Bo hoa mai hay Bo hoa[2] (Panthera pardus) l mt trong bn loi mo ln thuc chi Panthera sinh sng Chu Phi v Chu (Cc loi mo ln khc l s t, h v bo m M.) Chng di t 1 n gn 2 mt, cn nng t 30 n 90kg. Con ci thng thng c kch thc bng khong 2/3 con c. Tuy thn hnh tng i nh so vi cc loi mo ln khc nhng bo hoa mai l nhng k sn mi nguy him ng s[3].Mc lc 1 i cng 2 Cc c im phn bit 3 K thut sn mi 4 Cc ni 5 Bo tn 6 Tn cng con ngi 7 Tham kho 8 Lin kt ngoii cngPhn ln bo hoa mai c mu nu hay nu vng nht vi cc m en, nhng lp lng ca chng th rt a dng. Cc m c xu hng nh hn v pha u, ln hn v c tm nht pha thn. Ban u, ngi ta cho rng bo hoa mai l con lai gia s t v bo, v trong mt s ngn ng nc ngoi t leopard c ngun gc t y; leo l tn Latinh ca s t, v pard l thut ng c c ngha bo. Trn thc t, "bo" c th l mt vi loi trong h Mo c gen to ra mu en hn l mu nu vng, v th to ra lp lng en thun, ngc li vi nhng con c mu m thng thng. "Bo", trong mt ngha khc, n gin l nhng con bo hoa mai lng sm (hoc l dng mu sm ca cc loi mo khng l khc: xem bo en).Trc khi c nhng thay i do con ngi to ra trong my trm nm tr li y, bo hoa mai tng l loi mo phn b rng nht hn c mo nh: Chng c tm thy mi ni thuc chu Phi (ngoi tr sa mc Sahara), cng nh Tiu v Trung ng, n , Pakistan, Trung Quc, Xibia, phn ln t lin ca khu vc ng Nam , cc o Java, Zanzibar v Sri Lanka.

Mt con bo ang ngiLi sng v thc n ca chng khc vi cc loi mo khng l khc. Chng c kh nng sn trn cy cng nh trn mt t, chng n t nhng ng vt nh nh cn trng, th gm nhm, c n nhng th ln hn nh gia sc, hu, nai, linh dng, ln rng. Bo hoa mai thm ch sn c ch nn nhng ngi nui ch trong nhng vng c bo hoa mai thng khn ngoan gi chng trong cc ci m bo an ton cho chng v bo hoa mai c bit nh l nhng k thm tht ch v sn sng liu lnh xng vo nh dn git ch nui. Chng leo tro rt tt v thng thng hay giu con mi sn c trn cy.Mc d s lng ln ca chng, loi th sn m v sng trn cy ny rt kh nhn thy trong t nhin. C th l khu vc c nhiu nht l vn quc gia Yala Sri Lanka, c mt bo hoa mai hoang cao nht th gii, nhng thm ch ngay c y th vic nhn thy chng khng phi lc no cng c.Cc c im phn bitThng thng, nhng con mo khng l ny hay b nhm ln vi nhau, nhng con "mo m" ny l mt v d c th. Bo m M v bo hoa mai thng thng hay b nhm vi nhau v thnh thong chng cn b nhm vi bo sn.Bo hoa mai c th d dng phn bit vi h hng gn l bo m M nu ngi ta bit nhn vo nhng im cn thit. Phn ln bo hoa mai khng c m trong cc hoa th m bo m M lun lun c. Bo hoa mai Amur v bo hoa mai Hoa Bc thnh thong l ngoi l. Bo hoa mai nh hn v t rn chc hn bo m M, mc d chng chc nch hn bo gpa.Bn cnh nhng biu hin b ngoi th bo hoa mai v bo m M cn khc nhau v thi quen sinh sng. Bo m M, quen vi cuc sng trong cc rng ma nhit i, thch sng gn nc, trong khi bo hoa mai thng thng l trnh m t, v l sng trn cy nhiu hn.Bo gpa, mc d sng ln trong khu vc sinh sng ca bo hoa mai, cng rt d phn bit. Bo hoa mai nng hn, rn chc hn, c u to (theo t l vi c th), v c cc hoa th hn l cc m.K thut sn mi

