Bai Giang TUD TCNH-Hoa

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh

Tin ng dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhTin ng dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh..........................................................................................................1 Chng I: Gii thiu chung v Microsoft Excel..........................................................................................3 Khi nim................................................................................................................................................3 Gii thiu giao din excel........................................................................................................................3 Mt s khi nim lin quan n bng tnh...............................................................................................4 Trnh t lp bng tnh..............................................................................................................................4 1.Hm mu..............................................................................................................................................7 Khi nim hm mu:............................................................................................................................7 Mt s hm thng dng:....................................................................................................................7 Cch chn hm....................................................................................................................................9 Chng II: Qun l ti sn c nh, cc hm khu hao..............................................................................10 Nhc li kin thc v ti sn c nh.....................................................................................................10 Khi nim..........................................................................................................................................10 Mt s phng php tnh khu hao....................................................................................................10 Cc hm tnh khu hao TSC................................................................................................................11 Hm SLN ( straight Line)..................................................................................................................11 Hm SYD ( Sum of years Digits).....................................................................................................12 Hm DB (Declining Balance)............................................................................................................12 Hm DDB( Double Declining balance).............................................................................................13 1.1.Cng thc tnh khu hao u (khu hao tuyn tnh).....................................................................14 Hm VDB..........................................................................................................................................14 Chng III: Qun l doanh thu..................................................................................................................16 Lp k hoch doanh thu tiu th sn phm............................................................................................16 ngha vic lp k hoch doanh thu.................................................................................................16 Phng php lp k hoch doanh thu.................................................................................................16 Bi ton lp k hoch doanh thu........................................................................................................16 Xc inh li nhun ti a.......................................................................................................................17 Mc ch............................................................................................................................................17 Bi ton..............................................................................................................................................17 D bo doanh thu v li nhun bng m hnh tng quan.....................................................................18 Gii thiu cng c Phn tch trong excel...........................................................................................18 1

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhM hnh tng quan n....................................................................................................................18 M hnh tng quan bi.....................................................................................................................21 S dng biu xu th trong d bo.....................................................................................................23 Chng IV: Xc nh im ha vn ca doanh nghip.............................................................................26 Nhc li v im ha vn.......................................................................................................................26 Bi ton xc nh im ha vn ca doanh nghip sn xut..................................................................26 Chng V: Cc ch tiu ti chnh...............................................................................................................29 nh gi hiu qu ca vn u t..........................................................................................................29 Nhc li kin thc v dng tin..........................................................................................................29 Cc hm nh gi hiu qu vn u t.............................................................................................29 T l li nhun ca vn u t...............................................................................................................34

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Chng I: Gii thiu chung v Microsoft ExcelKhi nimExcel l mt chng trnh bng tnh in t chy trong mi trng windown, c ng dng mnh trong cng tc qun l kinh t v c bit trong qun tr kinh doanh. Chc nng c bn ca bng tnh excel: T chc d liu dng bng tnh: Cho php to hiu chnh, nh dng in lu gi bng tnh cng kh nng to, in biu t cc d liu c trong bng tnh Sp xp v phn nhm d liu: Biu din d liu dng biu Phn tch d liu v tin hnh d bo Tnh ton cc hm: Excel cung cp sn cc mu hm, gi l hm bng tnh, thuc nhiu phm tr khc nhau: Thng k, ti chnh, ton t Qun tr c s d liu Kh nng thc hin bng cc Macro Cc cng c b sung bao gm add ins v Excel trong Workgroup

Gii thiu giao din excelCc thnh phn trn giao din Excel

Thanh Tiu (Title bar): dng trn cng ca mn hnh, khi mi khi ng Excel ti y ghi Microsoft Excel - Book1, khi ta t tn cho bng tnh, tn ny km theo phn m rng .xls s thay th t Book1. Cc thanh Menu, Cng c (thanh tiu chun_standard Bar), nh dng: ging nh ca Word. Phn ln cc biu tng trn cc thanh ny c cng dng ngha nh trong Word, ngha ca mt s biu tng dng ring cho Excel c gii thch phn di. Thanh Cng thc (Formula bar): L dng th nm ca mn hnh hin th to (a ch hoc tn) , nt hu b, nt la chn, ni dung d liu trong hin ti ( c khung vin chung quanh). Thanh Trng thi (Status bar): L dng cui cng hin th cc ch hot ng ca Excel : - Ready: ang sn sng lm vic. Enter: ang nhp d liu hay cng thc. Pointer: ang ghi cng thc tham chiu n mt a ch. Edit: ang iu chnh d liu hay cng thc trong hin ti.3

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh Thanh th tn bng tnh (Sheet tabs): l dng ngay trn thanh trng thi, hin th tn ca cc bng tnh (khi chng cha c t tn, ti y ghi (Sheet1, Sheet2, ..., Sheet7). Bn tri l cc nt chuyn ti. Thanh cun Dc (Vertical Scroll Bar), cun Ngang (Horizontal Scroll Bar): ging nh trong Word. Ca s Bng tnh (Worksheet Window): l phn ln nht dng nhp d liu, tnh ton, v th nh sau:

Mt s khi nim lin quan n bng tnhWorkbook ( tp bng tnh) Mt tp bng tnh l mt tp hp cc ti liu vi nhau, c nhm chung li thnh nhm hay cn gi l file excel. c th cha mt bng tnh, mt biu hay 1 macro bng tnh. Mt bng tnh thng cha d liu, cng thc v nhng i tng khc nh biu hay hnh nh Mt workbook s gm nhiu wordsheet Sheet (bng tnh) Bng tnh in t c cu trc . Bao gm 256 ct, 16384 dng. Mi bng tnh c mt tn gi c th (ti a l 31 k t), tn mc inh ca bng tnh l Sheet#. Ngi dng c th thay i tn bng tnh theo yu cu s dng bng cch ch vo tn Sheet cn i, nhn chut phi chn mc rename, sau nhp tn cn i v nhn OK. Ngi dng c th chn mt trang bng tnh dng lnh insert> worksheet a ch : c 3 loi a ch/ tham chiu : a ch tng i, a ch tuyt i v a ch hn hp Vng Range: l mt tp hp nhng k cn nhau. Mi vng c xc nh bng mt cp ta ,. Mt vng c th l 1 , c th gm 1 vng nhiu chng hn 1 vng d liu c th c ta nh sau: F3,G4 tc l vng d liu bao gm cc : (F3, F4, G3, G4). Ngi dng c th t tn cho vng bng cc bi en vng cn t tn, chn lnh insert> Name> Define nhp tn ti khung Name in Wrokbook

Trnh t lp bng tnhM mt bng tnh Chn font ch cho bng tnh Nhp tiu chung, tiu ct Nhp d liu c s tnh ton cc gi tr th sinh to dng thng tin tng hp nh dng bng tnh Lu tr bng tnh. Cc thao tc c bn vi bng tnh Chn 1 bng tnh( 1 sheet mi)

Cc cch Cch 1 Cch 2 Cch 3 Insert / Worksheet

Thao tc Nhy nt phi chut trn thanh th tn bng tnh gi Menu tt (sau y chng ta quy c gi thao tc ny l [Menu tt]), chn Insert Worksheet Tools/Option/ tab General/ Sheets in new workbook/ G s lng sheet mong mun vo, gi s 50

Xa bt 1 bng tnh 4

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhCc cch Cch 1 Cch 2i tn bng tnh

Thao tc Edit/ Delete Sheet [Menu tt], Delete Sheet

Cc cch Cch 1 Cch 2 Cch 3

Thao tc Nhy p vo th tn (tc l vo tn bng tnh, sau y chng ta quy c gi l th tn) trn thanh th tn, g vo tn mi. Format /Sheet /Rename, g vo tn mi. [Menu tt], Rename, g vo tn mi

Sao chp/ chuyn 1 bng tnh

Cc cch Cch 1 Cch 2

Thao tc Gi Ctrl trong khi ko th th tn ti mt th tn khc (Sheet khc). Nu khng gi Ctrl bng tnh s c chuyn i. Edit, Move or Copy Sheet. Chn v tr t bng tnh hin ti trc bng tnh no trong khung Before Sheet. Nu nh du chn vo Creat a Copy, Excel s sao chp bng tnh ch khng chuyn n.

