Bản dịch tiếng Việt trang info của Grub

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 (Cch ly: dng lnh 'info tn_ti_liu --subnodes --no-raw-escapes -o tn_tp_tin_vn_bn_km_ng_dn_nu_cn'. Sau , dng AbiWord m tp tin vn bn, lu li theo nh dng vn bn, Unicode UTF-8, l nh dng m gedit c th c c. Ly t SuSE 9.2) Vi li ban u: L do bn dch ny ra i: - Ngi dch ghin Linux mt mc no . - Dch l t gip mnh, va l gip bn b Vit Nam nng cao h iu hnh Linux v bn a ha n. C l mt s bn ch ngi c ting Anh, nht l cc ti liu di long ngong chn ngt, nhng li mu me v tin hc, cn ti c th mi ng qun ngi g bn dch Anh -> Vit nhng m tt v Linux :). - C nhiu u th khi ci nhiu h iu hnh, nht l ci nhiu h iu hnh Linux v nhiu h iu hnh Windows trn cng mt my: + Bit cc thut ng no l chung hay ring gia hai loi h iu hnh ny nng cao kin thc v trnh nhm ln. + Nu xt ring mt h iu hnh Linux, c mt s c tnh ca n hn, nhng li c mt s khc li km Windows. Cc u khuyt im ca nhiu h Linux khc nhau li khc nhau. Th nhng, nu c mt ng tin v/ hay c tin v/ hay ng bt c th tng hp cc u im nhiu h Linux li lm mt, cng l loi tr cc khuyt im ca mi h th c th ni Linux n t Windows. + Cc h iu hnh Linux c c khuyt im l b mt giao din ha hoc thm ch l khng khi ng c sau khi my tnh b n nt reset ty tin hay bt buc do ng my hay b mt in t ngt (Ci chuyn in m Vit Nam c l nhiu bn thm tha hn ti. Mua thm mt ci UPS na k cng au mng ti tht, m i khi cng khng hiu qu. Chuyn ny rt quan trng trong vic tin hc ha nng thn). Vy c nhiu h iu hnh Linux nng cho nhau cng tt cho cng vic cu nn. + C th th nghim mt phn mm trn nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau khi pht trin n. + Ngi dch tng ci au khc hn khi ty my vi System Commander 7. SC7 c ci chung vi Windows 98 trn cng mt vng phn hoch s cp m st vi MBR. Sau , ti th ci thm nhiu HH Linux, vi hi vng SC7 s _t ng_ pht hin tt c chng v a ht chng ln trnh n chn HH ca n, ging nh qung co trong ti liu hng dn .pdf ca n. Ti trn tr hi vng, m nhng gic m p, nhng SC7 lm ti tht vng. N _khng_ hon ton t ng, ch bit c mt s HH Linux. Nu ci LILO hay GRUB ca Linux ln boot sector ca vng phn hoch ci Linux, SC7 chng pht hin c Linux. Nu ci LILO hay GRUB ca Linux ln MBR, kt qu "vt qu mong i" l SC7 chng hin ra na, ch cn Linux. Nu SC7 c nhn ra, khi ci Linux khc, Linux khc li thay th Linux c. Ti liu .pdf ca SC7 th qu di, dn lung tung, k lng v Windows nhng s si cho Linux, thm ch lc hu v khng ni n GRUB. C lc my tnh chng th khi ng c vo SC7 v ngi dch th khc phc bng nhiu cch nh: dng cc a mm ca SC7 sa cha, th sao lu d liu, dng cc a CD cu nn nh Windows XPE, dng live CD Knoppix Linux Vit ha, dng lnh 'fdisk /mbr' ca DOS/ Windows, format li vng phn hoch ci SC7 nhng vng phn hoch s cp ny b ph hng. Vng phn hoch ny c ci Windows sn trn nhng ri khng th ci li c Windows sau khi b h, thm ch khng th sao lu d phng d liu trn c, d lm nhiu cch nh dng lnh 'fdisk /mbr' ca DOS/ Windows, format li vng phn hoch. Ti th c vi ti liu v th lm mt iu rt mo him l vc BIOS. Thm ch ti kt ti oan ung ci BIOS ca my mnh l khng h tr a cng c dung lng ln (mua vo cui nm 2000). Ti xem vi sch hng dn ci nhiu HH ln mt my nhng chng ch cp n chuyn ci nhiu HH Windows v mt HH Linux. Lc cng khng c nhiu h iu hnh live CD nh hin nay nh vnlinuxCD, cc Knoppix bn mi. Ti cng chng th thu tm ht kin thc ca tt c nhng g trn. Ti Trang 1/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 cng cha c CD-ROM RW. Ti cng khng c mt my tnh th hai cu ci kia. Gi c dch v phc hi d liu cng lm ti phi do d nhiu. Ngi dch cha tng th Partition Magic nhng ti liu ca n cho thy n khng th khi ng qu 4 (bn) HH trn mt my. Bn dch ny l mt bc i thm him vng t mi sinh tn (Nghe rng rn qu! :^)). + C nhng u im m Linux cha c nh Windows (ch l CHA m thi!). nh phi 'sng da' Windows mt thi gian m hi vng l khng di. + GRUB l tnh cho khng biu khng nn chuyn chp ly l ng khuyn khch. Nu c dng cc sn phm thng mi m khng cn tr tin nh hin nay mi th ngi dch e rng bn thn mnh ri s b mt kh nng hiu th no l ng sai, l t ho dn tc, l lut php ngha l g :(. Chc nhiu bn cng c nhiu tm s khi dng cc keygen hay c phi chp ri dn my ci serial number trong Windows, ri khi phn phi cc phn mm Windows cho ngi khc, c phi vit km my dng kiu nh 'ch th nghim. Nu c tin (li tin!), bn nn (li "nn"!) ng k mua sn phm chnh thc'. Sp vo WTO ri, phi ngh li thi. Ch theo ring ca ti m thi, chng mnh u cn phi lm nhng vic nh vy chi cho mt cng, mt khi c kin thc v c Linux. + Ci yu ca Linux hin nay (ch l hin nay m thi!) so vi Windows ch yu l do kh nng t ng ha km. Bit Linux cng l nng cao chuyn mn tin hc do phi t tay lm nhiu th, nhng cng l c s bit n r ci tin n. Cc bn gn nh l th h u tin tip xc vi Linux cho nn phi gp t nhiu sng gi l chuyn tt nhin, nhng cc bn chnh l nhng ngi khai khn ng i cho cc th h Vit Nam sau. nd = ngi dch. Xin cc bn ng gp cht t cng sc lm bn dch hon thin hn, gn gh hn, c tc hn. Cn y l iu cui cng, l ht ri. Xin mi cc bn thng thc :). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: nh, Tip theo: Gii thiu, Ln: (dir) S tay GRUB *********** y l ti liu ca GRUB, Trnh np khi ng c thng nht ha Chung (GRand Unified Bootloader), ca GNU, mt chng trnh np khi ng linh hot v mnh m cho cc PC (personal computer - my tnh c nhn). n bn (edition) ny ghi nhn phin bn (version) 0.94. * Trnh n: * Gii thiu:: Nm bt tinh thn ca GRUB * Qui c t tn:: Cc tn ca cc a ca bn trong GRUB * Ci t:: Ci t GRUB ln a ca bn * Khi ng:: Cch khi ng cc h iu hnh khc nhau * Cu hnh:: Vit tp tin cu hnh ca chnh bn * Mng:: Ti xung cc nh HH t mt mng * Trm cui ni tip (Serial terminal):: Dng GRUB qua mt ng dy ni tip * Trnh n c t nh trc:: Nhng (Embedding) mt tp tin cu hnh vo GRUB * An ninh:: Ci thin an ninh * Cc nh:: Cc tp tin nh GRUB * H thng tp tin:: C php v ng ngha hc h tp tin (Filesystem syntax and semantics) Trang 2/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 * Giao din:: Trnh n v dng lnh * Cc lnh:: Danh sch cc lnh gn lin c sn (available builtin commands) * G ri:: Cc thng bo li m c sinh bi GRUB * Triu gi (Invoking) h v grub:: Cch dng h v grub * Triu gi grub-install:: Cch dng trnh ci t GRUB * Triu gi grub-md5-crypt:: Cch sinh mt mt khu b n * Triu gi grub-terminfo:: Cch sinh mt lnh terminfo * Triu gi mbchk:: Cch dng trnh kim tra Multiboot * Ly c (obtainning) v to dng (building) GRUB:: Cch ly c v to dng GRUB * Bo co cc li:: Ni bn nn gi mt bo co li * Tng lai:: Vi k hoch tng lai v GRUB * Nhng chuyn bn trong (Internals):: Vc (Hacking) GRUB * Bng ch mc:: Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Gii thiu, Tip theo: Qui c t tn, Lin trc: nh, Ln: nh 1 Gii thiu v GRUB ********************** * Trnh n: * Tng quan (Overview):: Chnh xc GRUB l g v cch dng n * Lch s:: T con di cho n rui nh * Cc c tnh:: Cc c tnh ca GRUB * Vai tr ca mt trnh np khi ng:: Vai tr ca mt trnh np khi ng Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Tng quan, Tip theo: Lch s, Ln: Gii thiu 1.1 Tng quan ============ Ngn gn l, mt "trnh np khi ng" l chng trnh phn mm u tin m chy khi mt my tnh khi ng. N c trch nhim np v chuyn s iu khin cho mt phn mm "nhn" h iu hnh (nh l Linux hay Mach ca GNU). Ci nhn, n lt n (in turn), khi ng ha (initializes) phn cn li ca h iu hnh (v d nh mt h thng GNU). GRUB ca GNU l mt trnh np khi ng rt mnh, m c th np mt phm vi rng khc nhau cc h iu hnh t do (free), cng nh cc h iu hnh c quyn vi s np dy chuyn (chain-loading) (1) (*ch thch Tng quan-Ch thch chn trang-1::). GRUB c thit k nhm n (address) s phc tp ca vic khi ng mt my tnh c nhn; c hai chng trnh v s tay ny c rng buc cht ch vi nn my tnh , d vic gi (porting) n cc nn khc c th c nhm n trong tng lai. Mt trong cc c tnh quan trng trong GRUB l tnh linh hot; GRUB hiu cc h tp tin v cc nh dng kh thi ca nhn, vy bn c th np mt h iu hnh ty theo cch bn thch, m khng c vic ghi nhn v tr vt l ca nhn ca bn trn a. Vy bn c th np nhn ch bng cch ch r tn tp tin ca n v a v vng phn hoch ni m nhn c tr. Trang 3/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2

