,mymc,cngtrnhthuli iu , nng nghip khng nhng sn xut d tha lng thc thc phm m cng bt u lm nhim MT (nhng yu t phi KT ngoi sinh nh nhim t, nc, khng kh m ln, bc tranh n iu ca cnh quan, gim tnh a dng sinh hc). Tt nhin s chuyn i ny nmngoi vn d tha lng thc, thc phm trong cc nc cng nghip ho cao, bi v c nhim trong nng nghip v vic d tha lng thc, thc phm xy ra ng thi do vic u t mt cn i v lng vt t sn xut trong nng nghip, m n thu c t cng nghip.S cng nghip ho t nhng nm 1960 v n nay, mi quan h gia nng nghip v MT thay i, n chuyn t yu t KT ngoi sinh sang yu t phi KT ngoi sinh. Hin nay trong cc nc cng nghip ho cao tin hnh xy dng v p dng chnh sch MT l rt cn thit gip ngi nng dn gim nhng yu t phi KT ngoi sinh (tc ng c hi tc ng tiu cc) v tng nhng yu t KT ngoi sinh (tc ng c li, tc ng tch cc) trong sn xut nng nghip. Tt nhin v nguyn tc chnh sch ny khng tc ng ti vic sn xut tha lng thc, thc phm bng nhng cch thc khc c thc hin nh cch khng kt ni hoc ktnili. Chnh schnhmchyu trtrc tipcho nginngdn da trn nhngyut KT ngoi sinh trong vic canh tc . * Bin gii phn bit nhng yu t KT KT v phi KT ngoi sinh l g? T y lm c s l thuyt cho vic chi tr trc tip cho ngi nng dn t ngun thu. Mc tham kho (hoc im chun) n c da trn tc ng ln MT ca PP canh tc tt v n khc nhau gia cc nc, gia cc thi im v b nh hng bi s nhn thc v tnh bn vng trong PT nng nghip. (72) 7.2. PT nng nghip v qun l ti nguyn MT nng nghip 7.2.1. PT nng nghip bn vng 7.2.1.1. Cc quan nim v PT nng nghip bn vng T nm80 n nay, nh ngha v PT nng nghip bn vng vn cn cha c thng nht gia cc nh KT hc. Trong thp nin 90, mt trong nhng mi quan tm hng u ca PT nng nghip trn phm vi ton cu chnh l PT theo hng bn vng. Quannimvonhngnmucathpk80,DouglassG.Kphnthnhccnhmkhc nhau: (1) Nhm th 1: Quan nim, nng nghip bn vng c nhn mnh ch yu vo kha cnh KT k thut. Nng sut lao ng v duy tr trong di hn l bng chng cho s tng trng ca nng nghip theo con ng bn vng. (2)Nhmth2:Nngnghipbnvngcnhnmnhchyutheokhacnhsinhthi. Mt h thngnng nghip m lm suy yu, o nhim, ph v cn bng sinh thi ca h thngt nhin mt cch khng cn thit th h thng s khng bn vng. (3) Nhm th 3: Nng nghip bn vng c nhn mnh vo kha cnh MT con ngi. Mt h thng nng nghipmkhngcathinctrnh giodc,sc kho v dinh dngca ngi dn nng thn th h thng xem nh khng PT bn vng. QuannimvPTbnvngvogiathpk80quaUbanPTvMTthgii,1987cho rng: PT bn vng l PT p ng oc nhng nhu cu hin ti nhng khng lm tn thng nng lc p ng nhu cu ca cc th h trong tng lai. Cch hiu ny c ngha i vi x hi thnh vng phi bit kim ch trnh tiu dng thi hin ti em li s p ng nhu cu cc th h trong tng lai. T y c quan im ca Ropetto 1987 i vi cc nc cn ngho i, cn tnhtrngthiusinhdngl:snxutnngnghipgiatngpngnhucutngln nhanh v nng sn phm v m bo cho gi gim dn. TheoTAC/CGIAR,1989trchtChantalakhana:Nngnghipbnvngphibaogmc vic qun l thnh cng cc ngun lc cho nng nghip tho mn nhu cu lun thay i ca conngitrongkhiduytrhaytngcngchtlngcaMTvbovcctinguynthin nhin. UbantvnkthutLinhpquc(TechnicalAdvisorycommitteeTAC,1989)ra mctiucanngnghipbnvngnnlduytrtrnhsnxutnngnghipvmrng mc cn thit p ng nhu cu gia tng ca dn s th gii m khng lm suy gim MT. Trong nhng nm 90mt vi khi nim khcxut hin. Nijkamp, Bergh v Soetoman 1990 chorngsbnvngcxemnhmtscnbngcmbogiaPTKTvPTbn vng. Pearce v Turner 1990 cho rng s PT nng nghip bn vng c xem nh l s ti a ho li ch ca vic PT KT trn c s rng buc vic duy tr cht lng ca ngun lc t nhin theo thi gian v tun th cc quy lut trong s dng tng loi