Lu : Ch dng cch 2 nu bng tnh ngun v ch cch xa nhau (khng thy th tn ca chng cng mt lc).Tch bng tnh

Cc cch Cch 1 Cch 2 Cch 3

Thao tc Tr chut vo thanh tch cho xut hin mi tn 2 u, ko th n ti v tr cn tch. a con tr v v tr cn tch, chn mc Window / Split. Sau b tch chn Window / Remove Split a con tr v v tr cn tch, chn mc Window / Freeze Panes. Sau b tch chn Window / Unfreeze Panes

Lu : Vic tch bng tnh ra c ngha rt quan trng, khi ta lm vic vi nhng bng tnh c nhiu hng, nhiu ct c nhng hng hay ct ta lun mun quan st tin lm vic th ta phi s dng tnh nng chia tch bng tnh n v hin li mt bng tnh: Mc ch n bng tnh Hin li bng tnh b n Thao tc Chn Format/Sheet/Hide n bng tnh. Chn Format /Sheet /Unhide.

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhBo v bng tnh: bo v v che giu nhng thng tin quan trng trong bng tnh cn s dng tnh nng sau:

Mc ch Tool / Protection Bo v

Thao tc Chn Protect Sheet bo v bng tnh, chn Protect Workbook bo v file Excel. Nu cn thit g mt khu vo vng Password, 2 ln g phi ging nhau v lu rng mt khu trong Excel phn bit ch hoa vi ch thng

B tnh trang bo v

Chn Tool / Protection / Unprotect Sheet hay Unprotect Workbook. Nu c mt khu, phi g vo, nu ng ta mi cp nht c bng tnh.

X l d liu trong bng tnh: Bao gm cc bc, nhn d liu, hiu chnh bng tnh v tnh ton cc gi tr th sinh. Trong bc tnh ton cc gi tr th sinh cng vic chnh m chng ta cn quan tm. Trong thnh phn ca cng thc c th gm: s, vn bn( nu l vn bn phi t trong cp nhy kp), ta , tn vng, cc php ton v cc hm. V c bn cc php ton c nhm vo cc lp sau: Php ton s hc: gm php cng (+), php tr ( -), php Nhn (*), php chia (/), php ly tha (^) v php tnh phn trm (%) Php ton lin kt chui: (&) Php ton so snh: php bng, php khng bng (), php ln hn (>), php nh hn (=) S u tin gia cc php ton trong Excel: u tin l php ly tha, sau l nhn, chia cui cng l cng tr

Mt s li thng gp khi g cng thc: Dng li #### #DIV/0! #Name? L do Ct qu hp, khng ch cho kt qu ca php tnh Cng thc chia cho 1 s 0 (excel xem 1 trng c gi tr bng 0) Cch x l Sa li rng ct

#VALUE

#REF!

Kim tra li gi tr c tham chiu ti trong php chia chc chn n khc 0 Cng thc cha tn hm hay Kim tra li tn hm hay tham tham chiu m excel ko nhn chiu din c, vd: nh sai hm cn gi Cng thc tham chiu l mt Kim tra li tnh hp l ca cc m Excel khng cho php dng tham chiu trong php tnh. VD: php cng gia 1 gi tr text vi number Cng thc tham chiu n mt Kim tra li tham chiu trong khng hp l: v d cng thc cng thc 6

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhCircular Reference tham chiu n 1 b xa Cng thc tham chieus cha Kim tra li tham chiu trong cng thc . VD: cng thc cng thc m bi rng n D3 li tham chiu n chnh D3 khng tham chiu n chnh n

1. Hm muKhi nim hm mu: Hm mu (Standrad Function) l nhng chng trnh con c vit sn v vic s dng ch l gi chng trnh con ra thc hin m khng cn vit li na. Ni cch khc, ngi dng ch cn s dng ng tn hm cng cc i tng lin quan (tham s) trong hm , vic tnh ton gi tr cho hm v tr li cho ngi dng s do excel thc hin. Nh m vic tnh ton v phn tch s liu trong excel tr nn n gin hn. Ngoi ra cng c nhng hm do ngi s dng t nh ngha (User Defined Function) Mt s hm thng dng: a. Cc hm thng k (stastistical Function) Hm Average(num1,num2) Tnh trung bnh cng Max(num1,num2..) tm s ln nht Min(num1,num2) tm s nh nht Large(array,k) tm phn t ln th k trong vng array Forecast(x,known_y,known_x) d bo mt gi tr tng lai bng cch s dng bng thng k c

b. Hm Logic (logic Function) Hm If, and, or

c. Cc hm c s d liu (Data Base Function) Dsum(database,field,criteria) tnh tng theo iu kin, trong , database:bng CSDL, field: s th t ct cn tnh tng trong c s d liu, criteria: k ghi trong min tiu chun Daverage

d. Hm ngy thng v thi gian( Date & Time Function) Datevalue(09/02/1945) tnh s ngy tri qua k t ngy 01/01/1900 (mc nh trong excel) n ngy 09/02/1945

e. Cc hm ti chnh (finance Function) f. Pv,FV, PMT, NPV, IRR Cc hm thng tin (imformation Function)

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhIsblank(value) s cho ra gi tr True nu value l trng, ngc li s cho gi tr false

g. Cc hm ton hc v lng gic Sum (tnh tng); Sqrt(tnh khai cn bc 2); ln(logarit t nhin c s e ca 1 s t nhin); asb(ly tr tuyt i

h. Hm tm kim v tham chiu Vlookup(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,[range_looup])

Trong : lookup_value; gi tr tra cu trong ct u tin ca bng tra cu table_array: bng tra cu, qua d liu c tm kim col_index_num: s th t Ct trong bng tra cu (tnh t ct u tin bn tri) range_looup: l gi tr logic dng ch nh nhu cu tm 1 lin kt tng ng (nu true) hay 1 lin kt chnh xc nu l false chc nng: tm kim mt gi tr trong ct bn tri ngoi cng ca 1 bng d liu ri cho ra mt gi tr trong cng hng tnh t ct xc nh trong bng d liu V d:

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

B S Ha n 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 32

C Ngy bn 14/4/2002 14/4/2002 15/4/2002 16/4/2002 16/4/2002 16/4/2002 17/4/2002 17/4/2002 17/4/2002