Khi khi ng vi GRUB, bn c th dng hoc mt giao din dng lnh (*ch thch Giao din dng lnh::) hoc mt giao din trnh n (*ch thch Giao din trnh n::). Bng cch dng giao din dng lnh, bn nh my s nh r a v tn tp tin ca nhn mt cch th cng. Trong giao din trnh n, bn ch chn mt HH bng cch dng cc phm mi tn. Trnh n c da trn mt tp tin cu hnh m bn chun b trc (*ch thch S cu hnh::). Trong khi trong trnh n, bn c th chuyn sang ch dng lnh v ngc li. Bn thm ch c th bin tp cc mc nhp (entries) ca trnh n trc khi dng chng. Trong cc chng tip theo, bn s hc cch ch r mt a, mt vng phn hoch v mt tn tp tin (*ch thch Qui c t tn::) cho GRUB, cch ci t GRUB ln a ca bn (*ch thch S ci t::) v cch khi ng cc HH ca bn (*ch thch S khi ng::), theo tng bc. Ngoi bn thn trnh np khi ng GRUB, c mt "h v grub" 'grub' (*ch thch Triu gi h v grub::) m c th c cho chy khi bn trong h iu hnh ca bn. N m phng trnh np khi ng v c th c dng cho vic ci t trnh np khi ng. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Lch s, Tip theo: Cc c tnh, Lin trc: Tng quan, Ln: Gii thiu 1.2 Lch s ca GRUB =================== GRUB hnh thnh vo nm 1995 khi Erich Boleyn ang c gng khi ng Hurd GNU vi vi nhn (microkernel) Mach 4 ca trng i hc ca Utah (gi c bit nh Mach GNU). Erich v Brian Ford thit k S nh r a khi ng (Multiboot Specification) (*ch thch S nh r a khi ng: (multiboot) nh. (nd: do S nh r a khi ng nm ngoi ti liu ny, bn hy tham kho n t dng lnh bng cch g 'info multiboot'. Nu thy cc ch thch tng t nh trc, bn cn tham kho n thm t dng lnh nh vy. Hi vng tng lai s c cc bn dch v cc ti liu c lin quan)), do h quyt nh khng thm vo s ln cc phng php khi ng PC khng tng thch ln nhau. Sau Erich bt u thay i trnh np khi ng FreeBSD n s hiu a khi ng. Khng lu sau, ng nhn thc r rng vic vit trnh np khi ng ca chnh ng t con s khng s l d hn nhiu so vi c vn lm vic trn trnh np khi ng FreeBSD, v th l GRUB c sinh ra. Erich thm vo nhiu c tnh cho GRUB, nhng nhng s u tin khc ngn ng khi vic bt kp vi cc yu cu ca nn tng ngi dng m rng nhanh ca n (its quickly-expanding user base). Vo nm 1999, Gordon Matzigkeit v Yoshinori K. Okuji nhn ly (adopted) GRUB nh mt gi GNU chnh thc, v m ng s pht trin ca n bng cch lm cho cc ngun mi nht sn c qua CVS v danh. *Ch thch C c v to dng GRUB::, cho thng tin thm. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc c tnh, Tip theo: Vai tr ca mt trnh np khi ng, Lin trc: Lch s, Ln: Gii thiu 1.3 Cc c tnh ca GRUB ================= S i hi chnh cho GRUB l rng n tun theo "S nh r a khi ng", m c m t trong *Ch thch Trang 4/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 S nh r a khi ng: (multiboot)nh. Cc mc ch khc, m c lit k theo th t tm quan trng gn ng, l: * Cc chc nng c bn phi r rng (straightforward) cho cc ngi dng cui (end-users). * Tnh chc nng giu c h tr cc chuyn gia v cc nh thit k nhn. * Kh nng tng thch ngc (Backward compatibility) cho vic khi ng FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD v Linux. Cc nhn c quyn (nh l DOS, Windows NT v OS/2) c h tr qua mt chc nng np dy chuyn. Ngoi tr cc ch tng thch chuyn bit (vic np dy chuyn v nh dng "cng vc" (piggyback) Linux), tt c cc nhn s c khi ng theo cng tnh trng rt ging nh S nh r a khi ng. Ch c cc nhn m c np 1 megabyte hay trn l hin c h tr. Bt k n lc no np di gii hn s n gin l gy ra s tht bi lp tc v mt thng bo li m bo co vn . Thm vo cc i hi trn, GRUB c cc c tnh sau y (hy ch rng S nh r a khi ng khng i hi tt c cc c tnh m GRUB h tr): Nhn ra nhiu nh dng kh thi H tr nhiu trong s cc bin th "a.out" cng vi "ELF". Cc bng k hiu (nd: symbol table) cng c np. H tr cc nhn khng phi a khi ng H tr nhiu trong s nhiu nhn 32 bit t do khc nhau m thiu s tun thun a khi ng (ch yu l FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD v Linux). Vic np dy chuyn ca cc trnh np khi ng khc cng c h tr. Np a n nguyn (Load multiples modules) H tr y c tnh a khi ng ca vic np a n nguyn. Np mt tp tin cu hnh H tr mt tp tin cu hnh vn bn ngi c c vi cc lnh khi ng c t nh trc. Bn cng c th np ng mt tp tin cu hnh khc v nhng mt tp tin cu hnh c t nh trc vo mt tp tin nh GRUB. Danh sch cc lnh (*ch thch Cc lnh::) l mt tp cha (superset) ca nhng lnh m c h tr trn dng lnh. Mt tp tin cu hnh v d c cung cp *Ch thch S cu hnh::. Cung cp mt giao din trnh n Mt giao din trnh n m lit k cc lnh khi ng c t nh trc, vi mt thi hn (timeout) c th lp trnh, l c sn. Khng c gii hn c nh no v s cc mc nhp khi ng, v s b sung (implementation) hin ti c ch cho vi trm. C mt giao din dng lnh linh hot Mt giao din dng lnh kh linh hot, c th truy cp t trnh n, l c sn bin tp bt k cc lnh c t nh trc no, hay vit mt tp lnh khi ng mi t con s khng. Nu khng c cc tp tin cu Trang 5/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 hnh no hin din, GRUB ri xung dng lnh. Danh sch cc lnh (*ch thch Cc lnh::) l mt tp con ca cc lnh m c h tr cho cc tp tin cu hnh. Vic bin tp cc lnh tng t gn gi vi dng lnh Bash (*ch thch Bash: (cc c tnh)Vic bin tp Dng Lnh.), vi s hon tt cc lnh, cc thit b, cc vng phn hoch, v cc tp tin trong mt th mc m ty theo hon cnh (context). H tr a kiu h tp tin H tr nhiu kiu h tp tin mt cch r rng, cng thm mt s ch thch (?) danh sch khi tng minh c ch (useful explicit blocklist notation). Cc kiu h tp tin hin c h tr l "FFS ca BSD", "FAT16 v FAT32 ca DOS", "fs ca Minix", "ext2fs ca Linux", "ReiserFS", "JFS", "XFS" v "fs ca VSTa". *Ch thch H tp tin::, cho nhiu thng tin hn. H tr s gii nn (decompression) t ng C th gii nn cc tp tin m c nn bi 'gzip'. Chc nng ny l va t ng v va r rng vi ngi dng (tc l tt c cc chc nng hot ng trn ni dung c gii nn ca cc tp tin c ch r). iu ny lm gim rt nhiu mt kch c tp tin v thi gian np, mt li ch ln lao ring bit cho cc a mm.(1) (*ch thch Cc c tnh-Ch thch chn trang-1::) Ngi ta c th nhn thc c rng vi n nguyn nhn nn c np trong mt tnh trng c nn, vy mt lnh np n nguyn khc c th c ch r trnh vic gii nn cc n nguyn. Truy cp cc d liu trn bt k thit b c ci t no H tr vic c cc d liu t bt k hay tt c cc a mm hay (cc) a cng m c nhn ra bi BIOS, c lp vi vic t nh ca thit b gc (root device). c lp vi nhng s dch (translations) hnh hc a Khng nh nhiu trnh np khi ng khc, GRUB lm cho s dch a ring bit tr nn khng thch hp. Mt a m c ci t v chy vi mt s dch c th c chuyn thnh mt s dch khc m khng c bt k cc hiu ng hay cc thay i bt li no trong s cu hnh ca GRUB. Pht hin tt c RAM c ci t GRUB ni chung c th tm ra tt c (?) c ci t trn mt my tng thch PC. N dng mt k thut truy vn BIOS tin tin cho vic tm ra tt c cc vng b nh (memory regions). Nh c m t trn S nh r a khi ng (*ch thch S nh r a khi ng: (multiboot)nh.), khng phi tt c cc nhn dng thng tin ny (not all kernels make use of this information), nhng GRUB cung cp n cho nhng ci no dng (provides it for those who do). H tr ch a ch Khi Lun l (Logical Block Address) Trong cc li gi a truyn thng (m c gi l "ch CHS"), c mt vn dch hnh hc, l, BIOS khng th truy cp hn 1024 mt tr (cylinders), vy khng gian c th truy cp b gii hn n t nht l 508 MB v n nhiu nht l 8GB. GRUB v ph bin l khng th gii quyt vn ny, do khng c giao din tiu chun no m c dng tt c cc my. Tuy nhin, vi my mi hn c giao din mi, ch a ch Khi Lun l ("LBA"). GRUB t ng pht hin xem ch LBA c sn c khng v dng n nu sn c. ch LBA, GRUB c th truy cp ton b a.

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 H tr khi ng mng GRUB v c bn l mt trnh np khi ng c da trn a nhng cng c s h tr mng. Bn c th np cc nh HH t mt mng bng cch dng giao thc "TFTP". H tr cc thit b u cui t xa (remote terminals) h tr cc my tnh m khng c console, GRUB cung cp s h tr thit b u cui t xa, v th (so that) bn c th iu khin GRUB t mt my ch (host) t xa. Ch c s h tr thit b u cui ni tip l c b sung by gi. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Vai tr ca mt trnh np khi ng, Lin trc: Cc c tnh, Ln: Gii thiu 1.4 Vai tr ca mt trnh np khi ng ============================= Sau y l mt on trch dn t Gordon Matzigkeit, mt k cung tn GRUB: Vi ngi thch tha nhn c h iu hnh ln nhn khi h ni v cc my tnh ca h, vy h c th ni h dng "GNU/Linux" hay "GNU/Hurd". Nhng ngi khc dng nh ngh rng nhn l phn quan trng nht ca h thng, vy h thch gi cc h iu hnh GNU ca h l "cc h Linux". Ti, v mt c nhn, tin rng y l mt s bt cng trm trng, do trnh np khi ng l phn mm quan trng nht tt c. Trc y ti ch n cc h thng trn nh "LILO"(1) (*ch thch Vai tr ca mt trnh np khi ng-Ch thch chn trang-1::) hay cc h thng "GRUB". Khng may l, khng ai tng hiu nhng g m ti ang ni v; gi ti ch dng t "GNU" nh mt bit danh cho GRUB. Vy, nu bn tng nghe ngi ta ni v cc h thng "GNU" oan chc ca h, hy nh rng h thc s ang t lng knh trng vi trnh np khi ng tt nht sn c (around)... GRUB! Chng ti, nhng ngi bo dng (maintainers) GRUB, khng (thng) khuyn khch mc ch ngha cung tn ca Gordon, nhng n gip nh rng cc trnh np khi ng xng ng s cng nhn. Chng ti hi vng rng bn thng thc vic dng GRUB GNU nhiu nh chng ti lm vic vit n. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Qui c t tn, Tip theo: Ci t, Lin trc: Gii thiu, Ln: nh 2 Qui c t tn ******************* C php thit b m c dng trong GRUB l mt t xu khc bit (is a wee bit different) vi nhng g bn c th thy trc y trong (cc) h iu hnh ca bn v bn cn bit n bn c th ch r mt a/ vng phn hoch. Hy nhn vo cc v d v cc gii thch sau: (fd0) Trang 7/ 84


Trc hn ht, GRUB i hi rng tn thit b c bao bc bng '(' v ')'. Phn 'fd' c ngha rng n l mt a mm. S '0' l s ca a, m c m t _s khng_. Biu thc ny c ngha rng GRUB s dng ton b a mm. (hd0,1) y, 'hd' c ngha n l mt a cng. S nguyn u tin '0' ch ra s ca a, l, a cng u tin, trong khi s nguyn th hai, '1', ch ra s ca vng phn hoch (hay s ca phn chia (slice number) ca PC trong thut ng hc ca BSD). Mt ln na, xin vui lng ch rng cc s ca cc vng phn hoch c m t _s khng_, khng phi t mt. Biu thc ny c ngha l vng phn hoch th hai ca a cng th nht. Trong trng hp ny, GRUB dng mt vng phn hoch ca a ny, thay v ton b a. (hd0,4) Ci ny ch r "vng phn hoch m rng (extended partition)" u tin ca a cng u tin. Hy ch rng cc s ca vng phn hoch cho cc vng phn hoch m rng c m t '4', bt chp s thc s cc vng phn hoch s cp (primary partitions) trn a cng ca bn. (hd1,a) Ci ny c ngha l vng phn hoch 'a' ca BSD ca a cng th hai. Nu bn cn ch r s phn chia PC no s c dng, hy dng ci g nh th ny: '(hd1,0,a)'. Nu s phn chia PC c b i, GRUB tm kim phn chia PC u tin m c mt vng phn hoch 'a' BSD. D nhin, thc s truy cp cc a hay cc vng phn hoch bng GRUB, bn cn dng s ch r thit b trong mt lnh, nh 'root (fd0)' hay 'unhide (hd0,2)'. gip bn tm ra s no ch r mt vng phn hoch m bn mun, cc ty chn dng lnh GRUB (*ch thch Giao din dng lnh::) c s hon tt tham s. iu ny c ngha rng, v d, bn ch cn nh my root ( m c theo sau bi mt , v GRUB s hin th danh sch cc a, cc vng phn hoch, hay cc tn tp tin. Vy vic xc nh tn vng phn hoch mc tiu ca bn l kh d, thm ch vi kin thc ti thiu v c php. Hy ch rng GRUB _khng_ phn bit IDE vi SCSI - n n gin l m cc s a t s khng, bt chp kiu ca chng. Bnh thng, bt k s ca a IDE no cng nh hn s ca bt k a SCSI no, d iu l khng ng nu bn thay i trnh t khi ng bng cch tro i cc a IDE v SCSI trong BIOS ca bn. Gi cu hi l, lm sao ch r mt tp tin? Ln na, hy xem xt mt v d: (hd0,0)/vmlinuz Ci ny ch r tp tin c t tn `vmlinuz', m c tm thy trn vng phn hoch u tin ca a cng th nht. Hy ch rng s hon tt tham s cng lm vic vi cc tn tp tin. Trang 8/ 84


iu l d dng, hy tha nhn n. Gi hy c chng tip theo, tm ra cch thc s ci t GRUB ln a ca bn. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Ci t, Tip theo: Khi ng, Lin trc: Qui c t tn, Ln: nh 3 S ci t ************** ci t GRUB nh trnh np khi ng ca bn, bn cn trc tin ci t h thng v cc tin ch GRUB di h iu hnh ging UNIX ca bn (*ch thch C c v to dng GRUB::). Bn c th lm iu ny t tarball ngun, hay nh mt gi cho HH ca bn. Sau khi bn lm iu , bn cn ci t trnh np khi ng ln mt a (a mm hay cng). C hai cch lm th - hoc l dng tin ch 'grub-install' (*ch thch Triu gi grub-install::) trn mt HH ging UNIX, hay bng cch chy bn thn GRUB t mt a mm. Nhng ci ny kh tng t, tuy nhin tin ch c th thm d mt a BIOS sai, vy bn nn cn thn. Cng th, nu bn ci t GRUB trn mt HH ging UNIX, xin vui lng m bo rng bn c mt a khi ng khn cp sn sng, bn c th cu my tnh ca bn nu, do bt k s tnh c no (by any chance), a cng ca bn tr nn khng dng c (khng khi ng c). GRUB n vi cc nh khi ng (comes with boot images), m thng c t trong th mc '/usr/lib/grub'. Nu bn khng dng grub-install th bn cn chp cc tp tin 'stage1', 'stage2' v '*stage1_5' vo th mc '/boot/grub'. T y (Hereafter), th mc ni m cc nh GRUB c t vo ban u (bnh thng l '/usr/lib/grub') s c gi l "th mc nh" v th mc ni m trnh np khi ng cn tm chng (thng l '/boot/grub') s c gi l "th mc khi ng". * Trnh n: * To mt a mm khi ng GRUB:: * Ci t GRUB kiu bn a (natively):: * Ci t GRUB bng cch dng grub-install:: * Lm ra mt CD-ROM c th khi ng GRUB:: (khng c tp tin info grub ca Mandrake 10.0, phin bn 0.93) Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: To mt a mm khi ng GRUB, Tip theo: Ci t GRUB kiu bn a, Ln: Ci t 3.1 To mt a mm khi ng GRUB =============================== to mt a mm khi ng GRUB, bn cn ly cc tp tin 'stage1' v 'stage2' t th mc nh v vit chng vo khi th nht v th nh ca a mm, mt cch tng ng. *Thn trng:* Th tc ny s hy dit bt k cc d liu no hin c tr trn a mm . Trang 9/ 84


Trn mt h iu hnh ging UNIX, iu c lm vi cc lnh sau: # cd /usr/lib/grub # dd if=stage1 of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out # dd if=stage2 of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 seek=1 153+1 records in 153+1 records out # Tn tp tin thit b c th khc. Hy tham vn s tay cho HH ca bn. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Ci t GRUB kiu bn a, Tip theo: Ci GRUB bng cch dng grub-install, Lin trc: To mt a mm khi ng GRUB, Ln: Ci t 3.2 Ci t GRUB kiu bn a ============================ *Thn trng:* Vic ci stage1 ca GRUB theo cch thc ny s xa cung khi ng (boot sector) bnh thng m c dng bi mt HH. GRUB hin c th khi ng GNU Mach, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD v OpenBSD trc tip, vy vic dng n trn mt cung khi ng (cung u tin ca mt vng phn hoch) s l n. Nhng ni chung, vic lu d phng cung u tin ca vng phn hoch m trn bn ang ci t stage1 ca GRUB s l mt hay. iu ny khng quan trng nh th nu bn ang ci t GRUB ln cung u tin ca mt a cng, do vic ti khi ng ha (reinitialize) n l d dng (v d bng cch chy 'FDISK /MBR' t DOS). Nu bn quyt nh ci t GRUB trong mi trng bn a (native environment), m r rng ng mong i (which is definitely desirable), bn s cn to mt a khi ng GRUB v ti khi ng my tnh ca bn bng n. Nu khng, hy xem *Ch thch Ci t GRUB bng cch dng grub-install::. Mt khi c bt u, GRUB s cho thy giao din dng lnh (*ch thch Giao din dng lnh::). u tin, hy t nh "thit b gc" ca GRUB(1) (*ch thch Ci t GRUB kiu bn a-Ch thch chn trang-1::) n vng phn hoch m cha th mc khi ng, nh th ny: grub> root (hd0,0) Nu bn khng chc chn vng phn hoch no thc s gi th mc ny, hy dng lnh 'find' (*ch thch find::), nh th ny: grub> find /boot/grub/stage1 Ci ny s tm tn tp tin '/boot/grub/stage1' v cho thy cc thit b m cha tp tin ny.