RR hoc khng ti to. TheoCrosson &Anderson, 1993:Mththng nng nghip bn vng lmt h thng p ng p ng mtcch v hn nhng nhu cu ngy cng tng v n v mc vi ccchi ph KT, MT v cc chi ph x hi khc ph hp vi vic nng cao phc li u ngi. (73) 7.2.1.2. Cc mi quan h rng buc trong qu trnh PT nng nghip Bn cht ca ca PT nng nghip bn vng c khm ph bi nhiu cng trnh nghin cu trnthgiivcngxutphttyucugiquytccmiquanhtrongqutrnhPTnng nghip. - Tng trng nng nghip gn lin vi bo v MT t nhin. PT nng nghip bn vng trc ht m bo PT nng nghip sinh thi bn vng. - PT nng nghip gn lin vi gii quyt s ngho i nng thn. -TngtrngnngnghipgnlinvibovMTconnginngthn.Baogm:tng trng nng nghip gn lin vi MT sc kho - dinh dng; tng trng nng nghip v trnh vn ho nng thn Thiu y3mi quan htrn,PTbnvngnngnghipcthckhiqut nh sau: PT nng nghip bn vng l m hnh PT m p ng c yu cu tng trng chung ca nn KT nhng khng lm suy thoi MT t nhin v con ngi ng thi m bo oc sinh k bn vng trn mc ngho i cho ngi dn nng thn. TrongngnhnPThngtinngnghipbnvngslmctiuchoccchnhschPT nng nghip v nng thn. S suy thoi v MT hin ti l h qu ca vic p dng cc phng thc sn xut trc y, do t ti trnh PT nng nghip bn vng (khc phc hu qu trc y v p dng cc phng thc sn xut mi gn vi gi gn cn bng sinh thi) i hi mt qu trnh lu di gn lin vi PT nng nghip sinh thi. 7.2.2. PT nng nghip bn vng gn lin vi nng nghip sinh thi 7.2.2.1. PT KT sinh thi l tt yu ca PT nhn loi * Phn loi s PT ca Nhn loi da trn cc tiu chun khc nhau: -QuanimcaA.Tofflerlythngtinlmcsphnloilnsngth3:Vnminh nng nghip, Vn minh Cng nghip v vn minh hu Cng nghip. -QuanimcaCcMclyphngthcsnxutlmcsphnloi:Hnhthi KTXHCSNT, Hnh thi KTXH TBCN, Hnh thi KRXH CSCN -QuanimKhoc,Lchshcdatrntinbcavtliuphnloi:Thii, Thi i ng, st, Thi i ca cc kim loi v nhm nha, KT sinh thi hin i. - Quan im ca nhiu nh khoa hc hin nay da vo s bin i c cu nng lng lm c schiara:KTtnhin,nnnngnghiphuc,cchtcungtcp,ccunnglngt nhin. KT Cng nghip ho v gn vi nn nng nghip CNH, c cu nng lng nhn to, theo c ch nng lng phn tn, gii phng nng lng. KT sinh thi hin i theo c ch nng lng sch. PT KT sinh thi hin i l yu cu ca cc quy lut: (1) Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh, (74) (2) L thuyt khong ti u. L thuyt khong ti ucho php chng ta tnh ton min ti u cas PTtng ngnh, tng vngcah thngKTqucdn. N khngchxl ccvn k thut cng ngh, m cn c vn x hi. T chc mm v vn hnh nn KT theo nguyn l a dng, to nn mt h sinh thi t chc a dng, em li hiu qu tng hp, ti u. (3) Quy lut nhu cu- iu kin trc yu cu PT KT x hi v i lp vi yu cu: bo v MT tr thnh vn ton cu, mang tnh nhn loi, bo v MT l bo v tng lai.Nn KT chc chn s chuyn ng sang nn KT nhn bn, nhn loi, nhn vn, nhn o. (4) Chun o v xc nh mc tiu PT ca nn KT c t c ch c th l KT sinh thi hin i tin ti nn KT tng hp hi ho. Cng t lm bin i ton b c cu, chc nng ca h thng KT x hi. 7.2.2.2. KT nng nghip sinh thi mc tiu, cu trc v chc nng. Hiu nn KT sinhthi l nn KT cxy dng, vn hnh, PT da trn ccu nng lng tnghp,trongsgnbhihovitnhin,MTviconngivxhi.KTsinhthic ngun gc t KT t nhin, t cung t cp trong x hi cng sn nguyn thu (t khi c loi ngi cho n cch y trn mt vn nm, cuc sng bng sn bt hi lm cc sn phm ca t nhin, h sinh thi nhn to y cha nh hng nhiu n h sinh thi t nhin. Mc tiu ca nn KT sinh thi khng ch dng li nng sut, cht lng, hiu quKT m hiu qu tng hp, tho mn nhu cu ca con ngi trong s ho hp, em li mc sng vi thu nhp cao, sc kho, hnh phc cho con ngi c sng ho hp vi t nhin, gia con ngi vi con ngi. Nn KT sinh