Bart Muys presentatie

8/7/2019 Bart Muys presentatie

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Bio-d iese l Produc t ion f romJ a t ro p h a c u r c a s L.L ife cyc le, Energy balance , Global WarmingPo t en t ia l a nd Land Use I m pac tBart MUYS, Wouter ACHTEN, Erik MATHIJS, Virendra P.

SINGH*, Lou VERCHOT*

Dept. Land Management & Economics, K.U.Leuven, Belgium*ICRAF, New Delhi, Nairobi

Contact: [email protected]

www.biw.kuleuven.be/lbh/lbnl/forecoman/english/index.asp

W W W.K U L E U V E N.B E


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The Jatropha hype


Jatropha projects reported on the Internet


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Jatrophas multiple promises


drought resistent (minimum 200 mm rainfall)

high production of quality oil (up to 8 t seeds/ha/yr)

poverty reduction combatting desertification

multipurpose


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Why is there a hype for tropical biofuels?


in Europe:

EU policies on renewables

Kyoto obligations

but lack of space in Europe and higher NPP in tropics

cheaper production in tropics

tax exemptions and subsidies also valid for imported

bioenergy Rapeseed oil too expensive


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Why is there a hype for tropical biofuels?


in developing countries:

become OPEC

produce cash crop with rising prices

become independent from oil import

realize a positive import/export balance


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Is their use sustainable?


The example of oil palm:

highly positive energy and GHG balances thanks to

high production if locally used

important loss of this balance through shipping and

transformation to diesel

strong negative GHG balance if resulting from

conversion of natural forest (extremely negative if

conversion from peatland forest, cfr. SE Asia) in this case also high land use impact as a

consequence of biodiversity loss


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LCA approach



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1. Plantation unit process


Jatropha Seed

Production

Land area + site

characteristics

Plantation

establishment

Plantation

management

Energy, machines,infrastructure and auxilaries

Air emissions

Stand biomass

Seeds

Jatropha Seed

Production

Land area + site

characteristics

Plantation

establishment

Plantation

management

Energy, machines,infrastructure and auxilaries

Air emissions

Stand biomass

Seeds


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Propagation

Generative (seeds)

Vegetative (cuttings)

Direct seeding

- Sowing according to plant geometry

- Rainfall or life saving irrigation

Precultivating seedlings

- Nursery polybags 12,522,5 cm

- Nursery seedbeds: 225-30 cm

Direct Planting

- Rainfall or life saving irrigation

Precultivating plants- Nursery beds: 3030 cm

- 30 200 cm long

- 2,5 4,5 cm diameter

- lower part of branch

- 2 seeds at 2 cm depth

Plantation design

Living fences

Block Plantation

- Planting pits: 454545 cm

- spacing: 22; 2,52,5 or 33 m

- 15-25 cm within and between rows

Also erosion control and prevention

WA1

WA2

WA3

WA4

WA5


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Dia 11

WA1 The longer and bigger diameter, the higher the survival rate.Wouter Achten; 23-1-2007

WA2 Same options as in generative propagationWouter Achten; 23-1-2007

WA3 - use light soil: sandy loam, mixed with compost ratio 1:1- afterwards transferring in polybags or in the fieldWouter Achten; 23-1-2007

WA4 pregermination treatment is possible, not necessary: soak the seeds in cold watrer for 24hrsWouter Achten; 23-1-2007

WA5 arrows depict the most common handling; althoug other options are possible of course (see slide 2)Wouter Achten; 23-1-2007


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Plantation management

Pruning

Weeding

Fertilizing

Irrigating

Field should be free of weeds at all times

Depending on site and agro-climatic situation

Canopy management

Around 6 month age

Cut back at 30-45 cm

During 2nd and

ongoing years

Prune branches at -

30-45 cm

End of 1st year

Pinch or prune the

secondary and tertiarybranches

- Pruning during

dry winter period

- Every 10 yearscut back plant till

45 cm stump

Living fence:Pinch terminals

Drawings from Henning R. The Jatropha Booklet - http://www.jatropha.de/ - visited 30/01/2006

WA6

WA7

WA8

WA


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Dia 12

WA6 - for more branch and inflorescense development ==> more fruit (cutting terminals induces more laterals)- to keep the crop at manageble heightWouter Achten; 23-1-2007

WA7 mainly: Super phosphate NPK + Mg, Ca and SWouter Achten; 23-1-2007

WA8 this is 4 weeks after pruningWouter Achten; 23-1-2007

WA9 - cut back entire plant- regrowth will be quick and yield is postponed for 1 yearWouter Achten; 23-1-2007


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Combatting desertification by restoration of

vegetative cover in degraded areas Prevention and control of soil erosion through its

unique root architecture (taproot + 4 laterals)

Potential environmental benefits of

Jatropha cultivation


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Meta-analysis of dry seed yield

against (a) rainfall and (b) age


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 2 4 6 8 10

Age (yr)

Dryseedyield(kg/h

a/yr)

Paraguay

NIcaragua

Mix

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Average annual rainfall (mm)

Dryseedyield(kg/ha/yr)

Mean = 1132

StDev = 608.6

Mean = 2653

StDev = 1644.3

a.

b.