D tin bn 12300 0 75000 0 12000 0 45000 24000 36000 0 14000 00 60000 0 31000 00

E M s thu t01 t03 t04 t01 t01 t03 t04 t02 t03

F thu GTGT

G tng tin

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh1 2 Thu sut m s 1 3 thu thu sut 1 4 t01 10% 1 5 t02 8% 1 6 t03 6% 1 7 t04 5% 1 8 t05 7% Yu cu: da vo bng ph hy tnh thu gi tr phi ng trong bng chnh F2 =Vlookup(E2,$B$14:$B$18,2)*D2 Cc di copy cng thc t F2 Cch chn hm Cch 1: Gi trc tip tn hm =tn hm(tham s ca hm) Cch 2: Dng thc n hm Chn menu insert>Function Bng function xut hin vi cc khung

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Chng II: Qun l ti sn c nh, cc hm khu haoNhc li kin thc v ti sn c nhKhi nim TSC trong cc doanh nghip l nhng ti sn c gi tr ln v d tnh em li li ch kinh t lu di cho doanh nghip. iu cng c ngha l n phi m bo 4 tiu chun sau: Chc chn thu c li ch kinh t trong tng lai t vic s dng ti sn Gi tr ti sn phi c xc nh mt cch tin cy C gi tr hu dng t 1 nm tr ln C gi tr t 10.000.000 tr ln

Xut pht t nguyn tc qun l ti sn c nh, khi tnh gi tr ti sn c nh, ngi tnh phi xc nh c 3 ch tiu sau: nguyn gi, gi tr hao mn v gi tr cn li nguyn gi (NG) ca TSC l gi tr thc t ca TSC khi a vo s dng ti doanh nghip vi cc nguyn tc sau: o Thi im xc nh nguyn gi l thi im a TS vo trng thi sn sng s dng(i vi TSC HH) hoc thi im a TS vo s dng theo d tnh(i vi TSC VH) o Gi tr thc t ca TSC phi c xc nh da trn nhng cn c c khch quan c th xc nh c (phi c chng t hp l) o Gi thc t ca TSC phi c xc lp trn cc khon chi tiu hp l c dn tch trong qu trnh hnh thnh TSC o Cc khon chi tiu pht sinh sau khi a TSC vo s dng c tnh vo NG nu chng lm tng thm gi tr hu ch ca TSC Gi tr hao mn ca TSC l s gim dn gi tr v gi tr s dng ca TSC khi tham gia vo qu trnh kinh doanh. C 2 loi hao mn lm hao mn hu hnh v hao mn v hnh Gi tr cn li ca TSC l gi tr thc t ca TSC ti mt thi im nht nh. Ngi ta ch xc nh c chnh xc GTCL ca TSC khi chng c bn trn th trng. V phng din k ton, GTCL c xc inh bng NG- GTHM ( s khu hao ly k tnh n thi im xc nh)

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Mt s phng php tnh khu hao Khu hao TSC l vic chuyn dch phn gi tr hao mn ca TSC trong qu trnh s dng vo gi tr sn phm sn xut ra theo cc phng php tnh ton ph hp. T thu hi li vn u t vo TSC b ra ban u thc hin ti sn xut gin n cng nh ti sn xut m rng TSC ca DN Khi tnh khu hao TSC phi m bo ph hp vi mc hao mn ca TSC v m bo thu hi vn y gi tr vn ban u. Khi tun th nguyn tc ny s m bo tnh chnh xc gi thnh sn phm v hn ch nh hng ca hao mn v hnh. Theo ch ti chnh hin hnh, cc doanh nghip c th tnh khu hao theo 2 cch:

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhPhng php khu hao u( khu hao tuyn tnh): theo phng php ny th lng trch khu hao hng nm l nh nhau hay mc khu hao v t l khu hao hng nm l khng i trong sut thi gian s dng ca TSC Phng php khu hao nhanh( khu hao gim dn) theo phng php ny th mc khu hao s c y nhanh trong nhng nm u s dng v gim dn theo thi gian s dng. bao gm 2 phng php tnh: o o Khu hao theo tng s nm s dng: phng php ny xc nh da vo t l khu hao gim dn qua cc nm s dng v NG TSC Phng php khu hao theo s d gim dn: s dng phng php ny cn xc nh c t l khu hao hng nm theo phng php s d gim dn sao cho n cui nm thu hi vn u t ban u Phng php khu hao s d gim dn vi t l ty chn: nhm y nhanh tc thu hi vn hn ngi ta s s dng phng php ny

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o

Vi cc phng php tnh khu hao c b ti chnh chp nhn Excel cng s cung cp cho ngi dng nhng hm tnh khu hao theo cc phng php khc nhau. Sau y l mt s hm thng gp.

Cc hm tnh khu hao TSCHm SLN ( straight Line) Chc nng: Tnh khu hao ti sn vi t l khu hao tri u cho mt thi gian xc nh Hm SLN tnh theo cng thc: SLN = (Cost Salvage)/ Life C php: = SLN(cost,salvage,life) Trong : Cost: l gi tr ban u ca TSC (nguyn gi TSC) Salvage: gi tr cn li c tnh ca TS sau khi khu hao Life: s k tnh khu hao ca TS V d: S dng phng php tnh khu hao u tnh khu hao tng nm ca 1 TSC sau bit: nguyn gi l: 120.000.000, thi gian s dng l 5 nm, gi tr cn li khi thanh l l 35.000.000 Gii: =sln(120000000,35000000,5) = 17 tr Ngha l hng trong 5 nm, mi nm s khu hao s tin l 17tr

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhHm SYD ( Sum of years Digits) Chc nng: Tnh tng khu hao theo tng cc nm ca ti sn c nh cho mt chu k xc nh Hm SYD tnh khu hao theo cng thc sau:

SYD=

(Cost-Salvage)*(life-per+1)*2 Life*(life+1)

C php: =SYD(Cost,Salvage,Life, Per) Trong : Cost: l gi tr ban u ca TSC Salvage: gi tr cn li c tnh ca TS sau khi khu hao Life: s k tnh khu hao ca TS Per: s th t nm tnh khu hao( nm th nht, nm th 2..) V d: Nm 1996 anh Minh mua 1 ti vi vi gi 6.800.000. Sau 5 nm anh bn li c 1.200.000. Hy s dng hm SYD tnh khu hao cho thng th 1, nm th 1, nm th 2. Gii: Khu hao nm th 1: =SYD(6800000,1200000,5,1) = 1.866.666 Khu hao nm th 2: = SYD(6800000,1200000,5,2) = 1.493.333 Khu hao nm th 3: = SYD(6800000,1200000,5,3) = 1.120.000 Khu hao nm th 4: = SYD(6800000,1200000,5,4) = 746.666 Khu hao nm th 5: = SYD(6800000,1200000,5,5) = 373.333 Tng s khu hao ca nm nm s l: 5.600.000 Hm DB (Declining Balance) C php: =DB(Cost,Salvage,Life,Period,[month]) Trong : Cost: l gi tr ban u ca TSC Salvage: gi tr cn li c tnh ca TS sau khi khu hao 12

