K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh -------------------------------------------------------

BI TP LN HC PHN K THUT BO TR H THNG MY TNHI. Phn cng my tnh : - Phn cng my tnh l ton b nhng i tng vt l hu hnh trong h thng my tnh nh bo mch, dy cp, m hnh, a cng. - Cc thnh phn c bn :1: Mn hnh Monitor. Cng dng: l thit b hin th thng tin ca my tnh, gip ngi s dng giao tip vi my. c trng: rng tnh bng Inch, i vi my tnh bn mn hnh ring bit, tch ri. Cn i vi my tnh xch tay, mn hnh l mt b phn chung khng th tch ri. Phn loi: mn hnh ng phng in t CRT ( li, phng ), mn hnh tinh th lng LCD, mn hnh Plasma. Hnh nh minh ha :

2. Bo mch ch - mainboard: Cng dng: l thit b trung gian gn kt tt c cc thit b phn cng khc ca my tnh. ------------------------------------------------------Trang :1

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------Nhn dng : l bn mch to nht gn trong thng my. Hnh nh minh ha :

*Nng cp mainboard: Nng cp mainboard ngi ta thng nng cp nhng b phn sau: - CPU: Thay th CPU tc chm bng CPU c tc nhanh v c b sung cng ngh mi ( MMX). Khi nng cp CPU th phi ch l mainboard ch h tr nhng loi CPU no da vo s tay hng dn s dng mainboard. -RAM: B xung thm RAM vo h thng khi cn khe cm, phi ch khi b sung c thanh SIMM phi l thnh tng cp. Khi ht khe cm th thay thanh RAM c dung lng nh bng thanh RAM c dung lng ln. - ROM BIOS: Nu ROM BIOS khng h tr cng ln v chun plug and play th bn phi tin hnh nng cp n nu h thng ca bn c lp cng ln hn 504MB v ci h iu hnh Windows 95. Khi tin hnh nng cp th cn c vo loi ROM trn bn mch chnh. Nu l flash ROM thfi bn ch cn np thm phin bn BIOS mi t trang WEB ca nh cung cp. Nu khng phi l flash ROM th bn phi thay th n bng mt ROM mi v tt nht l flash ROM thun tin cho vic nng cp sau ny.

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------3. CPU -Central Processing Unit (b x l trung tm: c trng: CPU c th c xem nh b no ca my tnh. Nhim v chnh l x l cc chng trnh v d liu. CPU c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau. hnh thc n gin nht, CPU l mt con chip vi vi chc chn. Phc tp hn, CPU c rp sn trong cc b mch vi hng trm con chip khc. CPU l mt mch x l d liu theo chng trnh c thit lp trc. N l mt mch tch hp phc tp gm hng triu transitor trn mt bng mch nh. B x l trung tm bao gm B iu khin (CU- Control unit ) v B lm tnh (ALUArithmetic and Logic Unit). Hnh nh minh ha :

*Nng Cp CPU: -Vn chnh vic chn CPU l lm sao chn c loi chip cho hiu nng s dng cao hn con chip hin ti nhng vn phi m bo tng thch vi cc linh kin khng thay th khc ng thi gi thnh cng phi xng ng vi tc m n c. i vi chip ca Intel th vo thi im hin ti c 4 loi Socket kh ph bin v vn ang c bn l LGA775, LGA1366, LGA1155 v cui cng l LGA1156 nhng loi ny s sm b thay th bi dng LGA1155 mi. ng thi dng chip my tnh s dng Socket 775 cng ra i t rt lu tuy vn cn mt s dng chip mi ra h tr nhng thc s hiu nng ca n s khng cao bng nhng dng chip mi chy trn nhng bo mch ch LGA1366 v LGA1155. ------------------------------------------------------Trang :3

K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------Thm ch l gi tin nng cp ring chip LGA775 s gn bng hoc hn mt con chip i mi c nhiu nhn hn v tc cng nhanh hn gp nhiu ln (tt nhin trong trng hp mainboard ca bn l loi 775 v chng ta khng c nh thay ton b my th chng ta khng c cch no khc ngoi vic la chn loi chip i c ny).

i vi nhng ngi ang s dng cc dng chip ca AMD th c l s d th hn i cht bi mt s con chip i mi ca AMD s dng Socket mi hn vn c th cm v hot ng trn cc dng main i c vi Socket c. V d nh nhng mainboard s dng Socket AM2/AM2+ i c vn c th cm c mt s chip AM3 i mi, tuy nhin ci gi phi tr l bng thng giao tip ca chip s khng c s dng ti a bi bo mch ch khng kh nng p ng bng thng ca chip. Cc bn cng khng nn hy vng g vo dng chip Bulldozer 8 nhn mi nht ca AMD v n s s dng mt dng Socket hon ton mi v hon ton khng tng thch vi cc Socket c trn mainboard i c.

