41

bdkbZ 3 eè;dkyhu uxjhdj.k ds vè;;ulacaèkh fopkjèkkjk,a

lajpuk

3-1 çLrkouk

3-2 ;wjksi esa eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh èkkj.kk

3-3 eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa lacaèkh nf"Vdks.k

3-4 eè;dkyhu uxjokn dh èkkj.kk3-4-1 okf.kfT;d vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls vfHkizsfjr uxjokn

3-4-2 uxjokn vkSj lwQh rFkk HkfDr dk çlkj

3-4-3 iksfylØslh

3-4-4 iqrZxkyh uxj% iksfylxkfdZd

3-5 ^uxj-jkT;*

3-6 lkjka'k

3-7 vH;kl

3-8 lanHkZ xzaFk

3-1 çLrkouk

vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu ds lwpd ds :i esa uxjksa dk vFkZ fofHkUu,sfrgkfld vofèk;ksa vkSj {ks=h; lanHkks± esa vyx-vyx gksrk gS ¼'kqYV~l] 1979% 15½A ;|fi^uxj* vkSj ^uxj* 'kCnkofy;ksa dk ç;ksx le;-okj foHksn ds fcuk vusd yksxksa }kjk lHkh,sfrgkfld vofèk;ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] bfrgkldkj fuf'pr :i ls ;g tkurs gSa fd^uxj* vkSj ^uxj* ds lkj rRo le; ds lkFk cnyrs jgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa uxjh; dsaæxfrghu ugha gSa] nwljh vksj os cnyrh gqbZ cgr~ lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa] ftlds vanjos viuh lajpuk vkSj Lo:i èkkj.k djrs gSa] ds vkèkkj ij le; chrus ds lkFk viuk vFkZHkh cnyrs jgrs gSaA ml Hkko esa os lw{e txr gSa tks cgr~ txr dks çfrfcfEcr djrk gSAbl rjg ds cksèk ds dkj.k dqN yksxksa us uxj ;k uxj dks ,d lkekftd :i esa ns[kkftlesa lkekftd lacaèkksa dh cgr~ ç.kkfy;ksa ds vfuok;Z xq.k Li"V :i ls ladsfUær vkSjxgu Fks ¼vczkEl] 1978 % 9-10½A ;g cksèk fd uxj cgr lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa dsijkorZd gSa cgqr ls yksxksa dks eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks çkphu dkyhu uxjksa vkSj vkèkqfuddkyhu uxjksa ls Hkh dqN vR;fèkd fHkUu :i esa ns[kus ds fy, mRçsfjr djrs gSa tgk¡ iwjhrjg ls fHkUu lkekftd lacaèk fØ;k'khy FksA

* izks- ik;l ekysdk.MkfFky] lsVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] ubZfnYyhA ;g ;ksxs'k 'kekZ vkSj ik;l ekysdk.MkfFky ¼2014½ }kjk laikfnr iqLrd] flVht bu fefMoybafM;k] ubZ fnYyh % izkbel cqDl½ dh izLrkouk dk la'kksfèkr laLdj.k gSA mi;qZDr iqLrd ls izLrkoukdk iz;ksx djus nsus ds fy, gesa izkbel cqDl ds vkHkkjh gSaA

*

42

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

3-2 ;wjksi esa eè; dkyhu uxjksa dh èkkj.kk

;g rdZ nsrs gq, fd uxj le; chrus ds lkFk gq, vkfFkZd fodkl ds lwpd gSa]bfrgkldkj vkSj lekt'kkL=h; rn~uq:ih uxjh; çfØ;kvksa dh lw{e çofÙk dks Hkh tkuusdk ç;kl djrs jgs gSaA eSDl oscj us çkphu xzhd ;k jkseu uxjkas] tks eq[;r% miHkksx dsdsaæ Fks] ds foijhr ik'pkR; eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks mRiknu ds dsaæ ds :i esa ns[kkA ;gdgk tkrk gS fd ;s eè;dkyhu uxj if'pe esa iwathokn ds fodkl ds fy, ç{ksi LFkycu x,A bl çfØ;k esa mUgksaus mRiknu dh çfØ;kvksa dks fofue; dh çfØ;kvksa ls tksM+fn;k vkSj lkFk gh ^miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa] tks if'pe esa çkphudky ds nkSjku fLFkfr Fkh]ds Åij mRikndksa* rFkk O;kikfj;ksa* ds fgrksa dks jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLÑfrd* çkFkfedrkHkh çnku dhA eSDl oscj bu ^mRikndksa* vkSj ^O;kikfj;ksa* dh vksj ls if'pe dseè;dkyhu uxjksa esa ?kfVr gks jgs lÙkk ds dqN Lo:iksa ds la?kVu vFkok :ikUrj.k vkfnlkekftd dk;Zdykiksa ds çdkjksa dk Hkh mYys[k djrk gSA eè;dkyhu if'pe ds uxjfuokfl;ksa dh jpuk ^mRikndksa* rFkk ^O;kikfj;ksa* ls feydj gqbZ Fkh] mUgksaus vius pkjksavksj QSys oSèk lkearh çkfèkdkfj;ksa ij viuh fuHkZjrk dks rksM+ Mkyk vkSj dkjhxjksa rFkkÑ"kdksa] ftUgsa mu ij fuHkZj jgus dh t:jr Fkh] ij Lo;a dks voSèk :i ls Åij j[k dj^voSèk çHkqRo* LFkkfir djus ds fy, lÙkk gM+i yhA ;g rdZlaxr ,lksfl,'kuksa vkSj cxZjksa¼burghers½ ds HkkbZpkjksa ds lkStU; ls] ftUgksaus ckn esa lÙkk gM+i yh vkSj ,sls Hkh lanHkZFks ftuesa le) ukxfjdksa ds futh Dycksa us ukxfjdrk çnku djus ds vius vfèkdkj dsfy, nkok fd;kA rdZ vkèkkfjr vkfFkZd fØ;k] O;kikj dk Lora= lapkyu vkSj ykHk dhryk'k dks LohÑr djus okys uxj dh Lok;Ùkrk dk okrkoj.k] ftlus vFkZO;oLFkk vkSjlÙkk ds ç;ksx nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa mRikndksa* ds fgrksa dks lajf{kr fd;k] eè;dkyhu if'pehuxjksa esa dk;Z vkpkj* ds fodkl dk lkèkd Fkk ¼oscj] 1966( oscj] 1968 % 1212-1367( oqM]2007 % 158-173( vczkEl] 1978 % 28-30½A eSDl oscj us nyhy nh fd ftls ,d vkn'kZ]iw.kZ uxjh; leqnk; le>k tkrk gS og ,d ,slh clkoV Fkh ftlesa O;kikj-okf.kfT;dlacaèkksa ds lkisf{kd iwoZ-çHkqRo rFkk bldh fdyscanh] cktkj] blds vius U;k;ky; rFkk dels de va'kr% Lok;Ùk dkuwu Fks] blesa ,lksfl,'ku dk ,d lacafèkr Lo:i vkSj Lok;ÙkrkrFkk Lora=rk dh visf{kr ek=k Hkh Fkh ftlus cxZjksa ds fuokfl;ksa ¼ukxfjdksa½ dks muçkfèkdkfj;ksa ds fuokZpu] ftlus mUgsa 'kkflr fd;k] dks LohÑfr nsus dks çnf'kZr fd;k¼oscj] 1966 % 80-1( oscj] 1968 % 1215-1231½A ;g vkn'kZ yk{kf.kd lajpuk Fkh tks cgqrgh vfèkd ;wjksi dsafær FkhA

eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh lkearokn ls iwathokn dh vksj laØe.k dh çfØ;k esa Hkwfedk rFkkBhd blh çdkj lkekftd mn~Hko ds vfuok;Z ?kVd ds :i esa uxjksa esa dkexkj oxZ dhjpuk dk fo"k; Hkh yacs le; rd thoUr vdknfed okn-fookn dk fo"k; jgk gSA gsujhfijsu eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh çèkkurk vkSj yach-nwjh ds O;kikj dks lkekftd ifjorZu dslkèku ds :i esa ns[krs gSa rFkk mudk fopkj gS fd X;kjgoha lnh ds ckn ls if'peh ;wjksiesa okf.kfT;d iqu:)kj ds lkFk ;wjksih; uxjksa dh vksj mUeq[k gksus yxs ¼fijsu 1956 %81-110½A ekWfjl MkWc us vkjfEHkd rdZ fn;k Fkk fd eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds mRFkku vkSjcktkjksa ds fodkl us lkearokn dh lajpuk ij fo?kVudkjh çHkko Mkyk Fkk vkSj ^mu'kfDr;ksa dks etcwr fd;k ftlus bls fucZy fd;k rFkk m[kkM+ Qsadk* ¼MkWc] 2007 % 70-1½A MkWc us vius bl fopkj dks ikWy Loht+h] ftlus lkearokn ds lkFk uxjksa dh ckárkij ç'u mBk;k] ls fookn ds i'pkr~ la'kksfèkr fd;kA blds çR;qÙkj esa ekSfjl MkWc us rdZ