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhLife: s k tnh khu hao ca TS Period (per) l s th t nm tnh khu hao (nm th 1, nm th 2 hay thng th 1) Month: s thng cn li trong nm bt u tnh Khu hao, nu khng c th Excel chp nhn l tnh th thng 1 (ngha l month =12) Chc nm: Tnh khu hao ca mt ti sn cho mt chu k ch nh bng phng php kt s gim u. Hay y chnh l phng php s d gim dn theo mt mc c nh trong mt khon thi gian xc inh V d: u thng 4 nm 1990 nh my Z mua mt my bo vi gi 2400$. Sau 10 nm s dng bn li c 300$. Tnh khu hao cho nm th 1, nm th 2 ca chic my . Gii: Khu hao nm th 1: =DB(2400,300,10,1,9) =338.4 Khu hao nm th 2: =DB(2400,300,10,2,9) = 387.58 Hm DDB( Double Declining balance) C php: =DDB(Cost,Salvage,Life,Period,[Factor]) Trong : Cost: l gi tr ban u ca TSC Salvage: gi tr cn li c tnh ca TS sau khi khu hao Life: s k tnh khu hao ca TS Period: s th t ca k tnh khu hao Factor: t l trch khu hao, nu khng c th excel chp nhn mc nh l 2 tng ng vi 200% Chc nng: Tnh tng khu hao hng nm ca TSC theo phng php khu hao kt ton nhanh kp hoc gim theo t l xc nh. Ngha l: tnh khu hao cho mt TSC theo phng php t l gim dn( s d gim gp i hay mt t l gim khc do yu cu qun l c th c la chn) V d: nm 1991 anh Bnh mua 1 my vi tnh tr gi 2.600$, sau 4 nm s dng bn li c 500$. Tnh khu hao ca ngy u tin, thng u tin, nm u tin Khu hao ngy u tin: =DDB(2600,500,4*365,1) =3,56 Khu hao thng u tin: =DDB(2600,500,4*12,1)= 108,33 Khu hao nm u tin: =DDB(2600,500,4,1) = 1.300 V d 2: C mt bng s liu khu hao TSC nh sau: vi t l khu hao xc nh 13

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhGi tr cn S k T l li ca ti khu khu sn hao hao 50,000,00 My n 150,000,000 0 4.00 0.15 40,000,00 my bo 145,000,000 0 4.00 0.14 Vi t l khu hao nhanh kp (tng ng 200%) Tn Ti sn Tn Ti sn My n my bo Gi tr ban u ca ti sn 150,000,00 0 145,000,00 0 Gi tr cn li ca ti sn 50,000,00 0 40,000,00 0 S k khu hao 4.00 4.00 T l khu hao 2.00 2.00 Gi tr ban u ca ti sn Nm th 1 5,625,00 0 5,075,00 0 Nm th 2 5,414,062 4,897,375 Nm th 3 5,211,035. 2 4,725,966. 9 Nm th 4 5,015,621. 3 4,560,558. 0

Nm th 1 75,000,00 0 72,500,00 0

Nm th 2 25,000,00 0 32,500,00 0

Nm th 3

Nm th 4

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

1.1. Cng thc tnh khu hao u (khu hao tuyn tnh) Chc nng: tnh tng khu hao u hng nm ca TSC trong mt khong thi gian. y l cng thc tnh gi tr cn li khi bit NG, t l khu hao v tui i ca sn phm C php: Salvage=cost*(1-Rate)^life Trong : Cost: l gi tr ban u ca TSC Salvage: gi tr cn li c tnh ca TS sau khi khu hao Life: s k tnh khu hao ca TS Rate: t l khu hao mi k( thng, qu, nm.. Hm VDB Chc nng: tnh khu hao ti sn cho mt chu k no d tnh, k c tng phn ca chu k, dng phng php kt ton kp hay phng php no m ta ch nh C php: =VDB(Cost, Salvage,Life, Start_Per,End_Per, Factor,No_switch) Trong : Cost: l gi tr ban u ca TSC Salvage: gi tr cn li c tnh ca TS sau khi khu hao Life: s k tnh khu hao ca TS 14

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhStart_per: s th t k bt u tnh khu hao End_per: s th t k kt thc tnh khu hao Factor: t sut tnh Khu hao, nu khng th excel mc nhin l 2 No_switch: l gi tr logic ch nh c chuyn sang khu hao u hay khng khi khu hao ln hn kt qu tnh theo DB. Nu l T th khng, nu l F th c Tc l: Nu hm No.switch= true. Khi kt qu tnh theo hm VDB< kt qu theo hm DB th s khu hao theo hm DDB Nu hm No.switch= false. Khi kt qu tnh theo hm VDB< kt qu theo hm DB th s khu hao theo hm SLN V d 1: mt TSC c gi tr ban u l 150 tr, gi tr cn li khi thanh l l 50 tr, thi gian s dng trong 4 nm, t l khu hao l 36%, tnh khu hao k u tin Khu hao vi hm SLN: =sln(150,50,4) = 25 tr Khu hao vi hm DB: =DB(150,50,4,1) = 36 tr Khu hao vi hm DDB: =DB(150,50,4,1,0.36) = 13,5 tr Khu hao vi hm VDB: =VDB(150,50,4,0,1,0.36,false) = 25 tr Khu hao vi hm VDB: =VDB(150,50,4,0,1,0.36,true) = 13,5 tr V d 2: X nghip Z12 mua mt my bo vi gi 4500$, sau 10 nm s dng bn li c 250$. Tnh khu hao ca ngy u tin, thng u tin, gia thng th 6 v thng th 18 theo phng php kt ton kp. Tnh khu hao gia thng th 8 v thng th 20 theo sut khu hao 150% Gii: Khu hao ngy u tin: =VDB(4500,250,10*365,0,1) = 2.4658 Khu hao thng u tin: =VDB(4500,250,10*12,0,1) = 75 Khu hao t thng 6 n thng 18: =VDB(4500,250,10*12,6,18) = 643.07 Khu hao t thng 8 n thng th 20 vi sut khu hao l 150%: =VDB(4500,250,10*12,8,20,1.5) = 570.12

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhChng III: Qun l doanh thuLp k hoch doanh thu tiu th sn phm ngha vic lp k hoch doanh thu Hng nm Doanh nghip s phi lp KH doanh thu tiu th sn phm, trn c s s xc nh doanh s bn hng trong k. Cui nm ,doanh nghip da vo doanh thu tiu th thc t nh gi mc hon thnh ch tiu k hoch t ra, v c cc bin php nng cao kh nng hon thnh k hoch cho nm sau Phng php lp k hoch doanh thu Cn c vo n t hng ca khch hng: y l c s tnh ton doanh thu k k hoch. Xc nh s lng sn phm hng ha tiu th v s tin tiu th sn phm Da vo tnh hnh th trng Xc nh c cung cu ca th trng v loi sn phm hng ha m doanh nghip sn xut ra, t bit c gi c th trng ca sn phm tiu th Cn c vo k hoch sn xut: Ta bit c trong k k hoch s sn xut c bao nhiu, gi thnh tng n v sn phm, l c s quan trng d bo s lng sn pahamr c tiu th hoc dch v cung ng v gi bn n v sn phm k KH Bi ton lp k hoch doanh thu C s liu ca nhng nm trc nh sau: A 1 2 Tn sn phm B C D E F G Nm 2000 Nm 2001 Nm 2002 Thc t SX Kt d Thc t SX Kt d Thc t SX Kt d C.K C.K C.K 3 A 80.000 ------85.000 -------90.000 -------4 B 300.000 50.000 320.000 60.000 330.000 80.000 5 C 35.000 1.000 40.000 2.500 45.000 2.500 6 D 80.000 6.200 20.000 10.000 90.000 7.000 Bit thm: K hoch sn xut nm nay theo d bo ca doanh nghip l: Sn phm A: Yu cu: a. Lp k hoch doanh thu tiu th sn phm nm nay ca doanh nghip b. Xy dng biu th hin ng gp v doanh thu ca tng sn phm. Thc hin: a. Tnh t l kt d bnh qun cui k so vi thc t sn xut( xy dng bn tnh sau) 7 A B C Tn sn T l kt D phm d BQ k D E F G u Sn xut D cui Tiu th Gi bn trong k k trong k 16 H Doanh thu 100.000; SP B: 350.000; SP C: 50.000; SP D: 100.000

