觀議圈議觀灘!

Basic Grammar

C a m b r i d g e

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Self-study

reference and

practice for

students of

North American

English

THIRDEDITION with answers

Raymond Murphywith William R. Smalzer

Contents

To the Student viii

To the Teacher x

Present1 am /is/are

2 am /is/are (questions)

3 I am do ing (present continuous)

4 are you doing? (present continuous questions)

5 I do /w ork /like , etc. (simple present)

6 I d on ’t . . . (simple present negative)

7 D o you . . . ? (simple present questions)

8 I am do ing (present continuous) and I do (simple present)

9 I have . . . and I ，ve got . . .

Past10 was/were

11 w orked/got/w ent, etc. (simple past)

12 I d id n ’t • • • D id you . • . ? (simple past negative and questions)

13 I was do ing (past continuous)

14 I was do ing (past continuous) and I d id (simple past)

15 I used to . . .

Present p e rfect16 Have you ever . . . ?

17 H ow long have you . . . ?

18 for since ago

19 I have done and I d id (present perfect and simple past 1)

20 just, already, and yet (present perfect and simple past 2)

21 I ，ve lost m y key. I lost m y key last week, (present perfect and simple past 3)

Passive22 is done was done (passive 1)

23 is be ing done has been done (passive 2)

Verb fo rm s24 be/have/do in present and past tenses

25 Regular and irregular verbs

Future26 W hat are you do ing tom orrow ?

27 I ，m go ing to . . .

28 w ill 1

29 w ill 2

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263. iii

M odals, im peratives, etc.30 m ig h t

31 can and could

32 m ust

33 should

34 I have to . . .

35 W ou ld you like . . . ? I ，d like . . .

36 I ’d rather . . .

37 D o th is! D o n ’t do that! L e t’s do this!

There and i t38 there is there are

39 there was/were there has/have been there w ill be

40 It . . .

A ux ilia ry verbs41 I am , I don ’t, etc.

42 You have? / Have you? / Y ou are? / Are you?, etc.

43 too/e ither so am I / neither do I, etc.

44 isn ’t, haven’t, d on ’t, etc. (negatives)

etc. (questions 1)

Q uestions45 is it . . . ? have you . . . ? do they . .

46 W ho saw you? W ho d id you see? (questions 2)

47 W ho is she ta lk ing to? W ha t is it like? (questions 3)

48 W ha t . . . ? W h ich . . . ? H ow . . . ? (questions 4)

49 H ow long does it take . . . ?

50 D o you know where . . . ? I d on ’t know what . . . ， etc.

Reported speech51 She said that . . . He to ld m e that . . .

-/ng and to . . .52 w ork /w ork ing go /go ing

53 to . . . (1 w ant to do) and -

54 I w ant you to . . . I to ld

55 I went to the store to . . .

do /do ing

in g (I enjoy doing) you to . . .

Go, get, do, m ake, and have56 go to . . . go on . . . go for . . . go + -ing

57 get

58 do and make

59 have

Pronouns and possessives60 I/m e h e /h im they/them , etc.

61 m y/h is /the ir , etc.

62 W hose is this? It’s m ine/yours/hers, etc.

63 I /m e /m y /m ine

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263.

64 myself/yourself/themselves, etc.

65 -，s (K ate，s camera / m y brother’s car, etc.)

A and th e66 a/an

67 t r a in (비 b u s ( e s ) (singular and plural)68 a bottle / some water (countable/uncountable 1)

69 a cake / some cake / some cakes (countable/uncountable 2)

70 a/an and the

71 the . . .

72 go to work go hom e go to the movies

73 I like m usic I hate exams

74 the . . . (names of places)

D eterm iners and pronouns75 th is/that/these/those

76 one/ones

77 some and any

78 not + any no none

79 not + anybody/anyone/any th ing nobody /no one /no th ing

80 som ebody /any th ing/now here , etc.

81 every and all

82 all m ost some any no/none

83 bo th either neither

84 a lo t m uch m any

85 (a) little (a) few

A d jective s and adverbs8687

88

89

90

91

92

93

old /n ice /in teresting , etc. (adjectives)

quick ly /bad ly /sudden ly , etc. (adverbs)

o ld /o lder expensive / more expensive

. m ore expensive than .older than

not as . . .

the oldest

enough

too

the m ost expensive

Word o rder94 He speaks English very well, (word order 1)

95 always /usually/often , etc. (word order 2)

96 still yet already

97 G ive m e that book! G ive it to m e!

Con junction s and c lauses98 and but or so because

99 W hen . . .

100 I f we go . . . I f you see . . . , etc.

101 I f I had . . . I f we went . . . , etc.

102 a person w ho . . . a thing tha t/w h ich . . . (relative clauses 1)

103 the people we m et the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2)

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263.

