1

sila-l,ayEr: emeronTI 1 EsVgyl;BIsila BaküKnøwH

- sila (rock ) - vayPaB (texture )

- vdþsila (rock cycle) - silam:ak;m:a (igneous rock) - m:ak;m:a (magma) - silakemÞckMN (sedimentary rock)

- smasPaB (composition ) - silaERbkMeNIt ( metamorphic Rock) vtßúbMNg BN’naGMBIviFIBIry:agEdlmnusSCan;edImeRbIR)as;sila nigviFIBIry:ageTotEdleKeRbIR)as;sBVéf¶. BN’naBIbMlas;bþÚrsilaenAkñúgvdþsila.

eFVItaraglkçN³BIry:agrbs;silaEdleRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVIcMNat;fñak;. sMbkEpndIekIteLIgPaKeRcInBIsila. b:uEnþetIsilaBitR)akdKWCaGVI? sila KWCal,ayrwgd¾samBaØénRkam

rbs;Er:mYy b¤ eRcIn RbePT. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday silaRbePTxøHdUcCa FüÚgf μ)anekIteLIgBIsarFatusrIragÁ. silamanRKb;TMhM cab;BITMhMb:unRKab;RkYs rhUtdl;TMhMrab;Ban;KILÚEm:Rt. xniCPaKeRcInpSMedayFatubgáR)aMbImux epSg²Kñaman GuksIuEsn (02) / sIulIsüÚm (Si) /GaluymIj:Úm (Al), kal;süÚm (Ca)/ sUdüÚm (Na), Edk (Fe), b:UtasüÚm (K), nig m:aej:süÚm (Mg). FatubgáTaMgenHmaneRcInbMputenAelIEpndIeyIg. 1 vdþsila silaenAkñúgsMbkEpndICanic©kalvaEtgEtpøas;bþÚr. silapøas;bþÚrTRmg; nigsmasPaBrbs;vaeTAtamviFI eRcIny:ag. viFIEdl silaekIteLIg )ankMNt;nUvRbePTrbs;silaenaH. RbePTFM²rbs;silamanbIKW silam:ak;m:a silakemÞckMN nig silaERbkM eNIt. RbePTnimYy²rbs;silaKWCaEpñkmYyénvdþsila. vdþsila KWCadMeNIr karEdlsilamYyRbePTpøas;bþÚreTACasilamYyRbePTeTot. cUrtamdandüaRkamenHedIm,IEsVgyl;nUvviFImYyEdl RKab;xSac;Gacpøas;bþÚrenAeBlEdlvaeFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;vdþsila. ¬1¦ sila kemÞckMN RKab;xSac; nig kemÞc kMN

déTeTotRtUv)anhUreRcaHBIPñM ehIyRtUvTwkhUrnaMeTATenø nigsmuRT. eRkaymkkemÞckMNk¾begáIt)anCaRsTab; Rkas;²enA)atmhasmuRT. TIbMputRKab;énkemÞckMNk¾RtUv)ansgát; ehIyP¢ab;Kña edIm,IbegáIt)anCasilakemÞckM N. ¬2¦ silaERbkMeNIt enAeBlEdlEpñkFM²énsMbkEpndIb:HTgÁicKña silaxøHRtUv)anTTYlrgnUvkMmøaMMgFøak;cuH eRkam. enAcMNucFøak;cuHenH kemþA nig sm<aF)anekIneLIgeFVI[silakemÞckMNhab;ENneTACasilaERbkMeNIt. ¬3 ¦ m:ak;m:a sarFaturavekþAEdlkekIteLIgenA eBlEdlsilarlayCaEpñk b¤ rlayTaMgRsugehAfa m:ak;m:a. kEnøgEdlsilaERbkMeNItmanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgm:ak;m:a silaeTareTA rkPaBrlay. sarFatuEdl)ancab;epþIm eLIgBIkarRbmUlpþúMénRKab;xSac;\LÚvenHkøaymkCaEpñkmYyénm:ak;m:a. ¬4¦ m:ak;m:a RKab; xSac;edImecjBICMhanTI mYyRtUv)anpøas;bþÚrCaeRcIn b:uEnþvaBMuTan;rYcral;enAeLIyeT¡ CaTUeTAm:ak;m:amankMhab;RsalCagsilaEdlenACMuvij dUecñHvak¾egIbruleLIgmkelIénsMbkEpndI rYck¾cuHRtCak; ehIykkrwgkøayeTACasilam:ak;m:a. ¬5¦ kemÞckMNkar hUreRcaHénkemÞckMN silaRsTab;elIbgðaj[eXIjBIsilam:ak;m:aenAépÞelIEpndI. bnÞab;mksilam:ak;m:aTTUlrg nUvsMNwk nigswkdac;eTACaRKab;xSac; nig dI \dæ. bnÞab;mkeTotRKab;kemÞckMNTaMgenHRtUv)andwkCBa¢Ún ehIycak; bgÁrenAkEnøgepSgeTot.

rUbTI 1 vdþsila

karBukpuy sMNwk

silam:ak;m:a ¬5¦kemÞckMN karcak;bgÁr

silakemÞckMN karkkrwg

¬1¦ silakemÞckMN karbRgÜm nig karP¢ab;

¬4¦ silam:ak;m:a karcuHRtCak; silaERbkMeNIt lMnaMERbkMeNIt karrlay ¬2¦ silaERbkMeNIt ¬3¦m:ak;m:a

m:ak;m:a

2

düaRkamlMGiténvdþsila

RKb;silam:ak;m:aTaMgGs;enAelIEpndI)anekIteLIgBIm:ak;m:aEdlenAkñúgCeRmAd¾eRCArbs;EpndI.m:ak;m:axøH )ancuHRtCak; ehIykk rwgenAeRkamépÞelIEpndI/ m:ak;m:axøHeToteLIgmkdl;épÞelI rYccuHRtCak;/ Ésilam:ak;m:a EdlenACit b¤ enAelIépÞEpndIRtUv)anpøas;bþÚreday lk½çx½NÐKImI niglkç½x½NÐrUb. CalT§plénbmøas;bþÚrTaMgenH silakemÞckMN silaERbkMeNIt b¤ silam:ak;m:af μIRtUv)anekIteLIg. kar pøas;bþÚr\tQb;Qrrbs;silaBIsilaRb ePTmYyeTACasilaRbePTmYyeTotehAfa vdþsila. kemÞckMN