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 Mt khi bn t nh thit b gc ng, hy chy lnh 'setup' (*ch thch setup::): grub> setup (hd0) Lnh ny s ci t trnh np khi ng GRUB ln Bn ghi Khi ng Ch (Master Boot Record) (MBR) ca a u tin. Nu bn mun t GRUB vo cung khi ng ca mt vng phn hoch thay v t n vo MBR, hy ch r vng phn hoch m bn mun ci t GRUB vo : grub> setup (hd0,0) Nu bn ci t GRUB vo mt vng phn hoch hay mt a khc hn ci u tin, bn phi np dy chuyn GRUB t mt trnh np khi ng khc. Hy tham kho s tay cho trnh np khi ng bit cch np dy chuyn GRUB. Sau khi dng lnh setup, bn s khi ng vo GRUB m khng c a mm GRUB. Hy xem chng *Ch thch Khi ng:: khm ph cch khi ng cc h iu hnh ca bn t GRUB. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Ci t GRUB bng cch dng grub-install, Tip theo: Lm ra mt CD-ROM c th khi ng GRUB, Lin trc: Ci t GRUB theo kiu bn a, Ln: Ci t 3.3 Ci t GRUB bng cch dng grub-install ====================================== *Thn trng:* Th tc ny r rng km an ton hn, do c vi cch m theo my tnh ca bn c th tr nn khng th khi ng c. V d, hu ht cc h iu hnh khng ni cho GRUB cch nh x (map) cc a BIOS vo cc thit b HH mt cch ng n--GRUB ch "on" vic nh x . iu ny s thnh cng trong hu ht cc trng hp, nhng khng lun lun. Do , GRUB cung cp cho bn mt tp tin nh x (map file) m c gi l "nh x thit b (device map)", m bn phi sa nu n sai. *Ch thch nh x thit b::, cho nhiu chi tit hn. Nu bn vn mun ci t GRUB di mt HH ging UNIX (nh l GNU), hy triu gi chng trnh 'grub-install' (*ch thch Triu gi grub-install::) nh siu ngi dng (superuser) ("gc (root)"). Cch dng v c bn l rt n gin. Bn ch cn ch r mt tham s cho chng trnh, namely, ni cn ci t trnh np khi ng. Tham s c th l mt tp tin thit b (nh '/dev/hda') hay mt vng phn hoch m c ch r trong phn ghi k hiu (notation) ca GRUB. V d, di Linux, lnh sau s ci t GRUB vo MBR ca a IDE u tin: # grub-install /dev/hda Cng vy, di GNU/Hurd, ci ny c cng hiu qu: # grub-install /dev/hd0 Nu n l a BIOS u tin, ci ny l cng th:

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 # grub-install '(hd0)' Hay bn c th b i cc du ngoc n: # grub-install hd0 Nhng tt c cc v d trn gi s rng GRUB s dng cc nh m di th mc gc. Nu bn mun GRUB dng cc nh m di mt th mc khc hn th mc gc, bn cn ch r ty chn '--root-directory'. Cch dng tiu biu l rng bn to mt a mm khi ng GRUB vi mt h tp tin. y l mt v d: # mke2fs /dev/fd0 # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt # grub-install --root-directory=/mnt fd0 # umount /mnt Mt v d khc l khi bn c mt vng phn hoch khi ng ring bit m c gn kt (mounted) '/boot'. Do GRUB l mt trnh np khi ng, n khng bit bt k ci g v cc im gn kt (mountpoints) c. Do , bn cn chy 'grub-install' nh th ny: # grub-install --root-directory=/boot /dev/hda Tin th, nh c ghi ch trn, vic on cc a BIOS mt cch ng n di mt HH ging UNIX l kh kh. Do , 'grub-install' s nhc bn kim tra xem n c th thc s on cc nh x (mappings) ng khng, sau khi ci t. nh dng ny c nh ngha trong *Ch thch nh x thit b::. Xin vui lng kh l cn thn. Nu d liu xut sai, khng c kh nng l my tnh ca bn s c th khi ng m khng c vn no. Hy ch rng 'grub-install' thc s ch l mt kch bn (script) h v v tc v thc s c lm bi h v grub 'grub' (*ch thch Triu gi h v grub::). Do , bn c php chy 'grub' trc tip ci t GRUB, m khng c vic dng 'grub-install'. Tuy nhin, ng lm iu , tr khi bn rt quen thuc vi cc ni v (internals) ca GRUB. Vic ci t mt trnh np khi ng ln mt HH ang chy c th cc k nguy him. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Lm ra mt CD-ROM c th khi ng GRUB, Lin trc: Ci t GRUB bng cch dng grub-install, Ln: Ci t 3.4 Lm ra mt CD-ROM c th khi ng GRUB ================================= GRUB h tr "ch khng m phng (no emulation mode)" trong s nh r El Torito(1) (*ch thch Lm ra mt CD-ROM c th khi ng GRUB-Ch thch chn trang-1::). iu ny c ngha rng bn c th dng ton b CD-ROM t GRUB v bn khng phi lm ra mt tp tin nh a mm hay cng, m c th gy ra cc vn kh nng tng thch. Cho vic khi ng t mt CD-ROM, GRUB dng mt Stage 2 c bit m c gi l 'stage2_eltorito'. Cc tp tin duy nht m bn cn c trong CD-ROM c th khi ng ca bn l 'stage2_eltorito' ny v theo ty chn l mt tp tin cu hnh (config file) 'menu.lst'. Bn khng cn dng 'stage1' hay 'stage2', do El Torito kh Trang 12/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 khc bit vi tin trnh khi ng chun. y l mt v d v cc th tc lm ra mt nh CD-ROM c th khi ng. u tin, hy lm ra mt th mc nh cho nh c th khi ng, v d nh (say), 'iso': $ mkdir iso Hy lm ra mt th mc cho GRUB: $ mkdir -p iso/boot/grub Hy chp tp tin 'stage2_eltorito': $ cp /usr/lib/grub/stage2_eltorito iso/boot/grub Nu mun, hy lm ra tp tin cu hnh 'menu.lst' di 'iso/boot/grub' (*ch thch S cu hnh::) v chp bt k cc tp tin v cc th mc no cho a vo th mc 'iso/'. Cui cng, hy lm ra mt tp tin nh ISO9660 nh th ny: $ mkisofs -R -b boot/grub/stage2_eltorito -no-emul-boot \ -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -o grub.iso iso iu ny sinh ra mt tp tin m c t tn l 'grub.iso', m sau c th c nung (burned) thnh mt CD (hay mt DVD). 'mkisofs' c cu a ri khi ng t tp tin 'boot/grub/stage2_eltorito', vy khng c nhu cu no c cu GRUB trn ci a (Hy ch rng bit (binary digit - ch s nh phn) '-boot-loadsize 4' c i hi cho kh nng tng thch vi BIOS trn nhiu my c hn). Bn c th dng thit b '(cd)' truy cp mt CD-ROM trong tp tin cu hnh ca bn. iu ny khng c i hi; GRUB t ng t nh thit b gc '(cd)' khi c khi ng t mt CD-ROM. Vic tham chiu n '(cd)' ch cn thit nu bn cng mun truy cp cc a khc. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Khi ng, Tip theo: Cu hnh, Lin trc: Ci t, Ln: nh 4 Khi ng ********* GRUB c th np cc nhn tun theo a khi ng theo mt cch nht qun (consistent), nhng cho vi h iu hnh t do, bn cn dng xo thut (magic) c trng HH no . * Trnh n: * Cc phng php khi ng chung:: Cch khi ng cc HH vi GRUB ni chung * Cc ch thch c trng HH:: Cc ch thch v vi h iu hnh Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc phng php khi ng chung, Tip theo: Cc ch thch c trng HH, Ln: Trang 13/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 Khi ng 4.1 Cch khi ng cc h iu hnh ================================= GRUB c hai phng php khi ng ring bit. Mt trong hai ci ny l np mt h iu hnh trc tip v ci kia l np dy chuyn mt trnh np khi ng khc m sau s np mt h iu hnh mt cch thc s. Ni chung, ci trc l ng mong c (desirable) hn, do bn khng cn ci t hay bo tr cc trnh np khi ng khc v GRUB linh hot np mt h iu hnh t mt a/ vng phn hoch ty . Tuy nhin, ci sau i khi c i hi, do GRUB (vn) khng h tr tt c cc h iu hnh hin c mt cch bn a (natively). * Trnh n: * Np trc tip mt h iu hnh:: * Np dy chuyn:: Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Np trc tip mt h iu hnh, Tip theo: Np dy chuyn, Ln: Cc phng php khi ng chung 4.1.1 Cch khi ng mt HH trc tip bng GRUB -----------------------------------------a khi ng (*ch thch S nh r a khi ng: (a khi ng)nh.) l nh dng bn a m c h tr bi GRUB. tin li, cng c s h tr cho Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD v OpenBSD. Nu bn mun khi ng cc h iu hnh khc, bn s phi np dy chuyn chng (*ch thch Np dy chuyn::). Ni chung, GRUB c th khi ng bt k HH tun theo a khi ng no theo cc bc sau: 1. t nh thit b gc ca GRUB a ni m cc nh HH c tr bng lnh 'root' (*ch thch root::). 2. Np nh nhn bng lnh 'kernel' (*ch thch kernel::). 3. Nu bn cn cc n nguyn, np chng bng lnh 'module' (*ch thch module::) hay 'modulenounzip' (*ch thch modulenounzip::). 4. Chy lnh 'boot' (*ch thch boot::). Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD v OpenBSD c th c khi ng theo mt cch thc tng t. Bn np mt nh nhn bng lnh 'kernel' v ri chy lnh 'boot'. Nu nhn i hi vi tham s , ch hy chp ghp cc tham s vo 'kernel', sau tn tp tin ca nhn. Cng xin vui lng tham kho *Ch thch Cc ch thch c trng HH::, cho thng tin v cc bn pht hnh (issues) c trng HH ca bn. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Np dy chuyn, Lin trc: Np mt h iu hnh trc tip, Ln: Cc phng php khi ng chung Trang 14/ 84


4.1.2 Np mt trnh np khi ng khc khi ng cc h iu hnh khng c h tr -------------------------------------------------------------------Nu bn mun khi ng mt h iu hnh khng c h tr (v d nh Windows 95), hy np dy chuyn mt trnh np khi ng cho h iu hnh . Bnh thng, trnh np khi ng c nhng trong "cung khi ng" ca vng phn hoch m trn h iu hnh c ci t. 1. t nh thit b gc ca GRUB vng phn hoch bng lnh 'rootnoverify' (*ch thch rootnoverify::): grub> rootnoverify (hd0,0) 2. t nh c "hot ha (active)" vng phn hoch bng cch dng lnh 'makeactive'(1) (*ch thch Np dy chuyn-Ch thch chn trang-1::) (*ch thch makeactive::): grub> makeactive 3. Np trnh np khi ng bng lnh 'chainloader' (*ch thch chainloader::): grub> chainloader +1 '+1' ch rng GRUB s c mt cung t khi u ca vng phn hoch. S m t hon chnh v c php ny c th c tm thy *Ch thch C php danh sch khi::. 4. Chy lnh 'boot' (*ch thch boot::). Tuy nhin, DOS v Windows c vi s thiu st, vy bn c th phi dng cc hng dn phc tp hn. *Ch thch DOS/Windows::, cho nhiu thng tin hn. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc ghi ch c trng HH, Lin trc: Cc phng php khi ng chung, Ln: Khi ng 4.2 Vi d bit (caveats) v cc bn pht hnh c trng HH ====================================== y, chng ti m t vi d bit v vi h iu hnh. * Trnh n: * GNU/Hurd:: * GNU/Linux:: * FreeBSD:: * NetBSD:: * OpenBSD:: * DOS/Windows:: * UnixWare SCO:: Trang 15/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 * QNX:: Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: GNU/Hurd, Tip theo: GNU/Linux, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH 4.2.1 GNU/Hurd -------------Do GNU/ Hurd tun theo a khi ng, vic khi ng n l d; khng c g c bit v n. Nhng ng qun rng bn phi ch r mt vng phn hoch gc cho nhn. 1. Hy t nh thit b gc ca GRUB cng a nh ca GNU/Hurd. C th lnh 'find /boot/gnumach' hay tng t c th gip bn (*ch thch find::). 2. Hy np nhn v n nguyn, nh th ny: grub> kernel /boot/gnumach root=hd0s1 grub> module /boot/serverboot 3. Hy chy lnh 'boot' (*ch thch boot::). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: GNU/Linux, Tip theo: FreeBSD, Lin trc: GNU/Hurd, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH 4.2.2 GNU/Linux --------------Vic khi ng GNU/Linux t GRUB l tng i d, do n hi tng t vi khi ng mt HH tun theo a khi ng. 1. Hy t nh thit b gc ca GRUB cng a nh ca GNU/Linux. C th lnh 'find /vmlinuz' hay tng t c th gip bn (*ch thch find::). 2. Hy np nhn: grub> kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda1 Nu bn cn ch r vi tham s nhn, ch hy chp ghp chng vo lnh. V d, t nh 'vga' 'ext', hy lm iu ny: grub> kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda1 vga=ext Hy xem ti liu trong cy ngun (source tree) Linux cho thng tin hon chnh v cc ty chn c sn. 3. Nu bn dng mt initrd, hy thi hnh lnh 'initrd' (*ch thch initrd::) sau 'kernel': grub> initrd /initrd Trang 16/ 84