43

fn;k fd eè;dkyhu uxjksa dk mRFkku lkear O;oLFkk dh vkarfjd çfØ;k Fkh vkSj mUgksausbl ckr dks mtkxj fd;k fd lkearoknh lkekftd lacaèk ^y?kq mRiknu rFkk fofue;]ftls Lo;a lkearokn us lftr fd;k Fkk] dh çfØ;k dks jksdus* esa v{ke FkkA mUgksausn'kkZ;k fd ^;g y?kq mRiknu ij çHkqRo LFkkfir djus vkSj O;kikj ds ykHkksa dks gLrxr*djus ds fy, lkearh O;oLFkk ds vanj fofHkUu lewgksa ds chp la?k"kZ dh çfØ;k Fkh* ¼Lohth]2006 % 40( MkWc] 2007 % 59-61½A mlus eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks ijra= lekt ds chp ,du[kfyLrku ds :i esa ns[kk ftlus nfer vkSj 'kksf"kr xzkeh.k tula[;k ds fy, Lora=rkds pqEcd ds :i esa dke fd;k vkSj mUgsa uxjksa dh vksj çokl ds fy, izsfjr fd;k ¼MkWc]2007% 70½A

bfrgkldkjk s a u s ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd if'pe es a fofHkUu çdkj dseè;dkyhu uxjksa dk mn; gqvk vkSj ;g fd lkearokn ls laØe.k dks dk;kZfUor djusesa mudk vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd egRo leku ugha FkkA eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks ,d Js.khesa j[kuk =qfViw.kZ lkfcr gqvk gSA gsujh fijsu us eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh nks vyx Jsf.k;kafpfUgr dh gS% ¼d½ lkear ds vèkhu uxj ¼Leige type½ vkSj ¼[k½ ¶ysfe'k uxj ¼Flemish½çdkj dsA lkear ds vèkhu çdkj ds uxj eq[;r% jktuhfrd lÙkk ;k fc'ki dk vkokl¼èkkfeZd lÙkk½ ;k mldh vnkyr dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk dsUnz Fks tgk¡ dh eq[; tula[;kppZ ls lacafèkr Hkæ tuksa] ç'kkldksa vkSj dqN dkjhxjksa rFkk lsodksa dh Fkh tks mUgsa rS;kjeky miyCèk djkrs FksA ¶ysfe'k çdkj dk uxj eq[;r% vkfFkZd bdkbZ Fkh ftl ij le)dqyhura=] ftlesa èkuh O;kikjh vkSj foÙkh; ifjokj lfEefyr Fks] dk 'kklu FkkA bu uxjksadk mn~xe yach-nwjh dh O;kikj pSuyksa ds lekukUrj gqvk vkSj os iqjkuh jkseu clkoVksarFkk ppZ lacaèkh Vkmuf'kiksa rFkk lkearh fdyscafn;ksa ds ckgj vofLFkr FksA bu uxjksa dsfuokfl;ksa ds thou;kiu dh eq[; èkkjk O;kikj Fkk vkSj blds QyLo:i mUgksaus ,d u,lkearokn-fojksèkh 'kkld oxZ ds fy, vkèkkj rS;kj fd;k ¼fijsu] 1956 % 55-100] 124-144]160½A

QukZUM czkWMy dk fopkj gS fd uxjksa ds fodkl ds Øe esa rhu cqfu;knh çdkj ds uxjFks% ¼d½ eqDr uxj tks vius vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ls fHkUu ugha Fks vkSj dHkh-dHkh blesa fefJrHkh gksrs Fks] tSlk fd çkphu xzhl vkSj jkse esa ns[kk x;k FkkA eqDr uxjksa esa lÙkk dk cM+kfgLlk Ñ"kd txr dh lajpukvksa ds ikl FkkA ¼[k½ nwljs çdkj esa vkjf{kr uxj Fks tksvkRefuHkZj bdkb;ksa Fkha vkSj ^çR;sd nf"V esa vius vki esa jf{kr Fkha* vkSj ^bu uxjksa dhnhokjsa ,d Hkw-Hkkx dh vis{kk ,d O;fDrxr thou 'kSyh dh lhekvksa dk ifjpk;d Fkha*]tSlk fd ge eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[krs gSaA ,d fdlku us lkearh nklrk lsHkkxus ds fy, ftl {k.k eè;dkyhu uxj dh çkphjksa dks ikj dj uxj dh pgkjnhokjhokys LFkku esa ços'k fd;k] mls viuh nklrk ls eqfDr feyh vkSj og Lora= gks x;kA vclkear mls Nw rd ugha ldrk FkkA bu uxjksa esa ml uxj ds vanj jgus okys yksxksa }kjklÙkk dks lkisf{kd :i ls gLrxr dj fy;k x;k FkkA ¼x½ rhljs çdkj esa vèkhuLFk uxj'kkfey Fks tks jktkvksa vkSj jkT; ds ijkèkhu Fks tSlk fd ¶yksjsal tSls iwoZ vkèkqfud uxjksads lanHkZ esa gS ftls eSfMfll us vèkhu fd;k Fkk ;k isfjl ftls cwjckWu ¼Bourbon½ 'kkldksaus viuh jktèkkuh cuk;kA lajf{kr uxjksa ;k O;kikfjd uxjksa dks bl :i esa ns[kk x;kekuksa mUgksaus gh ik'pkR; ;wjksi dks vkfFkZd nf"V esa çxfr ds iFk ij vkxs c<+k;k ¼czkWMsy]1973% 401-6] vczkEl] 1978% 24-5½A

,d egRoiw.kZ y{k.k ftlds }kjk fdlh uxj dks xkao ls vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS] og

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

44

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

Je foHkktu dh çÑfr gS] bfrgkldkjksa us eè;dkyhu uxjksa esa Hkh Je çfØ;kvksa ij è;kudsfUnzr fd;k gSA ;|fi fl)kUr% QukZUM czkWMsy lger gS fd O;kikjh] jktuhfrd] èkkfeZdvkSj vkfFkZd fu;a=.k lacaèkh çdk;Z vkSj f'kYi fØ;kdyki uxjksa ds izeq[k y{; gSa ysfdumudk fopkj Fkk fd bu fØ;kdykiksa dk lEiw.kZ foLrkj dsoy cM+s uxjksa esa gh fn[kkbZnsrk Fkk u fd NksVs uxjksa esa tgk¡ tula[;k lhfer Fkh ¼vczkEl] 1978% 376½A okLro esaeè;dkyhu uxjksa esa Je çfØ;k mruh l?ku vkSj tfVy ugha Fkh ftruh fd ge vkèkqfuduxjksa esa ikrs gSa ftudk mRFkku vkS|ksfxd iwathokn ds lkFk gqvkA bruk gh ugha]eè;dkyhu uxjksa ls fHkUu vkS|ksfxd iwathokn esa ftl çdkj dh lkekftd çofÙk dkçdkj çdV gqvk mlus iqfyl O;oLFkk] lM+d ;kstukvksa] nqdkuksa ds fy, fuèkkZfjr LFkku]ifjogu ds tky] ukekafdr vkSj iFkd iM+ksl] jktuhfrd lÙkk dh lafLFkfr] LoPNrk vkSjLokLF;p;kZ bR;kfn ds }kjk vkèkqfud IykUM uxjksa ds vH;qn; dks vko';d cuk fn;kAfu;a=.k ds fofHkUu Lo:i tks vkS|ksfxd iwathokn ds i'pkr~ uxjh; LFkyksa ij Åij ykxwfd, x, vkSj ftl rjg ls vkt vkèkqfud uxjksa esa ik, tkrs gSa] eè;dkyhu uxjksa esa ughans[ks tk ldrsA

