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Electrical Codes & Standards List - Balaji gpt trichy Power plant designer                          Electrical Codes & Standards

Power transformers

IS 2026 (Part 1 to 4) Power transformers IS 6600/BS CP 1010 Guide for loading of oil immersed transformers IS 335 New insulating oil for transformers and switchgears IS 3639 Fittings and accessories for power transformers IS 10028 Part I, II, III Code of practice for selection, installation

and maintenance of transformer CBIP publication Manual on transformers IEC 60076, Part 7 Power transformers

Distribution transformers

IS 2026 (Part 1 to 4) Power transformers IS 6600/BS CP 1010 Guide for loading of oil immersed transformers IS 335 New insulating oil for transformers and switchgears IS 3639 Fittings and accessories for power transformers IS 10028 Part I, II, III Code of practice for selection, installation

and maintenance of transformers CBIP publication Manual on transformers IEC 60076, Part 7 Power transformers IS 11171 Dry type transformers

Generator circuit breaker

IEC 60694 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards

IEEE Std. C37.013-1997 IEEE std. for AC high-voltage generator circuit-breakers rated on asymmetrical Current

Battery and battery charger

IS 266 Specification for sulphuric acid IS 1069 Specification for water for storage batteries IS 1146 Specification for rubber and plastic containers for lead acid

storage batteries IS 1652 Specification for stationary cells and batteries, lead acid type

(with plante positive plates) IS 3116 Specification for sealing compound for lead acid batteries IS 8320 General requirements and methods of tests for lead acid storage

batteries IS 6071 Specification for synthetic separators for lead acid batteries IEEE 946 IEEE 946 recommended practice for the design of DC auxiliary

power systems for generating stations IS 13947 Specification for low voltage switch gear and control gear IS 13947 Part 1 Degree of protection provided by enclosures for low

voltage switch gear and control gear IS 3895 Mono-crystalline semi-conductor rectifier cells and stacks IS 4540 Mono crystalline semi-conductor rectifier assemblies and

equipment IS 6619 Safety code for semi-conductor rectifier equipment IS 1248 Specification for direct acting indicating analogue electrical

measuring instruments. IS 3231 Electrical relays for power system protection IS 3842 Application guide for Electrical relays for AC System IS 6875 Control switches (switching devices for control and auxiliary

circuits including contactor relays) for voltages upto 1000VAC or 1200VDC

IS 13703 Low voltage fuses for voltages not exceeding 1000VAC, 1500VDC IS 694 PVC Insulated Cable for working voltages upto and including 1100V

EEUA-45D Performance requirements for electrical alarm annunciation system

Isolated Phase Busducts

IS 8084 Interconnecting busbars for AC voltages above 1kV upto and including 36kV

IS 5082 Wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy for electrical purposes IS 13947 Part 1 Low voltage switchgear and control gear IS 2099 Bushings for alternating voltage above 1000V IS 2544 Porcelain post insulator for voltages above 1000V IS 9431 Specification for indoor post insulators of organic material for

systems with nominal voltages greater than 1000V upto and including 300kV C37.20a, 37, 20b, ANSIC37.20 C37.20c, (IEEE-27) Switchgear assemblies

including metal enclosed bus ANSI C37.24 Effect of solar radiation on outdoor metal enclosed

switchgear ANSI,C 37.23 (IEEE-298) Calculating losses in isolated phase bus

Non-segregated phase busduct

IS 13947 Part 1 General requirements for switchgear and controlgear for voltages <1000V

IS 2629 Hot dip galvanising IS 3043 Code of practice for earthing IS 3072 Code of practice for installation and maintenance of switchgear IS 5082 Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium alloys for electrical purposes IS 6005 Code of practice of phosphating of iron and steel IS 8623 / IEC-60439 Specification for factory built assemblies of

switchgear and controlgear for voltages upto and including 1000VAC and 1200VDC

IS 8084 Interconnecting bus bars for AC voltage above 1KV upto and including 36kV

ANSI C3720 Switchgear assemblies including metal enclosed bus

 illumination

IS 3646 Part 1 Code of practice for interior illumination, principles for good lighting & aspects of design