karcak;bgÁrsilakemÞckMN karhUreRcaH

karhUreRcaHsilam:ak;m:a karhUreRcaH

kemþA nig sm<aF skmμP

aBPñMePIøg

rlay

kemþA nig sm<aF rlay rlay m:ak;m:a nig

kMEGrPñMePøIg

silaERbkMeNIt rUbTI 2 düaRkamlMGiténvdþsila

3

4

]TahrN_ kemÞckMN)anekIteLIgBIbMENkénsilam:ak;m:a silakemÞckMN nig silaERbkMeNItenAelIépÞ EpndI. bnÞab;mkkemÞckMN)ancak;bgÁrCaRsTab; ehIyRsTab;kemÞckMNTaMgenHk_kekIteTACasilakemÞckMN. enAeBlsilaTaMgenHeRbHEbk va begáIt)anCakemÞckMNf μ ImþgeTot. silam:ak;m:a nig silakemÞckMNxøH)ankb;kñúg CeRmAEk,répÞEpndI. sm<aF nigkemþAd_mhima)an pøas;bþÚrsilaTaMgenH[eTACasilafμ I²eTotEdlpÞúknUvEr:epSgKña. silaTaMgenHCasilaERbkMeNIt. enAeBlEdlsilaERbkMeNIt)anelc eLIgmkelIépÞdI vak_)anEbk)ak;eTACa kemÞckMNvij. 2 cMNucsMxan;²kñúgkarcat;fñak;sila

\LÚvenHeyIgdwgfaGñkviTüasa®sþcat;fñak;silaTaMgGs;CabIRbePTFM² edayBwgEp¥keTAelIrebobEdlBYk va)ankekIt. b:uEnþetI eyIgdwgfaRbePTnImYy²rbs;silaRtUv)anEbgEckeTACaRkumtUc²eToty:agdUcemþc? RkumtUc²TaMgenHk¾BwgEp¥keTAelIPaBxusKñaénviFI EdlsilakekItpgEdr. ]TahrN_ RKb;silam:ak;m:aTaMgGs;ekIt eLIgenAeBlEdlsarFaturavekþAcuHRtCak; ehIykkrwg. b:uEnþsilam:ak; m:axøHekIteLIgenAeBlEdlvacuHRtCak;enA elIépÞelIEpndI enAeBlenaHRbePTepSg²eTotkekIteLIgenAeBlEdlm:ak;m:acuHRtCak;enA CeRmAeRkamépÞEpndI. dUecñHsilam:ak;m:aRtUv)anEbgEckecjCaBIrRkumtUceTot GaRs½yeTAelIrebob nigkEnøgEdlvakekIt. viFIdUcKña enHEdrsilakemÞckMN nigsilaERbkMeNItk¾RtUv)anEbgEckeTACaRkumtUc²pgEdr. etIGñkviTüasa®sþEpndIviTüa)andwgBIrebobEckfñak;én silaxusKña²y:agdUcem þc?

BYkeKsikSaGMBIsilaedaylMGitedayeRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicä½ysMxan;BIrKW smasPaB nig vayPaB . RbsinebIeyIgCaFrNIviTUmñak; etIeyIgBinitüelIsilaEdleyIgCYbdMbUgy:agdUcemþceTA? eyIgRbEhlCaeRbIR)as;m:asuInft b¤ esovePAedIm,Ikt;RtaBt’manGMBIkEnøgEdleyIg)anrksilaeXIj.

bnÞab;mkeyIgeRbIEb:l b¤ jjÜrEdlmanmuxRsYc edIm,IKas;ykKMrUf μ. TIbBa©b;eyIgbMEbkKMrUsila ehIyBinitüemIl épÞelIrbs;va. eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvEtemIlenAEpñkxagkñúgénsila edaysarvaCH\T§iBlBITwkkk Twk nig FatuGakas EdlGacpøøas;bþÚrépÞxagelIrbs;sila)an. eyIgGacrkeXIjsilaEdlKYr[cab;GarmμN_enAkEnøgCaeRcIn.

silaénsMbkEpndIbegáItPñM kUnPñM eRCaH eqñr b¤ )atmhasmuRT. edIm,IsikSaBIKMrUsila FrNIviTUBinitü eTAelI smasPaBEr: BN’ nig vayPaB .

rUbTI 3 smasPaBTaMgmUlrbs;silamYyKWGaRs½yeTAelIEr:EdlvapÞúk. RkanIt

ébGUTIt mIka 10 °

fμkMe)ar

kVat 35 ° Epls:,at 55 °

kal;suIt 95 ° Gara:ehÁanIt 5 °

2>1 smasPaB

Er:rbs;silamYy)anekIteLIgBIkarkMNt;én smasPaBsila . ]TahrN_ silaEdlekIteLIgBIEr:kVat PaKeRcInnwgman smasPaBdUcKñaeTAnwgkVat. silaEdlbegáIteLIgBI kVat 50° nig Epls,:at 50° nwgman smasPaBsrubxusKñaxøaMg. cUreRbIKMnitenH edIm,IeRbobeFob]TahrN_Edl)anp þl;[enAkñúg rUbTI 3. BN’rbs; silapþl;CaKnøwHénsmasPaBrbs;Er:kñúgsila ]TahrN_ RkanIt CaTUeTAmanBN’PøW EdlvapÞúksuIlIsüÚmeRcIn. cMENkÉ)asal;manBN’ex μA nigmansIulIkatic. b:uEnþcMeBaHEr:EdlmanBN’Etm:üag KWBMu Gacpþl;Bt’manRKb;RKan; kñúgkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;silaeT. 2>2 vayPaB

vayPaB rbs;silaKWRtUv)ankMNt;edayTMhM TRmg;nigTItaMgénRKab;EdlvaekIteLIg.