gky gh esa eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks lkaLÑfrd lajpuk ds :i esa ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kgS vkSj lkaLÑfrd fuekZ.kksa ds :i esa uxjh; igpkuksa rFkk uxj-Lo:iksa dh 'kq:vkr dhxbZ tks yxkrkj uohuhdr vkSj la'kksfèkr gksrs jgsA uxjh; leqnk;ksa dk mudh lkeqnkf;dHkkxhnkjh] fons'kh laLÑfr;ksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ] cgqyoknh lektksa dh lajpuk] f} ;k cgq fu"BkrFkk cgq lac)rk ds dkj.k muds lkaLÑfrd fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

vusd bfrgkl ls lacafèkr Hkwxksfyfon~ vkSj bfrgkldkj rdZ nsrs gSa fd uxjh; bdkb;ksads fuekZ.k esa lfEefyr LFkkfud çfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj vè;;u muls ekuoh;fuekZrkvksa ¼,tsaVksa½ ds mís'; rFkk mudh iwfrZ dh lhek dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkldrk gSA fe'ksy Qwdks] gsujh ysQscz] ,MoMZ lkstk us bu ^LFkkuksa ds fuekZ.k* ls lacafèkrvè;;uksa }kjk budh vksj i;kZIr è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS ¼Qwdks] fLçax] 1986% 22-27( Qwdks]jkbV vkSj jsucks] 1982% 14-20( ysQscz] 1991% lkstk] 1989½A bfrgkl ls lacafèkr Hkwxksyfon~rdZ nsrs gSa fd LFkkfud çfØ;k dqN ,slh gSa] tks la;ksxo'k ugha gksrh gS] ^vfirq fuf'prç;kstu ls vkSj rdZ ds lkFk gksrh gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd ßLFkyÞ] fo'ks"kdj uxjh; LFky]vfHkçk;iw.kZ vFkZ ls vkosf"kr gksrk gS vkSj n'kkZrk gS fd fdl çdkj lÙkk vkSj çHkqRouxjh; LFky esa fpfUgr gSa ¼gkohZ] 2001( xzsxjh] 2000 % 644-646( gkohZ] 1973( gkohZ] 1985(gkohZ 2007½A LFkkfudhdj.k ewyHkwr ifjorhZdkjd ds :i esa LFky* ij è;ku dsafær djrkgS tks lekt ds laxBu rFkk xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj lkFk gh blds O;fDrxr lnL;ksa ds O;ogkjnksuksa dks çHkkfor djrk gS ¼dkWDl] 1976% 187-207½A bl çdkj dk vè;;u bl ekU;rkls mRiUu gksrk gS fd euq"; Hkw-n'; esa ckj-ckj ifjorZu djds vfLrRo dh HkkSfrd çfØ;kesa HkkSxksfyd lajpuk ij Nki NksM+rk gS vkSj fd Hkw-n'; ds ,sfrgkfld vè;;u }kjk dksbZekuoh; dk;Zdykiksa ds lanHkZ dks i<+ ldrk gS rFkk blds ihNs ds ekuoh; fparu dk irkyxk ldrk gSA fe'ksy Qwdks] ftUgksaus lÙkk dks LFky esa mRdh.kZ ik;k] dk n<+ fo'oklFkk fd lekt esa lÙkk dk fo'ys"k.k LFky ds Åij fu;a=.k ds fo'ys"k.k ds ekè;e ls çkIrfd;k tk ldrk gS ¼Qwdks] 1980 % 76-77( csdj] 2003 % 65½A bfrgkl ls lacafèkrHkwxksyosÙkk vkSj bfrgkldkj vc futh vkSj lkoZtfud LFkkuksa] ifo= vkSj ykSfdd LFkkuksa]okf.kfT;d vkSj vkuq"Bkfud LFkkuksa] lk>k vkSj foHkkftr LFkkuksa] iq:"k vkSj L=h LFkkuksarFkk O;fDrxr vkSj laLFkkxr LFkkuksa ds chp foHksn djrs gSa rFkk os Lohdkj djrs gSa fdLFkku çfrLièkhZ lalkèku gSa ftu ij O;fDr vkSj lewg viuh 'kfDr ds çn'kZu ds :i esa

45

fu;a=.k LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSa ¼Iykst+kLdk] 1994 % 413-429( ekysdUMkfFky] 2009 % 13-38½A

lekt'kkfL=;ksa vkSj uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa dk n<+ fopkj gS fd uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k dsvè;;u dks tula[;k] lkekftd laxBu] HkkSfrd ifjos'k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ij è;ku dsafærdjuk pkfg,A uxjh; ifjorZu dh çfØ;k rc vkjEHk gksrh gS tc cnyrs gq, lkekftdlaxBu rFkk çkS|ksfxdh; uoksUes"k uxjh; LFky esa bl rjg ls ?kfVr gksrs gSa fd tula[;kvkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp larqyu cny tkrk gSA blls mRiUu lkekftd çfØ;k ds dkj.kuxjh; LFkku esa fofHkUu çdkj dh lajpuk,a çdV gksrh gSa ¼'kqYV~t] 1979% 15½A LVSuyhds- 'kqYV~t dk ekuuk gS fd uxjh; çfØ;k dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>us ds fy, tula[;kds ?kuRo dk vkdkj] xzkeh.k-uxjh; xzkeh.k çolu iSVuZ] çtuu-eR;q nj vuqikr]lk{kjrk-nj bR;kfn vkSj clkoV ds fy, p;fur HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds çdkj tSls igyqvksads fo'ys"k.k dks le>uk pkfg,A bl lc ds lkFk gh lkFk HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds varxZrHkkSfrd varjky rFkk leqnk;ksa dh nwjh dh tkap-iM+rky Hkh uxjh; ifjn'; dh mlrLohj dks ns[kus ds fy, djuh pkfg, ftlesa uxj fuoklh ijLij vknu-çnku djrs gSaAuxjh; LFkyksa esa çkS|ksfxdh dh eè;LFkrk dh çÑfr dks le>us ds Øe esa lapkj ekè;eksa]ifjogu ds lkèkuksa rFkk lwpukRed usVodZ dk fo'ys"k.k djuk pkfg,A lkekftd laxBudh çÑfr dks csgrj <a+x ls dsoy rHkh le>k tk ldrk gS tc xSj-Ñf"kxr m|eksa esa'kkfey tu'kfDr dh çfr'krrk] O;olk; lacaèkh lajpuk dh fofoèkrk] jkstxkj ds fy,HkrhZ dh i)fr rFkk vkfFkZd fofue; dh çÑfr vkSj lkèkuksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkfn dsvfrfjDr uxjh; leqnk;ksa ds vanj gSfl;r dh çÑfr rFkk lÙkk lewgksa dh tk¡p dh tk,¼'kqYV~t] 1979% 14-16½A