IS 3646 Part 2 Code of practice for interior illumination schedule for values of illumination and glare index

IS 3646 Part 3 ode of practice - calculation of co-efficient of utilization by the Bz method

IS 6665 Code of practice for industrial lighting IS 2418 Tubular fluorescent lamps for general lighting service IS 9974 Part 1 & 2 High pressure sodium vapour lamps IS 1777 Industrial lighting fittings with metal reflectors IS 10322 Luminaries IS 1947 Flood lights IS 2149 Luminaries for street lighting IS 4012 Dust proof electric lighting fittings IS 4013 Dust tight electric lighting fittings IS 3528 Water proof electric lighting fittings IS 5077 Decorative lighting outfits IS 2215 Starters for fluorescent lamps

Earthing and lightning protection

IS 2309 Code of Practice for the protection of building and allied structures against lightning

IS 3043 Code of practice for Earthing IEEE 80 IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding IEEE 665 IEEE guide for generating station grounding CBIP publication 223 Design of earthing mat for high voltage substations

MV Switchgear

IS 3427 Metal enclosed switchgear and control gear IS 13947 Degree of protection provided by enclosures for low voltage

switchgear and controlgear IS 722 AC electricity meters IS 2705 Current transformers IS 3156 Voltage Transformers IS 3231 Electrical relays for power system protection IS 5082 Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy bars,

rods, tubes and selections for electrical purposes IS 8686 Specification for static protective relays IS 9046 AC contactors for voltages above 1000V and upto and including

11000V IS 9385 HV fuses IS 9921 AC disconnectors (isolators) and earthing switches for voltages

above 1000V IS 13118 Specification for high voltage AC circuit breakers IEC 60099 Part 4 Metal oxide surge arrestor without gap for AC system IEC 62271-100 High voltage alternating current circuit breakers IEC 60099-1 Non-linear resistor type gapped arrestor for AC systems IEC 60298 High voltage metal enclosed switchgear and controlgear

LV Switchgear

IS 3427 Metal enclosed switchgear and control gear IS 13947 Degree of protection provided by enclosures for low voltage

switchgear and controlgear IS 13947 Air-break switches, air-break disconnectors, air-break

disconnector and fuse combination units for voltages not exceeding 1000VAC or 1200VDC IS 13947 Part 1 General requirements for switchgear and controlgear for

voltages <1000V IEC 60947 IS 13947 Part 2 AC circuit breakers IS 13947 Part 4 Contactors and motors starter for voltages not exceeding

1000VAC or 1200VDC IEC 60947 IS 13947 Part 5 LV switchgear and Control gear Control current devices

and switching element IEC 60947 IS 1248 Electrical Indicating instruments IS 722 AC electricity meters IS 2705 Current transformers IS 3156 Voltage Transformers IS 3231 Electrical relays for power system protection IS 8686 Specification for static protective relays IS 9224 Low voltage fuses

IS 694 PVC insulated cables for working voltages upto and including 1100V

IS 2551 Danger notice plates IS 2629 Hot dip galvanising IS 3043 Code of practice for earthing IS 3072 Code of practice for installation and maintenance of switchgear IS 3202 Code of practice for climate proofing of electrical equipment IS 5082 Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for electrical purposes IS 8623 / IEC 60439 Specification for factory built assemblies of

switchgear and controlgear for voltages upto and including 1000VAC and 1200VDC

IS 13703 / IEC 60269 HRC cartridge fuses IS 10118 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of

switchgear and control gear IS 11171 Specification for dry type transformers IS 11353 Guide for uniform system of marking and identification of

conductors and apparatus terminals IS 12021 Specification of control transformers for switchgear and

Control gear for voltage not exceeding 1000VAC IS 8084 Interconnecting bus bars for AC voltage above 1KV upto and

including 36kV ANSI C37:20 Switchgear assemblies including metal enclosed bus

Power and control cables

IS 1554 (Part I) PVC insulated (heavy duty) electric cables for working voltage upto and including 1.1kV