Bo hoa mai sn ln rngBo hoa mai l nhng th n tht c th sn bt nhiu chng loi con mi hn bt k cc loi mo ln no khc vi k nng sn mi iu luyn. Trong nhiu khu vc sinh sng ca chng chu Phi, chng phi tranh u vi nhng loi th n tht khc nh linh cu m v s t ginh con mi, v khng phi l iu bt thng i vi chng khi chng b cc con mnh th kia xua ui khi con mi m n va kim c.Bo hoa mai thng thng sn v m, bnh minh, hay lc chp ti v s i ln theo con mi ca chng trc khi git chng bng cch cn vo hng, lm nght th con mi, Con bo hoa mai c th chy vi tc ti a ln n 90km/h. Chng thng thng s tha con mi vo ch tng i an ton trn cy, Loi bo phi lm nh vy v nu n trn mt t chng rt d b cc loi mnh th khc nh s t, linh cu cp mt mi. Ngi ta tng thy n c th tha con mi nng gp ba ln n ln cy.Cc niC khong t 7 n 30 ni bo hoa mai (mt trong s tuyt chng) mc d khng phi mi tc gi u cng nhn s tn ti ca cc ni ny; tm ni c cng nhn rng ri nht l cn tn ti c nh du hoa th (*) di y. H Mo Phn h Felinae: khong 30, phn ln l cc loi mo nh ti trung bnh Phn h Bo Mo cm thch, Pardofelis marmorata Bo gm, Neofelis nebulosa Bo tuyt, Uncia uncia S t, Panthera leo H, Panthera tigris Bo hoa mai, Panthera pardus Bo hoa mai chu Phi*, Panthera pardus pardus (nguy c thp, t lo lng) Bo hoa mai Amur*, Panthera pardus amurensis (cc k nguy him) Bo hoa mai Anatolia, Panthera pardus tulliana (cc k nguy him) Bo hoa mai Barbary, Panthera pardus panthera (cc k nguy him) Bo hoa mai n *, Panthera pardus fusca (nguy c thp, t lo lng) Bo hoa mai ng Dng*, Panthera pardus delacouri Bo hoa mai Iran*, Panthera pardus saxicolor Bo hoa mai Java*, Panthera pardus meas (ang nguy him) Bo hoa mai Hoa Bc*, Panthera pardus japonensis (ang nguy him) Bo hoa mai Sinai, Panthera pardus jarvisi Bo hoa mai Nam Rp, Panthera pardus nimr (cc k nguy him) Bo hoa mai Sri Lanka*, Panthera pardus kotiya (ang nguy him) Bo hoa mai Zanzibar, Panthera pardus adersi (tuyt chng) Bo m M, Panthera onca Phn h Acinonychinae: Bo snBo tnBo hoa mai l mt iu ngc nhin trong s cc th n tht loi to. c tnh c khong 50.000 bo hoa mai khu vc h Sahara ca chu Phi. V kh nng ngy trang v thi quen ln lt ca chng, chng c th n rt gn vi cc khu nh c ca con ngi m khng b pht hin. Tuy nhin s ph hy mi trng sng v vic sn trm lm cho mt vi ni bo hoa mai ng trc nguy c dit chng, v d, bo hoa mai Amur, bo hoa mai Anatolia, bo hoa mai Barbary, bo hoa mai Hoa Bc hay bo hoa mai nam Rp.Tn cng con ngiBo hoa mai, mc d kch thc nh ca chng, cng l nhng k sn mi c kh nng git ngi nh nhng mnh th khc. n , do mi trng sng thu hp, bo hoa mai thng xuyn i lc vo nhng khu dn c v tn cng ngi. Bo hoa mai Rudraprayag c cho l git cht hn 125 ngi v con Panar b cho l git 400 ngi sau khi b thng bi nhng k sn trm v v th khng cn kh nng sn cc con mi bnh thng. C hai con ny cui cng b git cht bi nh sn th khng l v tc gi ni ting Jim Corbett.

Other names

English:Panther

French:lopard, panthre

German:Panther, Leopard

Spanish:leopardo, pantera

DescriptionThe Leopard is the most widely distributed of the Big Cats and is one of several often referred to as a Panther. It has an elongate body and massive limbs of moderate length. The paws are broad and rounded and the ears are short. The tail is longer than that of the Tiger, assisting its movements along branches of trees.The fur of subspecies in colder climates is longer and thicker and is very soft. As with many species, the fur of the female is softer than that of the male.The ground colour is pale straw and grey buff to bright fulvous, deep ochre, almost chestnut. The throat, chest, belly and insides of the limbs are white. The backs of the ears are black with a white central spot. On the head, throat and chest there are small black spots and on the belly large black blotches. On the shoulders, upper limbs, back, flanks and haunches, there are rosette shaped spots, which usually enclose an area of a shade darker than the basic background colour. The rosettes are variable in size and shape, some large, some small and with thick or thin rims. They occasionally have a small spot in the centre as in the Jaguar. The rosettes continue along the tail, mixing with spots and transverse bands towards the tip. The underside of the end section of the tail is white or yellowish white.There is a strong tendency towards melanism, particularly in the humid rainforests of south east Asia, with black and spotted leopards common in the same litter throughout the entire range. The markings are still visible in the blackest of cats, particularly in certain light conditions.The skull is relatively elongate, but flat on the upper face unlike the arched shape of the tiger. The hyoid is partly ossified. The teeth are very robust and the upper canines are particularly well developed. The post canine spaces are wide and the first premolar is always present.Considerable variations in acknowledged subspecies currently exist; many subspecies may be the result of regional variations in coat pattern and spot or rosette size only. As many as 30 subspecies have been described but it is likely that the number will be reduced to the eight marked * below. P. p. amurensis*Amur Leopard, Amur region