Ngoi vn tng thch gia main c v chip mi th gi thnh cho chip mi cng rt ng quan tm, bn s khng mun mnh chn c mt con chip mi vi gi kh mm nhng khi s dng th tc khng c ci thin l bao. Mt iu cn lu khi chn chip l khng phi nhng con chip c gi cao hn th s tt hn. V th gii cng ngh lun lun pht trin v cc dng chip th h mi s lin tc c pht hnh thm ch ch trong 1 nm phi c ti 2 n 3 dng chip mi c ra mt, nhng dng chip mi hn thng s c kin trc tt hn v cng ngh ------------------------------------------------------Trang :4

K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------cao hn nh m in nng tiu th, nhit lng ta ra v c gi thnh u gim xung. Nhng mt chic PC ca nhng ngi dng thng thng s khng c tc pht trin nhanh nh vy. Mt khc nhng loi chip c c cc nh phn phi v bn l nhp v t thi im chng mi c ra mt vi gi kh cht nn khi dng chip mi c tung ra nhng dng chip c s khng c nhiu ngi quan tm ti v nh phn phi cng khng mun gim gi nhng mn hng phi nhp vi gi ct c ny nn h vn nim it gi ng nh thi im h nhp vo. Chnh v th m gi nhng sn phm c tc khng cao vn khng h km nhng sn phm c cht lng cao hn rt nhiu. Khi la chn c con chip thch hp da vo nhng kinh nghim nh trn th iu tip theo cc bn quan tm chnh l lm th no thay th n. Di y chng ti s m t chi tit cc thao tc cc bn c th d dng nhn ra v thay th con chip my tnh. 4. B ngun Power: Cng dng: L thit b chuyn in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu cung cp cho cc b phn phn cng vi nhiu hiu in th khc nhau. B ngun thng i km v case ( thng my ). Hnh nh minh ha :

Thay Th V Tho b ------------------------------------------------------Trang :5

Bo Dng: ngun ra khi case:

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------Ct ngun in xoay chiu vo my. M v my (case ), tho tt c cc u ni cung cp in mt chiu cho cc thit b bn trong. i vi ngun AT phi thp bn u ni cung cp in mt chiu cho cc thit b bn trong. Tho bn vt bt b ngun vo mt sau ca case. y b ngun v pha trc khong 4cm v trt ra ngoi.

Lp b ngun vo case: Lm ngc li cc bc vi cc bc khi tho b ngun. Ch : Khi lp cp cho main board ( ngun AT) hai u p8,p9 hai dy en phi nm cnh nhau. Cc ca cp cho ng h tc ( u cc dng, en cc m). Lp cng tc ngun AT ch ng theo s trn ngun.

5. Thng my - Case : Cng dng : L gi gn cc b phn khc ca my, bo v cc thit b khi b tc ng ca mi trng. Hnh nh minh ha :

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------6. Cc khe cm m rng chc nng cho my : - Card mn hnh : (VGA- Video Graphic Adapter ) + Cng dng : l thit b giao tip gia mn hnh v mainboard. + c trng : Card mn hnh ty loi c th c nhiu cng vi nhiu chc nng, nhng bt k card mn hnh no cng c mt cng mu xanh c trng cm dy d liu vi mn hnh. + Hnh nh minh ha :

- PS/2 port : + + + Cng dng : Cng gn chut v bn phm. Nhn dng : 2 cng trn nm st nhau, mu xanh m cm dy bn phm, mu xanh nht cm chut. Hnh minh ha:

- USB port : + Cng dng : dng cm cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, my qut, wc. + Nhn dng : cng USB dp v thng c hai cng nm gn nhau v c k hiu m neo i km. + Hnh minh ha :

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh -------------------------------------------------------.. 7. a cng (HDD Hard Disk drive) : Cu to : gm nhiu a trn xp chng ln nhau vi mt motor quay gia v mt u c quay quanh cc l a c v ghi d liu. Cng dng : a cng l b nh ngoi quan trng nht ca my tnh. N c nhim v lu tr h iu hnh, cc phn mm ng dng v d liu ca ngi dng. Hnh minh ha :

8. a mm (FDD Floopy Disk Drive ): S dng : mm lp bn trong thng my. u cp b nh tro gn vo , u thng gn vo u cm FDD gn trn main. Hnh minh ha :