IS 1554 (Part II) PVC insulated (heavy duty) electric cables for working voltage from 3.3kV upto and including 11kV

IS 7098 (Part-II) XLPE insulated PVC sheathed cables for working voltages from 3.3 kV upto and including 33kV

IS 3961 Recommended current ratings for cables IS 8130 Conductors for insulated electric cables and flexible cords IS 5831 PVC insulation and sheath of electric cables IS 2982 Copper conductor in insulated cables and cords IS 3975 Mild steel wires, strips and tapes for armouring cables

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Difference Between Bonding, Earthing & Grounding - Balaji gpt trichy       Difference Between Bonding, Earthing & Grounding

                                                                              - Balaji.P TrichyIntroduction:

One of the most misunderstood and confused concept is difference between Bonding, Grounding and Earthing. Bonding is more clear word compare to Grounding and Earthing but there is a micro difference between Grounding and Earhing.

Earthing and Grounding are actually different terms for expressing the same concept. Ground or earth in a mains electrical wiring system is a conductor that provides a low impedance path to the earth to prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on equipment.Earthing is more commonly used in Britain, European and most of the commonwealth countries standards (IEC, IS), while Grounding is the word used in North American standards (NEC, IEEE, ANSI, UL).

We understand that Earthing and Grounding are necessary and have an idea how to do it but we don’t have crystal clear concept for that. We need to understand that there are really two separate things we are doing for same purpose that we call Grounding or Earthing.

The Earthing is to reference our electrical source to earth (usually via connection to some kind of rod driven into the earth or some other metal that has direct contact with the earth).

The grounded circuits of machines need to have an effective return path from the machines to the power source in order to function properly (Here by Neutral Circuit)

In addition, non-current-carrying metallic components in a System, such as equipment cabinets, enclosures, and structural steel, need to be electrically interconnected and earthed properly so voltage potential cannot exist between them. However, troubles can arise when terms like “bonding,” “grounding,” and “earthing” are interchanged or confused in certain situations.

In TN Type Power Distribution System, in US NEC (and possibly other) usage: Equipment is earthed to pass fault Current and to trip the protective device without electrifying the device enclosure. Neutral is the current return path for phase. These Earthing conductor and Neutral conductor are connected together and earthed at the distribution panel and also at the street, but the intent is that no current flow on earthed ground, except during momentary fault conditions. Here we may say that Earthing and grounding are nearly same by practice.

But In the TT Type Power Distribution System (In India) Neutral is only earthed (here it is actually called Grounding) at distribution source (at distribution transformer) and Four wires (Neutral and Three Phase) are distributed to consumer. While at consumer side all electrical equipments body are connected and earthed at consumer premises (here it is called Earthing). Consumer has no any permission to mix Neutral with earth at his premises here earthing and grounding is the different by practice.

But in both above case Earthing and Grounding are used for the same Purpose. Let’s try to understand this terminology one by one.

(http://balajigpt.blogspot.com always serves for you)Bonding

Bonding is simply the act of joining two electrical conductors together. These may be two wires, a wire and a pipe, or these may be two Equipments.

Bonding has to be done by connecting of all the metal parts that are not supposed to be carrying current during normal operations to bringing them to the same electrical potential.

Bonding ensures that these two things which are bonded will be at the same electrical potential. That means we would not get electricity building up in one equipment or between two different equipment. No current flow can take place between two bonded bodies because they have the same potential.

Bonding, itself, does not protect anything. However, if one of those boxes is earthed there can be no electrical energy build-up. If the grounded box is bonded to the other box, the other box is also at zero electrical potential.

It protects equipment & Person by reducing current flow between pieces of equipment at different potentials.

The primary reason for bonding is personnel safety, so someone touching two pieces of equipment at the same time does not receive a shock by becoming the path of equalization if they happen to be at different potentials.

The Second reason has to do with what happens if Phase conductor may be touched an external metal part. The bonding helps to create a low impedance path back to the source. This will force a large current to flow, which in turn will cause the breaker to trip. In other words, bonding is there to allow a breaker to trip and thereby to terminate a fault.