P. p. ciscaucasicaBotswana and East Cape Province

P. p. delacouri*Indo-China

P. p. fusca*Kashmir to Sri Lanka, Burma, South China

P. p. japonensis*North China

P. p. jarvisiSinai Leopard, Sinai

P. p. kotiya*Sri Lanka Leopard, Sri Lanka

P. p. leopardusWest Africa

P. p. meas*Javan Leopard, Java

P. p. melanoticaSouth Africa

P. p. nimrArabian Leopard, Arabia

P. p. orientalisAmur Leopard, Korea to Amur

P. p. pardus*Sudan, Ethiopia, Congo & Kenya

P. p. pantheraBarbary Leopard, Algeria and Egypt

P. p. pernigraSikkim to Nepal & Kashmir

P. p. saxicolor*Iran

P. p. sindicaSind to Baluchistan

P. p. tullianaAnatolian Leopard, Asia Minor

Principal dimensionsOverallMalesFemales

Head and Body lengths (cm)91-243106-24391-136

Height at shoulder (cm)45-7860-7845-64

Tail lengths (cm)58-9765-9758-78

Weight (Kg)34-7645-7634-62

Considerable variations in measurements exist between subspecies. The smallest 'nanopardus' of Somalia has an average head and body length of 115cm (male) and 107cm (female). Top of PageDistribution and HabitatsOriginally widespread, leopards are still found in a very wide range of habitats. Unfortunately many populations are fragmented and isolated.Current ranges include the Sinai peninsula, Arabia, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Caucasus to south Turkmenistan, south east Uzbekistan, south west Tadzhikistan, Iran to Baluchistan, Sind and Kashmir, Nepal to Assam, south to Cape Comorin, Sri Lanka, south west through Burma (Myanmar) to the Malayan Peninsula, Java and Thailand, Indo-China to China, Tibet, Manchuria to Korea and above the 50 latitude in eastern Siberia. In Africa human pressures have reduced populations dramatically and in many areas, like Zanzibar, leopards are now extinct. In the Serengeti, presence of lions has a dramatic effect on the distribution of leopards. Leopards are not found in Sumatra or Borneo.The leopard is a very adaptable species, being found in every type of forest, savannah, grassland, thin bush and semi desert. They are quite at home on cliffs, swampy tropical forests and rugged mountainous areas, right up to the snow line of Mount Kenya. A frozen carcase has been found at 5638 metres on Kilimanjaro, yet in the Himalayas, they are not often found above 3000 metres.Leopards will follow the snow line in most countries, wintering in the lowlands when human activity is reduced. Indian leopards seem to be more tolerant of the sun than tigers, living in scrub jungles and broken rocky country. Unlike tigers, they are not found in the mangrove Sundarbans, indeed, leopards tend to avoid tiger strongholds.The map shows the present distribution of Leopards in grey. It is not possible to show accurate details for this most widely distributed of cats and it must be remembered that relative abundance varies enormously across the range. In particular, single dots may refer to a single observation in that area.The map is based on information in the Wild Cats Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan published by the IUCN/SSC Cat Speialist Group in 1996. See our Books page for more details. Top of PageDietThe leopards diet is extremely varied, including Thompsons gazelle, baboons, jackals, wildebeest, aardvarks, pangolins, impala, snakes, birds and rats. Even cheetah are occasionally eaten. Leopards in the Ivory Coast feed on over 30 different mammal species.Leopards are opportunistic feeders. They have been known to take fish from eagles and have been observed stalking mountain gorillas. They will feed on carrion and sometimes steal from tigers, although they will give way to wild dogs, hyenas and lions. Chimpanzees can also be dangerous for the leopard as they can gang up on the cat if enough are present.The females hunt every 5 or 6 days and several carcasses may be stored in a tree at one time. Living in hot and dry places, the moisture needed to survive is derived from prey. Top of PageBehaviourLeopards may be seen at any time of the day. Where persecuted they tend to be nocturnal and secretive, but in protected areas they are more diurnal, even being seen hunting in the bright sunlight.The leopard hunts mostly on the ground, and is an excellent stalker, on average stalking 275m. before it seizes its prey by the throat and strangles it. It will also hunt by leaping down on its prey from a tree, grabbing it by the base of the neck.The leopard will then drag its kill, which can often be a gazelle even larger than itself, up into the branches of a tree.Tree-stored kills have been found to last on average at least four times longer than the same sized kills stored on the ground.Leopards are very good climbers, being able to descend head first, unlike most cats who climb down hindquarters first. They are good swimmers but will not lie in the water like a tiger. They avoid puddles carefully and seem to display the domestic cats dislike