3-3 eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k

eksgEen gchc us eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa ds ckjs esa thoUr vdknfed okn-fookn dk'kqHkkjEHk fd;k A mudk fopkj Fkk fd eksgEen xkSjh dh fot; ds i'pkr~ mÙkj Hkkjr esaJe çfØ;k esa vpkud of) gqbZ] QyLo:i ^uxjh; Økafr* dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA mUgksaus blJe çfØ;k ds vkjEHk dk dkj.k cká dkjd vFkkZr eksgEen xkSjh dh fot; dks crk;kAmudk dguk Fkk fd fuEu tkfr ds Hkkjrh; deZdkj] tks ml le; rd uxjksa dh nhokjksads ckgj rFkk ifjfèk ij jgrs Fks mUgksaus eksgEen xkSjh dh lsuk ds lkFk uxjksa esa ços'k fd;kvkSj yM+kdw lSfud ds :i esa vkSj fufeZr mRiknksa ds mRiknu ds fy, vkS|ksfxd {ks= esaviuh lsok,a ljdkj dks nhaA ubZ jktO;oLFkk us uxj-Jfedksa ds çfr lHkh çdkj ds Hksn-Hkkoksa dks lekIr dj fn;k] ftUgksaus 500 o"kks± ls Hkh vfèkd bls lrr~ cuk, j[kus esa;ksxnku fd;kA bLyke us uxj-Jfedksa tSls egkorksa] dlkb;ksa] cqudjksa bR;kfn dksvkdf"kZr djus rFkk muds èkek±Urj.k ds fy, pqEcd dh rjg dke fd;k D;ksafd blus mUgsa,d çdkj ls mèoZxkeh lkekftd xfr'khyrk çnku dhA jktiwrksa ds le; esa tc lSU;oxZ oa'kkuqxr Fkk vkSj Hkw-lEifÙk ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk Fkk ls fHkUu ubZ jktO;oLFkk us uxjksads Jfed oxZ ls yM+kdw ;ks)kvksa dks HkrhZ fd;kA lÙkk ds rqdhZ fgLlsnkjksa us viuh lsukds lSfud] dkj[kkuksa ds fy, deZdkj] f'kYidkj] futh lsod] laxhrdkj] urZfd;ka bR;kfnuxjksa esa cM+h la[;k esa miyCèk Je 'kfDr esa ls çkIr fd,A eksgEen gchc bl izdkjeksgEen xkSjh ds }kjk Hkkjr fot; dks Hkkjrh; uxjh; Je dh Økafr ds :i esa ns[krs gSaftldk usrRo xkSjh rqdks± us fd;k ¼gchc] 1952 % 55-78½A

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

46

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

eè;dkyhu Hkkjr esa uxjh; dsaæksa ds vH;qn; dh çÑfr dk vè;;u djus ds fy,eksgEen gchc }kjk ftl çdkj dh Je çfØ;k dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gS mldh bjQkugchc us vkykspuk dh gSA ;|fi bjQku gchc rsjgoha vkSj pkSngoha 'krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjkuuxjksa dh la[;k vkSj vkdkj esa of)] f'kYi mRiknu vkSj okf.kT; esa of) ds lkFk uxjh;vFkZO;oLFkk ds foLrkj dks Lohdkjrs gSaA mudk rdZ gS fd ,slk eq[;r% dkxt] oL= vkSjHkou cukus ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh esa vk, ifjorZuksa ;k uoksUes"k.kksa( O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus dsfy, flDdksa dh <+ykbZ gsrq lksus vkSj pk¡nh dk çokg rFkk ,d u, 'kkld oxZ dh jpuk]ftlus ubZ Hkw-jktLo ç.kkyh ds ekè;e ls xzkeh.k vfèk'ks"k ds cM+s fgLls dks gLrxr fd;krFkk bls uxjksa] tgk¡ os jgrs Fks] esa O;; djus dk ifj.kke FkkA rFkkfi] og nyhy nsrs gSafd ;s ifjorZu lekt ds fdlh oxZ ds ^foeqDrhdj.k* ds dkj.k ugha gqvk FkkA mudkekuuk gS fd bl vofèk ds Hkkjrh; uxjksa esa nkl Jfed ;k ijra= Jfed] mRiknu dsyxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa esa vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ Fks ¼gchc] 1978 % 289-98½A

ch-Mh- pêksikè;k; vkSj vkj- pEidy{eh us eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa dk mn~Hko ukSohalnh ds ckn ds dky dks ekuk gSA ch-Mh- pêksikè;k; us mÙkj-if'peh Hkkjr ij è;kudsafær djrs gq, flaèkq-xaxk nksvkc] Åijh xaxk csflu vkSj ekyok {ks= esa uxjksa ds vH;qn;ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd bldk izeq[k dkj.k O;kikj ls mRlftZr 'kfDr;kaFkhaA mUgksaus bu HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa ds vkfFkZd dsUæh; fcUnqvksa dk ijh{k.k dj ;g n'kkZ;kgS fd xqtZj-çfrgkjksa ds dky ls iwoZ Hkh uxjh; dsaæ ds :i esa mudk vH;qn; gks pqdkFkk rFkk os LFkkuh; O;kikj ds èkqjh fcanq FksA og X;kjgoha lnh ds nkSjku xqtjkr esa 20]jktLFkku esa 131] dukZVd esa 78 vkSj 1000 rFkk 1336 dh vofèk ds nkSjku vkaèkz esa 70uxjksa ds mn; dk vuqeku yxkrs gSa ¼pêksikè;k;] 1997 % 132-181½ ;|fi buesa ls vusduxjksa dk mn~xe O;kikj ds dkj.k gqvk Fkk] muesa ls cgqr ls {ks=h; 'kkldksa ds lÙkk dsdsUnz FksA

blds foijhr vkj- pEidy{eh] ftUgkasus nf{k.k Hkkjr ij è;ku dsafær fd;k gS] mudkekuuk gS fd ukSoha rFkk rsjgoha lfn;ksa ds chp dh vofèk esa fons'kh O;kikj ls çsfjr gksdjpksy jkT; {ks= esa fofHkUu vkdkjksa vkSj çÑfr ds vusd uxjksa dk fodkl gqvkA vius lw{efo'ys"k.k ls og n'kkZrh gSa fd lHkh eè;dkyhu nf{k.k Hkkjrh; uxj ,d tSls ugha Fks(blds foijhr og pksyksa ds O;kikfjd uxjksa] 'kkgh uxjksa] vkuq"Bkfud-lg-èkkfeZd uxjksavkSj fot;uxj jkT; ds lSU;hÑr rFkk fdyscan uxjksa ds eè; fn[kus okys Li"V varjksadh ckr djrh gSaA pksy lkezkT;] ftldk vkaèkz ls ysdj nf{k.kh dukZVd rd foLrkj Fkk]esa nloha lnh esa yach nwjh ds O;kikj ds iqu:)kj rFkk varr% fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds }kjkokf.kT; ds laxBu ds dkj.k vusd uxjksa dh mRifÙk fo'ks"k:i ls leqnzrVh; {ks= esa gqbZAlkFk gh lkFk] ukSoha lnh esa czãns;ksa vkSj eafnjksa ls vfèk'ks"k ds vfHklj.k vkSj eafnjksa esajktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds vfèkdkfèkd dsafær gksus ds dkj.k Hkh vusd uxjh;dsaæksa dk fodkl gqvkA ratkSj tSls jktdh; uxjksa] tgk¡ lEHkzkUrksa vkSj 'kfDr lewgksa useafnj ds ^vkuq"Bkkfud dsaæ* ds prqfnZd dsaUæh; LFky dks vius fu;a=.k esa ys j[kk Fkktcfd f'kYidkj vkSj lsok lewg ckgjh ifjfèk esa jgrs FksA ;s eafnj bu jktlh uxjksa dsvkfFkZd dk;Zdykiksa dh çeq[k laxzg.k laLFkk cu x,A ohjnye vkSj lqjnye tSlh uohuuxjh; izfØ;kvksa dk fodkl rsjgoha lnh esa lSU; :i ls lajf{kr uxjksa ds :i esa gqvkA;g bl dky esa O;kikfjd fudk;ksa }kjk gkfly lÙkk ds fu;a=.k dk lwpd FkkA ogfdyscan uxjh; dsaæksa dk Hkh mYys[k djrh gSa ftls lSU;hÑr fot;uxj jkT; ds uk;dksa