Bonding to electrical earth is used extensively to ensure that all conductors (person, surface and product) are at the same electrical potential. When all conductors are at the same potential no discharge can occur.

Earthing

Earthing means connecting the dead part (it means the part which does not carries current under normal condition) to the earth for example electrical equipment’s frames, enclosures, supports etc.

The purpose of earthing is to minimize risk of receiving an electric shock if touching metal parts when a fault is present. Generally green wire is used for this as a nomenclature.

Under fault conditions the non-current carrying metal parts of an electrical installation such as frames, enclosures, supports, fencing etc. may attain high potential with respect to ground so that any person or stray animal touching these or approaching these will be subjected to potential difference which may result in the flow of a current through the body of the person or the animal of such a value as may prove fatal.

To avoid this non-current carrying metal parts of the electrical system are connected to the general mass of earth by means of an earthing system comprising of earth conductors to conduct the fault currents safely to the ground.

Earthing has been accomplished through bonding of a metallic system to earth. It is normally achieved by inserting ground rods or other electrodes deep inside earth.Earthing is to ensure safety or Protection of electrical equipment and Human by discharging the electrical energy to the earth.

Grounding

 Grounding means connecting the live part (it means the part which carries current under normal condition) to the earth for example neutral of power transformer.

Grounding is done for the protections of power system equipment and to provide an effective return path from the machine to the power source. For example grounding of neutral point of a star connected transformer.

Grounding refers the current carrying part of the system such as neutral (of the transformer or generator).

Because of lightening, line surges or unintentional contact with other high voltage lines, dangerously high voltages can develop in the electrical distribution system wires. Grounding provides a safe, alternate path around the electrical system of your house thus minimizing damage from such occurrences.

Generally Black wire is used for this as a nomenclature.

All electrical/electronic circuits (AC & DC) need a reference potential (zero volts) which is called ground in order to make possible the current flow from generator to load. Ground is May or May not be earthed. In Electrical Power distribution it is either earthed at distribution Point or at Consumer end but it is not earthed in Automobile( for instance all vehicles’ electrical circuits have ground connected to the chassis and metallic body that are insulated from earth through tires). There may exist a neutral to ground voltage due to voltage drop in the wiring, thus neutral does not necessarily have to be at ground potential.

In a properly balanced system, the phase currents balance each other, so that the total neutral current is also zero. For individual systems, this is not completely possible, but we strive to come close in aggregate. This balancing allows maximum efficiency of the distribution transformer’s secondary winding

Micro Difference between earthing & Grounding:

There is no major difference between earthing and Grounding, both means “Connecting an electrical circuit or device to the Earth”. This serves various purposes like to drain away unwanted currents, to provide a reference voltage for circuits needing one, to lead lightning away from delicate equipment. Even though there is a micro difference between grounding & earthing.

(1) Difference in Terminology:

In USA term Grounding is used but in UK term Earthing is used.

(2) Balancing the Load Vs Safety:

Ground is a source for unwanted currents and also as a return path for main current some times. While earthing is done not for return path but only for protection of delicate equipments. It is an alternate low resistance path for current.

When we take out the neutral for a three phase unbalanced connection and send it to ground, it is called grounding. Grounding is done to balance unbalanced load. While earthing is used between the equipment and earth pit so as to avoid electrical shock and equipment damage.

(3) Equipment Protection Vs Human Safety:

Earthing is to protect the circuit elements whenever high voltage is passed by thunders or by any other sources while Grounding is the common point in the circuit to maintain the voltage levels.

Earth is used for the safety of the human body in fault conditions while Grounding (As neutral earth) is used for the protection of equipments.

Earthing is a preventive measure while Grounding is just a return pathThe ground conductor provides a return path for fault current when a phase conductor accidentally comes in contact with a grounded object. This is a safety feature of the wiring system and we would never expect to see grounding conductor current flow during normal operation.

Do not Ground the Neutral Second time When It is grounded either at Distribution Transformer or at Main service Panel of Consumer end.

Grounding act as neutral. But neutral cannot act as ground.