for getting wet!Two thirds of the leopards time is spent resting and surveying its pads, much of the time lying in a tree, on large boulders or in a vultures nest.Leopards are solitary, and the females range is usually exclusive, although this may be slightly flexible. The males range is 6 to 63 Km2, overlapping the females which varies considerably from 6-13 Km2 in high areas rich in ungulates to 400Km2 in the hot, dry Kalahari, but they all depend on the availability of food resources.The young are transient until home ranges become available because of adult mortality.Urine spraying and tree scratching are methods used by leopards for territory identification. They are more adaptable than lions and tigers and are able to still live in densely populated suburban areas; they are even sometimes heard in the city of Nairobi at night. Top of PageReproductionLeopards in Africa and India will mate at any time of the year, while those living in Manchuria and Siberia mate most often in January and February. One female may be pursued by several males, the successful male grabbing her by the back of her neck with his teeth, the female swatting him off when copulation is completed. Copulation is very frequent, from 70 to 100 times a day. Oestrus lasts on average 7 days (4-14).The gestation period of the leopard is an average of 96 days (90-112) with up to six cubs being born. Early mortality is high though and it is rare to see a female with more than two cubs.The young weigh 0.5 Kg at birth and open their eyes after ten days. Their fur is longer and more woolly than the adults, a pale greyish fawn colour with small but poorly defined spots.The males are not involved in rearing the young and are probably kept away from the cubs by the female, but males have been observed bringing meat to their cubs. The female may be away from her cubs for long periods of time, sometimes leaving them for up to a day and a half alone.If the cubs have to be moved when young, the mother carries them by the scruff of the neck, and can even swim with them. They take their first walk at 13 days and at 3 months are weaned and start to follow their mother outside the den. At five months they are able to catch small animals and most can fend for themselves at a year old, although they tend to stay with their mother up to two years.The female leopards will reach sexual maturity at an average of 33 months (30-36) and can live up to 23 years in captivity. Top of PageConservation StatusAs with many endangered animals, increasing human populations, loss of habitat and hunting have dramatically reduced the number of leopards. They are endangered through much of their range, with the Amur, Anatolian and Barbary leopards being almost extinct.Leopards are considered pests by villagers as they will take livestock and are considered to be more dangerous as man-eaters than lions or tigers. They will even enter a hut and drag out a victim which a tiger would not do. Half eaten bodies have been found wedged in trees.Because they eat carrion, leopards can be easily poisoned. They are occasionally killed by lions and crocodiles, although poaching and starvation are the biggest problems.The leopard is placed on Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) which prohibits trade in any part of the animal in those countries that are members, but smuggling still occurs.The IUCN Red List has the Arabian leopard (P. p. nimr), the Amur leopard (P. p. orientalis), North African leopard (P. p. panthera) and Anatolian leopard (P. p. tulliana) as Critically Endangered, the Caucasus leopard (P. p. ciscaucasia), Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya), North Chinese leopard (P. p. japonensis) and Javan leopard (P. p. melas) as Endangered and all other leopards as Least Concern. (Cat News 23, 1995, p.21) The names given are those quoted in Cat News and differ slightly from those shown earlier on this page.Leopards are good breeders in captivity and are a lot more resilient in the face of growing pressures than either lions or tigers appear to be, making conservation programmes slightly easier.The Amur LeopardWe have recently discovered a Web page about efforts to breed this subspecies in captivity. It seems to be provided by Augsburg Zoo and is in English.Top of Page Captive Breeding and Leopards in CaptivityStudbook KeeperAlan H. ShoemakerCurator of MammalsRiverbanks Zoological Park500 Wildlife ParkwayColumbiaSouth Carolina 29202-1060, USA

A captive breeding programme needs to have regard to keeping separate the various subspecies, while at the same time avoiding the dangers of inbreeding. This is achieved by the maintenance of a studbook which is used to select suitable breeding partners for captive animals. Such studbooks are maintained on a voluntary basis by dedicated individuals or teams at various zoos around the world.Zoos with Leopards