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------9. Bn phm ( Keyboard ): Cng dng : bn phm l thit b nhp. Ngoi nhng chc nng c bn, cn c thm nhng chc nng m rng nh chi game, nghe nhc, truy cp internet mt s bn phm. Phn loi : + bn phm cm cng PS/2. + bn phm cm cng usb. + bn phm khng dy. Hnh nh minh ha :

10. Chut (Mouse) : Cng dng : chut cng l mt thit b nhp, c bit hu ch cho cc ng dng ha. Phn loi : + Chut c : dng bi ln xc nh v tr. + Chut quang : dng phn ng nh sng ( khng c bi ln). S dng : ty tng loi chut c th cm vo cng usb hoc PS/2 , khng dy. Hnh nh minh ha :

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh -------------------------------------------------------

.. v mt s phn cng khc

II. Mt s s c v cch khc phc :1. CPU : -S c : Nu my tnh c hin tng chm dn sau khi khi ng c1 thi gian nht nh, treo hon ton v khng khi ng li d nhn restart lin tc hay thng tt ngm khi ang s dng th nguyn nhn thng thuc v b vi x l trung tm (CPU) . - Nguyn nhn v cch khc phc : Ch yu li trn l do CPU qu nng, v vy tt nht l nn v sinh v bi kem tn nhit cho Chip. Tuy nhin, cng nn kim tra c qut tn nhit b hng hay khng hoc gic ngun ca qut tn nhit cha c cm. Mt im cn lu na l thng my. Mt v case tt m bo kh nng ta ra khi cc linh kin hot ng c lu thng d dng. Cui cng, nn thay mi CPU nu mn hnh en ngm lc khi ng v l du hiu ca mt c chip qu tui v kit sc. 2. RAM : - S c : My tnh khng th khi ng, chy chm hoc t nhin treo d ang chy nhng chng trnh nh hay khi my pht ra nhng ting bip ngn lin tc khi khi ng. - Nguyn nhn v cch khc phc : i khi do s dng my tnh mua v lp nhng thanh RAM khng ph hp vi mainboard ( v d mainboard ch h tr RAM DDR2 nhng li cm RAM DRR3 ) s dng loi RAM thch hp. Hoc do RAM lm vic qu sc, khi phi chy qu nhiu chng trnh ng dng cng lc,.. hay khi RAM cm lng Hy kim tra tip xc ca RAM, tho ra lau chi v cm li tht cht. Nu dng 2 thanh RAM th nn chy th tng thanh bi rt c th mt trong 2 RAM hi sinh. chc chn hn, c th s dng mt s chng trnh kim tra dung lng v sc khe ca RAM. ------------------------------------------------------Trang :10

K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------3. cng : - S c : My c d liu qu chm, my khng nhn a v xut hin thng bo li Disk Boot Failure v khng th khi ng c my. - Nguyn nhn v cch khc phc : Nguyn nhn ch yu l do s dng lu ngy, thng xuyn mt in t ngt hoc tt my khng ng cch. Cng thm vic, hay n Restart mi khi 1 ng dng no b li Not Responding cng khin cng nhanh ti tui v hu. V rt c th do cng hng. Kim tra li ton b cp cng cng nh cp CD. V sinh cc im tip xc nh khe cm, tt c cc cp data v cp ngun. Nu khng c, th cch tt nht l i sm mt cng mi. -

III. ngha ca vic bo tr h thng my tnh:- Vic bo tr cn c tin hnh thng xuyn theo nh k, t nht l 6 thng mt ln, iu ny gp phn lm tng tui th ca my tnh cng nh m bo an ton d liu. D c u t tt v phn cng v phn mm, nhng do qu trnh s dng, do virut ph hoi hoc mt nguyn nhn khch quan no lm my tnh hot ng khng n nh. C th hon ton trnh c nu c mt ch bo dng hp l v thng xuyn. - Nu c th bo tr h thng my tnh hp l, c th: + Bo m an ton d liu. + Ko di tui th ca cc thit b phn cng. + Lm cho my chy nhanh v n nh. * Bo tr h thng my tnh: - Bo tr phn mm: + Dn rc a : Xa nhng tp tin khng cn thit, lm sch RecyleBin. + Phn loi tp tin v chuyn v cc th mc ph hp. + Dng SCANDISK v Defragment ti u hot ng ca cng, lm tng tc truy cp a, nng cao tnh n nh ca a cng. + Cp nht chng trnh phng chng virut thng xuyn, u n. - Bo tr phn cng: ------------------------------------------------------Trang :11