47

us pkSngoha lnh ls ifo= ifjlj ls fHkUu uxjksa ds :i esa vius fu;a=.k {ks=ksa ds :i esaLFkkfir fd;k ¼pEidy{eh] 1996 % 25-72½A

eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dh lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa dh tk¡p djus okys vusd bfrgkldkjksads fy, uxj vkSj xkao ds chp ds vUrjlacaèkksa dk vè;;u fo'ys"k.k dk ,d lkèku jgkgSSA mÙkj Hkkjr esa eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa dh jpuk dSls gqbZ ;g ds-,e- v'kjQ] ,p-ds- udoh vkSj MCY;w-,p- eksjySaM ¼v'kjQ] 1970( eksjySaM] 1962( eksjySaM] 1979( udoh]1968( udoh] 1972½ tSls fo}kuksa ds fy, fo'ys"k.k dk dsaæ jgk gSA mudk vè;;u eq[;:i ls mÙkj Hkkjr ds çeq[k uxjksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk vkfFkZd çxfr ds lkFk mudslacaèkksa dh tk¡p ds bnZ-fxnZ ?kwerk gSA eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa uxjksa ds mn;ij cM+h la[;k esa dk;Zjr fo}kuksa tSls ,l-lh- feJk] 'khjhu ewloh] vkj- bZ- ÝkbducxZ]LVhQsu Cysd] 'kek fe= fpukW;] lrh'k paæ] ds- ,l- eSF;w] vfu:) js] flUuIikgvjklkjRue~] ds- ds- f=osnh] vkbZ- ih- xqIrk] ts- ,l- xzsoky vkSj bUnq caxk ds vdknfedç;klksa us Hkkjr esa ,sfrgkfld vè;;u dh iFkd 'kk[kk ds :i esa uxjh; bfrgkl dsçknqHkkZo esa lgk;rk dh ¼ewloh] 2008] 1987] feJk] 1985] 1964( fpukW;] 1998( ÝkbducxZ]1993( Cysd] 1993( pUæ] 1997] glu] 2008( Bkdqj] 1994( xqIrk] 1986( eSF;q vkSj vgen]1990( f=osnh] 1998( xzsoky vkSj caxk] 1985( caxk] 1992] 1991( vjklkjRue~ vkSj js] 1994(flag] 1985½A

'khjhu ewloh mÙkj Hkkjr ds çeq[k f'kYi mRiknd uxjksa] ftUgksaus ml le; l?ku JeçfØ;k,a vuqHko dha] ij vfèkd è;ku dsafær djrh gSa ¼ewloh] 1987% 300-320½A vius gkyds vè;;u esa mUgksaus eqxy Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k ds foLrkj dh tk¡p djus ds fy, fofHkUulwcksa vkSj uxjksa ls uxjh; dj-vk; ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA mudk rdZgS fd xqtjkr lwck] ftldh yach-nwjh ds O;kikj rFkk f'kYi mRiknu eas foLrr HkkxhnkjhFkh] dk lokZfèkd uxjh; djkèkku ¼tek dk 18-654%½ Fkk vkSj ;g lkezkT; esa lclsvfèkd uxjhÑr {ks= Fkk] blds ckn vkxjk lwck dk LFkku Fkk tgk¡ uxjh; djkèkku tekdk 15-712% FkkA vkbus vdcjh ds vkèkkj ij mUgksaus uxjh; tula[;k ds j[k-j[kkoij [kpZ dh tk jgh èkujkf'k rFkk xkaoksa esa thou fuokZg gsrq cp xbZ èkujkf'k dk vuqekuyxk;k gSA og dgrh gSa fd eqxy Hkkjr esa yxHkx 17-42% tula[;k uxjh; dsaæksa esajgrh Fkh tcfd 82-58% tula[;k xkaoksa esa jgrh Fkh ¼ewloh] 2008% 119-134½A LVhQsuCysd ,d ^lEçHkq uxj* ds :i esa 'kkgtgk¡ukckn dk vè;;u djrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd;g O;fDrxr rFkk ikfjokfjd çÑfr dk uxj Fkk vkSj bldh fn'kk firlÙkkRed-ukSdj'kkg ckn'kkgksa dh bPNkvksa ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh FkhA mlds fy, lEçHkq uxj y?kq Lrjij Lo;a ckn'kkg dk foLrkfjr firlÙkkRed ifjokj FkkA fdarq ogr~ ifjçs{; ls ;g y?kqlkezkT; FkkA ;g ¼'kkgtgkaukckn½ firlÙkkRed-ukSdj'kkgh lkezkT; dh jktèkkuh Fkhftldh jkT; fuekZ.k çfØ;k esa ckn'kkg ukSdj'kkghs O;oLFkk ds ekè;e ls jkT;-{ks= dsÅij O;fDrxr firlÙkkRed fu;a=.k dk foLrkj fd;k djrk FkkA ;gk¡ vR;Ur gh lw{elSU;] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ra=ksa rFkk O;oLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls ukSdj'kkgh dks ckn'kkgds çfr LokfeHkDr cuk;k tkrk FkkA ^lEçHkq uxj* ,d LFkku ds :i esa jktuhfrdçkfèkdkj dh uxjh; vfHkO;fDr Fkk vkSj uxj esa egy ckn'kkg dh mifLFkfr }kjk fufeZrrFkk oSèk BgjkbZ xbZ czãk.Mh; O;oLFkk dk çrhd Fkk ¼LVhQsu Cysd] 'kkgtgk¡ukckn%lkWojsu flVh bu eqxy bafM;k] 1639-1739] fnYyh] 1993½A lrh'kpaæ eè;dkyhu Hkkjresa vfHktkR; oxZ dks ewy:i ls uxjh; laLÑfr ls tksM+rs gSaA ;|fi ;wjksi ls fHkUu Hkkjresa vfHktkR; oxZ dh dksbZ oSèk Js.kh ugha Fkh] ysfdu mPprj Lrj ij ljdkj ds dk;ks± esa

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

48

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

vfHktkR; oxZ ds yksxksa ds 'kkfey gksus ls dfri; Lrj ij laLÑfr rFkk ukxfjdrkçfrfcfEcr gqbZ ¼lrh'kpaæ] fefMoy bafM;k% ÝkWe lqYrur Vw fn eqxYl] eqxy vEik;j]1525-1748] Hkkx-II] ubZ fnYyh] 1999] i- 379½A og vBkjgoha lnh ds Hkkjr esa v'kkaruxjksa dh la?k"kZiw.kZ n'kkvksa dk Hkh gokyk nsrs gSa ftlesa vxz.kh vehj ;k njckjh oxZ Hkk"kk]laLÑfr] laj{k.k vkSj {ks=h; ewy ds vkèkkj ij fufeZr ?kVdksa }kjk çsfjr Fks ¼lrh'kpaæ]ikVhZt ,aM ikWfyfVDl ,sV fn eqxy dksVZ] 1773-1740] ubZ fnYyh] 2002% 280-300½A

banq caxk dh fofHkUu laikfnr Ñfr;ksa us Hkkjr esa uxjokn ds lw{e vFkks± dh tk¡p ds fy,uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa dks ,d txg bdV~Bk fd;kA mudh laikfnr Ñfr iksVZ~l ,aM ns;jfgaVjySaM~l bu bafM;k us fo}kuksa ds lEeq[k fofHkUu ¼voèkkj.kkRed vkSj i)frewyd½ eqíksadks iÙku uxjksa ds uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k ds vè;;u gsrq fopkj ds fy, j[kk ¼banq caxk]iksVZl ,aM ns;j fgaVjySaM~l bu bafM;k] 1700-1950] fnYyh] 1992½A ds- ,l- eSF;w vkSjvQt+y vgen ^ewy dksphu* ls fHkUu viuh uxjikfydk ç.kkyh ls ç'kkflr gks jgs ,diFkd~ uxjh; ,UDyso ds :i esa 1527 esa iqrZxkyh uxj dksphu ds vH;qn; dks ns[krs gSaAbldk uxjh; Lianu fofHkUu ;wjksih; cktkjksa ds lkFk blds elkys ds O;kikj ls izkIrfoiqy lEink ij vkèkkfjr Fkk ¼eSF;w vkSj vgen] 1990½A flUukIikg vjklkjRue vkSjvfu:) js elwyhiêue vkSj dSEcs ds uxjh; dsaæksa ds fodkl esa ns'kt cSafdax] f'kYiksa dsmRiknu rFkk O;kikj dh Hkwfedk dks n'kkZrs gSaA ;+|fi nksuksa uxj çeq[k ijk-egk}hih;O;kikj usVodZ ds çeq[k dsaæ Fks] varrksxRok vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx dh jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk rFkk;wjksih; leqæh-;k=k dh pqukSfr;ksa ds dkj.k os cqjh rjg çHkkfor gq,A fofHkUu O;kikfjdleqnk;] tks ckgjh nckoksa ls vR;fèkd çHkkfor gksus yxs] varrksxRok lrr~ :i lsifjorZu'khy n'kkvksa dh i"BHkwfe esa lkèkuksa ds vHkko esa fLFkj :i ls viuk O;kikj ughapyk lds vkSj os ih<+h nj ih<+h viuh O;kikfjd lEink rFkk ijEijkvksa dks fuckZèk :ils vkxs ugha c<+k lds ¼vjklkjRue vkSj js] 1994½A