tn khc

Ting Anh : PantherPhp : Leopard, panthrec : Panther , LeopardTy Ban Nha : Leopardo , panteraM tLeopard l phn phi rng ri nht ca "Big Cats" v l mt trong nhng thng c gi l mt Panther . N c mt c th thon di v chn tay khng l c chiu di va phi. Bn chn rt rng v trn v tai ngn . ui di hn so vi Tiger , h tr chuyn ng ca n dc theo cc nhnh cy .Lng ca phn loi vng kh hu lnh hn l di hn v dy hn v rt mm mi . Cng nh nhiu loi , lng ca n l nh nhng hn so vi nam.Mu nn l rm nht v da b mu xm sc ti sng, mu vng nu su , gn nh ht d . C hng, ngc, bng v bn trong ca chn tay c mu trng . Lng ca tai l mu en vi mt v tr trung tm mu trng. Trn u , c hng v ngc c nhng im nh mu en v trn bng vt ln mu en . Trn vai , chi trn , lng, cnh v i , c hoa hng im hnh , thng km theo mt khu vc ca mt bng ti hn mu nn c bn . Cc n hoa hng l bin c kch thc v hnh dng, mt s , mt s vnh dy hay mng ln nh v vi . H thnh thong c mt im nh trung tm nh trong Jaguar . Cc n hoa hng tip tc dc theo ui, trn vi im v ban nhc ngang v pha mi . Mt di ca phn cui ca ui c mu trng hoc mu vng trng .C mt xu hng mnh m i vi melanism , c bit l cc khu rng nhit i m t ca ng Nam , vi bo hoa mai mu en v pht hin chung trong cng mt la trong sut ton b phm vi . Cc du hiu vn cn c nhn thy trong en ti ca mo , c bit l trong iu kin nh sng nht nh.Hp s tng i thon di , nhng bng phng trn mt trn khng ging nh hnh dng cong ca h . Cc hyoid mt phn cng nhc . Rng l rt mnh m v rng nanh trn c bit pht trin tt . Cc khng gian bi ch rng v rng ca u tin lun lun hin din .Khc bit ng k trong phn loi tha nhn hin ang tn ti , nhiu phn loi c th l kt qu ca s thay i trong khu vc trong m hnh lp v ti ch hoc kch c hoa th ch . C khong 30 loi c m t nhng c kh nng l s lng s c gim xung cn tm nh du * bn di.P. p . amurensis * Amur Leopard, khu vc AmurP. p . ciscaucasica Botswana v tnh ng CapeP. p . delacouri * ng DngP. p . fusca * Kashmir n Sri Lanka , Min in , Nam Trung QucP. p . japonensis * Bc Trung QucP. p . jarvisi Sinai Leopard, SinaiP. p . kotiya * Sri Lanka Leopard , Sri LankaP. p . leopardus Ty PhiP. p . Meas * Java Leopard, JavaP. p . melanotica Nam PhiP. p . nimr Rp Leopard, ArabiaP. p . orientalis Amur Leopard, Hn Quc AmurP. p . pardus * Sudan , Ethiopia, Congo v KenyaP. p . Panthera Barbary Leopard , Algeria v Ai CpP. p . pernigra Sikkim n Nepal v KashmirP. p . saxicolor * IranP. p . sindica Sind BaluchistanP. p . tulliana Anatolia Leopard, Tiu kch thc chnhTng th Nam Nu v thn di (cm) 91-243 106-243 91-136Chiu cao vai (cm) 45-78 60-78 45-64 di ui ( cm) 58-97 65-97 58-78Trng lng (Kg ) 34-76 45-76 34-62Khc bit ng k trong cc php o tn ti gia cc phn loi . Nh nht ' nanopardus ' ca Somalia c u trung bnh v chiu di c th ca 115cm ( nam ) v 107cm ( n ) .Phn phi v mi trng sngBan u ph bin rng ri , bo vn cn c tm thy trong mt phm vi rt rng ca mi trng sng. ng tic l nhiu ngi dn ang b phn mnh v b c lp.Phm vi hin ti bao gm bn o Sinai , Arabia, Tiu , Transcaucasia , Caucasus vo Nam Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ng nam , ty nam Tadzhikistan , Iran Baluchistan, Sind v Kashmir , Nepal n Assam , pha nam ti Cape Comorin , Sri Lanka, pha ty nam qua Min in (Myanmar) n bn o M Lai, Java v Thi Lan , ng Dng sang Trung Quc , Ty Tng, Mn Chu n Hn Quc v trn 50 v min ng Siberia . chu Phi p lc ca con ngi lm gim s lng ng k bo hoa mai ,v nhiu khu vc nh Zanzibar , bo nay tuyt chng . Serengeti , s hin din ca s t c nh hng ln n s phn b ca bo hoa mai . Bo hoa mai khng c tm thy Sumatra hay Borneo.Cc bo l mt loi rt d thch ng, c tm thy trong tt c cc loi rng , tho nguyn, ng c , bi cy mng v sa mc bn . H l kh nh trn vch , rng nhit i m ly v cc khu vc min ni g gh, phi n ng tuyt ca ni Kenya . Mt thn tht ng lnh c tm thy 5638 mt trn Kilimanjaro , nhng trong dy Himalaya , h khng thng c tm thy trn 3.000 mt .Bo hoa mai s theo dng tuyt hu ht cc nc , ng cc vng t thp khi hot ng ca con ngi l gim. Bo hoa mai n dng nh khoan dung hn ca mt tri hn so vi h, sng trong rng cy bi v nc b ph v. Khng ging nh h, h khng tm thy Sundarbans ngp mn , thc s , bo c xu hng trnh ly h.Bn cho thy s phn b hin ti ca Leopards mu xm. N khng phi l c th hin th thng tin chi tit chnh xc cho iu ny c phn phi rng ri nht ca mo v n phi c nh rng phong ph tng i rt khc nhau trn phm vi . c bit, im duy nht c th tham kho mt quan st duy nht trong khu vc .Bn da trn thng tin trong iu tra Trng thi hoang d Mo v K hoch hnh ng bo tn c cng b bi IUCN / SSC Speialist Nhm Ct vo nm 1996. Xem trang Sch ca chng ti bit thm chi tit.Bo hoa mai c xu hng ng h cnh quan vi c rm rp v rng ven sng, nhng h cng th hin c kh nng thch ng cao vi nhiu ni trong c hai vng kh hu m v lnh.