Achten et al., subm. to Biomass & Bioenergy


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Oil extraction unit process


Oil Extraction

Jatropha seeds

Energy, machines,

infrastructure and auxilaries

Air emissions &

waste water

Crude oil

Seed cake

Oil Extraction

Jatropha seeds

Energy, machines,


Air emissions &

waste water

Crude oil

Seed cake


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Kernel and shell composition


Kernel

0.18

30.35

4.13

2.82

4.41

2.70

24.85

54.59

4.48

0 20 40 60 80

gross energy

(MJ/kg)

Acid detergent

lignin (wt%) *

Adic detergent

fibre (wt%) *

Neutral

detergent fibre

(wt%) *

crude fibre

(wt%)

Ash (wt%)

Crude protein

(wt%)

Crude fat (wt%)

moisture (wt%)

n=27

n=8

n=8

n=24

n=8

n=38

n=37

n=38

n=14

Shell

9.33

1.17

4.37

75.59

86.64

30.93

4.93

19.38

51.13

0 20 40 60 80 100

gross energy

(MJ/kg)

Acid detergent

lignin (wt%)

Adic detergent

fibre (wt%)

Neutral

detergent fibre

(wt%)

crude fibre

(wt%)

Ash (wt%)

Crude protein

(wt%)

Crude fat (wt%)

moisture (wt%)

n=9

n=8

n=8

n=8

n=3

n=9

n=8

n=8

n=8


Liquid Biofuel potential

Fodder potential

Biofuel potential

Solid biofuel &

composting potential

Biofuel potential


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Crude oil composition and

characteristics


Range Mean StDevn

Specific gravity / density (g/cm) 0.860 - 0.933 0.914 0.018 13

Calorific value (MJ/kg) 37.83 - 42.05 39.63 1.52 9

pour point (C) -3 2

cloud point (C) 2 1

Flash point 210 - 240 235 11 7

Cetane value 38.0 - 51.0 46.3 6.2 4

saponification number (mg/g) 102.9 - 209.0 182.8 34.3 8

viscosity at 30C (cSt) 37.00 - 54.80 46.82 7.24 7

Free fatty acids (wt%) 0.18 - 3.40 2.18 1.46 4

Unsaponifiable (wt%) 0.79 - 3.80 2.03 1.57 5

Iodine number (mg iodine/g) 92 - 112 101 7 8

Neutralization number (mg KOH/g) 0.92 - 6.16 3.71 2.17 4

monoglycerides (wt%) nd - 1.7 1

diglycerides (wt%) 2.50 - 2.70 2

triglycerides (wt%) 88.20 - 97.30 2

Carbon residue (wt%) 0.07 - 0.64 0.38 0.29 3

Sulfur content (wt%) 0 - 0.13 2


Potential for high

diesel yield

Better than palm oil, less

good than fossil diesel

Too high for direct

combustion

Degumming before

transesterification if

>2%


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Fatty acid composition of crude oil


C16:0

C18:1

C18:0

C18:2

Other Acids

C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2

22.3%

77.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Satur

ed

nsatu

red

n=22

Mean 14.54 6.30 42.02 35.38StDev 2.37 3.41 8.07 6.26

n=10

C16:0 = Palmitic Acid; C18:0 = Strearic Acid; C18:1 Oleic Acid; C18:2 = Linoleic Acid. Other Acids

containing Capric Acid, Myristic Acid (C14:0), Palmitoleic Acid (C16:1), Linolenic Acid (C18:3),

Arachidic Acid (C20:0), Behenic Acid (C22:0), cis-11-Eicosenoic Acid (C20:1) and cis-11,14-

Eicosadienoic Acid (C20:2).

More unsaturated

than palm oil but lessthan rapeseed oil and

fossil diesel


Fatty acids with C-16-18 will yield methyl esters comparable

to petrodiesel


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Biodiesel production unit process


Alcohol reagens

Reaction catalyst

Transesterification

Jatropha oil

Energy, machines,


Air emissionsand waste water

Biodiesel

Glycerin

Alcohol reagens

Reaction catalyst

Transesterification

Jatropha oil

Energy, machines,


Air emissionsand waste water

Biodiesel

Glycerin


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JCL (m)ethyl ester characteristics compared

with the EU and USA Standards


JME JEE

range mean sd n n=1

EN

14214:2003

ASTM

D6751

Density (g/cm) 0.864 - 0.880 0.875 0.007 6 0.89 0.86 - 0.90

Calorific value (MJ/kg) 38.45 - 41.00 39.65 1.28 3Flash point 170 - 192 186 11 4 190 120 130Cetane value 50.0 - 56.1 52.3 2.3 5 59 min 51 min 47

saponification number (mg/g) 202.6 1viscosity at 30C (cSt) 4.84 - 5.65 5.11 0.47 3 5.54 3.5-5.0* 1.9-6.0*