K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------- Chun b y cc thit b v dng c bo tr h thng phn cng. - Kim tra an ton v in : Trc khi tin hnh sa cha, bo tr cn phi tt my tnh, rt dy in ra khi cm phng in git. Sau khi tt my, i vi pht mi tt my. - Kh dng tnh in : V c th chng ta c th tch t mt lng in tch tnh in mnh d lm hng nhng mch in t, do trc khi tip xc vi bt c linh kin in t bn trong my, chng ta phi kh dng in tnh trn c th bng cch eo dy vo c tay c tip t. Nu khng, chng ta c th cho tay chm vo khung my ( phn khng c sn bo v ) trc khi rt phch cm in ca my tnh ra khi cm. - Lm v sinh phn cng bng cc dng c ph hp : my ht bi, chi lng nh, + Ht bi, lau sch qut gi, cc ca thng gi. + Ht bi. lau sch bi trn mainboard, cc v mch m rng. + Lau sch cc chn cm ca v mch bng ming lau khng si c tm dung dch ty. + Lau sch cc khe cm, bn phm, con ln, qu cu cao su chut, v mch bn trong mn hnh. Mt khc mn hnh ging nh nam chm ht bi, v n to ra mt lng in tch tnh in mnh ht bi v pha n, v vy cn phi dng khn mm khng c tm dung dch ty v chng tnh in lau hoc ch dng khn mm khng si. + V sinh a mm, ty sch vt bn bm trn t u c/ghi chng nn dng a lau u t v ch nn lau u t khi my tnh thng xuyn bo li a mm v a lau ny c th lm mn u t. + a CD ROM, cc quang cn dng b lm v sinh a bn sn c km theo mt a CD c bit trn mt c gn cc chi qut. Khi a quay, chi s qut sch s thu knh. Thu knh ny dng hi t chm tia laser ca a. lau a CD, dng khn vi sch, mm, m, lau cn thn mt a pht sng t tm ra ngoi theo ng bn knh.

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K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------+ Kim tra cn thn cc dy ni, cc v mch cm trn khe, trc khi ng np my. Cm in, cho my tnh chy th m bo my hot ng bnh thng. IV. S dng cc tin ch thng dng ti u ha hot ng ca my tnh. Trong Windows tch hp sn mt s cc chng trnh tin ch nh dn dp rc trn a, chng phn mnh a, qut a. nhm ti u ha hot ng my tnh. - Chng trnh qut a (Scan Disk) : + Vo Start/Program/Accessories/System Tools/Scan Disk, xut hin :

- Mc drive(s) you want to check for errors : Chn a mun qut. - Mc Type of test : Chn kiu qut, c 2 kiu qut: + Standard : Kim tra li trong cc file v folder.

Select the

+ Thorough: Ngoi vic kim tra li cho cc file v folder cn kim tra lun b mt a. - Automatic fix errors : T ng sa khi gp li. Nu khng chn mc ny, mi khi gp mt li, chng trnh s hin th hp thoi yu cu chng ta chn cch x l i vi file d liu b li. - bt u qut, nhn Start. Ty theo ln ca a v cht lng a m thi gian qut nhanh hay chm. - Chng trnh Disk Cleanup : Dn dp cc file rc trn a. Vo Start/ Program/ Accessories/ System Tools/ Disk Cleanup, xut hin : ------------------------------------------------------Trang :13

K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh -------------------------------------------------------

Sau khi chn a v click OK , chng trnh s kim tra trong a v thng bo dung lng tng loi file b nghi l rc v hi kin chng ta xem cn xa nhng loi file no? Chng ta chn nhng file cn xa bng cch check vo hp chn bn tri v nhn OK.

- Chng trnh Disk Defragment : Chng phn mnh tp tin: D liu trong cc tp tin vn c lu vo cc cung (sector) a mm hoc cc lin cung ( Cluster) a cng. Mi sector ch lu c 512 bytes d liu, do mt tp tin s phi lu trn nhiu sector. Qua thi gian s dng, thao tc ti cc tp tin lm cho cc sector ca mt tp tin khng cn nm gn nhau, hin tng ny gi l Phn mnh tp tin . Vic ny, dn n vic truy xut tp tin b gim tc do u c phi di chuyn nhiu ln. Chng trnh Disk Defragment thc hin di chuyn ------------------------------------------------------Trang :14

K thut bo tr nng cp h thng my tnh ------------------------------------------------------cc sector ca cng mt tp tin v xp li cho nm cnh nhau thun tin cho vic truy xut d liu. Cch s dng chng trnh: Vo Start/ Program/ Acessories/ System Tools/ Disk Defragment, xut hin :

Chn a v click OK, khi chng trnh s tin hnh vic sp xp li d liu trong a.

Qu trnh nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo dung lng a v s lng tp tin trong a.

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