4. Cui cng, hy chy lnh 'boot' (*ch thch boot::). *Thn trng:* Nu bn dng mt initrd v ch r ty chn 'mem=' cho nhn cho n dng t hn kch c b nh thc, bn cng s phi ch r cng kch c b nh cho GRUB. cho GRUB bit kch c , hy chy lnh 'uppermem' _trc khi_ np nhn. *Ch thch uppermem::, cho nhiu thng tin hn. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: FreeBSD, Tip theo: NetBSD, Lin trc: GNU/Linux, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH 4.2.3 FreeBSD ------------GRUB c th np nhn trc tip, hoc theo nh dng ELF, hoc a.out. Nhng iu ny khng c ngh, do giao din bootstrap (khi ng mi) ca FreeBSD i khi thay i nng n, vy GRUB khng th m bo truyn cc tham s nhn mt cch ng n. Do , chng ti s ngh vic np trnh np rt linh hot '/boot/loader' thay vo . Hy xem v d ny: grub> root (hd0,a) grub> kernel /boot/loader grub> boot Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: NetBSD, Tip theo: OpenBSD, Lin trc: FreeBSD, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH 4.2.4 NetBSD -----------GRUB c th np a.out v ELF NetBSD trc tip, hy theo cc bc ny: 1. Hy t nh thit b gc ca GRUB bng 'root' (*ch thch root::). 2. Hy np nhn bng 'kernel' (*ch thch kernel::). Bn nn chp ghp ty chn xu x '--type=netbsd' nu bn mun np mt nhn ELF, nh th ny: grub> kernel --type=netbsd /netbsd-elf 3. Hy chy 'boot' (*ch thch boot::). By gi, tuy th, GRUB khng cho php bn truyn cc tham s nhn, vy vic np dy chuyn n thay vo c th tt hn. Cho nhiu thng tin hn, xin vui lng xem *Ch thch Vic np dy chuyn::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: OpenBSD, Tip theo: DOS/Windows, Lin trc: NetBSD, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 4.2.5 OpenBSD ------------S hng dn khi ng chnh xc ging nh cho NetBSD (*ch thch NetBSD::). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: DOS/Windows, Tip theo: SCO UnixWare, Lin trc: OpenBSD, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH 4.2.6 DOS/Windows ----------------GRUB khng th khi ng DOS hay Windows trc tip, vy bn phi np dy chuyn chng (*ch thch Vic np dy chuyn::). Tuy nhin, cc trnh np khi ng ca chng c vi s thiu st then cht (critical), vy n c th khng lm vic ch np dy chuyn chng (so it may not work to just chain-load them). vt qua cc vn ny, GRUB cho bn hai chc nng tr gip. Nu bn ci DOS (hay Windows) ri ln mt a cng khng phi u tin, bn phi dng k thut tro i a, do rng HH khng th khi ng t bt k a no tr ci u tin. Cch khc phc (workaround) m c dng trong GRUB l lnh 'map' (*ch thch map::), nh th ny: grub> map (hd0) (hd1) grub> map (hd1) (hd0) iu ny thc hin mt s tro i "o" gia a cng th nht v th hai ca bn. *Thn trng:* iu ny ch hiu qu ch nu DOS (hay Windows) dng BIOS truy cp cc a c tro i. Nu HH dng mt trnh iu khin c bit cho cc a, iu ny c th s khng lm vic. Mt vn khc ny sinh nu bn ci t nhiu hn mt b DOS/Windows ln mt a, do chng c th b lm ln (confused) nu c nhiu hn mt vng phn hoch s cp cho DOS/Windows. D nhin bn nn trnh lm iu ny, nhng c mt gii php nu bn mun lm th. Hy dng k thut n/ hin vng phn hoch. Nu GRUB "n" (hide) mt vng phn hoch DOS (hay Windows) (*ch thch hide::), DOS (hay Windows) s l i phn vng ny. Nu GRUB "cho hin" (unhide) mt vng phn hoch DOS (hay Windows) (*ch thch unhide::), DOS (hay Windows) s pht hin vng phn hoch . Do , nu bn ci t DOS (hay Windows) ri ln vng phn hoch u tin v th nh ca a cng u tin, v bn mun khi ng bn sao trn vng phn hoch u tin, hy lm cc vic sau: grub> unhide (hd0,0) grub> hide (hd0,1) grub> rootnoverify (hd0,0) grub> chainloader +1 grub> makeactive grub> boot

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: UnixWare SCO, Tip theo: QNX, Lin trc: DOS/Windows, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH 4.2.7 UnixWare SCO -----------------Ngi ta bit rng k s (signature) trong trnh np khi ng cho UnixWare SCO l sai, vy bn s phi ch r ty chn '--force' cho 'chainloader' (*ch thch chainloader::), nh th ny: grub> rootnoverify (hd1,0) grub> chainloader --force +1 grub> makeactive grub> boot Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: QNX, Lin trc: UnixWare SCO, Ln: Cc ch thch c trng HH 4.2.8 QNX --------QNX dng nh dng mt trnh np khi ng hi ln hn, vy bn cn khi ng n ln, nh th ny: grub> rootnoverify (hd1,1) grub> chainloader +4 grub> boot Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: S cu hnh, Tip theo: Mng, Lin trc: Vic khi ng, Ln: nh 5 S cu hnh *************** Bn c th ch rng bn cn nh my vi lnh khi ng HH ca bn. C mt gii php cho vic - GRUB cung cp mt giao din trnh n (*ch thch Giao din trnh n::) m t bn c th chn mt mc (item) (bng cch dng cc phm mi tn) m s lm mi th khi ng mt HH. hot ha (enable) trnh n, bn cn mt tp tin cu hnh, 'menu.lst' di th mc khi ng. Chng ti s phn tch mt tp tin v d. Trc tin tp tin cha vi t nh chung, cc ty chn lin quan n giao din trnh n. Bn c th t cc lnh ny (*ch thch Cc lnh c trng cho trnh n::) trc bt k ci no trong s cc mc (m bt u bng 'title' (*ch thch title::)). # # Sample boot menu configuration file (tp tin cu hnh trnh n khi ng mu) # Nh bn c th on ri, cc dng ny l cc li ch thch. Cc dng m bt u bng mt k t bm Trang 19/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 (hash character) ('#') v cc dng trng c GRUB l i. # By default, boot the first entry. (Theo mc nh, khi ng mc nhp u tin.) default 0 Mc nhp u tin ( y, vic m bt u bng s khng, khng phi mt!) s l chn la mc nh. # Boot automatically after 30 secs. (Khi ng t ng sau 30 giy.) timeout 30 Nh li ch thch ni, GRUB s khi ng t ng trong 30 giy, tr khi b gin on bng mt c n phm. # Fallback to the second entry. (Ri tr li mc nhp th nh.) fallback 1 Nu, v bt k l do g, mc nhp mc nh khng lm vic, ri tr v ci th nh (ci ny him khi c dng, v cc l do r rng). Hy ch rng cc m t hon chnh ca cc lnh ny, m l c trng cho giao din trnh n, c th c tm thy *Ch thch Cc lnh c trng trnh n::. Cc m t khc c th c tm thy *Ch thch Cc lnh::. Gi, hy tip tc n cc nh ngha HH thc. Bn s thy rng mi mc nhp bt u bng mt lnh c bit, 'title' (*ch thch title::), v hnh ng c m t sau n. Hy ch rng khng c lnh 'boot' no (*ch thch boot::) phn cui ca mi mc. l do GRUB t ng thi hnh 'boot' nu n np cc lnh khc thnh cng. Tham s cho lnh 'title' c dng hin th mt ta / m t ngn ca mc nhp trong trnh n. Do 'title' hin th tham s nguyn nh th (as is), v c bn, bn c th vit bt k ci g . # For booting GNU/Hurd (Cho vic khi ng GNU/ Hurd) title GNU/Hurd root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/gnumach.gz root=hd0s1 module /boot/serverboot.gz Ci ny khi ng GNU/Hurd t a cng u tin. # For booting GNU/Linux (Cho vic khi ng GNU/ Linux) title GNU/Linux kernel (hd1,0)/vmlinuz root=/dev/hdb1 Ci ny khi ng GNU/Linux, nhng t a cng th nh. # For booting Mach (getting kernel from floppy) (Cho vic khi ng Mach (m ly nhn t a mm)) title Utah Mach4 multiboot Trang 20/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 root (hd0,2) pause Insert the diskette now^G!! # (ngi dch) Gi hy gi a mm vo kernel (fd0)/boot/kernel root=hd0s3 module (fd0)/boot/bootstrap Ci ny khi ng bng mt nhn trn mt a mm nhng h tp tin gc hd0s3. N cng cha mt dng 'pause' (*ch thch pause::), m s lm cho GRUB hin th mt cu nhc v hon li, trc khi thc s thi hnh phn cn li ca cc lnh v khi ng. # For booting FreeBSD (Cho vic khi ng FreeBSD) title FreeBSD root (hd0,2,a) kernel /boot/loader Mc ny s khi ng nhn FreeBSD m c np t mt vng phn hoch 'a' ca phn chia PC th ba ca a cng u tin. # For booting OS/2 (Cho vic khi ng OS/2) title OS/2 root (hd0,1) # (nd) rootnoverify? makeactive # chainload OS/2 bootloader from the first sector (np dy chuyn trnh np khi ng OS/2 t cung u tin) chainloader +1 # This is similar to "chainload", but loads a specific file (Ci ny tng t vi "chainload_er_" nhng np mt tp tin chuyn bit) #chainloader /boot/chain.os2 Ci ny s khi ng OS/2, bng cch dng mt trnh np dy chuyn (*ch thch Vic np dy chuyn::). # For booting Windows NT or Windows95 (Cho vic khi ng Windows NT hay Windows95) title Windows NT / Windows 95 boot menu # (ngi dch) Trnh n khi ng Windows NT / Windows 95 root (hd0,0) makeactive chainloader +1 # For loading DOS if Windows NT is installed (Cho vic np DOS nu Windows NT c ci t) # chainload /bootsect.dos Ging nh trn, nhng cho Windows. (ngi dch: Ngha l ging OS/2 v vic np dy chuyn) # For installing GRUB into the hard disk (Cho vic ci t GRUB vo a cng) title Install GRUB into the hard disk # (ngi dch) Ci t GRUB vo a cng root (hd0,0) Trang 21/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 setup (hd0) Ci ny s ch (ti) ci t GRUB ln a cng. # Change the colors. (Thay i cc mu sc.) title Change the colors # (ngi dch) Thay i cc mu sc color light-green/brown blink-red/blue Trong mc nhp cui, lnh 'color' c dng (*ch thch color::), thay i cc mu ca trnh n (hy th n i!). Lnh ny hi c bit, do n c th c dng c trong dng lnh ln trong trnh n. GRUB c vi lnh nh th, hy xem *Ch thch Cc lnh chung::. Chng ti hi vng rng by gi bn hiu cch dng cc c tnh c bn ca GRUB. bit thm v GRUB, hy xem cc chng sau. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Mng, Tip theo: Thit b u cui ni tip, Lin trc: Cu hnh, Ln: nh 6 Vic ti xung cc nh HH t mt mng ************************************** D GRUB l mt trnh np khi ng c da trn a, chnh n cng cung cp s h tr mng. dng s h tr mng, bn cn hot ha t nht mt trnh iu khin mng trong tin trnh to dng (build) GRUB. Cho thng tin thm, xin vui lng xem 'netboot/README.netboot' trong bn phn phi ngun (source distribution). * Trnh n: * Cch dng chung s h tr mng:: * Khng a:: Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cch dng chung s h tr mng, Tip theo: Khng a, Ln: Mng 6.1 Cch c cu mng ca bn ============================== GRUB i hi mt b phc v (server. Ngi dch: t ny c hiu theo nhiu ngha: l mt my tnh, hoc l mt chng trnh my tnh. dch tng qut khi s phn bit ny khng r rng, xin c dch l "b") tp tin v theo ty chn l mt b phc v m s gn mt a ch IP vo my m trn GRUB ang chy. i vi ci u, ch c TFTP c h tr vo lc ny. Ci sau va l BOOTP, DHCP, va l mt b phc v RARP(1) (*ch thch Cch dng chung s h tr mng-Ch thch chn trang-1::). Vic chy c hai b phc v trn mt my tnh l khng cn thit (Ngi dch: gi c th hiu "server" c ngha l "trnh dch v/ trnh phc v". Cch cu hnh cc trnh phc v ny vt qu phm vi ca ti liu ny, vy xin vui lng tham kho cc s tay m chuyn cho cc giao thc (protocols)/ cc trnh phc v . Nu bn quyt nh dng mt trnh phc v gn mt a ch IP, hy c cu cho trnh phc v v chy 'bootp' (*ch thch bootp::), 'dhcp' (*ch thch dhcp::) hay 'rarp' (*ch thch rarp::) cho BOOTP, DHCP hay Trang 22/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 RARP, mt cch tng ng. Mi lnh s cho thy mt a ch IP c gn, mt mt n mng (netmask), mt a ch IP cho trnh phc v TFTP ca bn v mt gateway. Nu bt k ci no trong s cc a ch ny l sai hay n gy ra mt li, c th s cu hnh cc trnh phc v ca bn khng c c cu ng. Nu khng, hy chy 'ifconfig', nh th ny: grub> ifconfig --address=192.168.110.23 --server=192.168.110.14 Bn cng c th dng 'ifconfig' kt hp vi 'bootp', 'dhcp' hay 'rarp' (v d nh gn li a ch trnh phc v kiu th cng). *Ch thch ifconfig::, cho nhiu chi tit hn. Cui cng, hy ti xung cc nh HH ca bn t mng ca bn. Mng c th c truy cp bng cch dng a mng (network drive) '(nd)'. Mi vic khc l rt tng t vi cc hng dn bnh thng (*ch thch Vic khi ng::). y l mt v d: grub> bootp Probing... [NE*000] NE2000 base ... Address: 192.168.110.23 Netmask: 255.255.255.0 Server: 192.168.110.14 Gateway: 192.168.110.1 grub> root (nd) grub> kernel /tftproot/gnumach.gz root=sd0s1 grub> module /tftproot/serverboot.gz grub> boot Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Khng a, Lin trc: Cch dng chung s h tr mng, Ln: Mng 6.2 Vic khi ng t mt mng ========================== i khi vic khi ng t mt mng l rt hu dng, c bit khi bn dng mt my m khng c a cc b (local disk). Trong trng hp ny, bn cn ly c mt loi ROM Net Boot (ROM Khi ng Mng), nh l mt ROM PXE hay mt gi phn mm t do nh Etherboot. Mt ROM Khi ng nh th u tin khi ng my, c cu th mch mng (network card) m c ci t vo my, v ti xung mt nh khi ng giai on hai (second stage boot image) t mng. Sau , nh th hai s c khi ng mt h iu hnh mt cch thc s t mng. GRUB cung cp hai nh giai on hai, 'nbgrub' v `pxegrub' (*ch thch Cc nh::). Cc nh ny ging nh Giai on 2 (Stage 2) bnh thng, ngoi tr rng chng t ng c cu mt mng, v c np mt tp tin cu hnh t mng, nu c ch r. Cch dng rt n gin: Nu my c mt ROM PXE, hy dng 'pxegrub'. Nu my c mt trnh np NBI nh l Etherboot, hy dng 'nbgrub'. Khng c khc bit no gia chng tr cc nh dng ca chng. Do cch np mt nh giai on hai m bn mun s c m t trong s tay v ROM Net Boot ca bn, xin vui lng tham kho s tay, cho nhiu thng tin hn. Trang 23/ 84