Iodine number (mg iodine/g) 93 - 106 max 120 max 115Neutralization number (mg KOH/g) 0.06 - 0.50 0.27 0.22 3 0.08

monoglycerides (wt%) 0.24 1 0.55 max 0.8diglycerides (wt%) 0.07 1 0.19 max 0.2

triglycerides (wt%) nd 0 nd max 0.2Carbon residue (wt%) 0.02 - 0.50 0.18 0.27 3 max 0.3

Sulfur content (wt%) 0.0036 - 0.5 2Sulfated ash (wt%) 0.005 - 0.014 0.013 0.002 4

max 0.01 max 0.015

Methyl ester content (wt%) 99.6 1 99.3 min. 96.5

methanol (wt%) 0.06 - 0.09 2 0.05 max 0.2water (wt%) 0.07 - 0.1 1 0.16 max 0.5 max 0.2free glycerol (wt%) 0.015 - 0.03 2 nd

total glycerol (wt%) 0.088 - 0.1 2 0.17max 0.25 max 0.24

JME = Jatrophamethyl ester. JEE = Jatrophaethyl ester.



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SeedsSeeds

SeedcakeSeedcake

CompostCompost

FruitFruit

Fruit Hulls

ExtractionSeed Oil

Bio-diesel

Transesterification

FermentationFertilizer

Biogas

(~CH4)

Seed ShellsCombustibles

Combustibles

CO

2H2Oh

Drawings from Henning R. The Jatropha Booklet - http://www.jatropha.de/ - visited

By-products unit process


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Kernel cake composition


Kernel Cake

0.16

18.25

9.82

6.27

8.71

6.57

58.13

1.29

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Gross energy

(MJ/kg)

Acid detergent

lignin (wt%)

Acid detergentfiber (wt%)

Neutral

deteregent fiber

(wt%)

Crude fibre

(wt%)

Ash (wt%)

crude protein in

DM (wt%)

lipid (wt%)

n=13

n=6

n=9

n=9

n=7

n=13

n=13

n=13

N % P2O5 % K2O % CaO % MgO %

4.4-6.5 2.1-3 0.9-1.7 0.6-0.7 1.3-1.4

Potential fodder after

detoxification

Higher nutrient

concentration than

chicken or cattle

manure

Relatively high energy

content: briquetting



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Some outlooks per impact

category


1. Land use impact

2. Energy balance

3. GHG balance


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How to measure the land use

impact?


The simple way:

measure how much land (A) is used during

how much time (t) to produce 1 functional

unit of the product (e.g. 100 km transport withJCL biodiesel):

Impact Score S = A* t


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How to measure the land use

impact?


The better way:

multiply this area*time with a land quality factorQ:

S = Q * A* t

Time

Qualityoftheland

Q

Qref

Qact

Qact = actual land use

Qref= reference land

use, i.e. thePotential Natural

Vegetation (PNV)

of the site


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Which indicators to measure Q ?


Using 17 quantitative indicators covering 4 themes:

Ecosystem Structure

Ecosystem Function

-Vegetation (biomass & structure)

- Biodiversity (genetic information)

- Soil (buffering of sediment- and nutrient

flows)

- Water(buffering of water flows)


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Land Use Impact


VS BD SW

JatrophaPalm0

10

20

3040

50

60

70

impactscore(%)

Jatropha

Palm

(preliminary result - land use change impact not included - dont quote)

JCL in comparison with oil palm


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Trends in land use impact


1. Negative impact on vegetation structure

high if destruction of (semi-)natural vegetation

low if reclamation of wasteland;

2. Negative impact on biodiversity Rather high in monoculture

Improved by intercropping, agroforestry and if conservation

zones

Possible invasiveness low use of biocides

3. Negative impact on soil

low impact (erosion control, carbon seqestration) Higher impact if input of fertilizers and machinery

4. Negative impact on water

Positive on-site, negative off-site


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Energy balance


442

27

91

13

353

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

[1]

[2]

Primary energy input (MJ)

Jatropha cultivation

Oil extraction

Transesterification

Primary energy input for the production of 1000 MJ

Jatropha bio-diesel.

Based on Prueksakorn & Gheewala, 2006 [1] with high input and Tobin

& Fulford, 2005 [2] with low input production system.


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Energy balance


Potential Energy output for the production of 1000 MJ

Jatropha biodiesel (Prueksakorn & Gheewala, 2006)


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Trends in energy balance


Positive energy balance

Becomes less positive:

after transesterification

without energetic use of by-products

with intensification of production if shipped to remote markets


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Greenhouse gas balance


246.1

56.716.5

0

50

100

150

200

250

diesel [1] [2]

KgCO2eq.

Greenhouse gas emissions for the production of

1000 MJ Jatropha bio-diesel.

Based on Prueksakorn &

Gheewala, 2006 [1] with

high input and Tobin &

Fulford, 2005 [2] with low

input production system.


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Final conclusion


The Jatropha hype is not sufficiently supported

by hard data on crop production, productionoptimization, and environmental impact

Urgent need for:- Reliable inventory data for the complete life

cycle

- Special focus on land use impact (including

benefits)- Research on water relationships


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Thank you for your attention!

Contact: [email protected]

Acknowledgement: VLIR (Flemish Interuniversity Council)

Documents

Bart Muys presentatie