ch n ungCh n ung ca bo l v cng a dng , bao gm c con linh dng Thompson , kh u ch , ch rng, linh dng u b , ln t, t t , Impala, rn, chim v chut . Thm ch cheetah i khi n . Bo hoa mai ti B Bin Ng n trn 30 loi ng vt c v khc nhau.Bo hoa mai l c hi n . H c bit l c c t i bng v c quan st rnh rp kh t ni . H s n thi ra v i khi n cp t h, mc d h s nhng ng cho con ch hoang , linh cu v s t. Tinh tinh cng c th gy nguy him cho bo l h c th bng ng ln trn con mo nu c mt.Cc n sn mi 5 hoc 6 ngy v mt s xc c th c lu tr trong mt cy cng mt lc. Sng nhng ni nng v kh , m cn thit tn ti c ngun gc t con mi.Hnh viBo hoa mai c th c nhn thy ti bt k thi gian trong ngy . Ni bt b h c xu hng sng v m v b mt, nhng trong lnh vc bo v h ban ngy nhiu hn, thm ch c xem sn bn trong nh sng mt tri .Cc bo sn ch yu l trn mt t, v l mt stalker tuyt vi, trn 275m rnh rp trung bnh . trc khi n nm bt con mi ca mnh bng c hng v bp c n . N cng s sn bng cch nhy con mi xung t mt ci cy, ly n bi cc c s ca c.Sau cc bo s ko git n, m thng c th l mt con linh dng thm ch ln hn so vi chnh n, thnh cc chi nhnh ca mt ci cy.Git cht cy lu tr c tm thy ko di trung bnh di hn git cht cng mt kch c c lu tr trn mt t t nht bn ln .Bo hoa mai l leo ni rt tt , c th i xung u tin , khng ging nh hu ht cc con mo tro xung chn sau ln u tin . H l nhng ngi bi li tt, nhng s khng ni di trong nc nh mt con h . H trnh vng nc mt cch cn thn v dng nh hin th khng thch con mo trong nc cho t !Hai phn ba thi gian ca bo c chi ngh ngi v kho st ming m ca n, phn ln thi gian nm trong mt ci cy, trn tng ln hoc trong mt t chim kn kn .Bo hoa mai l n c , v phm vi ca ph n thng l c quyn, mc d iu ny c th hi linh hot. Phm vi ca nam l 6-63 Km2 , chng cho ca n m thay i ng k 6-13 Km2 trong khu vc cao giu ng vt mng guc 400Km2 trong nng , kh Kalahari , nhng tt c u ph thuc vo s sn c ca ngun thc n .Tr l thong qua cho n khi dy nh tr nn c sn do t vong ca ngi ln .Nc tiu phun v gi cy l phng php c s dng bi bo hoa mai xc nh lnh th . H c nhiu kh nng thch ng hn s t v h v c th vn cn sng cc vng ngoi ng dn c , h thm ch cn i khi nghe thnh ph Nairobi vo ban m.

sinh snBo hoa mai chu Phi v n s phi ti bt k thi gian ca nm , trong khi nhng ngi sng Mn Chu v Siberia giao phi thng xuyn nht trong thng Ging v thng Hai. Mt ph n c th c theo ui bi mt s nam gii, nam thnh cng ca mnh bng cch ly mt sau ca c c rng, cc n swatting anh ta ra khi giao phi c hon tt. Giao phi l rt thng xuyn , t 70 n 100 ln mt ngy. ng dc ko di trung bnh 7 ngy ( 4-14 ) .Thi gian mang thai ca bo l trung bnh ca 96 ngy ( 90-112 ) vi ln n su con gu c sinh ra. T l t vong sm l cao v mc d n him khi thy mt ph n vi hn hai n con .Tr nng 0,5 kg lc mi sinh v m mt sau mi ngy . Lng ca chng di v lng nhiu hn ngi ln, mt mu nu vng xm nht vi nhng m nh nhng km c xc nh .Nhng con c khng tham gia vo vic nui tr v c l trnh xa cc n con ca ph n, nhng nam gii c quan st mang tht n con ca h. N c th i t a con ca mnh trong thi gian di ca thi gian, i khi li cho h cho n mt ngy ri mt mnh.Nu n con phi c di chuyn khi cn tr , ngi m mang chng theo gy ca c, v thm ch c th bi vi h. H mt i b u tin ca h 13 ngy v 3 thng c cai sa v bt u i theo m ca h bn ngoi hang . Ti nm thng h c th bt ng vt nh v hu ht c th t bo v mnh mt nm tui , mc d h c xu hng li vi m ca h ln n hai nm.Cc bo hoa mai n s thnh thc mc trung bnh 33 thng ( 30-36 ) v c th sng n 23 nm trong iu kin nui nht .