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh8 9 10 11 A 100.000 2.000 B 80.000 350.000 1.100 C 2.500 50.000 1.500 D 7.000 100.000 1.600 Tnh t l kt d bnh qun cui k so vi thc t sn xut ca tng sn phm:

SP A: B8= 0 SP B: B9= (C4+E4+G4)/(B4+D4+f4) = SP C,D: copy cng thc t B9 SPA: D bo kt d cui k cn c vo t l kt d bnh qun ca tng sn phm E8= B8*D8

SP B, C,D: copy cng thc t E8 SPA: Tnh sn phm tiu th trong k ca tng sn phm A8=E8-D8

SP b,C,D tng t Doanh thu tiu th = Gi bn* sn phm tiu th trong k theo d bo

b. Xy dng s th hin ng gp v doanh thu ca tng sn phm i vi doanh thu ca doanh nghip Chng ta xy dng th theo ng trnh t hc ch ch ti vic la chn loi th thch hp. bi ny chng ta chn th dng Pie(dng bnh) th hin s ng gp v % doanh thu ca tng loi sn phm. cn c vo biu ny, doanh nghip s thy c sn phm no ng gp nhiu nht vo doanh thu ca doanh nghip. Tuy nhin y cha phi cn c doanh nghip kt lun v vic c tp trung sn xut vo 1 loi sn phm khng khi n em li doanh thu nhiu nht cho doanh nghip, bi ngoi doanh thu, doanh nghip cn cn c vo chi ph sn xut. y ch l 1 bi ton c tnh minh ha, thc t sn xut phc tp hn bi n cn hm cha nhiu yu t.

Xc inh li nhun ti aMc ch. S dng bng tnh xem xt s bin ng ca thu nhp bin v chi ph bin khi gi c tng v lng cu gim, ch ra c mc gi mang li mc li nhun cao nht Bi ton Mt doanh nghip thng k v nhn thy rng, vi mi mc gi khc nhau v sn phm th doanh nghip s c 1 mc tiu th khc nhau. Yu cu: A Hy xc nh gi bn em li li nhun cao nht cho doanh nghip B C D 17 E F G

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gi bn Lng cu Thu nhp bin Tng doanh thu Chi ph bin Tng chi ph 400 530 890 1200 1500 1800 2200 2600 2900 3000 D2= A2*B2; Cc D3-D11 copy cng thc t D2 C3 = (D3-D2)/(B3-B2); Cc C4-C11 tnh tng t Li/L

1000 1 920 3 840 6 760 8 680 11 600 14 520 15 440 18 350 21 260 23 Tnh Tng doanh thu: Tnh Thu nhp bin: Chi ph bin: Li? L:

E3 = (F3-F2)/(B3-B2) G2=D2-F2

Cn c vo Mc li l c th xc nh c mc li l ca doanh nghip. xc nh c li nhun ti a, ta s dng biu dng ct vi vic s dng ct d liu li/l.

D bo doanh thu v li nhun bng m hnh tng quanGii thiu cng c Phn tch trong excel Vn phn tch v d bo kinh t c ngha rt quan trng trong cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh. Vic phn tch v d bo cung cp cho cc nh qun l nhng thng tin xc thc a ra cc quyt nh qun l mang li hiu qu kinh t ti a. Excel cung cp cho ngi dng cc phng php kinh t nh: phn tch tng quan n, phn tch tng quan bi thng qua M hnh tng quan n Gi s ta xy dng c theo m hnh tng quan c dng sau: y=ax+b Bi ton: Qua cc nm, doanh nghip thng k c s liu v doanh s v li nhun nh bng sau: A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nm 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 B Doanh thu 1211 1249 1313 1376 1383 1461 1534 C sn lng 1581 1614 1695 1811 1791 1874 1962 18

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1597 1645 1668 1697 1717 1784 2055 2130 2165 2225 2223 2268

2003 1832 2315 a. Doanh nghip c cn c cho rng doanh thu v sn lng ca doanh nghip c quan h tuyn tnh vi nhau. Hy cho bit cch xc nh cn c ny ca doanh nghip b. c lng m hnh tng quan v d bo doanh thu ca doanh nghip t c trong nm 2004 nu bit sn lng nm 2004 l 2500.

Thc hin bi ton. a. c th cho rng gia doanh thu v sn lng c quan h tuyn tnh, doanh nghip s phi cn c vo h s tng quan. H s tng quan s cho bit 2 yu t l ph thuc hay khng. Nu h s tng quan cng gn 1 th mc ph thuc cng cht ch v ngc li. Chng ta c th xc nh h s tng quan bng 2 cch sau: Cch 1: s dng cng c data Analysis Chn menu Tool> Data Analysis. Xut hin hp hi thoi Data Analysis, trong khung Analysis tool chn mc Correlation. Xut hin hp hi thoi Correlation

Trong :

-Input Range: Nhp a ch 2 ct d liu ($B$1:$C$15)

-Output Range: nhp a ch xut kt qu( nu mun kt qu ti sheet hin ti, hoc chn New worksheet Ply, new workbook nu mun t kt qu 1 sheet khc hay 1 wook sheet khc) -Label in first row: dng u tin l dng tn trng

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhKt qu s cho ta c dng sau: Doanh thu Doanh thu 1 sn lng 0.996448 Cch 2: S dng hm Correl C php: Correl(array1,array2) sn lng

1

Chc nng: tnh h s tng quan ca 2 dy d liu. kt qu cho tng t nh s dng cng c data analysis. Trong bi ny: =correl(B2:B15,C2:C15) Theo kt qu trn h s tng quan = 0,99644 c ngha l c ti 99,6448% cc s liu ca 2 dy c quan h tuyn tnh vi nhau theo phng trnh tng quan c dng y=ax+b b. D bo doanh thu nm 2004 Ta s c lng cc tham s cho m hnh tuyn tnh c dng y=ax+b Trong y l doanh thu, v x l li nhun. Cng vic by gi l chng ta c lng cc tham s a v b da vo bng d liu trn. Ta cng c 2 cch. Cch 1: S dng cng c Data analysis Chn menu Tool>Data Analysis> Regresion. Xut hin bng Regression. Trong : -Input Y range: nhp a ch dy Y (B1:B15) -Input X range: Nhp a ch dy X (C1:C15) -Khung OutPut range: chn a ch xut d liu Kt qu s cho ta di dng bng Summary output: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.99644846 (h s tng quan) R Square 0.992909532 Adjusted R Square 0.99231866 Standard Error 17.74792462 Observations 14 ANOVA df SS MS Regression 1 529311.3 529311.3483 Residual 12 3779.866 314.9888283 20

F 1680.413

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhTotal 13 533091.2 Standard Error 38.92129 0.019518 Upper 95.0% 34.55754472 0.842643434