5

2>2>1 TMhMRKab; silaEdlekIteLIgedayRKab;tUc²TaMgGs;dUcCal,ab;m:dæ b¤ PaKl¥iténdI\dææ eKehAfa silaEdlman vayPaBRKab;m:t;/ cMENkÉsilaEdlekIteLIgBIRKab;FM²dUcCaRKab;RKYs eKehAfa silaEdlmanvayPaB RKab;eRKIm ehIysilaEdlmanvayPaBenA cenøaHRKab;m:t; nigRKab;eRKIm RtUv)aneKehAfa silaEdlmanvay PaBRKab;mFüm. ]TahrN_énvayPaBTaMgenHmanbgðajenAkñúg rUbTI 4.

RKab;m:t; RKab;mFüm RKab;eRKIm silal,ab;m:t; silaxSac; silakþaMg

rUbTI 4 silakemÞckMNTaMgenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgBIRKab;EdlmanTMhMxus²Kña. etIGñkGaceXIjBIPaBxusKña EdlmanenAkñúgvayPaBrbs;vaEdrb¤eT?

2>2>2 RTg;RTayénRKab;

RKab;enAkñúgsilavaEtgEtmanRTg;RTayrbs;vaRKab;xøHemIleTAdUcCaEpñktUc²énRKab;xSac; RKab;xøHeTot dUcCaRKab;rukçCatitUc² b¤ CataraEdlkMBugEtpÞúH. kñúgsilaxøHeTotdUcCaRkanIt lT§plénRKab;)anmk BIragén RkamEdlbegáItsila. silaxøHeTotKWekItmkBIbMENksilaCaeRcInbMENksilaTaMgenHGacrelag b¤ ragreqc rqUc.

RKab;mUlrelag RKab;reqcr qUc

6

rUbTI 5 silakemÞckMNEdlekIteLIg edayRKab;EdlmanragxusKña.

silakþaMg (Conglomerate) eRbsüa (Breccia)

3>2>3 KMrURKab; RKab;énsilaCajwkjybegáItCaKMrU. RKab;xøHteRmóbCaRsTab;EdlmanragdUcnMcak;cn½Þ ehIysilaxøHeTotmanKMrU KYc rIÉxøHeTotmanBN’sßitenACab;²Kña. RKab;rbs;silaepSgeTotemIleXIjRBal².

RKab;minsßitenAteRmobKña RKab;sßitenAteRmobKña

7

rUbTI 6 karteRmobRKab;énsilakemÞckMNEdl ekIteLIgedayRKab;EdlmanragxusKña.

kVatsIut (Quartzite) kñis (Gneiss)

emeronTI 2 silam:ak;m:a BaküKnøwH

- silaeRCot (intrusive plutonic rock) - silaPñMePøIg (extrusive volcanic rock)

vtßúbMNg

Bnül;BIGRtacuHRtCak;énm:ak;m:aCH\T§iBldl;lkçN³rbs;silam:ak;m:a. Ejk[dac;rvagsilam:ak;m:aEdlcuHRtCak;kñúgCeRmAEpndI nigsilam:ak;m:aEdlcuHRtCak;enA épÞelI. eFVIGtþsBaØaNénkMNsilaPñMePøIgEdleKsÁal;.

Bakü Igneous ecjmkBIBaküLataMgEdlmann½yfa {ePøIg} m:ak;;m:acuHRtCak;ehIykøayeTACasilam:ak;

m:aRbePTepSg²Kña GaRs½yeTAelIsmasPaBrbs;m:ak;m:a nigry³eBlEdlvacuHRtCak; nigkkrwg. k¾dUcCasila déT eTotEdr silaPñMePøIgRtUv)ancat;fñak; edayeyageTAtamsmasFatu nig vayPaBrbs;va.

1 RbPBsilam:ak;m:a

m:ak;m:anig kMEGrPñMePøIg (lava) kkrwgeTAtamviFIdUcKñaPaKeRcIneTAnwgkMNkTwkEdr enAeBlEdlm:ak;m:a b¤ kMEGrPñMePøIg cuHRtCak;lμmehIyenaH vak¾kkrwgkøayeTACasilam:ak;m:a. PaBxusKñamYyrvagkarkkrwgénTwk nig kar kkrwgénsila KWfaTwkkkenAsItuuNðPaB 0 GgSa cMENkÉm:ak;m:a nigkMEGrPñMePøIgkkenAsItuNðPaB cenøaHBI 700 GgSa eTA 1250 GgSa . m:ak;m:aGacekIteLIgtamviFIbIy:ag ÷ KWenAeBlEdlsilargkemþA/ enAeBl sm<aF fycuH/ b¤ enAeBlsilabþÚrsmasPaB. edIm,IeXIjfaetIvaekIteLIgy:agdUcemþc cUrtamdan enAkñúg rUbTI 5. 1>1 sItuNðPaB

karekInsItuNðPaBenAkñúgCeRmAeRCAenAcenøaHsMbkEpndIGaceFVI[Er::enAkñúgsilarlay. Er:RbePTepSgKña rlayenAsItuNðPaBxusKñadUecñHehIyGaRs½yelIkemþAekþAEdlsilaTTYl)an RbePTEr:xøHGacrlaykñúgkMLúgeBl EdlRbePTEr:epSgeTotenAkkrwg. 1>2 sm<aF

sm<aFx<s;enAkñúgCeRmAEpndICMruj[Er:sßitenAkñúglkçN³rwg ehIyebImindUecñaHeTsilaTaMgenaHGacnwg rlay edaysaekemþA d¾xøaMgkøa. enAeBlEdlsilaekþAruleLIgmkCeRmArak;² eFVI[sm<aFfycuH ehIyenAeBl enHEr:k¾Gacrlay. 1>3 smasPaB