Prepositions104 at 8:00 on M onday inl A p r il

105 from . . . to u n t il since for

106 before after du r ing while

107 in at on (places 1)

108 in at on (places 2)

109 to in at (places 3)

110 next to, between, under, etc.

111 up, over, through , etc.

112 on at by w ith about

113 afraid o f . . . , good at . . . , etc.

114 listen to . . look at . . . ， etc. (

of/at/for, etc. (prepositions)

(verb + preposition)

Phrasal verbs115 go in, fall o ff, run away, etc. (phrasal verbs 1)

116 pu t on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2)

Appendix 1 Active and passive 235

Appendix 2 List o f irregular verbs 236

Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups 237

Appendix 4 Short forms (he，s / I ，d / don ’t, etc.) 238

Appendix 5 Spelling 240

Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (take o ff / give up, etc.)

Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object (put ou t a fire /

242

try on clothes, etc.)

Additional Exercises

Study Guide 263

244

Answer Key to Exercises 276

Answer Key to Additional Exercises

Answer Key to Study Guide 306

303

Index 308

-ing

243

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263

am/is/are

l#m 22.

My name is Lisa.

I,m American. I'm from Chicago.

I'm a student.

My father is a doctor, and my mother is a journalist.

I'm not married.

My favorite color is blue.

My favorite sports are tennis and swimming.

I'm interested in art.Lisa

Positive Negative

I am (I’m) I am not (I，m not)

he (he，s) he (he，s n o t or he isn’t)she is (she’s) she is not (she，s n o t or she isn’t)

it (It’S) it (it’s not or it isn ’t)

we (we’re) we (we，re n o t or we aren’t)you are (you’re) you are not (you，re no t or you aren’t)they (they，re) they (they’re not or they aren’t)

short forms

[，m cold. Can you close the window, please?

short forms

I'm afraid of dogs.

■ I，m 32 years old. My sister is 29.

■ Steve is sick. He’s in bed.

■ My brother is afraid of dogs.

■ It’s 10:00.You’re late again.

■ Ann and I are good friends.

■ Your keys are on the table.

■ I9m tired, but I，m not hungry.

■ Tom isn’t interested in politics. H e，s interested in music.

■ Jane isn’t a teacher. She，s a student.

■ Those people aren’t Canadian. They’re Australian.

■ It，s sunny today, but it isn’t warm.

that’s = that is there’s = there is here，s = here is

■ Thank you. That’s very nice of you.

■ Look! There’s Chris.

■ “Here5s your key.” “TThank you.”

am /is/are (questions) —► U n it 2 th e re is/are U n it 38 a/an —► U n it 66 short form s —► A pp end ix 4

Exercises U N.1 Write the short form (she#s / w e a ren 't, etc.).

1. she is shes

2. they are __________

■2 Write am, is, or are.

3.

4.

it is n o t .

that is

5. I am not

6. you are not

1.3

1. The weather is nice today.

2. I _______ not rich.

3. This bag heavy.

4. These bags_______ heavy.

Complete the sentences.

1. Steve is sick. Hes_______

5.

6 .7.

8 .

Look! There .

My brother and I ___

A m y_______ at home. Her children

Carol.

good tennis players.

at school.

a taxi driver. My sister .

bed.

thirsty.

98.

I ’m not hungry, b u t____________

Mr. Thomas is a very old man. _

These chairs aren’t beautiful, but

The weather is nice today.______

“_________________ late.” “No, I ’m not. I ’m early!’

comfortable.

warm and sunny.

Catherine isn’t at home.. at work.

“_________________ your coat.” “Oh, thank you very much.”

1.4 Look at Lisa's sentences in 1A. Now write sentences about yourself.

1. (name?) M y.

2. (from?) I __

3. (age?) I —

4. (job?) I —

5. (favorite color or colors?)

M y ______________________

6. (interested in . . . ?)

I _________________________

Write sentences for the pictures. Use:

afraid angry cold hot hungry th irsty

1.

2 .

Shes thirsty.

They.

3.