Coefficients Intercept 50.24467192 sn lng 0.800116403 Ta quan tm ti cc d liu sau:

t Stat -1.29093012 40.99284186

P-value 0.221044 2.88E-14

Multiple R: 0.996448 (h s tng quan) R Square: 0.9929 (h s ph thuc) Intercept: 50.2446 (h s b) Sn lng: 0.80011 (h s a) Cch 2: Dng 2 hm c lng Slope v Intercept C php: =Slope(known_Y,known_X) =Intercept(known_Y,known_X) Trong hm slope c lng tham s a v Intercept c lng tham s b. Kt qu cho ta tng t nh cng c Data Analysis Khi m hnh d bo sn lng ca chng ta c dng sau: Doanh thu = sn lng * 0.80011+ 50.2446 Ngoi ra nu c th cho rng gia doanh thu, sn lng v bin thi gian c quan h tng quan vi nhau ta c th c lng doanh thu ca doanh nghip da vo bin thi gian. Khi ta s dng hm Forecast C php: Trong : =forecast(x,known_Y,known_X) x l bin thi gian Known_Y: ta dy Y Known_X: ta dy X Trong v d ny, gi s ta c lng doanh thu ca doanh nghip trong nm 2004 ta thc hin nh sau: =forecast(2004,B2:B15,C2:C15) M hnh tng quan bi Bi ton:

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhA 1 nm B Gi tr tng sn lng 50 52 53 54 55 55.6 57 59 C Thit b 500 500 510 555 560 600 700 750 D qun l 300 320 350 370 380 400 405 410 E tay ngh 200 200 201 230 235 250 300 310

2 1997 3 1998 4 1999 5 2000 6 2001 7 2002 8 2003 9 2004 1 0 2005 61 800 415 340 1 1 2006 62 860 420 345 Hy c lng gi tr tng sn lng ca nm 2007 nu bit thit b nm 2007 l 900, qun l l 420, tay ngh 350 c lng c gi tr tng sn lng ta phi s dng m hnh hm tng quan bi c dng sau: Y=a1X1+ a2X2+ a3X3 +b S dng cng c Data Analysis Chn menu Data> Data Analysis> Regression. Xut hin bng hi thoi regresion Trong : Input Y range: nhp a ch dy Y (B1:B11) Input X range: nhp a ch dy X (C1:E11) Bng kt qu c dng sau: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics 0.989693 Multiple R 793 0.979493 R Square 804 Adjusted R 0.969240 Square 706 0.684179 Standard Error 634 Observations 10 ANOVA df SS 22 MS F Significa nce F

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhRegression Residual Total 3 6 9 Coefficien ts 29.66842 837 0.032482 275 0.037618 177 0.032815 021 134.1553 89 2.808610 63 136.964 Standard Error 2.974866 25 0.014607 27 0.012123 55 0.037128 82 44.718 46 0.4681 02 95.53149 74 1.8717E05

Intercept Thit b qun l tay ngh Trong :

t Stat 9.9730 29 2.2237 06 3.1029 02 0.8838 2

P-value 5.8819E05 0.067851 01 0.021038 43 0.410808 07

Lower 95% 22.38919 29 0.003260 4 0.007952 93 0.123666

Multiple R: 0.9896 (h s tng quan) Intercept: 29.6684 (h s b) Thit b: 0.03248 (h s a1) Qun l: 0.0376 (h s a2) Tay ngh: 0.03281 (h s a3) M hnh tng quan bi ca ta c dang nh sau: Gi tr tng sn lng = thit b* 0.03248+qun l*0.0376+tay ngh*0.0328+ 29.6684

S dng biu xu th trong d boVn s dng d liu mc 3.1 A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nm 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 B Doanh thu 1211 1249 1313 1376 1383 1461 1534 1597 C sn lng 1581 1614 1695 1811 1791 1874 1962 2055 23

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh1 0 1998 1645 2130 1 1 1999 1668 2165 1 2 2000 1697 2225 1 3 2001 1717 2223 1 4 2002 1784 2268 1 5 2003 1832 2315 Thay v s dng hm c lng hay cng c Data Analysis. Ta s dng cng c v th. Thc hin vi cc bc sau: Bc 1: V th th hin quan h gia 2 ct d liu sau: Kch chut vo biu tng Chart Wizard trn thanh cng c, hoc thc hin menu insert>Chart xut hin hp hi thoi Chart Wizard Step 1of 4- chart Type. Chn biu dng XY (scartter). Nhn next chuyn sang bc tip theo Xut hin hp hi thoi Chart Wizard Step 2of 4- Chart Source Data, Trong khung Data range, Khai bo vng d liu bao gm a ch ca 2 ct, sau chn Column. Hoc s dng Khung Series khai bo a ch tng ct d liu bng cch nhp vo nt Add sau khai bo d liu khung bn cnh. Sau Nhn Next chuyn sang bc tip theo

-

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-

Hp hi thoi Chart Wizard Step 3 of4- Chart option, trong Titles in cc tiu ct v tn ca biu :

Chart Title: tn ca biu Value (X) axis: tiu ca trc honh Value (Y) axis: tiu ca trc tung Nhn next kt thc Bc 2: V ng Xu th (Trendline) thm ng Trendline vo th. Kch chut phi vo 1 im trn th v chn AddTrendline Chon kiu ng hi quy trong Type. Trong option: nh du gi tr hin th phng trnh Display Equantion On chart. Chn Ok kt thc, biu s c dng nh hnh trn

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Chng IV: Xc nh im ha vn ca doanh nghipNhc li v im ha vnKhi nim: im ha vn l im m ti doanh thu bng chi ph b ra t c mc doanh thu . Ni cch khc, im ha vn l im m ti li nhun bng khng

Bi ton xc nh im ha vn ca doanh nghip sn xutBi ton 1: C s liu thng k ca mt doanh nghip nh sau: C D E F G Chi ph Chi ph c Tng Tng chi 1 Sn lng Gi bn bnh qun/ Li/l nh doanh thu ph 1vsp 2 10.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 3 15.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 4 23.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 5 32.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 6 40.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 7 48.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 8 59.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 9 68.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 10 70.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 11 75.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 12 90.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 13 100.000 20.000 11.000 630.000.000 Xc nh sn lng v doanh thu ti im ha vn. v th th hin im ha vn ca doanh nghip sn xut Cc bc lm Bc 1: xc inh cng thc tnh ca cc cn chng trong bng tnh Chng hn E2= A2*B2 Cc cn li trong ct c copy bng cch a con tr v gc bn phi ca E2, khi con chut xut hin biu tng du +, gi chut tri copy cng thc tnh cho cc cn li trong ct E F2=A2*C2+D2. Cc cn li trong ct ta thc hin thao tc copy nh trn G2= E2-F2 Bc 2 v biu th hin im ha vn 26 A B

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhNhn xt: Hn ch ca bi ton trn l ch xc nh c sn lng ha vn da trn s liu thng k ca doanh nghip Bi ton 2: S dng hm mc tiu Goal Seek gii bi ton ny Cng ty sn xut gch chu nhit Superfire c tnh chi ph bin i sn xut 1 tn gch chu nhit l 2 triu 700 nghn ng, gi bn bnh qun trn th trng l 3.400.000 , c bit nh ph hng thng ca cng ty l 650 triu ng, nh vy cng ty cn phi sn xut v tiu th c bao nhiu tn gch t im ha vn L thuyt gii bi ton QHV l sn lng im ha vn trong 1 thng ca cng ty( theo tn) FC l chi ph c nh trong 1 thng ca cng ty AVC chi ph bin i tnh trn 1 tn sn phm ca cng ty P l gi sn phm