    (4) System Zero Potential Vs Circuit Zero Potential:

Earthing and Grounding both is refer to zero potential but the system connected to zero potential is differ than Equipment connected to zero potential .If a neutral point of a generator or transformer is connected to zero potential then it is known as grounding. At the same time if the body of the transformer or generator is connected to zero potential then it is known as earthing.

The term “Earthing means that the circuit is physically connected to the ground and it is Zero Volt Potential to the Ground (Earth) but in case of “Grounding” the circuit is not physically connected to ground, but its potential is zero(where the currents are algebraically zero) with respect to other point, which is also known as “Virtual Grounding.”

Earth having zero potential whereas neutral may have some potential. That means neutral does not always have zero potential with respect to ground. In earthing we have Zero Volt potential references to the earth while in grounding we have local Zero Volt potential reference to circuit. When we connect two different Power circuits in power distribution system, we want to have the same Zero Volt reference so we connect them and grounds together. This common reference might be different from the earth potential.

Illegal Practice of interchange Purpose of Grounding & earthing wire

Neutral wire in grid connections is mandatory for safety. Imagine a person from 4th floor in a building uses Earth wire (which is earthed in the basement at Basement) as neutral to power his lights. Another Person from 2nd floor has a normal setup and uses neutral for the same purpose. Neutral wire is also earthed at the ground level (as per USA practice Neutral is Grounded (earthed) at Building and as per Indian Practice it is Grounded (earthed) at Distribution Transformer). However, ground wire (Neutral wire) has a much lower electrical resistance than Earth Wire (Earthing) which results in a difference of electrical potential (i.e. voltage) between them. This voltage is quite a hazard for anyone touching a Earth wire (Metal Body of Equipment) as it may have several tens of volts.

The second issue is legality. Using ground wire instead of neutral makes you an energy thief as the meter uses only the Phase and neutral for recording your energy consumption. Many Consumers make energy theft by using Earthing wire as a Neutral wire in an Energy meter.

Conclusion:        Ground is a source for unwanted currents and also as a return path for main current. While earthing is done not for return path but only for protection of delicate equipments. It is an alternate low resistance path for current. Earth is used for the safety of the human body in fault conditions while Grounding (As neutral earth) is used for the protection of equipments.     

Written By balaji baba at 10:02 No comments:

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Live Tank -  the circuit breaker the switching unit is located in an insulator bushing which is live at line voltage (or some voltage above ground). Live Tank circuit breakers are cheaper than dead tank and require less space.

Dead Tank -  the switching unit is located within a metallic container which is kept a earth potential.  As the incoming/outgoing conductors are taken through insulated bushings, it is possible to place current transformers on these (with a Live Tank arrangement this is not possible and separate CTs are required).  - See more at: http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/100/difference-between-live-and-dead-tank-circuit-breakers#sthash.oxP4GjZe.dpuf

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Can anyone tell me the difference between Live Tank Circuit Breaker and Dead Tank Circuit Breaker?

Arifuzzaman KaiserAsst General Manager at ABB Limited

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February 7, 2012

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Bill McKinnon, Tony Green and 4 others like this

19 comments Jump to most recent comment

Robby

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Robby De Smedt

Expert Electrical Equipment (Transformers) at Laborelec

If the enclosure that contains the contacts of the circuit breaker is at high potential it will be called a live tank circuit breaker. If the enclosure is earthed than it is called a dead tank circuit breaker.

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February 8, 2012

Jean S. likes this

Alan

Alan Shireman

Senior Technical Specialist at Zempleo, Inc.

In a live tank circuit breaker the metering or protection current transformers are located external or seperate from the circuit breaker. Optical current transformers maybe an exception as the secondary can be isolated/ insulated by the light beam from line voltage.

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February 17, 2012

Bill

Bill McKinnon

President. at BILL MCKINNON INC

Special technical features of live-tank design: On live-tank circuit-breakers, the interrupter chamber is arranged in the insulator which can be either porcelain or of a composite material, and is at high potential; with the voltage level determining the length of the insulators for the interrupter chamber

and the insulator column. Special technical features of dead-tank design. The distinguishing feature of dead-tank technology is that the interrupter chamber is accommodated in an earthed metal housing. With this arrangement the SF6 gas filling insulates the high voltage live parts of the contact assembly from the housing. Outdoor bushings connect the interrupter chamber with the high-voltage terminals.