Tuy nhin, c mt th chuyn bit cho GRUB. l, cch ch r mt tp tin cu hnh trong mt trnh phc v BOOTP/DHCP. Cho hin gi (For now), GRUB dng th (tag) '150' ly tn ca mt tp tin cu hnh. Sau y l mt v d vi mt s cu hnh BOOTP: .allhost:hd=/tmp:bf=null:\ :ds=145.71.35.1 145.71.32.1:\ :sm=255.255.254.0:\ :gw=145.71.35.1:\ :sa=145.71.35.5: foo:ht=1:ha=63655d0334a7:ip=145.71.35.127:\ :bf=/nbgrub:\ :tc=.allhost:\ :T150="(nd)/tftpboot/menu.lst.foo": Hy ch rng bn nn ch r tn a '(nd)' trong tn ca tp tin cu hnh. iu ny l do bn c th thay i a gc trc khi ti xung s cu hnh t trnh phc v TFTP khi c tnh trnh n c t nh trc c dng (*ch thch Trnh n c t nh trc::). Hy xem s tay ca trnh phc v BOOTP/DHCP ca bn cho nhiu thng tin hn. C php chnh xc s khc bit mt t vi v d. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Thit b u cui ni tip, Tip theo: Trnh n c t nh trc, Lin trc: Mng, Ln: nh 7 Vic dng GRUB qua mt ng dy ni tip ****************************** Chng ny m t cch dng s h tr thit b u cui ni tip trong GRUB. Nu bn c nhiu my tnh hay cc my tnh m khng c mn hin th/ bn phm, vic iu khin cc my tnh ny qua cc lin lc ni tip c th rt c ch. ni mt my tnh vi mt ci khc qua mt ng dy ni tip, bn cn chun b mt dy cp ni tip khng c b gii iu bin (giao cho) (null-modem (cross) serial cable), v bn c th cn c cc bng mch ni tip a cng (multiport serial boards) nu my tnh ca bn khng c cc cng ni tip d thm. Thm vo , mt trnh m phng thit b u cui (terminal emulator) cng c i hi, nh l minicom. Hy tham kho mt s tay ca h iu hnh ca bn cho thng tin thm. Nh i vi GRUB, s hng dn c cu mt thit b u cui ni tip l kh n gin. Trc ht, hy chc rng bn cha ch r ty chn '--disable-serial' cho kch bn cu hnh (configure script) khi bn to dng (built) cc nh GRUB ca bn. Nu bn a chng vo dng nh phn, c th chng c s h tr thit b u cui ni tip ri. Sau , hy khi ng (initialize) thit b u cui ni tip ca bn sau khi GRUB bt u (starts up). y l mt v d: Trang 24/ 84


grub> serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 grub> terminal serial Lnh 'serial' khi ng ha (initializes) n v ni tip 0 (serial unit 0) vi tc 9600bps (nd: bps = bit(s) per second - bit mi giy?). n v ni tip 0 thng c gi l 'COM1', vy, nu bn mun dng COM2, bn phi ch r '--unit=1' thay vo. Lnh ny chp nhn nhiu ty chn khc, vy xin vui lng tham kho *Ch thch serial::, cho nhiu chi tit hn. Lnh 'terminal' (*ch thch terminal::) chn loi thit b u cui no m bn mun dng. Trong trng hp trn, thit b u cui s l mt thit b u cui ni tip, nhng bn cng c th truyn 'console' cho lnh, nh 'terminal serial console'. Trong trng hp ny, mt thit b u cui m bn n bt k phm no s c chn nh mt thit b u cui GRUB. Tuy nhin, hy ch rng GRUB gi s rng trnh gi lp thit b u cui ca bn tng thch vi VT100 theo mc nh. iu ny l ng cho hu ht cc trnh gi lp thit b u cui ngy nay, nhng bn nn truyn ty chn '--dumb' n lnh nu trnh gi lp thit b u cui ca bn khng tng thch VT100 hay thi hnh (implements) t cc trnh t thot (escape sequences) VT100. Nu bn ch r ty chn ny th GRUB cung cp cho bn mt giao din trnh n thay th, do trnh n bnh thng i hi vi c tnh trang hong/ trau chut (fancy) ca thit b u cui ca bn. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Trnh n c t nh trc, Tip theo: An ninh, Lin trc: Thit b u cui ni tip, Ln: nh 8 Vic nhng mt tp tin cu hnh vo GRUB ****************************************** GRUB h tr mt "trnh n c t nh trc" m phi lun c np (which is to be always loaded) trc khi bt u. c tnh trnh n c t nh trc l c ch, v d, khi my tnh ca bn khng c console no tr mt dy cp ni tip. Trong trng hp ny, vic c cu thit b u cui ni tip sm ht mc c th l cp thit, do bn khng th thy bt k thng ip no cho n khi thit b u cui ni tip bt u lm vic. Vy vic chy cc lnh 'serial' (*ch thch serial::) v 'terminal' (*ch thch terminal::) trc bt k ci g khc lc khi ng l tt. Cch trnh n c t nh trc lm vic l hi phc tp: 1. GRUB kim tra xem c tnh trnh n c t nh trc c c dng khng, v np trnh n c t nh trc, nu c sn. iu ny gm vic chy cc lnh v vic c cc mc nhp khi ng, nh mt tp tin cu hnh bnh thng. 2. GRUB kim tra xem tp tin cu hnh c sn c hay khng. Hy ch rng s kim tra ny c thc hin *bt chp s tn ti ca trnh n c t nh trc*. Tp tin cu hnh c np thm ch nu trnh n c t nh trc c np. 3. Nu trnh n c t nh trc gm bt k cc mc nhp khi ng no, chng b xa khi tp tin cu hnh c np. N bt chp (It doesn't matter) tp tin cu hnh c bt k cc mc nhp no hay khng c mc Trang 25/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 nhp no. Cc mc nhp khi ng trong trnh n c t nh trc c dng ch khi GRUB tht bi trong vic np tp tin cu hnh. hot ha (enable) c tnh trnh n c t nh trc, bn phi to dng li (rebuild) GRUB bng cch ch r mt tp tin cho kch bn cu hnh (configure script) vi ty chn '--enable-preset-menu'. Tp tin ny c cng ng ngha hc nh cc tp tin cu hnh bnh thng (*ch thch S cu hnh::). Mt im khc m bn nn cn thn l rng s h tr khng a (*ch thch Khng a::) lm sai chch i (diverts) trnh n c t nh trc. Cc nh khng a nhng mt trnh n c t nh trc thi hnh lnh 'bootp' (*ch thch bootp::) t ng, tr khi bn ch r trnh n c t nh trc ca chnh bn cho kch bn cu hnh. iu ny c ngha rng chnh bn phi t cc lnh khi ng ha (initialize) mt mng trong trnh n c t nh trc, do cc nh khng a khng c cu n mt cch hm (implicitly), khi bn dng trnh n c t nh trc mt cch tng minh. Do , mt trnh n c t nh trc tiu biu m c dng vi s h tr khng a s nh th ny: # C cu thit b u cui ni tip, trc tt c. serial --unit=0 --speed=19200 terminal --timeout=0 serial # Khi ng ha mng. dhcp Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: An ninh, Tip theo: Cc nh, Lin trc: Trnh n c t nh trc, Ln: nh 9 Vic bo v my tnh ca bn khi vic b kha (cracking) **************************************** Bn c th quan tm n cch ngn cc ngi dng bnh thng khi vic lm bt k ci g h thch nu bn chia s my tnh ca bn vi nhng ngi khc. Vy chng ny m t cch ci thin s an ninh ca GRUB. Mt th m c th l mt l hng an ninh l rng ngi dng c th lm qu nhiu th vi GRUB, do GRUB cho php ngi ta thay i s cu hnh ca n v cho chy cc lnh ty lc khi ng. V d, ngi dng thm ch c th c '/etc/passwd' giao din dng lnh bng lnh 'cat' (*ch thch cat::). Vy vic bt hot tt c cc hot ng tng tc l cn thit. Do , GRUB cung cp mt c tnh "mt khu", ch cc qun tr vin c th khi ng cc hot ng tng tc (tc l vic bin tp cc mc nhp trnh n v vic i vo giao din dng lnh). dng c tnh ny, bn cn chy lnh 'password' trong tp tin cu hnh ca bn (*ch thch password::), nh th ny: password --md5 MT_KHU Nu iu ny c nh r, GRUB cm bt k s iu khin tng tc no, cho n khi bn n phm v nhp mt mt khu ng. Ty chn '--md5' ni cho GRUB rng 'MT_KHU' l nh dng MD5. Nu n b b i, GRUB gi nh 'MT_KHU' l theo vn bn r rng (clear text).

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 Bn c th m ha li (encrypt) mt khu ca bn bng lnh 'md5crypt' (*ch thch md5crypt::). V d, hy chy h v grub (*ch thch Vic triu gi h v grub::) v nhp mt khu ca bn: grub> md5crypt Password: ********** Encrypted: $1$U$JK7xFegdxWH6VuppCUSIb. (nd: Mt khu: ********** c m ha li: $1$U$JK7xFegdxWH6VuppCUSIb.) Sau , hy ct v dn mt khu c m ha li vo tp tin cu hnh ca bn. Cng th, bn c th ch r mt tham s ty chn cho 'password'. Hy xem v d ny: password MT_KHU /boot/grub/menu-admin.lst Trong trng hp ny, GRUB s np '/boot/grub/menu-admin.lst' nh mt tp tin cu hnh khi bn nhp mt khu c hiu lc. Mt iu khc m c th l nguy him l rng bt k ngi dng no cng c th chn bt k mc nhp trnh n no. Thng thng, iu ny s khng phi l kh ng u (problematic), nhng bn c th mun cho php ch cc qun tr vin chy vi trong s cc mc nhp trnh n ca bn, nh l mt mc nhp cho vic khi ng mt HH khng an ton nh DOS. GRUB cung cp lnh 'lock' (*ch thch lock::). Lnh ny lun lun tht bi cho n khi bn nhp mt khu c hiu lc, vy bn c th dng n, nh th ny: title Boot DOS # (ngi dch) Khi ng DOS lock rootnoverify (hd0,1) makeactive chainload +1 Bn nn chn 'lock' ngay sau 'title', do bt k ngi dng no cng c th thi hnh cc lnh trong mt mc nhp cho n khi GRUB bt gp 'lock'. Bn cng c th dng lnh 'password' thay cho 'lock'. Trong trng hp ny, tin trnh khi ng s hi mt khu v dng li nu n c nhp khng ng. Do 'password' ly tham s MT_KHU ca chnh n, iu ny l c ch nu bn mun cc mt khu khc nhau cho cc mc nhp khc nhau. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc nh, Tip theo: H tp tin, Lin trc: An ninh, Ln: nh 10 Cc tp tin nh GRUB ******************* GRUB gm vi nh: hai giai on thit yu, cc giai on ty chn m c gi l "Giai on 1,5 " (Stage Trang 27/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 1.5), mt nh cho CD-ROM c th khi ng, v hai nh khi ng mng. y l mt tng quan ngn v chng. *Ch thch Nhng iu n tng::, cho nhiu chi tit hn. 'stage1' y l mt nh thit yu m c dng cho vic khi ng (booting up) GRUB. Thng thng, ci ny c nhng trong mt MBR hay cung khi ng ca mt vng phn hoch. Do mt cung khi ng PC l 512 byte, kch c ca nh ny chnh xc l 512 byte. Tt c nhng g m 'stage1' phi lm l np Giai on 2 (Stage 2) hay Giai on 1,5 (Stage 1.5) t mt a cc b (local disk). Do s hn ch kch c, 'stage1' m ha (encodes) v tr ca Giai on 2 (hay Giai on 1,5) theo mt nh dng danh sch khi, vy n khng bao gi hiu bt k cu trc h tp tin no. 'stage2' Ci ny l nh li (core image) ca GRUB. N lm mi th tr khi ng chnh n. Thng thng, ci ny c t trong mt h tp tin nhng iu khng b i hi. 'e2fs_stage1_5' 'fat_stage1_5' 'ffs_stage1_5' 'jfs_stage1_5' 'minix_stage1_5' 'reiserfs_stage1_5' 'vstafs_stage1_5' 'xfs_stage1_5' Nhng ci ny c gi l "Giai on 1,5", do chng phc v nh mt cu ni (bridge) gia 'stage1' v 'stage2', iu c ngha l (that is to say), Giai on 1,5 c np bi Giai on 1 (Stage 1) v Giai on 1,5 np Giai on 2. Khc bit gia 'stage1' v '*_stage1_5' l rng ci trc khng hiu bt k h tp tin no trong khi ci sau hiu mt h tp tin (v d nh 'e2fs_stage1_5' hiu ext2fs). Vy bn c th di chuyn nh Giai on 2 n mt v tr khc mt cch an ton, thm ch sau khi GRUB c ci t ri. Trong khi Stage 2 ni chung khng th c nhng vo mt vng c nh do kch c ln n th (so large), Stage 1.5 c th c ci t vo vng ngay sau mt MBR, hay vng ca trnh np khi ng ca mt ReiserFS hay mt FFS. 'stage2_eltorito' y l mt nh khi ng cho cc CD-ROM bng cch dng "ch khng gi lp" trong s nh r El Torito. Ci ny ging ht vi Stage 2, ngoi tr rng ci ny khi ng m khng c Stage 1 v c cu mt a c bit '(cd)'. 'nbgrub' y l mt nh khi ng mng cho Kin ngh nh Mng (Network Image Proposal) m c dng bi vi trnh np khi ng mng, nh l Etherboot. Ci ny hu nh ging nh Stage 2 nhng n cng c cu mt mng v np mt tp tin cu hnh t mng. 'pxegrub' y l mt nh khi ng mng khc cho Mi trng Thi hnh Tin khi ng (Preboot Execution Trang 28/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 Environment) m c dng bi vi ROM Netboot. Ci ny ging ht vi 'nbgrub', ngoi tr nh dng. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: H tp tin, Tip theo: Giao din, Lin trc: Cc nh, Ln: nh 11 C php v ng ngha hc h tp tin ********************************** GRUB dng mt c php c bit cho vic ch r cc a m c th c truy cp bi BIOS. Do cc hn ch (limitations) ca BIOS, GRUB khng th phn bit gia IDE, ESDI, SCSI hay nhng ci khc. Chnh bn phi bit thit b BIOS no l tng ng vi thit b HH no. Bnh thng, iu s r rng (clear) nu bn xem cc tp tin trong mt thit b hay dng lnh 'find' (*ch thch find::). * Trnh n: * C php thit b:: Cch ch r cc thit b * C php tn tp tin:: Cch ch r cc tp tin * C php danh sch khi:: Cch ch r cc danh sch khi Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: C php thit b, Tip theo: C php tn tp tin, Ln: H tp tin 11.1 Cch ch r cc thit b =========================== C php thit b l nh th ny: '(THIT_B[,S_CA_VNG_PHN_HOCH] [,CH_CI_CA_VNG_PHN_HOCH_CON_CA_BSD])' '[]' c ngha l tham s l ty chn. THIT_B s l 'fd' hay 'hd' m c theo sau bi mt ch s, nh 'fd0'. Nhng bn cng c th t nh THIT_B mt s thp lc phn hay mt s thp phn m l mt s ca a BIOS, vy cc th sau l tng ng: (hd0) (0x80) (?) (128) S_CA_VNG_PHN_HOCH i din s ca vng phn hoch ca THIT_B, m khi u t s khng cho cc vng phn hoch s cp v t bn cho cc vng phn hoch m rng v CH_CI_CA_VNG_PHN_HOCH_CON_CA_BSD i din cho vng phn hoch con nhn a ca BSD, nh l 'a' hay 'e'. Mt li tt (shortcut) cho vic nh r cc vng phn hoch con BSD l '(THIT_B,CH_CI_CA_VNG_PHN_HOCH_CON_CA_BSD)', trong trng hp ny, GRUB tm vng phn hoch PC u tin m cha mt nhn a BSD, sau tm ra vng phn hoch con CH_CI_CA_VNG_PHN_HOCH_CON_CA_BSD. y l mt v d:

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 (hd0,a) C php '(hd0)' i din cho vic dng ton b a (hay MBR khi ci t GRUB), trong khi c php '(hd0,0)' i din cho vic dng vng phn hoch u tin ca a (hay cung khi ng ca vng phn hoch khi ci t GRUB). Nu bn cho php s h tr mng, a c bit, '(nd)', cng c sn. Trc khi dng a mng, bn phi khi ng ha mng. *Ch thch Mng::, cho thng tin thm. Nu bn khi ng GRUB t mt CD-ROM, '(cd)' l c sn. *Ch thch Lm ra mt CD-ROM c th khi ng GRUB::, cho cc chi tit. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: C php tn tp tin, Tip theo: C php danh sch khi, Lin trc: C php thit b, Ln: H tp tin 11.2 Cch ch r cc tp tin ========================= C hai cch ch r cc tp tin, bng "tn tp tin tuyt i" v bng "danh sch khi". Mt tn tp tin tuyt i tng t mt tn tp tin tuyt i Unix, m dng '/' cho du ngn cch th mc (khng phi '\' nh trong DOS). Mt v d l '(hd0,0)/boot/grub/menu.lst'. Ci ny c ngha l tp tin '/boot/grub/menu.lst' trong vng phn hoch u tin ca a cng th nht. Nu bn b i tn thit b trong mt tn tp tin tuyt i, GRUB dng "thit b gc" ca GRUB mt cch ng . Vy nu bn t nh thit b gc , v d, '(hd1,0)' bng lnh 'root' (*ch thch root::), th '/boot/kernel' cng ging nh '(hd1,0)/ boot/kernel'. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: C php danh sch khi, Lin trc: C php tn tp tin, Ln: H tp tin 11.3 Cch ch r cc danh sch khi =============================== Mt danh sch khi c dng cho vic ch r mt tp tin m khng xut hin trong h tp tin, nh mt trnh np dy chuyn. C php l `[_LCH]+CHIU_DI[,[_LCH]+CHIU_DI]...'. y l mt v d: '0+100,200+1,300+300' Ci ny i din rng GRUB s c cc khi 0 n 99, khi 200, v cc khi 300 n 599. Nu bn b i mt lch (offset), th GRUB gi nh lch l s khng. Nh c php tn tp tin (*ch thch C php tn tp tin::), nu mt danh sch khi khng cha mt tn thit b, th GRUB dng "thit b gc" ca GRUB. Vy '(hd0,1)+1' ging nh '+1' khi thit b gc l '(hd0,1)'. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Giao din, Tip theo: Cc lnh, Lin trc: H tp tin, Ln: nh

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 12 Giao din ngi dng ca GRUB ************************ GRUB c c mt giao din trnh n n gin cho vic chn cc mc nhp c t nh trc t mt tp tin cu hnh ln mt dng lnh linh hot cao cho vic thc hin bt k s kt hp c mong mun no ca cc lnh khi ng. GRUB tm kim tp tin cu hnh ca n ngay khi n c np. Nu mt ci c tm ra th giao din trnh n y c kch hot bng cch dng bt k cc mc nhp no c tm ra trong tp tin (then the full menu interface is activated using whatever entries were found in the file). Nu bn chn ty chn trnh n "command-line" hay nu tp tin cu hnh khng c tm ra th GRUB ri xung giao din dng lnh. * Trnh n: * Giao din dng lnh:: Giao din dng lnh linh hot * Giao din trnh n:: Giao din trnh n n gin * B bin tp mc nhp trnh n:: Bin tp mt mc nhp trnh n * Giao din trnh n b n:: Giao din trnh n b n Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Giao din dng lnh, Tip theo: Giao din trnh n, Ln: Giao din 12.1 Giao din dng lnh linh hot ======================================== Giao din dng lnh cung cp mt du nhc v sau n l mt vng vn bn c th bin tp rt ging mt dng lnh trong Unix hay DOS. Mi lnh c thi hnh ngay sau khi n c nhp vo (1) (*ch thch Giao din dng lnh-Ch thch chn trang-1::). Cc lnh (*ch thch Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n (Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n)::) l mt tp con nhng ci m c sn trong tp tin cu hnh, m c dng chnh xc cng c php. S di chuyn con nhy (Cursor) v vic bin tp vn bn trn dng c th c lm qua mt tp con cc chc nng m c sn trong h v Bash: i v trc mt k t. i li mt k t. i n u dng. Trang 31/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 i n cui dng. Xa k t m bn di con nhy. Xa k t v bn tri ca con nhy. Hy (Kill) vn bn t v tr con nhy hin ti n ht dng. Hy ngc t con nhy n u dng. Ko vn bn b hy tr vo b nh m (buffer) con nhy. # (nd) C v nh ba chc nng trn ging nh ct v dn. Di chuyn ln qua danh sch lch s (history list). Di chuyn xung qua danh sch lch s. Khi nh my cc lnh kiu tng tc, nu con nhy trong vng hay trc t u tin trong dng lnh, vic n phm (hay ) s hin th mt s lit k cc lnh c sn v nu con nhy pha sau t u tin, '' s cho mt s lit k hon chnh cc a, cc vng phn hoch v cc tn tp tin m ty theo ng cnh (context). Hy ch rng c c mt danh sch cc a, ngi ta phi m mt du ngoc n, nh 'root ('. Hy ch rng bn khng th dng tnh chc nng (functionality) hon tt trong h tp tin TFTP. y l do TFTP khng h tr vic lit k tn tp tin do s an ninh. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Giao din trnh n, Tip theo: B bin tp mc nhp trnh n, Lin trc: Giao din dng lnh, Ln: Giao din 12.2 Giao din trnh n n gin ============================== Giao din trnh n l kh d dng. Cc lnh ca n va trc gic mt cch hp l va c m t trn mn Trang 32/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 hnh. V c bn, giao din trnh n cung cp mt danh sch "cc mc nhp khi ng" cho ngi dng chn t . Hy dng cc phm mi tn chn mc nhp chn la ri n (nd: RET = RETURN - HY TR V (KT QU), cng chnh l phm = ca my PC?) chy n. Mt thi hn ty chn l c sn khi ng mc nhp mc nh (ci u tin nu khng c t nh), m b b d bng cch n bt k phm no. Cc lnh l c sn nhp i vo mt dng lnh trn bng cch n (m hot ng chnh xc nh phin bn khng tp tin cu hnh ca GRUB, nhng cho php ngi ta quay v trnh n nu mun bng cch n ) hay bin tp bt k ci no trong "cc mc nhp khi ng" bng cch n . Nu bn bo v giao din trnh n bng mt mt khu (*ch thch An ninh::), tt c nhng g bn c th lm l chn mt mc nhp bng cch n hay n nhp mt khu. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: B bin tp mc nhp trnh n, Tip theo: Giao din trnh n b n, Lin trc: Giao din trnh n, Ln: Giao din 12.3 Vic bin tp mt mc nhp trnh n ========================= B bin tp mc nhp trnh n trng rt ging giao din trnh n chnh, nhng cc dng trong trnh n l cc lnh ring l trong mc nhp c chn thay v cc tn mc nhp. Nu mt c n trong b bin tp, n b d tt c cc thay i m c lm cho mc nhp cu hnh v quay v giao din trnh n chnh. Khi mt dng c th (particular) c chn, b bin tp t ngi dng vo mt phin bn c bit ca dng lnh GRUB bin tp dng . Khi ngi dng nh , GRUB thay th dng ang c ni n trong mc nhp khi ng bng cc thay i (tr khi n b b d qua , m trong trng hp ny cc thay i b nm i). Nu bn mun thm mt dng mi vo mc nhp trnh n, hy n nu thm mt dng sau dng hin hnh hay n nu trc dng hin hnh. xa mt dng, hy nh phm . D GRUB khng may l khng h tr "hon tc (undo)", bn c th lm hu nh cng vic bng cch ch quay v trnh n chnh. (nd: Cch thm mt mc nhp khi ng? Cc thay i s c lu vo tp tin cu hnh?) Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Giao din trnh n b n, Lin trc: B bin tp mc nhp trnh n, Ln: Giao din 12.4 Giao din trnh n b n ============================== Khi thit b u cui ca bn l cm (dumb) hay bn yu cu GRUB n giao din trnh n mt cch r rng Trang 33/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 bng lnh 'hiddenmenu' (*ch thch hiddenmenu::), GRUB khng trnh ra giao din trnh n (*ch thch Giao din trnh n::) v t ng khi ng mc nhp mc nh, tr khi b gin on bng cch n . Khi bn gin on thi hn v thit b u cui ca bn l cm, GRUB ri tr v giao din dng lnh (*ch thch Giao din dng lnh::). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc lnh, Tip theo: G ri, Lin trc: Giao din, Ln: nh 13 Danh sch cc lnh c sn ********************************* Trong chng ny, chng ti lit k tt c cc lnh m c sn trong GRUB. Cc lnh thuc v cc nhm khc nhau. Vi ci ch c th c dng trong phn (section) ton th/ ton cc (global) ca tp tin cu hnh (hay "trnh n"); hu ht trong s chng c th c nhp vo trn dng lnh v c th c dng bt k u trong trnh n hay mt cch chuyn bit trong cc mc nhp trnh n. * Trnh n: * Cc lnh c trng/ chuyn bit trnh n (Menu-specific commands):: * Cc lnh chung:: * Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n:: Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc lnh c trng trnh n, Tip theo: Cc lnh chung, Ln: Cc lnh 13.1 Danh sch cc lnh ch cho trnh n =========================================== Ng ngha hc m c dng trong vic phn tch ng php tp tin cu hnh l nh sau: * Cc lnh c trng trnh n phi c dng trc bt k ci no khc. * Cc tp tin _phi_ l nh dng vn bn sung (plain-text). (nd: Unicode th sao (ting Vit)?) * '#' u mt dng trong mt tp tin cu hnh c ngha l n ch l mt li ch thch. * Cc ty chn c phn cch bng cc du cch (spaces). * Tt c cc s c th l thp phn hay thp lc phn. Mt s thp lc phn phi c i trc bi '0x', v l nhy cm ch thng - ch hoa (case-insensitive). * Cc ty chn thm hay vn bn cui dng b l i tr khi c ch r khc i (Extra options or text at the end of the line are ignored unless otherwise specified). * Cc lnh khng c nhn ra c thm vo mc nhp hin hnh, tr khi trc khi cc mc nhp bt u, ni m chng b l i. Trang 34/ 84


Cc lnh ny ch c th c dng trong trnh n: * Trnh n: * default:: * fallback:: * hiddenmenu:: * gfxmenu:: * timeout:: * title:: * wildcard:: t nh mc nhp mc nh t nh mc nhp ri tr v (fallback entry) n giao din trnh n Dng mt giao din trnh n ha t nh thi hn Bt u mt mc nhp trnh n nh ngha (Define) mt mc nhp khi ng l bi ty/ k t i din (wildcard)

Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: default, Tip theo: fallback, Ln: Cc lnh c trng trnh n 13.1.1 default --------------- Lnh: default s t nh mc nhp mc nh s mc nhp S. Vic nh s bt u t 0, v s mc nhp 0 l mc nh nu lnh khng c dng. Bn c th ch r 'saved' thay v mt s. Trong trng hp ny, mc nhp mc nh l mc nhp m c lu bng lnh 'savedefault'. *Ch thch savedefault::, cho nhiu thng tin hn. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: fallback, Tip theo: hiddenmenu, Lin trc: default, Ln: Cc lnh c trng trnh n 13.1.2 fallback ---------------- Lnh: fallback s i vo ch khi ng b mc (unattended): nu mc nhp khi ng mc nh c bt k cc li no, thay v ch ngi dng lm iu g , lp tc khi ng (start over) bng cch dng mc nhp S (cng vic nh s nh lnh 'default' (*ch thch default::)). iu ny r rng s khng gip g nu my c ti khi ng bi mt nhn m GRUB np. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: hiddenmenu, Tip theo: gfxmenu, Lin trc: fallback, Ln: Cc lnh c trng trnh n 13.1.4 hiddenmenu ------------------ Lnh: hiddenmenu Khng hin th trnh n. Nu lnh ny c dng, khng c trnh n no s c hin th trn thit b u Trang 35/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 cui iu khin (control terminal), v mc nhp mc nh s c khi ng sau khi thi hn kt thc (the timeout expired). Ngi dng vn c th yu cu trnh n c hin th bng cch n trc khi thi hn kt thc. Cng hy xem *Ch thch Giao din trnh n b n::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: gfxmenu, Tip theo: timeout, Lin trc: hiddenmenu, Ln: Cc lnh c trng trnh n 13.1.3 gfxmenu --------------- Lnh: gfxmenu tp_tin Dng giao din trnh n ha. Cc d liu ha my tnh (graphics data) c ly t TP_TIN v phi c to bng cch dng 'mkbootmsg' t gi gfxboot. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: timeout, Tip theo: title, Lin trc: gfxmenu, Ln: Cc lnh c trng trnh n 13.1.5 timeout --------------- Lnh: timeout giy t nh mt thi hn, trong GIY giy, trc khi t ng khi ng mc nhp mc nh (bnh thng mc nhp u tin c nh ngha (normally the first entry defined)). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: title, Tip theo: wildcard, Lin trc: timeout, Ln: Cc lnh c trng trnh n 13.1.6 title ------------- Lnh: title tn ... Bt u mt mc nhp khi ng mi v t nh tn ca n cho ni dung ca phn cn li ca dng, bt u bng k t khng phi du cch u tin. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: wildcard, Lin trc: title, Ln: Cc lnh c trng trnh n 13.1.7 wildcard ---------------- Lnh: wildcard tn_ng_dn X l mc nhp khi ng ny nh mt mc nhp k t i din (wildcard): Cc lnh wildcard, title, kernel v initrd (hy xem *Ch thch Cc lnh c trng trnh n:: v *Ch thch Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n::) mi ci c mt du hoa th (*) trong gi tr ca chng. Mt s ph hp tn tp tin c thc hin trn TN_NG_DN ca lnh wildcard. Cho mi s ph hp, ton b mc nhp khi ng c nhn bn (duplicated). Phn tn tp tin m ph hp vi du hoa th trong lnh wildcard s thay th cc du hoa th trong cc lnh title, kernel v initrd. V d, vi cc tp tin vmlinuz-2.6.5-1 v vmlinuz-2.6.8-8 m di (hd0,7)/boot, mc nhp sau m trong tp tin cu hnh stage 2: Trang 36/ 84