Tnh trng bo tnNh vi nhiu loi ng vt nguy cp, tng dn s loi ngi , mt mi trng sng v sn bn lm gim ng k s lng bo hoa mai . H ang b e da thng qua nhiu phm vi ca h , vi bo hoa mai Amur , Anatolia v Barbary l gn nh tuyt chng .Bo hoa mai c coi l loi gy hi ca ngi dn nh h s a gia sc v c coi l nguy him hn l " ngi n ng n " hn con s t hoc cp. H thm ch s bc vo mt tp lu v ko ra mt nn nhn m mt con h s khng lm. C th c na n c tm thy chen vo trong cy .Bi v h n thi ra , bo c th d dng b nhim c. i khi h b git bi con s t v c su , mc d sn trm v nn i l nhng vn ln nht .Cc bo c t trong Ph lc 1 ca Cng c v bun bn quc t cc loi nguy cp (CITES) ngn cm thng mi bt k phn no ca ng vt nhng quc gia l thnh vin , nhng bun lu vn xy ra.Danh sch ca IUCN c bo Rp ( P. p . Nimr ) , cc bo Amur ( P. orientalis p . ) , Bc Phi bo ( Panthera P. p . ) V bo Anatolia ( tulliana P. p . ) Cc k Nguy cp , cc bo Caucasus ( P. ciscaucasia p . ) , Sri Lanka bo P. p . kotiya ), Bc bo Trung Quc ( P. japonensis ) p . v Java bo ( P. p . melas ) nh nguy c tuyt chng v tt c cc bo hoa mai khc nh quan tm nht . ( Ct Tin tc 23, 1995 , trang 21 ) Cc tn a ra l nhng trch dn trong Ct Tin tc v khc nhau i cht t nhng th hin trc trn trang ny.Bo hoa mai l cc nh nhn ging tt trong iu kin nui nht v rt nhiu linh hot hn khi i mt vi p lc ngy cng tng hn so vi s t hoc cp xut hin c , lm cho cc chng trnh bo tn d dng hn.Amur LeopardChng ti va pht hin ra mt trang web v nhng n lc ging phn loi ny trong iu kin nui nht . C v nh c cung cp bi S th Augsburg v l bng ting Anh.

Chn nui nht v Leopards trong Captivity

sach chi nui nga KeeperAlan H. ShoemakerNgi ph trch ng vt c vB sng Zoological Park500 ng vt hoang d ParkwayColumbiaSouth Carolina 29202-1060 , USAMt chng trnh gy nui sinh sn cn phi c lin quan n vic gi tch cc phn loi khc nhau, trong khi ng thi trnh s nguy him ca giao phi cn huyt .iu ny t c bi vic duy tr mt sach chi nui nga c s dng la chn i tc thch hp cho ng vt nui nht. Studbooks nh vy c duy tr trn c s t nguyn ca cc c nhn chuyn dng hoc cc i cc vn th khc nhau trn th gii.