vc uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa esa uxjksa dk fooj.kkRed Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa vè;;u djus dhijEijk ls gVdj eè;dkyhu uxjksa ls lac) ewY;ksa dh tk¡p djus dh izofÙk c<+ jgh gSAgj O;fDr tkurk gS fd ;g ftruk ljy çrhr gksrk gS mruk gS ughaA eè;dkyhu uxjksads çknqHkkZo rFkk laiks"k.k ds fy, dkj.kkRed dkjd le;-le; ij fHkUu-fHkUu jgs gSaftUgksaus mudh dk;kZRed Hkwfedkvksa esa ifjorZuksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA dbZ ifjfLFkfr;kasesa tc vkxjk tSls uxjksa dk çknqHkkZo eq[;r% jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls gqvk vkSj ogk¡ le;chrus ds lkFk çpqj vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;k¡ lafpr gks xb±A ifj.kkeLo:i ckn esa Hkh eqxyksadh lÙkk ds fnYyh ;k vU;= pys tkus ds i'pkr~ Hkh ;g mÙkj Hkkjr ds çeq[k Qyrs-Qwyrs okf.kfT;d dsaæksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa cuk jgkA cukjl tSlk dfri; uxj tksgkyk¡fd eq[; :i ls èkkfeZd vkSj rhFkZ dkj.kksa ls fodflr gqvk cSaafdax vkSj O;kikfjddk;Zdykiksa dk çeq[k dsaæ cu x;k ftlus uxj dh vkfFkZd fo"k;oLrq dks gh vkewy :ils cny fn;kA xksok tSls uxj] tks çkjEHk esa O;kikj dh izsjd 'kfDr ds dkj.k vfLrRoesa vk,] us varrksxRok iqrZxkyh jkT; ds vfr'k; gLr{ksi rFkk fu;a=.k ds dkj.k viuhçeq[k O;kikfjd çÑfr dks [kks fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu O;kikfjd lewg Hkkx dj fganegklkxkj esa okf.kfT;d nf"V ls vis{kkÑr fØ;k'khy rFkk vfèkd Lora=k izkIr LFkkuksa ijpys x, ftlls xksok iqrZxkyh lÙkk dk 'kq"d vklu ek= cudj jg x;k tgk¡ u rks dksbZegRoiw.kZ O;kikj gksrk Fkk u gh lÙkk dk okLrfod Lrj FkkA eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dsvfèkdrj uxj vkewy-pwy ifjorZu dh bl çfØ;k ls gksdj xqtjs ftlds ifj.kkeLo:iuxjksa] ftudk çkjEHk esa mn; dfri; fuf'pr çdkj ds dkj.kksa ls gqvk Fkk] dks le;

49

chrus ds lkFk u, dk;Z vkSj ubZ Hkwfedk,a fey xb±A ;g ifjorZu uxjh; LFkkuksa esa u,lÙkk lewgksa vkSj gSfl;r lewgksa ds vH;qn; ds dkj.k gqvkA ;g oxZ uxjksa ds HkkSfrdLo:i esa viuh Hkwfedk rFkk gSfl;r ds vfHkçk; dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh O;xzrk esa brukvfèkd Fkk fd mlus iqjkus lÙkk lewgksa rFkk muds lHkh dk;Z rFkk fuokl LFkku dk;kZRed:i ls i"BHkwfe esa <dsy fn, tks bu lewgksa dh lÙkk dk irk yxkus ds fy,] vfuok;Z'krZ ds :i esa] le; ds lkFk lqfoèkktud :i ls fodflr gq, FksA le; ds vyx-vyxfcUnqvksa ij uxjh; ÑR;ksa dh vfrO;kfIr vkSj fofHkUu lÙkk lewgksa ds }kjk fojksèkh nkosLFkkfud çfØ;kvksa esa çfrfcfEcr gksrs jgrs gSa rFkk uxj LFkku esa vfHkfyf[kr ewY;ksa rFkkrdZ ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds dkykuqØe dk irk uxjh; HkkSxksfyd Lrjksa ds jgL;ksn~?kkVu lsgh py ik;sxk ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2009% 13-38½A

3-4 eè;dkyhu uxjokn dh èkkj.kk

vc ge eè;dkyhu uxjokn] tks jktuhfr] O;kikj vkSj lekt ls vR;fèkd funsZf'kr Fkk]dh çÑfr ij fopkj djsaxsA

3-4-1 okf.kfT;d vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls vfHkizsfjr uxjokn

ewy:i ls eè;dky vkSj iwoZ vkèkqfud dky esa Hkkjr esa nks çdkj ds uxjokn dk vkfoHkkZogqvkA ,d vksj ^okf.kfT;d :i ls vkosf'kr uxjokn* Fkk tks f'kYidkjksa }kjk fufeZroLrqvksa rFkk O;kikfjd mRiknd-lg-fofue; dsaæksa }kjk mRlftZr vkfFkZd 'kfDr;ksa dsdkj.k bu LFkkuksa ij vfLrRo esa vk;k vkSj nwljh vksj jktuhfrd nf"V ls vkosf'kruxjokn* Fkk tgk¡ uxjhdj.k ds fy, visf{kr 'kfDr;ksa dk mRltZu okLrfod lÙkkvkèkkfjr xfrfofèk;ksa ls gqvkA jktuhfrd :i ls vkosf'kr uxjh; dsaæksa esa fnYyh lclsçeq[k Fkk tcfd nkSyrkckn] xqycxkZ] xkSM]+ vkxjk] ykgkSj] chtkiqj] xksydq.Mk vkfn vU;egRoiw.kZ ^jktuhfrd uxjksa* ds :i esa mHkjs ¼v'kjQ] 1970% 100-210½A okf.kfT;d :ils vkosf'kr uxjh; dsaæksa dk fodkl ns'k dh fofHkUu fn'kkvksa dh vksj tkus okys çeq[kO;kikfjd ekxks± ds lafèk-fcUnqvksa ij gqvkA tkSuiqj] cqjgkuiqj] eqYrku] iVuk] vgenkckn]mTtSu] vtesj vkSj bykgkckn eq[; :i ls okf.kfT;d nf"V ls vkosf'kr uxjksa ds :iesa fodflr gq, ¼eksjySaM] 1962% 145-172( udoh] 1968% 12-130½A gkykafd ckn esa buuxjh; dsaæksa esa çkUrh; jktèkkfu;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk mudh uxjh; çÑfr esa ,dvyx eksM+ vk x;kA pw¡fd bl vofèk ds nkSjku okf.kT; rFkk jktuhfr ijLij xqaFks gq,Fks cgqèkk uxjksa dh ;s nks fHkUu Jsf.k;ka iFkd vkoÙk bdkb;ksa esa ekStwn ugha Fkh vfirq Hkw-vkfFkZd bdkb;ksa ds :i esa nksuksa dh gh fo'ks"krk,a vfHkUu :i ls ekStwn FkhaA bu {ks=ksa esavusd feyu fcanq FksA oLrqr] 10oha vkSj 11oha lfn;ksa esa O;kikj ds iqu:)kj us Hkkjr dsfofHkUu Hkkxksa esa uxjh; çlkj dh çfØ;k dks çsfjr fd;k( rFkkfi bZjkuh lkezkT; dhuxjh; laLÑfr dh ijEijk ds rRoksa ds lkFk bLyke ds ços'k us bl çfØ;k dks vkSj rstdj fn;k ftlds dkj.k vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofue;ksa ds dsaæksa ds :i esa vusd uxjksarFkk vèkZuxjksa dk mn; gqvkA

fopkjèkkjk ds :i esa bLyke us dfri; çFkkvksa dks tUe fn;k ftlus mudh èkkfeZd vkLFkklacaèkh vko';drkvksa dks iwjh djus ds fy, dfri; fof'k"V çdkj dh oLrqvksa ds mRiknurFkk miHkksx dks rhozrk iznku dhA bLykeh rkSj-rjhdksa ds vuqlkj iq:"k vkSj efgyk nksuksagh ds }kjk viuk iwjk 'kjhj oL= ls <adus dh vko';drk us fofHkUu çdkj ds oL=ksa rFkkifjèkkuksa dh ekax esa vpkud çpqj ek=k esa of) dh ftlus vHkwriwoZ :i ls oL= mRiknu