CYnkalsarFaturavdUcCaTwk nig]sμ½nkabUniccUleTAkñúgsilaEdlCacMNucCitrlay. sarFatuTaMgenHrYm pSMCamYynwgsila BYkvaGacbBa©úHcMNucrlayénsila[lμmnwgvaGacrlay)an ehIykekItCam:ak;m:a. rUbTI 7 viFIbIy:agEdleFVI[silaGacrlay

silarlayedaysItuNðPaB silarlayedaysm<aF silarlayedaysmasPaB 8

2> smasPaB nig vayPaBénsilam:ak;m:a

kñúgrUbTI 7 bgðajBIviFIEdleFVI[silaTaMgGs;enHrlayCasilam:ak;m:a eTaHbICaemIleTAvamanlkçN³ xusKñaBImYyeTAmYyk¾eday. silaTaMgGs;enHxusKñaBImYyeTAmYyedaysarsmasPaBEdlvaekIteLIgnigel,Ón énkarcuHRtCak;. silaEdlmanBN’PøW min EmnmanEtBN’PøWb:ueNÑaHeT KWvaEfmTaMgmandg;sIuetTabeTotpgvasMbUr eTAedayFatudUcCasIulIsüÚm GaluymIj:Úm sUdüÜm nig b:Uta süÚm. silaEdlmanTm¶n;Rsal nigPøW eKehAfa EhVlsuic (felsic). silaEdlmanBN’RsGab;Cag/ F¶n;Cag/ nigsMbUrsmasFatuEdk m:aej:süÚm nigkal;süÚm eKehAfa m:ahVic (mafic) .

RKab;eRKIm RKab;m:dæ

EhVlsiuc RkanIt rIy:UlIt

m:ahVic

hÁaRbU )asal

rUbTI 8 silam:ak;m:aEdl manB½N’PøW CaTUrTAman smasPaBEhVlsiuccM ENk Ésilam:ak;m:a Edl manB½N’RsGab;CaTUeTA mansmasPaBm:ahViuc.

9

\LÚvenHcUrRkeLkemIl rUbTI 9. rUbPaBTaMgenHbgðaj BIGVIEdl ekIteLIgcMeBaHm:ak;m:aenAeBlEdlvacuHRtCak;kñúgGRtaepSgKña. ry³ eBl EvgvaeFVI[m:ak;m:a b¤ kMEGrPñMePøIgcuHRtCak; ehIyry³eBlkan; Et yUrEfmeTotenaHRkamsilak_rIkFMeLIg ehIyvayPaBEdlmanRKab;eRKIm KWCa lT§plénsilam:ak;m:a.

kMEGrPñMePøIgcuHRtCak;elOn

silam::ak;m:aEdlmanRKab;m:t;

rUbTI 9 ry³eBlEdlm:ak;m:akMEGr PñMePøIgc uHRtCak;kMNt;nUvvayPaB énsilam:ak;m:a.

m:ak;m:a

10

m::ak;m:acuHRtCak;yWt

silam::ak;m:aEdlmanRKab;eRKIm

3>kMNkMeNItsilam:ak;m:a eyIgRbEhlCa)aneXIjkarkekIténsilaPñMePøIgEdlbNþalmkBIkarcuHRtCak;énkMEGrPñMePøIgenAelIépÞEpndI b:uEnþminEmnm:ak;m:aTaMgGs;suT§EteLIgmkdl;épÞelIIenaHeT. m:ak;m:axøHcuHRtCak; ehIykkrwgenACeRmAkñúgsMbk EpndI. 3>1 silam:ak;m:aenAkñúgCeRmAsMbkEpndI b¤ silaeRCot ( Intrusive rock)

enAeBlEdlm:ak;m:acuHRtCak;enAEk,répÞEpndIlT§plénsilaenHehAfa silaeRCot. silaeRCotCaTUeTA manvayPaBRKab; eRKIm BIeRBaHvamankarkarBarkemþA)anl¥enACMuvijsila EdleFVI[vacuHRtCak;yWt.

eK[eQ μaHkMNkMeNItsilaeRCóteTAtamTMhM nig

viFIEdlvaeRCótcUl b¤ rujcUleTAkñúgmCÄdæanCMuvijsila. Bøúytug (plutons) CakMNkMeNItsilaeRCótEdlmanrag mUlFM dUc)al;Lúg CalT§plénm:ak;m:acuHRtCak;enAkñúg CeRmAd¾eRCA. silaeRCót k¾eKGacehA)anpgEdrfa silaBøúytUnic (plutonic rock ) . Baküfa Pluto RtUv )anyktameQ μaHRBHCam©as;zannrkénBYkr:UmuaMg. rUbTI 10 bgðajBI]TahrN_énkarkekItsilaeRCótEdlecjmkelIépÞ elIEpndI. kMNkMeNIténsilaPñMePøIgFm μtaRtUv)anbgðajenA kñúg rUbTI 11. rUbTI 10 silad_menarmü enACit Llano kñuúg rdæ

Texas, Pluto Edl)aneXIjenHekItBIRkanIt. kPñMePøIg

CBa¢aMgDIk

CBa¢aMgDIk

Bøúytug Lak;kUlIt

RcksuIl

)atUlIt )atUlIt rUbTI 11 karkekIténsilam:ak;m:aeRCót

elceLIgkñúgrag nigTMhMepSg²Kña.

11

3>2 silaPñMePøIg b¤silaEdlekItenAelIépÞEpndI

12

silam:ak;m:aEdlekItenAelIépÞelIEpndI eKehAfa sila PñMePøIg. silaEdl)anmkBIbnÞúHPñMePøIgPaKeRcInCasilaPñMePøIg. silaPñMePøIgcuHRtCak;y:agqab;rh½senAelIépÞEpndI ehIypÞúkRkam tUc²bMput b¤k¾K μanTal;EtesaH.

enAeBlkMEGrPñMePøIgpÞúHecjBIPñMePøIg )anbegáItnUvlMnaMmYy EdleKehAfa lMhUrkMEGrPñMePøIg eyIgGaceXIjskmμPaBlMhUr kMEGPñMePøIgenAkñúg rUbTI 12. b:uEnþkMEGrPñMePøIgminEmnsuT§Etecjmk BIPñMePøIgCanic©enaHeT CYnkalkMEGPñMePøIgpÞúHecjmkBIsñameRbHEbkd¾ EvgkñúgépÞEpndIEdlehAfa RkEhg (fissure) enAeBlEdlbrimaN d¾eRcInénkMEGrPñMePøIghUrecjmktamcenøaHRkEhg vaGacRKbdNþb; tMbn;d¾FMmYy ehIybegáIt)anCaépÞrabmYyehAfa x<g;rabkMEGrPñMePøIg.

etIGñkdwgeT? bnÞúHPñMePøIgEdlmankmøaMgxøaMgCYnkal begáItnUv silaEdlmanrn§tUc²ehAfa BuymIs b¤ sila es<at (pumice). silaes<atKWeBareBjeTAedayRbehagtUc² CaeRcInEdlbMeBjeTAeday]sμ ½nEdleRCót cUlGaRs½yeTAnwgTMhMénlMhrbs;rn§RePT énsilaBuymIsxøHGacGENþt)an ¡

munnwgkekItsNæandITaMgenH CajwkjyRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edaykMNkMeNIt énsilaPñMePøIg.

rUbTI 12 bgðajBIaskm μPaBlMhUrrbs; kMEGrPñMePøIghUrmkdl;épÞelIénEpndI rYccuHRtCak;y:agqab;rh½s ehIykk rwg begáIt)anCasilam:ak;m:aEdlman RKab;l¥it.