thi c mt c cu nng lng mi, l nng lng tng hp mt dng nng lng sch, theo chu trnh khp kn khng c ph thi c hi ti MT nh dng nng lng phn tn trong cng nghip ho hin nay. S PT KT sinh thi nh vy c bt u t cng nghip sinh thi. Nn nng nghip sinh thi l nn nng nghip khng ch l mt ngnh cung cp lng thc thc phmschcho ton x himcnlmtngnhc achcnng bo v MTsng,lm sch kh quyn, lm gim hiu ng nh knh, lm tng a dng ho sinh hc, tnh bn vng ca cn bng sinh thi... Nnnng nghipsinhthictchc linhonvi kintrcsinhthi,dch v sinh thi, giao thng sinh thi v bt u t cng nghip sinh thi to thnh mt h sinh thi thng nht hi ho gia con ngi v t nhin (chng hn: RVAC gn vi h thng dn c gm nh v giao thng 7.2.2.3. Cc yu cu chuyn dch sang nn nng nghip sinh thi bn vng (1). Khai thc s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn rng, t ai, nc ngt (2). Tng cng bin php kim sot sinh hc chng su bnh v c di -S dng PP kim sot sinh hc theo hng c in l da vo k th t nhin ca su bnh v c di c mang t ni khc (ni sinh ra chng). V d, s dng c biu vng hn ch su bnh cho la, nhng mt tri ca n nh nn c biu vng lm thay i cn bng sinh thi v gy ho. (75) - Kim sot bng sinh hc thng qua ci to cc ging vt nui, cy trng bng PP di truyn v to cc ging cy bin i gen. (3) Thc hin cc PP canh tc sinh thi bn vng: trng lun canh, a canh, b hoang, gi v cc loi cy c kh nng chng su bnh v c di, p dng cc bin php v t, nc, cht dinh dng, s dng cy ngn v, thay i thi gian trng cy, trng cy ph hn ch c di, ph t bng phn xanh hoc ri nha tng hp, s dng cc cy by su bnh, thay i phng thc cy lm tng s xy ho, phong ho t, kt hp thuc dit c, phi hp cc bin php canh tc. Bng vic iu hnh sn xut nng nghip mt cch hp l c th kim sot s thoi ho ca t, s tht thot nc. Hn na s p dng c hiu qu ph thi gia sc s lm tng mu m ca t v nhim MT. V d PP canh tc sinh thi, hng nm s thoi ho t ch cn 1 tn/ha, t c gi n nh nng lng cn s dng cng ch bng mt na, tng chi ph sn xut mt nm gim 36% so vi PP canh tc truyn thng (vi thoi ho 20 tn) trn 1ha. - Qun l dch hi bng PP tng hp (IPM). (4) Tng tng sn phm cy trng bng cch PT nui trng, thun dng cc sinh vt hoang di (5) Khai thc, s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn sinh vt di nc (6) u tranh chng nhim MT sinh thi v bo tn ti nguyn ca h sinh thi ch yu 7.2.3. Tng cng bo v v qun l ti nguyn MT nng nghip 7.2.3.1. Thc hin khung chnh sch MT - nng nghip cc nc * Chnh sch MT nng nghip l g? -Chnh sch MT nng nghip l mt chnh sch mi, m trong chnh sch nng nghip v chnh sch MT c hp thnh. Trong khi nim hp thnh ng l nhng vn KT v nhng vn lin quan ti chnh sch MT c phi hp cht ch vi nhau ngy hm nay th s to ra mt nn nng nghip bn vng lu di. - Chnh sch MT nng nghip trc ht l mt chnh sch nhm gim tc ng tiu cc (yu t phi KT ngoi sinh, tc ng c hi) ca nng nghip ln MT, bi v n i km vi chnh sch imitrongnng nghipmmctiuchnhca n lcc giiphpv vn dthalng thc, thc phm. Do vy, gii php c bn ca chnh sch MT nng nghip l qung canh ho nng nghip. - Quan im khc t cc nh KT Nht bn v Cng ng chung chu u l nng nghip khi u to ra nhng kt qu tch cc (yu t KT ngoi sinh, tc ng c li), c ting vang ln v tr thnh c s l thuyt cho chnh sch khng kt ni hoc kt ni li (chnh sch tr trc tipchonginng dn)mncthc hintrong nhiunccngnghip hocaocch y 15 nm. - Hi tho v nn nng nghip to ra li ch cho MT ca nhng nc cng nghip ho cao t chcHelsinki,Phnlannm1996.NHngtholunquantrngtrongcuchithonybao gm: (1) Nhng li ch g cho MT nng nghip; (2) u l ranh gii phn bit gia ngi