4.

or

He

1.6 Write true sentences, positive

(it / hot today)

(it / windy today)

(my hands / cold)

(Brazil / a very big country)

(diamonds / cheap)

(Toronto / in the United States)

negative. Use is /isn 't or are !a ren 't.Its hot today.________ O R It isn't hot today.

It.

M y.

Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use r m / l gm not.ᄀ . (tired)

8. (hungry)

9. (a good swimmer)

10. (interested in politics)

I'm tired. O R I'm not tired

—► Add itional exercise 1 (page 244)

am/is/are (questions)

Positive

I am

he

she

it

is

we

you

they

are

Question

am I?

is

he?

she?

it?

are

we?

you?

they?

What's your name?

David.

Are you married? j

No, I'm single.

How old are you? j

25.

Are you a student?

Yes, I am.

■ “A m I late?” “No, you’re on time.”

■ “Is your m other at home?” “No, she’s out.”

■ “Are your parents at home?” “No, they，re out.”

■ “Is it cold in your room?” “Yes, a little.”

■ Your shoes are nice. Are they new?

We say:

■ Is she at home? / Is your m other at home? (not Is at home your mother?)■ Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (not Are new your shoes?)

Where . . . ? / W hat ? / W ho ? / H ow /W h y

H

what’s

Where is your mother? Is she at home?

“"Where are you from?” “Canada.”

“W hat color is your car?” “It’s red.”

“H ow old is Joe?” “He’s 24.”

“H ow are your parents?” “They re fine.”

These postcards are nice. H ow m uch are they?

This hotel isn’t very good. W hy is it so expensive?

= what is w ho，s = who is how’s = how is where’s = where is

■ W ha t5s your phone number?

■ W here’s Lucy?

W ho，s that man?

H ow ，s your father?

Short i

■

I am .

he

she is.

Yes, it

we

you are.

they

I，m

No,

he，s

she，s

it，s not.

we，re

you，re

they’re

No,

he

she

it

isn’t.

we

you

they

aren’t.

'Are you tired?” “Yes，I a m .”

'Are you hungry?” “No, P m not, but I ’m thirsty.”

‘Is your friend Japanese?” “Yes, he is .”

4Are these your keys?” “Yes，they are.”

“T hat’s my seat.” “No, it isn’t .”

That's my seat.

a m /is /a re —► U n it 1 questions —♦• U nit 45 w h a t/w h ic h /h o w —► U n it 48

Toronto. 1

No, I，m not. 2

Yes, you are. 3

My sister. 4

Black. 5

No, it’s black. 6

In your bag. 7

No, shes American. 8

Fine. 9

1. Where s the camera?

2. Is your car blue?

3. Is Linda from London?

4. Am I late?

5. Where’s Ann from?

6. What color is your bag?

7. Are you hungry?

8. How is George?

9. W ho ’s that woman?

2.2 Make questions with these words.

1. (is / at home / your mother) Is your mother at home_______________________

2. (your parents / are / how) How are your parents____________________________

3. (interesting / is / your jo b )___________________________________________________

4. (the stores / are / open today)_______________________________________________

5. (from / where / you / are)___________________________________________________

6. (interested in sports / you / are)_____________________________________________

7. (is / near here / the post office)______________________________________________

8. (at school / are / your children)______________________________________________

9. (you / are / late / w hy)______________________________________________________

2.3 Complete the questions. Use What • ■ ■ / Who . . . / Where . . . / H ow . . . .

Exercises2.1 Find the right answers for the questions.

U N

How are your children?

________________ the bus stop?

______________ your children?

______________ these oranges?

_________ your favorite sport?

the man in this photograph?

____________ your new shoes?

2.4 Write the questions.

9

(name?) What's your name?

(Australian?)

(how old?) 一

(a teacher?) _

(married?) —

(wife a lawyer?)

(from?).

(her name?)

(how old?) 一

2.5 Write short answers {Yes, / am . / Now he isn 't., etc.)

No, I'm not._________ 4

They’re fine.

At the end of the block.

Five, six, and ten.

$1.50 a pound.

Skiing.

That’s my father.

Black.

Paul

Paul.

No, I,m Canadian.

I’m 30.

No，I ’m a lawyer.

Yes, I am.

No, she’s a teacher.

She’s from Mexico.

Ana.

She’s 27.

1. Are you married? .

2. Are you thirsty? _

3. Is it cold today? 一

Are your hands cold?