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

50

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

dk;Zdykiksa dks cgqr rst dj fn;kA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[k djuk jkspd gksxk fd ml le;bLyke rFkk eqlyeku cqudjksa ds lkFk oL= mRiknu dk tks varHkwZr lacaèk Fkk ds dkj.kHkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa xSj eqfLye cqudjksa }kjk Hkh dbZ eqfLye mRloksa] tSls eqgjZe]ftls vkaèkzçns'k esa fcYdqy gh fHkUu uke ls dqN fgUnq cqudjksa }kjk euk;k tkrk gS] dkseukuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA bl çfØ;k us yacs varjky esa diM+k mRiknu ds dk;Zdykiksa esalfEefyr yksxksa ds fofHkUu lewgksa dks fodkl dj jgs bLykeh ,UDyso dh vksj ,d pqEcddh rjg vkÑ"V fd;k tks 'khèkz gh f'kYidkjksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, vfHklj.k fcanq cux;kA eqYrku] vgenkckn] cM+kSnk] lwjr bR;kfn tSls vfèkdrj u, mHkjrs gq, uxjksa esacqudj lewg çHkqRo'kkyh Fkk ftls fofHkUu çdkj ds oL= mRiknu esa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly Fkh¼eksjySaM] 1962% 160-172½A bDrsnkjh ç.kkyh ls mRlftZr vkfFkZd 'kfDr;ksa us miHkksDrkvksadk ,d cM+k oxZ mRiUu fd;k ftlds ikl çpqj Ø; {kerk FkhA blus uxjh; çlkj dhçfØ;k dks vR;fèkd rst dj fn;kA bDrsnkjksa us Ñf"k vfèk'ks"k dks vius vkoklh; {ks=ksaesa [khapdj vusd ,UDysoksa esa uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k çkjEHk dhA

3-4-2 uxjokn vkSj lwQh rFkk HkfDr dk çlkj

vusd NksVs uxjksa vkSj uxjksa esa cqudjksa rFkk f'kYidkjksa dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa dks xzkeh.klekt }kjk iznÙk fuÑ"V rFkk frjLÑr gSfl;r* ds dkj.k Lo;a dks ml lekt ls vyxdj bu uxjksa ds mnh;eku eè; oxZ esa Lo;a dks lkekftd :i ls Lohdk;Z rFkk xzkácukus ds fy, ;g oxZ lwQh rFkk HkfDr ijEijk ls Lo;a dks tksM+rk x;kA lwQh vkSj HkfDrvkanksyu esa nksuksa dk gh Hkkjr ds vusd fgLlksa esa uxjokn dh lkaLÑfrd 'kfDr ds :iesa fodkl gqvk vkSj vius cgq eapksa] vkuq"Bkfud çFkkvksa rFkk fopkjèkkjkvksa ds ekè;e lsmUgksaus fc[kjh gq, f'kYidkjksa dh Jsf.k;ksa ds dfri; lewg dks vkil esa tksM+k] mUgsa ,du;k lanHkZ vkSj ubZ çdkj dh igpku çnku dh ftlus muds vkRe xkSjo dks c<+k;kA ;gml le; ds larksa }kjk ç;qDr :idksa vkSj miekvksa esa nf"Vxkspj gksrk gSA dchj us viusinksa esa diM+k cqukbZ ls lacafèkr :idksa vkSj miekvksa dk vfèkdkfèkd ç;ksx fd;k ¼flag]1993% 48½A ysfdu lwQh vkSj HkfDr vkanksyuksa us fofHkUu f'kYidkj lewgksa esa viuhfopkjèkkjk dks Lohdk;Z cukus ds ç;kl esa Je dh laLÑfr dks oSèk crk;k] ifj.kkeLo:iftlus f}rh;d {ks= esa mRiknu vkSj uxjh; lajpuk dh çfØ;k dks Hkh mRçsfjr fd;kAbldk fuf'pr ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd xkao dh lhek ds vanj Jfedksa dks fu;af=r djusdh xzkeh.k vfHktkrksa rFkk dqyhuksa dh 'kfDr esa deh gksrh xbZ vkSj blds ckn u, fodflrgksrs uxjh; {ks=ksa esa Je cy dk vR;fèkd çokg gqvk tgka mUgsa dk;Z feyus ds voljizkIr FksA edlwn vgen [kku uxjhdj.k ij lwQhokn ds çHkko ds ckjs esa ,d fHkUuifjçs{; nsrs gSaA muds vuqlkj lwQh lar tks vius ihj-iSxEcjksa ds erksa dk çpkj djusds fy, nwjLFk LFkkuksa vkSj vkarfjd Hkw-çns'kksa esa x, os mu LFkkuksa esa uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;kds lkèkd cusA le; chrus ds lkFk bu nwjLFk LFkkuksa us lwQh larksa ds lkFk viuh lac)rkds dkj.k çflf) çkIr dj yh vkSj yksdfç; gks x,] ftlds dkj.k muds bnZ-fxnZ vusdrhFkZ;k=h rFkk HkDrtu vkus yxs vkSj os uxjh; dsaæksa ds :i esa fodflr gksrs x,A blçfØ;k esa flygV ¼<kdk ds lehi½ tSlk LFkku] ftldk mn~xe vkSj fodkl lwQh ihj'kkg tykyqíhu ls lacafèkr gS] uxjh; dsaæ cu x;k ¼[kku] 2004% 103-5½A

iUægoh vkSj lksygoha lfn;ksa rd dchjiafFk;ksa vkSj nknw iafFk;ksa lesr lwQh vkSj HkfDrvkanksyu uxjksa ds èkkfeZd vkanksyuksa ds :i esa Øfed :i ls fodflr gksrs x,] vkSjbUgksaus] eq[; :i ls] uxj fuokfl;ksa ds vkè;kfRed lkekftd vkSj euksoSKkfud ,sls eqíksa]