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February 17, 2012

saburo A., Saeid B. like this

Edgar

Edgar Nystrom

Owner of C.B. Service

One advantage with Live Tank Breakers is that they only contain app. 10 to 15 % of the amount of SF6 compared with Dead Tank Breakers.

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February 20, 2012

Arvind

Arvind Chaudhary

Manager/Consultant at Sargent & Lundy

The seismic capability of high voltage live tank and dead tank breakers (and current transformers too) is different. HV live tank breakers have a higher center of gravity than dead tank breakers, hence a lower seismic withstand capability. In zones of higher seismic activity dead tank breakers are preferred.

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February 20, 2012

Andrey

Andrey Yepishin

CJSC SoyuzEnergoIndustry, Soyuz Corp.

In a DT breakers CTs are built-in with bushings, enclosures are usually made of Alu and earthed as was said before,LT are made with composit or porcelain with a instrumental transformers stand alone.

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February 20, 2012

Y P. likes this

Edgar

Edgar Nystrom

Owner of C.B. Service

ABB Live tank breakers (LTB) have passed the test and are approved for 1.0G, same as DTB.

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February 21, 2012

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Arifuzzaman

Arifuzzaman Kaiser

Asst General Manager at ABB Limited

Dear Arvind, for Bangladesh sesmic factor factor is 0.05 to 0.1g. So which type of breaker is more suitable for Bangladesh?

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February 22, 2012

Arvind

Arvind Chaudhary

Manager/Consultant at Sargent & Lundy

Dear Arif - I suggest you contact your CB manufacturer and obtain clarification and Type test reports for your specific voltage class and CB model number. When I designed 220 kV current transformers (20+ years ago) I think our Live Tank CT had a lower seismic rating due to porcelain limitations.

Best wishes, Arvind.

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February 23, 2012

G. Matthew

G. Matthew Kennedy

Solutions Director: Enterprise and Data Technology at Doble Engineering Company

If you touch the interrupter housing of a live tank, your dead; if you touch a dead tank, you stay alive.

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March 9, 2012

Javier Enrique A., Ben S. and 4 others like this

Keith

Keith Ellis

Leading expert on Bushings for Power Transformers

An additional difference between live and dead tank breakers are that live tank breakers are equipped with re-insertion resisters that can prevent re-ignition transients from being introduced into the power transformers. Dead tank breakers, though 245 kV class are not provided with these resistors unless specified. It has been shown that 245 kV dead tank breakers have caused failures of power transformers and auto-transformer, generally failing draw lead bushings with un-insulated draw lead cables. Also, arrestors or other weaknesses the transients encounters as it is reflected out of the transformer. Also, the closer the dead tank breaker is to the transformer the high the energy of the transient will be. IEEE presented a panel session on this topic in July 2010.

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March 9, 2012

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Michelle

Michelle Bennett-Snow EngTech MIET

Site Manager at Contractor

Live Tank - the circuit breaker the switching unit is located in an insulator bushing which is live at line voltage (or some voltage above ground). Live Tank circuit breakers are cheaper than dead tank and require less space.

Dead Tank - the switching unit is located within a metallic container which is kept at earth potential. As the incoming/outgoing conductors are taken through insulated bushings, it is possible to place current transformers on these (with a Live Tank arrangement this is not possible and separate CTs are required).

By Steve McFadyen My Electrical Engineer

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6 months ago

Javier Enrique

Javier Enrique Acevedo Acevedo

Electrical Engineer

Hi all, the difference is simple. If you touch the extinction chamber of a live tank breaker you will death. In contrast, if you touch the chamber of a death tank circuit breaker you will still alive.

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6 months ago

Ben

Ben Steiner

Business Development Specialist at Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc.

G. Matthew Kennedy nailed it - if you touch one, you'll live w/ a dead tank & die w/ a live one.

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6 months ago

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