Khi im ha vn s c xc nh bng Cng thc sau: QHV=FC/(P-AVC) Theo l thuyt tm c QHV th Q s phi t c mt gi tr sao cho li nhun t c ti mc sn lng bng 0. gii c bi ton ny, excel cung cp cho chng ta 1 cng c gi l hm mc tiu Goal Seek S dng hm mc tiu Goal Seek gii bi ton ny s dng goal seek, chng ta cn cung cp cho excel 3 mu thng tin: Set Cell: Xc nh rng cha cng thc ca hm mc tiu m chng ta ang tm. Trong bi ton trn Set cell s l cha cng thc tnh li nhun To Value: Xc nh gi tr cho mc tiu c tnh trong Set cell. Gi tr theo bi ton ny s l 0 v mc tiu cn t c l li nhun =0 By Changing cell: Xc nh u vo m excel thay i cho n khi Set Cell t c mc tiu c xc nh trong To Value, nh vy By Changing Cell s cha sn lng

a. Lp bng tnh Da vo d liu ban u, xy dng cc cn li trong bng tnh: Doanh thu (B7=B5*B6), Tng chi ph (B8= B3*B6+B4), Tnh li nhun (B9=B7-B8) Vi sn lng Q c cho bng 1 i lng bt k t tnh li nhun, chng hn y ta cho gi tr 500 tn A 1 2 Superfire Company Gi tr 27 n v B C

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti Chnh3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chi ph bin i 1 tn sn phm (AVC) 2.700.000 VN Chi ph c nh (FC) 650.000.000 VN Gi bn 1 tn sn phm (P) 3.400.000 VN Sn lng sn xut trong thng (Q) 500 Tn Doanh thu trong thng (TR) 1.700.000 VN Tng chi ph trong thng (TC) 2.000.000 VN Li nhun trong thng (LN) -300.000.000 VN b. S dng Goal Seek xc nh Q t im sn lng ha vn

Chn menu Tool, chn Goal Seek s xut hin hp hi thoi: Trong khung: Set Cell: nhp a ch $B$9 To Value: nhp gi tr 0 By Changing cell: Nhp a ch cn thay i gi tr $B$6 Bm OK kt qu cho ta thy, ti B6 c gi tr 929 l sn lng ha vn v B9 c gi tr 0 l li nhun ha vn c. ngha ca hm mc tiu Goal Seek S dng hm goal seek ngi dng c th thy kh phc tp do phi dng nhiu bc i vi 1 bi ton kh n gin nhng cng dng chnh ca hm ny nm ch Chng ta khng ch tm c sn lng ha vn m cn c th xc nh gi bn ha vn, chi ph bin i im ha vn, chi ph c nh im ha vn v d: Vi sn lng trung bnh hng thng l 1.250 tn th cng ty c th n nh gi bao nhiu t im ha vn? Vi Goal Seek, chng ta ch cn nhp gi tr ca B6 = 1.250, dng li goal seek vi thay i khung By Changing cell ta nhp a ch B5( a ch cha gi bn) nhp OK s cho ta kt qu ca gin bn lc Trong thc t tnh li nhun ngi ta s dng rt nhiu cc bng tnh lin kt vi nhau nh:

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Chng V: Cc ch tiu ti chnhnh gi hiu qu ca vn u tnh gi hiu qu vn u t l tin quan trng cho vic quyt nh la chn phng n u t ca doanh nghip. Cc hm nh gi hiu qu vn u t n gin, nhanh chng v chnh xc trong excel chnh l phng php hu hiu cho cc nh qun tr Nhc li kin thc v dng tin Trong qu trnh phn tch nh gi d n u t, cc chi ph v li ch li thng xy ra nhng thi im khc nhau ca d n. ng tin lun b thay i gi tr v mt thi gian do nh hng ca cc yu t nh lm pht, cc yu t ngu nhin v do thuc tnh vn ng v kh nng sinh li ca ng tin nn khi so snh, tng hp hoc tnh cc ch tiu bnh qun cc khon tin pht sinh trong nhng khong thi gian khc nhau cn phi chuyn chng v cng mt mt bng thi gian vi vic s dng t sut i. Cc mt bng thi gian c th l u k phn tch, cui k phn tch hoc 1 nm( mt qu, thng) no ca thi k phn tch ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th sao cho vic tnh ton n gin. Qu trnh thc hin 1 d n u t thng ko di trong nhiu giai oan, mi giai on c th pht sinh cc khon thu chi xut hin cc giai on khc nhau to thnh dng tin ca d n (cash Folows) v c biu din bng th dng tin nh sau:

Khon chi c biu din bng mi tn i xung, v khon thu c biu din bng mi tn i ln. Biu dng tin l cng c c s dng trong phn tch d n u t. C 2 loi li sut: Li n: n k th rt li Li kp: n k khng rt li m cng vo gc

Cc hm nh gi hiu qu vn u t a. Hm PV (Present Value) C php: Trong : Rate: t l li sut mi k( tnh theo thng, qu, nm) Nper: s k chi tr (s thng, qu, nm) Pmt: s tin chi tr (hay thu v) trong mi k, c nh trong sut giai on. N bao gm vn v li sut nhng khng cha c chi ph hoc thu khc. Nu FV khng c th phi c Pmt PV(rate,Nper,Pmt,[Fv],[type])

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhType: hnh thc thanh ton. bng 1 nu s tin thanh ton u k v bng 0 nu s tin thanh ton cui k (mc nh) Ch : Vi cc gi tr i s trong hm, nu lng tin b ra th c gi tr m( tin gi, tin tit kim, tin u t) nu tin thu v th c gi tr dng. Chc nng: hm cho gi tr hin ti ca 1 khon u t. Gi tr hin ti l mt tng gi tr theo cc chi tr trong tng lai phi c tnh ng vi gi tr hin ti V d: Mt ngi mun c s tin tit kim 300$ sau 10 nm. Hi by gi ngi phi gi vo ngn hng bao nhiu? Bit li sut ngn hng l 6%/nm (b qua lm pht) p dng hm PV ta c: =pv(0.06,10,0,-300,1) = 167.25$ b. Hm FV (furture value) C php: Trong : Cc tham s ging hm PV Pv: gi tr u t ban u. Nu khng c th phi c Pmt Chc nng: Tnh gi tr tng lai ca 1 khon u t da vo chu k tr tin c nh v li sut c nh V d: Mt ngi gi 10000$ vo Ngn hng v mi nm gi thm 200$ vi li sut 5%/nm (b qua lm pht) sau 10 nm ngi s thu c tng cng bao nhiu. Gii: =FV(0.05,10,-200,-10000,0) = 18804.3$ FV(rate,Nper,Pmt,[Pv],[type])

c. Hm FVSCHEDULE C php: Trong : Principial: gi tr hin ti ca mt khon u t Schedule: l mt dy t l li sut c p dng Chc nng: Tnh gi tr tng lai ca mt khon u t vi dy li sut (Schedule) thay i Hm FvSchedule tnh ton theo cng thc sau: Fvschedule= principial*(1+rate)*(1+rate)*(1+rate n) V d: ch Hoa c 1000$ gi vo tit kim vi li sut trong. 5 nm tng ng l: 3%; 2.5%; 2.7%; 2.8%; 2.4%. Sau 5 nm ch Hoa c bao nhiu tin 30 Fvschedule(principal,{Schedule})