13

emeronTI 3 silakemÞckMN BaküKnøwH

- RsTab;kemÞckMN (strata) - karkekItCaRsTab;kemÞckMN (stratification)

vtßúbMNg

BiBN’naBIkarkekItésilakemÞckMNTaMgbIRbePT. Bnül;BIrebobEdlsilakemÞckMNkt;RtaRbvtþiPBEpndI. xül; Twk Twkkk BnøWRBHGaTitü nigTMnaj eFVI[silaBukpuyeTACabMENk. rUbTI13bgðajBIrebobEdl

silakemÞckMNxøHkekIt. qøgkat;dMeNIrkarénsMNwk bMENksilakemÞckMNRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚnBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøg mYyeTot nig)ancak;bgÁrCaRsTab;. silakemÞckMNekIteLIgBIkemÞckMNxaM P¢ab;Kña. 1 RbPBsilakemÞckMN

enAeBlEdlRsTab;kemÞckMNfμI²RtUv)ancak;bgÁrenAeBlenaHRsTab;TaMgLayRtUv)ansgát;[ENnb¤bgçaM Cab;Kña. Er:EdlrlayEjkecjBITwk)ankøayCaC½rkavFmμCatiEdlcgP¢ab;kemÞckMNTaMgGs;eTACasilakemÞckMN . silakemÞckMNekIteLIgenAelI b¤ enACitépÞEpndI edayBuMcaM)ac;mankemþA nigsm<aFdUcCakarkrekItsilam:ak;m:a nig silaERbkMeNIteT. lkçN³rUbénsilakemÞckMN R)ab;BIEpñkxøHénRbvtþirbs;va. lkçN³EdlKYr[kt;smÁal; bMputénsilakemÞckMNKW RsTab;rbs;va b¤ RsTab;kemÞckMN. kMNat;pøÚv nigtMbn;kardæanCakEnøgd¾l¥bMputedIm,I segátkMNkMeNItsilakemÞckMN dUckñúg rUbTI 14 eRCaHd¾eRCATaMgLay)answkdac;edaysarTenøehIypþl;nUv eTsPaBd¾Gs©arü.

rUbTI 13 vdþsilakemÞckMN

muneBlekItmansila

karBukpuy

kemÞckMN

sMNwk

karcak;bgÁr

karbgçaM nig lMnaMP©ab;

silakemÞckMN rUbTI 14 karhUreRcaHCaeRcInlanqñaMedayTenø Colorado )anbgðaj[eXIj RsTab;silaenACBa¢aMgeRCaHFM ( Grand Canyon).

2 smasPaBpSMénsilakemÞckMN

14

f μPaCn¾

silakemÞckMNk¾RtUv)ancat;fñak;eTAtamrebobénkarkekItpgEdr. silakemÞckMNEckecjbIfñak;sMxan;²KW silakemÞckMNkøasÞic silakemÞc kMNKImI nig silakemÞc kMNsrIragÁ. silakemÞckMNkøasÞicekIteLIgenA eBlEdlbMENkénsila b¤ Er:Edl ehAfakøas (clast) bitCab;Kña. silakemÞckMNKImI ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlEr:krCaRkam ecjBIsUluysüúg dUcCaTwksmuRTedIm,IkøayCasila. silakemÞckMNsrIragÁ ekIteLIgBI sMNl;énsrIragÁ.

silakþaMg

RKab;eRKIm

f μxSac;

f μPk;

RKab;m:t;

rUbTI 15 silakemÞckMNkøasÞicRtUv)ancat;fñak;edaysarTMhMénbMENkEdlbegáItsila.

2>1 silakemÞckMNkøasÞic

silakemÞckMNkøasÞicRtUv)anekIteLIgedaybMENkepSg²énsilaehIynig Er:. kñúg rUbTI 15 TMhM nigrUb ragénbMENksila EdlbegáIt)anCasilakemÞckMNkøasÞicsmÁal;nUveQ μaHrbs;BYkva. 2>2 silakemÞckMNKImI

silakemÞckMNKImIekIteLIgBIsUluysüúgénEr: nig Twk. enAeBlEdlmanTwkePøógvahUreq<aHeTAsmuRT y:agyWt² va)anrMlay sarFatuxøH²énsila. CayfaehtusarFatuEdlrlaykekItCaEr:EdlbegáItCasilakemÞc kMNKImI. RbePTmYyénsilakemÞckMNKImI KWfμkMe)arKImI EdlekIteLIgBIkal;süÚmkabUNat (CaCO3) b¤ Er:kal; suIt. vaekIteLIgenAeBlEdl kal;süÚm nig kabUNatRtUv)an RbmUlpþúMenAkñúgTwksmuRTEdlkal;sIutkkCaRkam ecjBIsUluysüúgTwksmuRT dUcmanbgðajenAkñúg rUbTI 16.

rUbTI 16 TaMgTwksab nig TwkéRbpÞúkeTAeday kal;süÚm nig kabUNatrlay.