Is it dark now ?______

6. Are you a teacher?

\—

/

\—

/ \—

/ \—/

\—

/ A—

/ \—/ \

—

/ \—

/

a

b c d

e

f

§ h i

—► Additiona l exercises 1-2 (pages 244-245)

U N I T I am doing (present continuous)

She，s eating.

She isn’t reading.

It’s raining.

The sun isn ’t shining.

They’re running .

They aren’t walking.

The present continuous is:

am /is/are + doing/eating/running/writing, etc.

I am (not) ■ I，m working. I，m not w atching TV.

he ■ Maria is reading a newspaper.

she is (not) ■ She isn’t eating, (or She，s not eating.)

it -ing ■ The phone is ring ing.

we ■ W e，re having dinner.

you are (not) ■ You，re not listening to me. (or You aren’t

they ■ The children are do ing their homework.

A m /is/are + -ing = something is happening now:

I，m working

she，s wearing a hat

they’re playing baseball

I ’m not watching television

past now future

■ Please be quiet. I，m working. (= I，m working now)

■ Look, there’s Sarah. She，s wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now)

■ The weather is nice. It，s not raining.

■ “Where are the children?，， “They’re p laying in the park.”

■ (on the phone) W e，re having dinner now. Can I call you later?

■ You can turn off the television. I ’m not watching it.

For spelling, see Appendix 5.

come —► coming write —► writing dance —► dancing

run —♦ running sit —► sitting swim —► swimming

lie — lying

am /is/are —► U nit 1 are you doing? (questions) —► U n it 4 I am doing and I do —► U n it 8

W h a t are you doing to m o rro w ? —► U n it 26

Exercises U N3,1 What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences:

cat have lie play sit wait

Shes eating an apple.

2 .3.

He

They .

for a bus.

4.

5.

6 .

on the floor.

breakfast.

on the table.

3.2 Complete the sentences. Use these verbs:

bu ild cook leave stand stay sw im take -w-erk

1. Please be quiet. I 'm workina

2. “Where’s John?” “He’s in the kitchen. He ”

3. “You on my foot. ’ “Oh, I ’m sorry.”

4. Look! Somebody in the river.

5. We’re here on vacation. We at a hotel on the beach

6. “Wheres Sue?，， “She a shower.”

They . a new hotel downtown.

now. Goodbye.

3.3 Look at the picture. Write sentences about Jane. Use She,s + -ing or She is n 't + -ing.(have dinner) lone isn't having dinner._______________

(watch television) Shes watching television.

(sit on the floor) She_______________________

(read a book)_______________________________

(play the p iano)____________________________

(laugh) ---------------------------------------------------------(wear a ha t)________________________________

(write a letter)_____________________________

3.4 What's happening now? Write true sentences.

1. (I / wash / my hair) I'm not washing my hair.

2

89

10

(it / snow)

(I / sit / on a chair)

(I / eat)

(it / rain)

(I / study / English)

(I / listen / to music)

(the sun / shine)

(I / wear / shoes)

(I / read / a newspaper)

Its snowing. O R It isn't snowing.

are you doing? (present continuous questions)

Positive

I am

he doing

she is working

it going

we staying,

you

they

are etc.

Question

am I

doing?

working?

going?

staying?,

etc.

is

he

she

it

are

we

you

they

What are you doing?

“Are you feeling OK?” “Yes, I ’m fine, thanks.”

“Is it rain ing?” “Yes, take an umbrella.”

Why are you wearing a coat? It’s not cold.

“W hat’s Paul doing?” “H e，s reading the newspaper.”

“What are the children doing?” “They’re watching television.”

Look, there’s Emily! Where’s she going?

W ho are you w aiting for? Are you w aiting for Sue?

Study the word order:

is/are + subject + -ing

Where

Where

Is

Is

are

are

he

Paul

they

those people

working today?

working today? (not Is working Paul today?)

going?

going? (not Where are going those people?)

Short i

I am.

Yes,

he

she

it

is.

we

you

they

are.

I，m

No,

he，s

she，s

it，s not.

we5re

you，re

they’re

No,

he

she

it

isn’t.

we

you

they

aren’t.

■ “Are you leaving now?” “Yes, I a m .’

SS “Is Paul working today?” “Yes, he is.

■ “Is it rain ing?” “No, it isn ’t .”

■ “Are your friends staying at a hotel?” 'No, they aren’t. They，re staying with me.’

I am doing —► U n it 3 W h a t are you do ing to m o rro w ? —► U n it 26 questions —► Units 4 5 -4 8