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhGii: =fvschedule(1000,{0.03,0.025,0.027,0.028,0.024}) =1141.365

d. Hm PMT C php: Trong : Rate: t l li sut Nper: s k tnh li Pv: gi tr hin ti ca khon u t Fv: gi tr tng lai hoc cn bng tin mt m ta ang mun tm sau ln chi tr cui cng. Nu Pv khng c th phi c Fv. Ch : gi tr m dng ca cc thng s trong hm Chc nng: hm tnh s tin chi tr nh k cho mt khon vay da trn tin tr c nh v li sut c nh( s tin phi tr trung bnh mi nm cho n cui k tr li: bao gm c li v gc) V d: anh Bnh mun c s tin 50.000$ sau 18 nm tit kim. Bit li sut tit kim l 6%nm. Hi cui mi nm anh Bnh phi gi vo tit kim bao nhiu tin? Gii: =Pmt(0.06,18,0,50000)= -1617.83 Pmt(Rate,Nper,Pv,[Fv],[type])

Tc l hng nm anh ta phi gi 1 s tin c nh l 1617.83$ vo ti khon vi li sut ngn hng 6%nm e. Hm IPMT (interest Payment) C php: Trong : Rate: T l li sut Per: s th t k chi tr( Per nhn gi tr t 1 n Nper) Nper: s k tnh li Pv: gi tr tin vay hin thi. Nu Pv khng c th phi c Fv Fv: gi tr tng lai hoc lng tin mt m ta mun cn gi li sau ln chi tr cui cng. Nu Fv khng c th c Pv Ch : gi tr m dng ca cc thng s trong hm Chc nng: Tnh s tin li phi tr trong mt khong thi gian cho mt khon u t c li sut c nh tr theo nh k c nh (ch c tin li phi tr, khng bao gm gc phi tr) 31 IPMT(rate,Per,Nper,Pv,[Fv],[Type])

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhV d: Nu vay ngn hng mt khon tin 1000$ vi li sut 2%/nm (li kp) trong 5 nm th lng tin phi tr li mt nm l bao nhiu? Gii: S tin li phi tr trong nm th 1 S tin li phi tr trong nm th 2 S tin li phi tr trong nm th 3 S tin li phi tr trong nm th 4 S tin li phi tr trong nm th 5 f. Hm PPMT PPMT(rate,Per,Nper,Pv,[Fv],[Type]) =IPMT(0.02,1,5,1000,0,0) = -20$ =IPMT(0.02,2,5,1000,0,0) = -16.16$ =IPMT(0.02,3,5,1000,0,0) = -12.24$ =IPMT(0.02,4,5,1000,0,0) = -8.24$ =IPMT(0.02,5,5,1000,0,0) = -4.16$

C php: Trong :

Rate: t l li sut mi k( tnh theo thng qu nm) Per: s th t k chi tr( gi tr t 1 n Nper) Nper: s th t k chi tr (s thng, qu, nm) Pv: gi tr tin vay hin thi. Nu Pv khng c th c Fv Fv: gi tr tng lai hoc lng tin mt m ta mun cn gi li sau ln chi tr cui cng. Nu Fv khng c th phi c Pv Type: bng 0 hoc bng 1 Ch : Du ca cc tham s trong hm Chc nng: hm tnh s tin gc phi tr trong mi k hn no trong khong thi gian xc nh, trong tin phi tr mi k ty thuc vo s tin gc cn li vi t l li sut l c nh V d: vn s dng v d trn, p dng hm PPMT ta c bng sau: S S S S S tin tin tin tin tin phi phi phi phi phi tr tr tr tr tr nm nm nm nm nm th th th th th 1 2 3 4 5 -$192.16 -$196.00 -$199.92 -$203.92 -$208.00 -$1,000.00

Tng s tin phi tr trong 5 nm g. Hm Nper C php:

NPER(rate,Pmt,Pv,[Fv],[Type]) 32

Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhTrong : Rate: t l li sut mi k Pmt: l s tin chi tr (hay thu v) trong mi k, c nh trong sut giai on. N bao gm vn v li sut nhng khng cha cc chi ph hoc thu khc Pv: L s tin nhn c vo k u tin(hay gi tr hng tr gp) Fv: l gi tr tng lai hoc cn bng tin mt m ta mun thu v( gi li) sau ln chi tr cui cng. Nu Pv b qua th phi cho gi tr bng 0 Type: bng 1 nu tnh u k v bng 0 nu tnh cui k Chc nng: hm tm s k hn cn thit u t hon thnh (hay thanh ton ht) mt khon u t (hay mua tr gp) vi mc u t (hay thanh ton) khng i v li sut khng i trong sut qu trnh u t (tr gp) V d: Nghin cu v xem xt n nu s tin u t ban u b ra l 1000$, u mi nm u phi b ra 100$ u t kinh doanh, sau thng cui cng thu li c 10.000$. Gi s t l li sut hng nm l 12%/nm. Hi phi u t trong bao nhiu thng c th thu v 10.000$ h. Hm NPV C php: Trong : Rate: li sut mi k Value1: gi tr ca vn u t phi b ra ban u (dng s m) mi k (tnh cho thng qu nm) Value2, value3 value n: gi tr tin d on thu c trong tng lai mi k (tnh cho qu thng nm) Chc nng: Tnh gi tr hin ti rng (Net Present value) ca mt d n u t. l s chnh lch gia gi tr ca tin d on thu c trong tng lai vi gi tr hin ti ca vn u t. V d: Cng ty CDC c khon tin 160.000$ mun u t vo mt trong 2 d n trong vng 5 nm. D n xy dng khc sn cho thu d kin s thu v s tin hng nm l 5400$, 23.400$,43.200$;54.300$;85.400$ vi t l chit khu l 6.5% trong sut thi gian . D n th 2 l d n nui c lng d kin s thu c 5600$; 23100$;37400$; 46800$; 97300$ vi t l chit khu l 6.9%. bn hy khuyn cng ty CDC nn u t vo d n no NPV(Rate,Value1,Value2..)

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Tin ng Dng trong ngnh Ti ChnhT l li nhun ca vn u ta. Hm rate C php: Trong : Nper: s ln thanh ton (s chu k ca khon u t) Pmt: s tin thanh ton trong mi k (s m) Pv: gi tr hin ti Fv: gi tr tng lai Type: loi thanh ton Guess: c tnh v li sut Chc nng: Tnh li sut mi k cho mt khon vay V d: tnh li sut cho mt khon vay 8000$ trong 4 nm, mi thng phi tr 200$ b. Hm IRR C php: Trong : Value: dy ca khon u t, bao gm gi tr ca vn u t ban u (dng s m) Guess: t l li sut k vng Chc nng: Tnh t l hon vn ni ca khon vn u t. Hay ni cch khc, IRR l t l trit khu m ti NPV=0 V d: Mt d n u t vi khon u t ban u l 100.000$, trong 5 nm thu v ln lt cc khon nh sau: nm th 1 18000; 19000; 25000; 30000; 35000. Tnh t l hon vn ni b ca khon u t ny IRR(value,[guess]) rate(nper,Pmt,Pv,[Fv],[type],[guess])

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