f μkMe)ar

Ca2+ C03

2- CaC03

2>3 silakemÞckMNsrIragÁ

fμkMe)arPaKeRcInekIteLIgBIsMNl;énsaksBstVEdlrs;enAkññgmhasmuRT. sarFatusrIragÁenHmandUcCa sMbkstV b¤ q¥wg EdlekIteLIgBIkal;süÚmkabUNatEdlstVTaMgenaHTTYl)anBITwksmuRT. ]TahrN_ fμkMe)arxøH )ankekIteLIgBIq¥wgénsrIragÁtUc² Edl ehAfa páafμ. páaf μ KWvatUcNas; b:uEnþvars;enAvatTI)any:agFMeFg dUc bgðajenAkñugrUbTI 17. eRkaymkeTotsMNl;énstVsmuRTTaMg enHRbmUlpþúMenA)atmhasmuRTRKaenaHsMNl; énstVTaMgenHk¾cgP¢ab;KñaedIm,IbegáItCaf μkMe)arpUsuIl (Fossiliferous).

pUsIul KWCasMNl; b¤ sñamdanénrukçCati nigstVEdlRtUv)anrkSaTukenAkñúgsilakemÞckMN. pUsuIl )anpþl;[eyIgnUvbrimaN d¾eRcInelIslb;nUvBt’manGMBITRmg;CIvitenAsm½yedIm nig BIrebobrs;enArbs;. pUsIul PaKeRcIn)anmkBIstVEdlrs;enAkñúgmha smuRT. RbePTmYyeToténfμkMe)arsrIragÁ Edlbgðajkñúg rUbTI 18ekIt eLIgBIsarFatusrIragÁEdlTuknUvsMbkrbs;vaenAkñúgPk; enA)at mhasmuRT.

15

rUbTI 17 stVsmuRTEdlehAfapáafμbegáItRsTab;fμ rUbTI 18 BBYkxüg ex©A elossmuRT TTYlCatikal;süÚmsRmab;

sMbkvaBITwk smuRT. enAeBlsarBagÁkayTaMgenHsøab;sMbk rbs;va)anRbmUlpþúMenA)atmhasmuRTrYckøayeTACasila. eRkaymkeTotkMNkMeNItsilad¾FMk¾kekIteLIg.

kMe)ary:agFM. enAeBlBYkvasøab; q¥wgrbs;BYkva)an RbmUlpþúMenA)atsmuRT. 3> TRmg;silakemÞckMN

lkçN³rbs;silakemÞckMNPaKeRcInGacR)ab;eyIg)anBIrebobEdlsilakekIt. lkçN³BiessbMputén silakemÞckMNenaH KWkarkekItCaRsTab;. RsTab;nimYy²xusKñaGaRs½yeTAelIRbePT TMhM nigBN’énkemÞckMN rbs;va. GRtaénkarcak;bgÁvak¾GacCH \T§iBlénkRmas;énRsTab;pgEdr. silakemÞckMNCYnkalkt;RtanUv clnarbs;xül; nigrlkTwk enAelIbwgsmuRT Tenø nigpñÚkxSac; lkçN³TaMgGs;enHRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg rUbTI 19 nig 20 . rUbTI 19 xül;)aneFVI[karcak;bgÁTaMgenHman

ragCaCRmal EdlehAfa RClgkat; bu:EnþTwk k¾GaceFVI[ekItmanpgEdr.

rUbTI 20 sñamRCYj²TaMgenHRtUv)an ekIteLIg edaykarhUrénTwk nig)an rkSaTukenAeBlkemÞc kMNkøayCa silakemÞckMN. sñamRCYjTaMgenH k¾GacekIteLIgpgEdrBIskm μPaBénxül;.

16

17

emeronTI 4 silaERbkMeNIt BaküKnøwH

- vayPaBdUcRkambnÞH (foliated) - vayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH (nonfoliated)

vtßúbMNg BN’naBIviFIBIry:agEdlsilaGacTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt. Bnül;faetIsmasPaBEr:rbs;silapøas;bþÚry:agdUcemþcxøHenAeBlEdlvaTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt. BN’naBIPaBxusKñarvagsilaERbkMeNItmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞHnig silaERbkMeNItmanvayPaBmin

dUcRkambnÞH. Baküfa " Metamorphic " KWmkBIBakü " meta " Edlmann½yfa )anpøas;bþÚr ehIynig Bakü

"morphos " mann½yfa rag. cUrcgcaMfasilaERbkMeNIt KWCasilaEdlTRmg; vayPaB b¤ smasPaBrbs;sila RtUv)anpøas;bþÚr. silaGacTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt edaysarskm μPaBénkemþA b¤ skmμPaBénsm<aFEtmü:ag b¤ k¾TaMgBIry:agEtmþg. RbePTTaMgbIénsila mansilaPñMePøIg silakemÞc kMN ehIysUm,IEtsilaERbkMeNItxøÜnÉg k¾GackøayeTACasilaERbkMeNItpgEdr. 1>RbPBsilaERbkMeNIt

vayPaB b¤ smasPaBEr:énsilaGacpøas;bþÚrenAeBlEdlmCÄd§anCMuvijrbs;vapøas;bþÚr. RbsinebIsItuNð- PaB nig sm<aFénmCÄ d§anfμIvaxusBImCÄd§anEdlsilaekIteLIg silanwgTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt. lMnaMERb kMeNItPaKeRcInpøas;bþÚr KWbNþalmkBIkMeNIn sm<aFEdlekIteLIgenACeRmAeRCACag 2 K>m>. enACeRmAeRCACag 16 KILÚEm:t sm<aFGacekIneLIg 4>000 dg BIsMBaFbriyakas.cUremIl rUbTI 21 silaenHehAfa hÁaENtsÁIs (Garnet schist) EdlekIteLIgenACeRmARbEhl 30 K>m>. enACeRmAenH Rkamrbs;silaxøH)an ekIteLIgBIkarpøas;bþÚrEdlCalT§plénsm<aFd¾xøaMg. RbePTepSgeTotén sIus (schist) ekIteLIgenACeRmAEdl rak;CagenH. sItuNðPaBEdllMnaMERbkMeNItekIteLIgKWenAcenøaHBI 50 GgSa eTA 1000 GgSa . enAsItuNðPaB x<s;Cag 1000 GgSa silaPaKeRcIn nwgrlay lMnaMERbkMeNItminEmneFVI[silarlayeT enAeBlsilarlay va

nwgkøayCam:ak;m:ae hIybnÞab;mkKWsilam:ak;m:a. enAkñúg rUbTI 22 eyIgGaceXIjfasilaenHRtUv)anxUcRTg;RTay edaysm<aFd¾xøaMg.