nng dn tb p chi ph iph vi snhimMT(theo nguyntcPPP,ngi gy nhim phi tr), chnh l khon tr trc tip ngi nng dn t ngun thu ca quc gia; (3) PP phn tch KT lng no c v ti u cho vic nh gi li ch MT t nng nghip. (76) - Trong hi tho Helsinki, nhng kin thng nht chung gia cc nc cng nghip ho cao l nng nghip c th gy ln nhng tc ng tch cc (li ch cho MT) hoc to ra nhng tc ng tiu cc ( nhim MT), lin quan n 6 yu t: t, nc, khng kh, MT sng, a dng sinh hc, cnh quan. Cc vn c bin gii l mc tham kho (im chun) phn bit gia phmvipdngnguyntcPPPvphntrtrctiptngunthu(nguyntcchitrcng cng).V vy, khon tr trc tip s cho php ngi nng dn gp phn em li li ch MT trn mc tham kho v nguyn tc PPP phi c thc hin ngi nng dn i li c phn nhim di mc tham kho. - Chnh sch MT gip ngi nng dn trong qu trnh canh tc quan tm ti 6 yu t trn gim bt hot ng tiu cc v tng tc ng tch cc. * Gii php ca chnh sch MT-nng v nguyn tc b p chi ph. C 3 gii php chnh: Khuyn nng v gio dc; Lut l, qui nh trc tip v Cc gii php KT (PPP v chi tr chung). (1)KhuynnngvgiodclcschottcccgiaiphpcachnhschMTnng nghip. (2)Mtvdvlutlvquynhtrctipllutlbnphnc(1996).Ttccc nng dn m qun l trang tri t 10 ha tr ln phi c s ghi chp phn tch hng nm v hm lng m trong trang tri ( t, nc), i vi phn ln v kali th 3 nm 1 ln. (3)Cc gii php KT l cng tc thu v tr cp. T nguyn tc b p chi ph th nhng gii php ny chia thnh nguyn tc PPP (nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr) v nguyn tc chi tr chung. Mt v d v nh thu canh tc l phi thanh ton khong v c h Lan. Mt v d v nguyn tc chi tr chung l chng trnh MEKA c. Vi s gip ca nhng gii php ny m chnh sch MT nng nghip s t c mc tiu ca n. C s xc nh mc tham kho c m t qua hnh 7.5 (77) 7.2.3.2. Chnh sch - Nguyn tc b p chi ph PPP v mt mc tham kho - Nguyn tc PPP ca chnh sch MT nng nghip c hiu nh l mt nguyn tc cho gii php chnh tr nhn r mc nhim ti u. Ring Nht bn a n ratrong cuc hi tho ca cc nc cng nghip ho cao, th nguyn tc PPP oc hiu nh l nguyn tc cng l v cng bng cho gii php chng nhim v mc tiu ca nguyn tc PPP c m rng theo mc nhim ti u thnh nhng gii php chng nhimrng hn. Mt ngi gy nhim c xem nh l mt ngi thu c li nhun c bit m khng phi tr cho chi ph nh chi ph chng nhim MTm thc cht h phi tr. - Mt mc tham kho hoc im chun ca chnh sch MT nng nghip khng ch ch yu l khi nim KT m hn na cn l khi nim chnh tr bi v n c bit nh l mt trch nhim i vi ngi nng dn h gi c mt mc tham kho. gi mt mc tham khos nh l mt hp ng tho thun ngm gia ngi nng dn vi x hi, Do vy, iu quan trong cn tho lun ni dung ca PP canh tc tt l g (nh phn bn th lo, s dng ho cht nng nghip nh th no T y to ra mt lin ng rng ri trong nng dn, ngi tiu dng v chnh ph tt c cc cp ca mt t nc, bi v mt PP canh tc tt th hin trong thc t mt vai tr ca mt mc tham kho hoc im chun TI LIU THAM KHO A. Mas-Collell; M.D. Whinston & J. R. Green. 1995. Microeconomic Theory. INC Barry C. Frield.1997. Environmental Economics: An introduction. McGraw-Hill Book Co. nhim MT(Hiu ng KT ngoi sinh) (Hiu ng phi KT ngoi sinh) (Nguyn tc chi tr cng cng) (Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin) I1 = Mc nh hng 1 I2 = Mc nh hng 2 Hnh 7.5: mc nh hng Ngun:Tomioka, M. Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin, s pht hnh c bit tp ch KT nng thn 1999, trang 342 Yakogawa, H. So Snh cc chnh sch v MT trong nng nghip gia cc nckhc nhau. Tp tr KT nng thn, tp 68 , s 2 , trang 79-87 Li ch MT

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