title Linux-* wildcard (hd0,7)/boot/vmlinuz-* kernel (hd0,7)/boot/vmlinuz-* root=/dev/hda8 initrd (hd0,7)/boot/initrd-* s khai trin nh sau: title Linux-2.6.5-1 wildcard (hd0,7)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.5-1 kernel (hd0,7)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.5-1 root=/dev/hda8 initrd (hd0,7)/boot/initrd-2.6.5-1 title Linux-2.6.8-8 wildcard (hd0,7)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-8 kernel (hd0,7)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-8 root=/dev/hda8 initrd (hd0,7)/boot/initrd-2.6.8-8 Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc lnh chung, Tip theo: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n, Lin trc: Cc lnh c trng trnh n, Ln: Cc lnh 13.2 Danh sch cc lnh chung ================================= Cc lnh m c th dng bt k u trong trnh n v trong dng lnh. * Trnh n: * bootp:: * color:: * device:: * dhcp:: * hide:: * ifconfig:: * pager:: * partnew:: * parttype:: * password:: * rarp:: * serial:: * setkey:: chnh xc?) * terminal:: * terminfo:: * tftpserver:: * unhide:: Khi ng ha mt thit b mng qua BOOTP Cho mu (Color) giao din trnh n Ch r mt tp tin nh mt a Khi ng ha mt thit b mng qua DHCP n mt vng phn hoch Cu hnh th cng mt thit b mng Thay i tnh trng ca b phn trang ni b (internal pager) Lm ra mt vng phn hoch s cp Thay i loi ca mt vng phn hoch t nh mt mt khu cho giao din trnh n Khi ng ha mt thit b mng qua RARP C cu mt thit b ni tip Cu hnh bn / nh x/ nh tng phm (key map) (nd: c v t "map" l kh dch Chn mt thit b u cui nh ngha escape sequences cho mt thit b u cui Ch r mt trnh phc v (server) TFTP Hin mt vng phn hoch

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: bootp, Tip theo: color, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.1 bootp ------------- Lnh: bootp ['--with-configfile'] Khi ng ha mt thit b mng qua giao thc "BOOTP". Lnh ny ch c sn nu GRUB c bin dch (compiled) vi s h tr netboot (khi ng mng). Cng hy xem *Ch thch Mng::. Nu bn ch r '--with-configfile' cho lnh ny, GRUB s em v (fetch) v np mt tp tin cu hnh m c ch r bi b phc v BOOTP ca bn vi vendor tag '150'. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: color, Tip theo: device, Lin trc: bootp, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.2 color ------------- Lnh: color bnh_thng [lm_ni_sng] Thay i cc mu trnh n. Mu BNH_THNG c dng cho hu ht cc dng trong trnh n (*ch thch Giao din trnh n::) v mu LM_NI_SNG c dng lm ni sng dng m con nhy tr n. Nu bn b i LM_NI_SNG th mu o ngc (inverted) ca BNH_THNG c dng cho dng c lm ni sng. nh dng ca mt mu l 'NN_TRC/NN_SAU' (FOREGROUND/BACKGROUND). NN_TRC v NN_SAU l cc tn mu tng trng. Mt tn mu tng trng phi l mt trong nhng ci ny: * black (en) * blue (xanh lam/ xanh dng/ xanh nc bin) * green (xanh lc/ xanh l cy) * cyan (xanh l m) * red () * magenta ( phc-xin) * brown (nu) * light-gray (xm nht) *Nhng ci ny bn di c th c ch r ch cho nn trc.* * dark-gray (xm sm) * light-blue (lam nht) Trang 38/ 84


* light-green (lc nht) * light-cyan (xanh l m nht) * light-red ( nht) * light-magenta ( phc-xin nht) * yellow (vng) * white (trng) Nhng ch tm tn u tin c th c dng cho NN_SAU. Bn c th t tin t (prefix) 'blink-' vo NN_TRC nu bn mun mt mu nn trc nhp nhy. Lnh ny c th c dng trong tp tin cu hnh v trn dng lnh, vy bn c th vit ci g nh th ny trong tp tin cu hnh ca bn: # Set default colors. (t nh cc mu mc nh.) color light-gray/blue black/light-gray # Change the colors. (Thay i cc mu.) title OS-BS like color magenta/blue black/magenta Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: device, Tip theo: dhcp, Lin trc: color, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.3 device -------------- Lnh: device _a tp_tin Trong h v grub, ch r tp tin TP_TIN nh a thc cho mt a BIOS _A. Bn c th dng lnh ny to mt nh a, v/ hay gn lp/ c nh/ sa cha (fix) cc a m c on bi GRUB khi GRUB tht bi lc xc nh chng chnh xc, nh th ny: grub> device (fd0) /floppy-image grub> device (hd0) /dev/sd0 Lnh ny c th c dng ch trong h v grub (*ch thch Triu gi h v grub::). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: dhcp, Tip theo: hide, Lin trc: device, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.4 dhcp -----------

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Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 -- Lnh: dhcp [-with-configfile] Khi ng ha mt thit b mng qua giao thc "DHCP". Hin ti, lnh ny ch l mt b danh (alias) cho 'bootp', do hai giao thc ny rt tng t. Lnh ny ch c sn nu GRUB c bin dch vi s h tr netboot. Cng hy xem *Ch thch Mng::. Nu bn ch r '--with-configfile' cho lnh ny, GRUB s em v v np mt tp tin cu hnh m c ch r bi b phc v DHCP ca bn vi vendor tag '150'. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: hide, Tip theo: ifconfig, Lin trc: dhcp, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.5 hide ------------ Lnh: hide vng_phn_hoch n vng phn hoch VNG_PHN_HOCH bng cch t nh bit "hidden" (b lm n) trong m loi vng phn hoch (partition type code) ca n. Ci ny c ch ch khi khi ng DOS hay Windows v nhiu vng phn hoch FAT s cp hin din trong mt a. Cng hy xem *Ch thch DOS/Windows::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: ifconfig, Tip theo: pager, Lin trc: hide, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.6 ifconfig ---------------- Lnh: ifconfig ['--server=b_phc_v'] ['--gateway=gateway'] ['--mask=mt_n'] ['--address=a_ch'] Cu hnh th cng a ch IP, mt n mng (netmask), gateway v a ch b phc v ca mt thit b mng. Cc gi tr phi theo nh dng thp phn c chm, nh '192.168.11.178'. Th t ca cc ty chn khng quan trng. Lnh ny cho thy cu hnh mng hin ti nu khng c ty chn no c ch r. Cng hy xem *Ch thch Mng::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: pager, Tip theo: partnew, Lin trc: ifconfig, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.7 pager ------------- Lnh: pager [c] Bt tt (Toggle) hay t nh trng thi ca b phn trang ni b. Nu C l 'on' (bt), b phn trang ni b c cho php. Nu C l 'off' (tt), n khng c cho php. Nu khng c tham s no c cho, trng thi c o (toggled). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: partnew, Tip theo: parttype, Lin trc: pager, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.8 partnew --------------- Lnh: partnew vng_phn_hoch loi t chiu_di To mt vng phn hoch s cp mi. VNG_PHN_HOCH l mt s nh r vng phn hoch Trang 40/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 (partition specification) theo c php GRUB (*ch thch Qui c t tn::); LOI l loi vng phn hoch v phi l mt s trong phm vi '0-0xff'; T (FROM) l a ch khi u v CHIU_DI l chiu di, c hai theo cc n v cung. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: parttype, Tip theo: password, Lin trc: partnew, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.9 parttype ---------------- Lnh: parttype vng_phn_hoch loi Thay i loi ca mt vng phn hoch hin hu. VNG_PHN_HOCH l mt s nh r vng phn hoch theo c php GRUB (*ch thch Qui c t tn::); LOI l loi vng phn hoch mi v phi l mt s trong phm vi 0-0xff. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: password, Tip theo: rarp, Lin trc: parttype, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.10 password ----------------- Lnh: password ['--md5'] mt_khu [tp_tin_cu_hnh_mi] Nu c dng trong phn (section) u tin ca mt tp tin trnh n, bt hot tt c s iu khin bin tp tng tc (b bin tp mc nhp trnh n v dng lnh) v cc mc nhp m c bo v bi lnh 'lock'. Nu mt khu MT_KHU c nhp, n np TP_TIN_CU_HNH_MI nh mt tp tin cu hnh mi v ti khi ng (restarts) Stage 2 ca GRUB, nu TP_TIN_CU_HNH_MI c ch r. Nu khng, GRUB s ch m kha (unlock) cc hng dn c cp c quyn (privileged). Bn cng c th dng lnh ny trong phn kch bn, m trong trng hp ny n s hi mt khu, trc khi tip tc. Ty chn '--md5' ni cho GRUB rng MT_KHU c m ha li (encrypted) bng 'md5crypt' (*ch thch md5crypt::). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: rarp, Tip theo: serial, Lin trc: password, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.11 rarp ------------- Lnh: rarp Khi ng ha mt thit b mng qua giao thc "RARP". Lnh ny ch c sn nu GRUB c bin dch vi s h tr netboot. Cng hy xem *Ch thch Mng::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: serial, Tip theo: setkey, Lin trc: rarp, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.12 serial --------------- Lnh: serial ['--unit=n_v'] ['--port=cng'] ['--speed=tc_'] ['--word=t'] ['--parity=ngang_hng'] ['-stop=dng'] ['--device=thit_b'] Khi ng ha mt thit b ni tip. N_V l mt s trong phm vi 0-3 m ch r cng ni tip no cn dng; mc nh l 0, m tng ng vi cng m thng c gi l COM1. CNG l cng I/O ni m UART Trang 41/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 phi c tm ra (is to be found); nu c ch r, n ginh quyn u tin so vi N_V. TC_ l tc truyn pht (transmission); mc nh l 9600. T v DNG l s cc bit d liu (data bits) v cc bit dng (stop bits). Cc bit d liu phi trong phm vi 5-8 v cc bit dng phi l 1 hay 2. Mc nh l 8 bit d liu v mt bit dng. NGANG_HNG l mt trong cc 'no', 'odd', 'even' v mc nh 'no'. Ty chn '--device' ch c th c dng trong h v grub v c dng ch r thit b tty cn c dng trong h iu hnh ch (host operating system) (*ch thch Triu gi h v grub::). Cng ni tip khng c dng nh mt knh lin lc tr khi lnh 'terminal' c dng (*ch thch terminal::). Lnh ny ch c sn nu GRUB c bin dch vi s h tr ni tip (serial support). Cng hy xem *Ch thch Thit b u cui ni tip::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: setkey, Tip theo: terminal, Lin trc: serial, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.13 setkey --------------- Lnh: setkey [phm_t phm_n] Thay i keyboard map. Phm PHM_T c nh x (is mapped) n phm PHM_N. Nu khng c tham s no c ch r, ti t nh nhng s nh x phm (key mappings). Hy ch rng lnh ny _khng_ trao i cc phm. Nu bn mun trao i cc phm, hy chy lnh ny ln na vi cc tham s c trao i, nh th ny: grub> setkey capslock control grub> setkey control capslock (nd: ging php gn v k thut trao i gi tr ca bin trong lp trnh?) Mt phm phi l mt ch ci bng ch ci, mt ch s hay mt trong cc k hiu ny: 'escape', 'exclam', 'at', 'numbersign', 'dollar', 'percent', 'caret', 'ampersand', 'asterisk', 'parenleft', 'parenright', 'minus', 'underscore', 'equal', 'plus', 'backspace', 'tab', 'bracketleft', 'braceleft', 'bracketright', 'braceright', 'enter', 'control', 'semicolon', 'colon', 'quote', 'doublequote', 'backquote', 'tilde', 'shift', 'backslash', 'bar', 'comma', 'less', 'period', 'greater', 'slash', 'question', 'alt', 'space', 'capslock', 'FX' ('X' l mt ch s) v 'delete'. Bng ny m t mi trong cc k hiu tng ng vi k t no: 'exclam' '!' 'at'

'@'

'numbersign' '#' 'dollar' Trang 42/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 '$' 'percent' '%' 'caret' '^' 'ampersand' '&' 'asterisk' '*' 'parenleft' '(' 'parenright' ')' 'minus' '-' 'underscore' '_' 'equal' '=' 'plus' '+' 'bracketleft' '[' 'braceleft' '{' 'bracketright' ']' 'braceright' '}' 'semicolon' ';' Trang 43/ 84