Vn th vi LeopardsBo hoa mai l xo quyt, th sn c hi.Con mi dao ng t thi ra mnh c mi thm, c, b st, chim v ng vt c v nh loi gm nhm, th rng, warthogs, linh dng, v kh u ch.H l nhng nh leo ni mnh m.Pound pound, bo l leo ni mnh nht ca tt c nhng con mo ln. N dnh nhiu thi gian ca n trong cy nh thn cy con mi v ngay c khi n n. C hai con s t v linh cu s ly i git mt bo nu h c th. ngn chn iu ny, cc bo s thng xuyn lu tr git n cao ln trong cnh cy, ni n c th n trong tng i an ton.Bo hoa mai nh khng gian ca h.H ch yu l v m, nhng sinh vt n c. Mi bo c nhn c mt lot nh chng ln vi cc nc lng ging. Cc bo nam c mt phm vi ln hn, v khong mt nam duy nht ca thng s trng vi phm vi ca mt s con ci. Phm vi c nh du bng nc tiu v mng vut du.Bo hoa mai n t xung r khi gu con c sinh ra.Cc bo n thng sinh ra mt la ca hai hoc ba con gu. B b ri li sng du mc ca c cho n khi n con ln i cng vi c. C gi chng n trong tm tun u tin v di chuyn chng t mt a im n tip theo cho n khi h tui bt u hc i sn. H nhn c hng v u tin ca h v tht 6 hoc 7 tun tui v ngng cho con b sau khong 3 thng tui. Cc n con tip tc sng vi m trong hai nm.Thch thco ca bo khng thuc v con ngi.Bo hoa mai t lu b sn bt mm lng c s dng lm o khoc v o chong nghi l-cng nh cho mng vut ca h, ru, v ui, c ph bin nh kiu bo. Bo hoa mai c th l mt mi phin toi cho ngi dn a phng.Khi a vo tip xc gn vi khu dn c, bo c th sn chn nui. Ngi chn gia sc s tr a v git con bo trong s trng pht hoc s c gng tiu dit con bo trong mt ng thi ngn chn v git ngi chn nui.Cc gii phpCc gii php ca chng ti bo tn cc bo: Lm vic vi ngi dn a phng. ng vt hoang d chu Phi Foundation phi hp cht ch vi cc cng ng pastoralist lp bin php phng nga bo v gia sc t n tht. Tanzania, AWF ang xy dng bomas cho cng ng sng gn vi ng vt n tht. Bomas l thng loi sn mi bng chng m gia sc c lu gi ngn chn cuc tn cng ca h. Bng cch tng bc ch ng, chng ti c th ngn chn c vt nui v ng vt n tht ngi cht. S dng h thng nh v ton cu (GPS) c o nghin cu bo hoa mai. AWF tin rng cha kha m bo tng lai ca bo nm trong mt cch tip cn tch hp bo tn ging khng ch loi ring ca mnh, nhng nhu cu ca ngi dn a phng, s dng t, v cc h sinh thi nh mt ton th. Phng php ny bo tn dn AWF khi ng cc d n khoa hc bo tn Greater Kruger Leopard trong khu vc Vn quc gia Kruger Nam Phi. Cc nh nghin cu t AWF c o GPS trn bo hoa mai nghin cu dn s ca h, nh gi cnh tranh ti nguyn vi cc loi n tht khc, v nghin cu cc tng tc bo vi mi ngi.Bo hoa - loi vt nhanh nht mt tVi tc phi nc i chng mt v cp mt tinh tng, bo hoa (Gpa) l mt k sn mi ng s trong t nhin. Chng thuc din nguy cp v ang gim dn v s lng.

t vn tc ti 96 km/h, bo Gpa l loi vt chy nhanh nht trn mt t. Tuy nhin, chy c vi tc i hi rt nhiu nng lng, nn chng khng th phng c lu.

Khng ging cc loi sn mi chu Phi khc, bo hoa i sn vo ban ngy. Khi pht hin thy con mi, chng tng tc nh mt chic xe hi, t 0 km/h ln ti 96 km/h ch trong 3 giy.

Bo m mi ln sinh n thng sinh ra 3 con non, tt c u vi m trong vng 1-2 nm u cho n khi t lp. Khi u ym cc con, bo m cng rn h h ging nh mo.

Vi i mt cc tinh v tc chng mt, bo Gpa l mt k sn mi ng s trong t nhin.

Vi bo m, mi nguy him thc s khng phi l b git m l b mt cc con. 95% bo con cht trc khi trng thnh, do linh cu hoc s t xi. Bo m thng i ph bng cch di chuyn lin tc, k th khng th bit chng u.

Vo nhng nm 1980, cc nh nghin cu pht hin thy mi con bo hoa u c b gene tng t nhau, n mc b da ca con ny cy ghp vo con kia u khng to ra phn ng min dch no.

(Theo National Geographic)Hay cn gi l Bo hoa mai, c tn khoa hc l Panthera Pardus, thuc h mo ln, bo chu Phi l loi ng vt c v chy nhanh nht trn Tri t. Khi sn mi, thng l vo ban m, loi bo ny c dng chy cc p vi mt tc chng mt ln n 120km/h, chng khng cho php con mi c thot thn. c tnh c khong 50.000 loi bo hoa mai khu vc h Sahara ca chu Phi, hin, chng ang c bo v k lng v nguy c tuyt chng cao.Bo hoa mai i chin c su chu Phi (Th gii ng vt) - Trong cuc chin kinh hong ny, bo m l k lm ch v lin tc p o c su.

Cuc chin khc lit gia bo hoa mai v c su khin nhiu ngi phi git mnh.

L hai loi n tht ng s nht ng c chu Phi nhng i chng bin nhau thnh con mi ca mnh.

Trong cuc chin kinh hong ny, bo m l k lm ch v lin tc p o c su.

Bng s nhanh nhn v nhng mng vut, hm rng sc nhn th bo hoa mai lin tc tn cng c su.

V cui cng, cuc chin cng kt thc vi thng li thuc v k mnh hn.

C su d s hu hm rng st th v sc mnh phi thng cng khng th lm g c.

C su nhanh chng tr thnh thc n ca bo hoa mai.

Nhng hnh nh c chp ti Vn quc gia Kruger, Nam Phi.

1290 bo hoa mai iran