18

rUbTI 22 enAkñúgvaldaMdMNaMenH GñkGaceXIj ]TahrN_mYyGMBIrebobsila.

M

rUbTI 21 enAkMBUlénsilaERbkMeNIt sV½yRtYtBinitü

etIsilaTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNItedayb:Hnwgm:ak;m:a niglMnaMERbkMeNIteday karb:HTgÁicy:agdUcemþcxøH?

xageRkamKWCarUbPaBBRgIk "Microcopic" éncMNitd¾esþIgrbs ;

enHehAfa " garnetschist " enAEpñk

" t hi t"

1>1 lMnaMERbkMeNItedayb:Hnwgm:ak;m:a viFImYyEdlsilaGacTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNItKWedaysarmanTMnak;TMngCamYym:ak;m:a.enAeBlEdlm:ak;

m:aeFVIclnaqøgkat;sMbkEpndI vakemþAmCÄd§anCMuvijsilaehIy : cm¥in :va. CalT§plm:ak;m:ak¾pøas;bþÚrEr:xøHenAkñúg mCÄdæanCuMvijsilaeTACaEr:epSg²eTot kar pøas;bþÚrd¾FMeFgenaHKWekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlm:ak;m:amanTMnak;TMngeday pÞal;CamYynwgmCÄdæanCuMvijsila. \T§iBlénkMedAcuHRtCak;bnþic mþg²GaRs½yeTAnwgcMgayBIm:ak;m:a. kñúg rUbTI 22 TMnak;TMnglMnaMERbkMeNIt KWekIteLIgEtbnÞab;BIsilam:ak;m:aeRCótEtb:ueNÑaH.

1>2 lMnaMERbkMeNItedaykarb:HTgÁic

enAeBlEdlsm<aFd¾xøaMgkøaekIteLIgenAkñúgsilaEdlkb;y:ageRCAenAeRkamkMNkMeNItsilaepSgeTot b¤ enAeBlEdlpÞaMgFM² énsMbkEpndIb:HTgÁicKñaCamYYynwgpÞaMgepSgeTotlMnaMERbkMeNItedaykarb:HTgÁick¾ekItman eLIg. sm<aF nig kMeNInénsItuNðPaBEdl ekIteLIgenAeRkaml½kçx½NÐTaMgenHbNþal[silakøayeTACaxUcRTg; RTay nigpøas;bþÚrsmasFatuKImI. silaERbkMeNItRbePTenHPaK eRcIn KWsßitenAxageRkamkMNkMeNItsilaTVIb. lMnaMERbkMeNItedayb:Hnwgm:ak;m:a silakemÞckMN

m:ak;m:a

rUbTI 23 lMnaMERbkMeNItekIteLIgenAelItMbn;tUc² dUcCaenACab;nwgGagénm:ak;m:a ehIynigtMbn;FM² dUcCaCYrPñM. lMnaMERbkMeNItedaykarb:HTgÁic

2> smasPaBénsilaERbkMeNIt

enAeBlEdll½kçx½NÐenAkñúgsMbkEpndIpøas;bþÚredaysarkarb:HTgÁicrvagTVIb nig TVIb b¤karhUrecjénm:ak; m:a sItuNðPaB nig sm<aFénsilak¾pøas;bþÚr. Er:TaMgLayEdlmanvtþmanenAkñúgsilaenAeBlEdlva)ankekIteLIg RbEhlCaminGacsßitenAkñúgVmCÄdæanfμI)anyUreT. Er:edImk¾pøas;bþÚreTACaEr:EdlGacsßitenAkñúgl½kçx½NÐsItuNðPaB nig sm<aFf μI. rUbTI 24 Ca]TahrN_mYyfaetIvaekIteLIg y:agdUcemþc?

kal;suIt

rUbTI 24 Er:kal;suIt kVat nig eGm:aTIt rYmbBa©ÚlKñanigkekItCaRkameLIgvijedIm,I begáItCaEr:ERbkMeNIteTACa Garnet.

kemþA nig kVat

eGm:aTIt hÁaENt

19

PaKeRcInénEr:f μ I²TaMgenHkekIteLIgEtenAkñúgsilaERbkMeNItEtb:ueNÑaH. kñúg rUbTI 25 Er:ERbkMeNItxøH

kekIteLIgenAkñúgcenøaH l½kçx½NÐBiessénsItuNðPaB nig sm<aFEtb:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdlGñkviTüasa®sþsegátEr: ERbkMeNItTaMgenHenAkñúgsila BYkeKGac)a:n; sμanBIsItuNðPaB nig sm<aF EdlsilaeTIbTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERb kMeNIt.

kørIt 400GgSa CeRmABI 4 eTA 32

mUsáÚvIt mIka

700 GgSa CeRmABI 5 eTA 34 K>m

m:ak;m:a hÁaENt BI 700 eTA 1>200 GgSa CeRmABI 25 eTA 60 K>m

rUbTI 25 GñkviTüasa®sþGacyl;Rbvtþirbs;silaERbkMeNIt)anedaysareFVIkarsegáteTAelIEr:EdlmanenAkñúgsila.

]TahrN_silaERbkMeNItpÞúk Garnet kekIteLIgenACeRmAeRCACagsilaERbkMeNItEdlpÞúkEtkørIt. 3> vayPaBrbs;silaERbkMeNIt

eyIg)andwgehIyfavayPaB CYyeyIg[cat;fñak;silam:ak;m:a nig silakemÞckMN. vak¾dUcKñaeTAnwgsila ERbkMeNItEdr. RKb;silaERbkMeNItTaMgGs;manmYy b¤ BIrvayPaB KWvayPaBdUcRkambnÞH nig vayPaBmindUc RkambnÞH. silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvay PaBdUcRkambnÞHpÞúknUvEr:EdltRmg;KñaEdlemIleTAdUcCasnøwkRkdas enAkñúgesovePAmYyk,al. silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmin dUcRkambnÞHminelceLIgCaKMrUeTogTat;enaHeT. cUremIl[kan;EtCiténRbePTnImYy²énsilaERbkMeNItTaMgenHBIviFIEdlvakekIt.