'colon' ':' 'quote' ''' (nd: ?!) 'doublequote' '"' 'backquote' '`' 'tilde' '~' 'backslash' '\' 'bar' '|' 'comma' ',' 'less' '' 'slash' '/' 'question' '?' 'space' '' Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: terminal, Tip theo: terminfo, Lin trc: setkey, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.14 terminal Trang 44/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 ----------------- Lnh: terminal ['--dumb'] ['--no-echo'] ['--no-edit'] ['--timeout=giy'] ['--lines=cc_dng'] ['--silent'] ['console'] ['serial'] ['hercules'] Chn mt thit b u cui cho s tng tc ngi dng. Thit b u cui c gi nh l tng thch VT100 tr khi '--dumb' c ch r. Nu c 'console' ln 'serial' c ch r th GRUB s dng ci m mt phm c nhp trc tin hay ci u tin khi thi hn chm dt. Nu khng c ci no trong hai ci c ch r, t nh hin ti c bo co. Lnh ny ch c sn nu GRUB c bin dch vi s h tr ni tip. Cng hy xem *Ch thch Thit b u cui ni tip::. Ci ny c th khng th hiu c (This may not make sense) cho hu ht cc ngi dng, nhng GRUB cng h tr console Hercules. Console Hercules l c th dng nh console thng, v cch dng l kh tng t vi ci m cho cc thit b u cui ni tip: hy ch r 'hercules' nh tham s. Ty chn '--lines' nh ngha s cc dng trong thit b u cui ca bn, v n c dng cho chc nng b phn trang ni b. Nu bn khng ch r ty chn ny, s c gi nh l 24. Ty chn '--silent' c ch thng bo nhc bn nh bt k phm no. Ci ny c th c ch nu h thng ca bn khng c thit b thit b u cui (terminal device) no. Ty chn '--no-echo' lm cho GRUB khng phn hi (echo) tr v cc k t nhp liu. Ci ny ng ty chn '--no-edit'. Ty chn '--no-edit' khng cho php c tnh bin tp ging BASH. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: terminfo, Tip theo: tftpserver, Lin trc: terminal, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.15 terminfo ----------------- Lnh: terminfo '--name=tn' '--cursor-address=seq' ['--clear-screen=seq'] ['--enter-standout-mode=seq'] ['-exit-standout-mode=seq'] (nd: seq = sequence - trnh t?) nh ngha cc kh nng ca thit b u cui ca bn. Hy dng lnh ny nh ngha escape sequences, nu n khng tng thch vt100. Bn c th dng '\e' cho v '^X' cho mt k t iu khin. Bn c th dng tin ch 'grub-terminfo' sinh cc tham s thch hp cho lnh ny. *Ch thch Triu gi grub-terminfo::. Nu khng c ty chn no c ch r, cc t nh hin ti c in. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: tftpserver, Tip theo: unhide, Lin trc: terminfo, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.16 tftpserver Trang 45/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 ------------------- Lnh: tftpserver ipaddr (nd: ipaddr = IP address = a ch IP?) *Thn trng:* Lnh ny tn ti ch cho kh nng tng thch ngc. Hy dng 'ifconfig' (*ch thch ifconfig::) thay vo. Ginh quyn mt a ch trnh phc v TFTP m c tr v bi mt trnh phc v BOOTP/DHCP/RARP. Tham s IPADDR phi theo nh dng thp phn c chm, nh '192.168.0.15'. Lnh ny ch c sn nu GRUB c bin dch vi s h tr netboot. Cng hy xem *Ch thch Mng::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: unhide, Lin trc: tftpserver, Ln: Cc lnh chung 13.2.17 unhide --------------- Lnh: unhide vng_phn_hoch Lm hin vng phn hoch VNG_PHN_HOCH bng cch xa bit "hidden" trong m loi vng phn hoch ca n. Ci ny c ch ch khi khi ng DOS hay Windows v nhiu vng phn hoch s cp tn ti trn mt a. Cng hy xem *Ch thch DOS/Windows::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n, Lin trc: Cc lnh chung, Ln: Cc lnh 13.3 Danh sch cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n ===================================================== Cc lnh ny c th dng trong dng lnh v trong cc mc nhp trnh n. Nu bn qun mt lnh, bn c th chy lnh 'help' (*ch thch help::). * Trnh n: * blocklist:: * boot:: * cat:: * chainloader:: * cmp:: * configfile:: * debug:: * displayapm:: * displaymem:: * embed:: * find:: * fstest:: * geometry:: Ly s ghi k hiu danh sch khi ca mt tp tin Khi ng h iu hnh ca bn Cho thy ni dung ca mt tp tin Np dy chuyn mt trnh np khi ng khc So snh hai tp tin Np mt tp tin cu hnh Bt tt c g li (debug flag) Hin th thng tin APM Hin th cu hnh b nh Nhng Giai on 1,5 Tm ra mt tp tin Kim tra mt h tp tin Thao tc hnh hc ca mt a Trang 46/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 * halt:: * help:: * impsprobe:: * initrd:: * install:: * ioprobe:: * kernel:: * lock:: * makeactive:: * map:: * md5crypt:: * module:: * modulenounzip:: * pause:: * quit:: * reboot:: * read:: * root:: * rootnoverify:: * savedefault:: * setup:: * testload:: * testvbe:: * uppermem:: * vbeprobe:: Tt my tnh ca bn Cho thy cc thng bo tr gip D SMP Np mt initrd Ci t GRUB D cc cng I/O m c dng cho mt a Np mt nhn Kha mt mc nhp trnh n Lm hot ha (active) mt vng phn hoch nh x mt a vo mt ci khc M ha mt mt khu theo nh dng MD5 Np mt n nguyn Np mt n nguyn m khng c s gii nn i mt s n phm Thot khi h v grub Ti khi ng my tnh ca bn c cc d liu t b nh t nh thit b gc ca GRUB t nh thit b gc ca GRUB m khng gn kt (mounting) Lu mc nhp hin ti nh mc nhp mc nh C cu t ng s ci t ca GRUB Np mt tp tin cho vic kim tra mt h tp tin Kim tra VESA BIOS EXTENSION t nh kch c upper memory D VESA BIOS EXTENSION

Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: blocklist, Tip theo: boot, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.1 blocklist ----------------- Lnh: blocklist tp_tin In s ghi k hiu danh sch khi ca tp tin TP_TIN. *Ch thch C php danh sch khi::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: boot, Tip theo: cat, Lin trc: blocklist, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.2 boot ------------ Lnh: boot Khi ng HH hay trnh np dy chuyn m c np ri. Ch cn thit nu chy dng lnh tng tc y (n hm cui mt mc nhp trnh n (it is implicit at the end of a menu entry)). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: cat, Tip theo: chainloader, Lin trc: boot, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp Trang 47/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 trnh n 13.3.3 cat ----------- Lnh: cat tp_tin Hin th ni dung ca tp tin TP_TIN. Lnh ny c th c ch nhc nh bn v vng phn hoch gc ca HH ca bn: grub> cat /etc/fstab Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: chainloader, Tip theo: cmp, Lin trc: cat, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.4 chainloader ------------------- Lnh: chainloader ['--force'] tp_tin Np TP_TIN nh mt trnh np dy chuyn. Nh bt k tp tin no khc m c np bi m h tp tin, n c th dng s ghi k hiu danh sch khi chp ly cung u tin ca vng phn hoch hin ti bng '+1'. Nu bn ch r ty chn '--force', th np TP_TIN cng bc (forcibly), cho d n c mt k s ng hay khng (whether it has a correct signature or not). Ci ny c i hi khi bn mun np mt trnh np khi ng c thiu st, nh l UnixWare 7.1 ca SCO (*ch thch UnixWare ca SCO::). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: cmp, Tip theo: configfile, Lin trc: chainloader, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.5 cmp ----------- Lnh: cmp tp_tin_1 tp_tin_2 So snh tp tin TP_TIN_1 vi tp tin TP_TIN_2. Nu chng khc nhau v kch c, in cc kch c nh th ny: Differ in size: 0x1234 [foo], 0x4321 [bar] (Khc v kch c: 0x1234 [foo], 0x4321 [bar]) (nd: foo v bar = ?) Nu cc kch c l nh nhau nhng cc byte mt offset khc nhau th in cc byte nh th ny: Differ at the offset 777: 0xbe [foo], 0xef [bar] (Khc offset 777: 0xbe [foo], 0xef [bar]) (nd: offset = ?) Nu chng ging ht hon ton, khng c ci g s c in. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: configfile, Tip theo: debug, Lin trc: cmp, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n Trang 48/ 84


13.3.6 configfile ------------------ Lnh: configfile tp_tin Np TP_TIN nh mt tp tin cu hnh. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: debug, Tip theo: displayapm, Lin trc: configfile, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.7 debug ------------- Lnh: debug Bt tt ch g li (theo mc nh, n l tt). Khi ch g li l bt, vi thng bo thm c in cho thy hot ng a. C g li ton cc ny ch yu c ch cho cc nh pht trin GRUB khi kim tra m mi. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: displayapm, Tip theo: displaymem, Lin trc: debug, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.8 displayapm ------------------ Lnh: displayapm Hin th thng tin BIOS APM. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: displaymem, Tip theo: embed, Lin trc: displayapm, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.9 displaymem ------------------ Lnh: displaymem Hin th GRUB ngh rng bn khng gian a ch h thng (system address space map) ca my l g, m gm tt c cc vng (regions) ca RAM vt l m c ci t. S biu din "b nh trn/ di" (upper/lower memory) ca GRUB dng giao din BIOS chun cho b nh c sn trong megabyte u tin, hay "b nh di", v mt s c tng hp t nhiu giao din BIOS khc nhau ca b nh m bt u 1MB v i ln n l b vi mch u tin (the first chipset hole) cho "b nh trn" (giao din "b nh trn" PC tiu chun b gii hn vic bo co mt mc ti a 64MB). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: embed, Tip theo: find, Lin trc: displaymem, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.10 embed -------------

Trang 49/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 -- Lnh: embed giai_on_1_5 thit_b Nhng Giai on 1,5 (Stage 1.5) GIAI_ON_1_5 vo cc cung m sau MBR nu THIT_B l mt a, hay vo vng "b np khi ng" nu THIT_B l mt vng phn hoch FFS hay mt vng phn hoch ReiserFS.(1) (*ch thch embed-Ch thch chn trang-1::) In s cc cung m GIAI_ON_1_5 chim, nu thnh cng. Thng, bn khng cn chy lnh ny trc tip. *Ch thch setup::. (nd: Vic vng phn hoch s cp st vi MBR b h khi dng System Commander 7 cng c lin quan n ny?) Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: find, Tip theo: fstest, Lin trc: embed, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.11 find ------------- Lnh: find tn_tp_tin Tm kim tn tp tin TN_TP_TIN trong tt c cc vng phn hoch c th gn kt v in danh sch cc thit b m cha tp tin. Tn tp tin TN_TP_TIN nn l mt tn tp tin tuyt i nh '/boot/grub/stage1'. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: fstest, Tip theo: geometry, Lin trc: find, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.12 fstest --------------- Lnh: fstest Bt tt ch kim tra h tp tin. Ch kim tra h tp tin, khi c bt, in ra (prints out) cc d liu m tng ng vi tt c cc nhng g m thit b c v cc gi tr g ang c gi n cc thng trnh (routines) cp thp. nh dng l '' for high-level reads inside a partition, v '[CUNG_OFFSET_A]' for low-level sector requests from the disk. Ch kim tra h tp tin c tt bng bt k s dng no ca cc lnh 'install' (*ch thch install::) hay 'testload' (*ch thch testload::). Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: geometry, Tip theo: halt, Lin trc: fstest, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.13 geometry ----------------- Lnh: geometry _a [mt_tr u_t cung [cung_tng_cng]] In thng tin cho a _A. Trong h v grub, bn c th t nh hnh hc ca a mt cch ty . S cc mt tr, s cc u t, s cc cung v s cc cung tng cng c t nh MT_TR, U_T, CUNG v CUNG_TNG_CNG mt cch tng ng. Nu bn b i CUNG_TNG_CNG th n s c tnh ton t ng da trn cc gi tr C/H/S. Trang 50/ 84


Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: halt, Tip theo: help, Lin trc: geometry, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.14 halt ------------- Lnh: halt '--no-apm' Lnh ny cho dng (halts) my tnh. Nu ty chn '--no-apm' c ch r, khng c li gi BIOS APM no c thc hin. Nu khng, my tnh c chm dt (shut down) bng cch dng APM. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: help, Tip theo: impsprobe, Lin trc: halt, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.15 help ------------- Lnh: help '--all' [mu_thc ...] Hin th thng tin gip v cc lnh gn lin/ ni trang (builtin). Nu bn khng ch r MU_THC (PATTERN), lnh ny cho thy cc m t ngn v hu ht cc lnh c sn. Nu bn ch r ty chn '--all' cho lnh ny, cc m t ngn ca cc lnh him dng (nh l *Ch thch testload::) cng c hin th. Nu bn ch r bt k cc MU_THC no, n hin th thng tin di hn v mi trong s cc lnh m ph hp cc MU_THC . Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: impsprobe, Tip theo: initrd, Lin trc: help, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.16 impsprobe ------------------ Lnh: impsprobe D bng cu hnh S nh r a b x l ca Intel 1.1 hay 1.4 (Intel Multiprocessor Specification 1.1 or 1.4 configuration table) v khi ng cc CPU (nd: central processing unit - n v x l trung tm) khc nhau m c tm thy vo mt vng lp kn kht (tight loop). Lnh ny c th c dng ch trong Giai on 2, m khng phi trong h v grub. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: initrd, Tip theo: install, Lin trc: impsprobe, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.17 initrd --------------- Lnh: initrd tp_tin ... Np mt a ram ban u (initial ramdisk) cho mt nh khi ng nh dng Linux v t nh cc tham s thch hp trong vng c cu ca Linux (Linux setup area) trong b nh. Cng hy xem *Ch thch Trang 51/ 84

Bn dch ca grub 0.94 t SuSE 9.2 GNU/Linux::. Tp tin: grub.info, Nt: install, Tip theo: ioprobe, Lin trc: initrd, Ln: Cc lnh dng lnh v mc nhp trnh n 13.3.18 install ---------------- Lnh: install ['--force-lba[=off]'] ['--stage2=os_stage2_file'] tp_tin_stage1 ['d'] thit_b_ch tp_tin_stage2 [a_ch] ['p'] [tp_tin_cu_hnh] [tp_tin_cu_hnh_thc] Lnh ny kh phc tp v bn khng nn dng lnh ny tr khi bn quen vi GRUB. Hy dng 'setup' (*ch thch setup::) thay vo . V ngn gn (In short), n s thc hin mt s ci t (install) y , gi nh l Giai on 2 (Stage 2) hay Giai on 1,5 (Stage 1.5)(1) (*ch thch install-Ch thch chn trang-1::) l v tr ci t cui cng ca n. V hi chi tit hn (In slightly more detail), n s np TP_TIN_STAGE1, kim chnh (validate) rng n l mt Giai on 1 ca GRUB ca s phin bn ng, ci t vo n mt danh sch khi cho vic np TP_TIN_STAGE2 nh mt Giai on 2. Nu ty chn 'd' hin din, Giai on 1 s lun tm a thc s m TP_TIN_STAGE2 c ci t ln, hn l (rather than) dng a khi ng. Giai on 2 s c np a ch A_CH, m phi l '0x8000' cho mt Giai on 2 thc, v '0x2000' cho mt Giai on 1,5. Nu A_CH khng hin din, GRUB s t ng xc nh a ch. Sau n vit Giai on 1 c hon tt vo khi u tin ca thit b THIT_B_CH (DEST_DEV). Nu cc ty chn 'p' hay TP_TIN_CU_HNH hin din th n c khi u tin ca stage2, thay i n bng cc gi tr ca vng phn hoch m TP

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