20

3>1 silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞH

silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞHpÞúknUvRKab;Er: EdlteRmobCaCYredaysarsm<aF. silaERb kMeNItEdlmanvay PaBdUcRkambnÞHd¾rwgmaMenHCaTUeTApÞúknUvEr:ragbnÞHdUcCa ébGUTItmIka. cUrRkeLkemIl rUbTI 26 fμPaCn_pSMeLIgBIEr:dI\dæCaeRcInRsTab;. enAeBlEdlsßitenAeRkamsm<aF nig kemþAexSay Er:dI\dæpøas;bþÚreTA

CaEr:mIka ehIyfμPaCn_)ankøayeTACasilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkam bnÞH nigmanvayPaBRKab;m:t;ehAfasilaQñÜn. silaERbkMeNItGackøayCasila ERbkMeNItepSgeTotRbsinebImCÄdæanpøas;bþÚrmþgeTot. CamYynwgkarbEnßmkemþA nig sm<aF silaQñÜnGackøayeTACa PIlIt(phyllite)b¤k¾silaERbkMeNIt mYy RbePTepSgeTot. enAeBl Phyllite ekIteLIgehIybEnßmnUvsm<aF nig kemþA vaGackøayeTACasilaERbkMeNItmUyRbePTeTotehAfa sIus (schist). enA eBlEdlkRmiténlMnaMERbkMeNItekIneLIgkarteRmobénEr:enAkñúgsilak¾pøas;bþÚr Edr. CamYynwgkarbEnßmkemþAnigsm<aFEr:EdlmanRKab;eRKOm²EbgEckeTACa Rkum énsilaERbkMeNItEdlehAfa Nays_ (gneiss) .

f μPaCn_ kemÞckMN

silaQñÜn

Phyllite rUbTI 26 \T§iBlénlMnaMERbkMeNItGaRs½y

eTAelIkemþAnigsm<aaFEdlmanGMeBImkelIsila. enHGñkGaceXIjnUvGVIEdlekIteLIgcM eBaHfμPaCn¾ enAeBlEdlkMedA nigsm<aFekIn kan;EtxøaMgeLIg².

silaQñÜn

Nays_ 3>2 silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH

silaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH manbgðajenAkñúg rUbTI 27 . etIGñkmankt;smÁal;nUv GVIEdl)at;bg;eT? kgVHxaténkarteRmobCYrrbs;RKab;Er:eFVI[silakøayCasilaEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH. vaCasilaFmμtaEdlekIteLIgedayEr:Et mUy BIr b¤ bIRbePT. fμxSac; KWCasilakemÞckMNEdlekIteLIgBIRKab; xSac;kVatepSg²Kña. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlf μxSac;TTYlrgnUvkemþA nig sm<aFénlMnaMERbkMeNItcenøaHrvagRKab; xSac;RtUv

21

)an)at;bg;enAeBlEd;lvakekItCaRkammþgeTot ehIykøayeTACa Quartzite. QuartzitemanBnøWEcgcaMgelc eLIgnUvPaBPøWciBa©ac. vaenAEtekIteLIgBIkVat b:uEnþRKab;Er:vamanTMhMFMCag. enAeBlEdlf μkMe)arTTYlrgnUvlMnaM ERb kMeNIt dMeNIrkardUcKñak¾ekItmaneLIgcMeBaHEr:kal;suItehIynigfμkMe)ar[køayCafμm:ab. fμm:abmanRkamkal ;sIutFMCagfμkMe)ar. Gñk RbEhlCa)aneXIjfμm:abenAkñúgsMNg; nig rUbsMNakCaeRcIn.

Quartzite f μm:ab

rUbTI 27 fμm:ab nig kVatsuIt (Quartzite) CasilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞH.

dUcEdlGñk)aneXIjrUbPaBBRgIkenH KμanRkamEr:NaEdlRtUv)anteRmobCaCYreLIy.

sMNYr 1> etIRbePTFM²TaMgbIrbs;silamanGVIxøH? etIsilaGacbþÚrBIrRbePTmYyeTARbePTmYyeToty:agdUcemþc? 2> etIkMEGrPñMePøIgxusBIm:ak;m:ay:agdUcemþc? 3> cYrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagvayPaB nigsm:asPaB. 4> etIlkçN³BIry:agEdleKeRbIkñúgkarcat;fñak;silam:ak;m:amanGVIxøH? 5> etIGRtacuHRtCak;énkMEGrPñMePøIg b¤ m:ak;m:aCH\T§iBlelIvayPaBénsilam:ak;m:ay:agdUcemþcxøH? 6> cUreRbIR)as;düaRkamenAkñúg rUbTI 11 edIm,IeRbóbeFób RcksuIl nig CBa¢aMgDIk. etIGVIEdleFVI[vamanlkçN³ xusKñaBImYyeTAmYy? 7> cUrBiBN’naBIdMeNIrkarénkMNkMeNItsilakemÞckMNkøasÞic. 8> cUrRsg;TRmg;TaMgbIénsilakemÞckMN ehIyBnül;faetIvakt;RtanUvdMeNIrkarFrNIy:agdUcemþcxøH? 9> silakemÞckMNkøasÞic nig silakemÞckMNKImIRtUv)ancat;fñak;edayeyageTAtamvayPaB nig smasFatu. etIlkçN³mYyNaEdlCalkçN³sMxan;bMputsMrab;RbePTnimYy²énsilakemÞckMN? cUrBnül;.

22

23

10> etIktþamCÄdæanGVIxøHEdlbNþaleGaysilaTTYlrgnUvlMnaMERbkMeNIt? 11> etIsilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBdUcRkambnÞH nigsilaERbkMeNItEdlmanvayPaBmindUcRkambnÞHxusKña dUcemþc? 13> RbsinebIGñkmansilaERbkMeNItBIrmYymanRkamhÁaENt mYYyeTotmanRkamkørIt.etImYyNaEdl)anekIt eLIgenACMerAeRCA bMputénsMbkEpndI? cUrBnül;.