51

ftudk fd eq[;èkkjk ds :f<+oknh èkkfeZd oxks± us lekèkku ugha fd;k] dks lkèkkA1 bjQkugchc ¼1969 % 6-13½ Hkh mÙkj Hkkjr esa vyx ifjçs{; ls HkfDr vkanksyuksa esa f'kYidkjksa dhHkkxhnkjh ds eqíksa ij ppkZ djrs gSaA ¼lrh'kpaæ dh èkkj.kkvksa ds dqN igyqvksa dks igysçLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blfy, ge bl fcanq dks ;gk¡ NksM+dj vkxs c<+rs gSa½A dqN iaFkksaftudk geus Åij mYys[k fd;k gS] ds vuq;kf;;ksa dh la[;k vkt ds ifjçs{; esa ekewyhçrhr gks ldrh gS] fdarq HkfDr rFkk lwQh vkanksyuksa us mÙkj Hkkjr ds f'kYidkj lewgksa dksftl çdkj ykecan fd;k vkSj fodkl dj jgs uxjksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds lkekftd rFkkvkfFkZd la?kVuksa ij tks nh?kZdkfyd çHkko Mkyk mldh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh gSAxzkeh.k leqnk;ksa] tks laxBukRed :i ls fLFkj Fks] ds foijhr fodkl dj jgs uxj ,drjg ds vjktd LFkku Fks tgka le) O;kikfj;ksa rFkk fuèkZu fuokfl;ksa ds chp dkQh nwjhFkh] tgk¡ vfr jkstxkj vkSj vYi jkstxkj dh leL;k,a Fkh ftuds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUuf'kYidkjksa us lekt ds dqN gh yksxksa ds gkFk esa vR;fèkd lEink ds lap; dh i"BHkwfeds vFkZ dks le>us ds fy, u, èkkfeZd vkanksyuksa dks viuk;kA Hkze.k'khy cqudj vkSjf'kYidkj] vius lkFk bu u, èkkfeZd ewY;ksa dks ,d uxj ls nwljs uxj esa ys x, bl izdkj;g yksx Hkh ubZ mn~Hko gksrh uxjh; laLÑfr ds okgd cusA2 ;g tkSuiqj] Xokfy;j] ekaMq]cqjgkuiqj] okjk.klh] yqfèk;kuk] ikuhir] vgenkckn bR;kfn esa i;kZIr va'k esa ns[kk tkldrk gS tks bl le; rd egRoiw.kZ xkS.k uxjksa ds :i esa fodflr gks pqds FksA ;g uxjeky ds vkokxeu vFkok èkkfeZd er-lacaèkh ;k=kvksa }kjk fuokfl;ksa rFkk laLFkkvksa lsvR;ar gh l{ke :i esa ,d usVodZ }kjk tqM+s Fks ¼xzsoky] 2006% 325-6( bjkdh] 2009% 56-74( fjtoh] 1978( ykWjsUt+u] 1987% 287-303( ykWjsUt+u] 1981½A dchj] ftudk eq[; is'kkcqukbZ Fkk] us cqudjksa ds uxj cukjl esa dkQh le; O;rhr fd;kA mUgksaus viuhdkO;kRed Hkk"kk'kSyh ds ekè;e ls uxj-fuokfl;ksa ds vkè;kfRed rFkk lkekftd eqíksa dksmBk;kA nknw] ftudk tUe 1544 esa vgenkckn esa èkqfu;k ifjokj esa gqvk Fkk] us viuhxfrfofèk;ksa dk eq[; dsaæ dY;k.kiqj] dsoyiqj bR;kfn tSls NksVs uxjksa dks cuk;k Fkk¼dkysorZ] 1988% 33-6( 67-72½A

3-4-3 iksfylØslh

lksygoha lnh ls vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkxksa ls lalkèkuksa dks tqVkus rFkk nwj-njkt ds {ks=ksa dks lÙkkds çeq[k dsaæ ls tksM+us nksuksa gh ds fy, uxjksa dh Ja[kyk dh LFkkiuk dh j.kuhfr dkseqxyksa rFkk iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa ds vfuok;Z vo;o ds :i esa ykxwfd;k x;kA eqxyksa vkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa dh lkezkT;oknh uhao esa dkQh gn rd uxjksa dh

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

1- ;gk¡ ÝkaflLdu ÝkbvlZ ¼fn esafUMdSUV~l½] fn Mksfefudu ÝkbvlZ ¼fn çsfMdSUV~l½] vysyqb,UV~l]¶ySxsySUV~l] okYMsufl;Ul] iSVsjkbUl] vkuksZfYMLV~l] iqvj yksECkkM~Zl] tksvkfdekbV~l] Myflfu;Ul]vYchtsfUl;Ul vkSj áwfefy;kfVl ds /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa esa ge foy{k.k lekurk ns[k ldrs gSa] ftudke/;dkyhu ;wjksih; uxjksa ds fodkl ds lkFk /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa ds :i esa çlkj gqvk] ftUgksaus uxjfuokfl;ksa ds fofHkUu eqíksa rFkk laosnu'khyrk dk lek/kku fd;kA foLrr fooj.k ds fy, MksukYM ,Q-yksxu] , fgLVªh vkWQ fn ppZ bu fn feMy ,tst] yanu] 2002] i- 203-14( lh- ok;ksykUVse] ßbjslhvcsZu , bjslh :jkyh bu bVkfy;k nky XI vy XIII lsdksyksÞ] vks- dSfiVkuh ¼laik-½] esfM;vksboksbjsfVdsy] cksyksXuk] 1977 nsf[k,A

2- ;wjksih; bfrgkl esa bldh foy{k.k lekurk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA foLrr fooj.k ds fy, nsf[k, vkj-MCY;w- lkmnuZ] ¼1970½ osLVuZ lkslkbVh ,aM fn ppZ bu feMy ,st ¼feMylsDl% geksZUM~loFkZ½] i`- 273-86( MksukYM ,Q- yksxku] ¼2002½ , fgLVªh vkWQ fn ppZ ¼yanu% jkmVyst½] i- 275-93½-

52

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

Ja[kyk] ftls 'kkldksa ;k muds fofHkUu lÙkk-lk>hnkjksa us ;k muds çfrfufèk;ksa us xkaoksard vius çkfèkdkj dk foLrkj djus rFkk blds vfèk'ks"k ds nksgu djus dh çfØ;k esavius lkezkT; dh pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] 'kkfey FkhA bl vFkZ esa eqxyksa ds'kklu dks ßiksfylØslh* dgk tk ldrk gS ftldh mRifÙk xzhd 'kCn ^ikWfyl* ¼uxj½ lsgqbZ gS tks uxjksa vkSj uxj fuokfl;ksa ds ekè;e ls Js"B çkfèkdkj ds 'kklu dk lwpd gS]ftlus xkao dks vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd :i ls vius vèkhuLFk cuk, j[kkA rFkkfi] ;gfopkj bl rF; dks vLohdkj ugha djrk fd xkao esa Hkh uxjh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds foLrkj;k ladqpu ds cht fufgr FksA ;g lR; gS fd xzkeh.k-uxjh; uSjUr;Z dks nksuksa ifjçs{;ls ns[kk tkuk gSA okLro esa jkT; ds ikWfylØSfVd* Lo:i dh izfØ;k vusd jktuhfrd:i ls vkosf'kr uxjksa* ds ltu vkSj igys ls gh ekStwn okf.kfT;d uxjksa dks jktuSfrdvFkZ nsus ls Hkh gqvkA

eqxy 'kkldksa esa loZizFke vdcj }kjk vius mHkjrs gq, lkezkT; dks laoguh; cukus dsfy, LrEHkksa ds :i esa çeq[k lalkèku-mRiUu djus okys LFkkuksa esa uxjksa dh Ja[kyk dsfuekZ.k ds lkFk 'kklu dk iksfylØSfVd* Lo:i vkjEHk fd;k x;kA vdcj us vkxjk ¼tks1565-1571( 1598-1606 ds nkSjku eqxyksa dh jktèkkuh cuk½] Qrsgiqj lhdjh ¼1571-1585½]ykgkSj ¼1585-1598½ tSls lkezkT;oknh jktèkkuh uxjksa lfgr vusd uxjksa dh uhao j[kh]vkSj dqN dks iqu% LFkkfir fd;k ;k mu ij fot; gkfly dh ;k muesa Qsjcny fd;k¼glu] 2008% 225-31½A ,d uxj ls nwljs uxj esa jktèkkuh dk if'pe dh fn'kk esaLFkkukUrj.k mlds }kjk if'pe fn'kk esa fd, x, HkkSxksfyd fot; vfHk;ku ds vuq:iFkkA ,slk mlds }kjk u,-u, foftr Hkw-Hkkxksa rFkk laHkkfor foæksgh ,UDyso ij lalkèkutqVkus ds vfrfjDr viuh jktuhfrd fLFkfr dks lqn<+ djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k x;kA ,slsuxjksa esa mlus lÙkk ds vius lk>hnkjksa dks clk fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] ,d uxj ls nwljsuxj esa lÙkk ds vkèkkj ds LFkkukUrj.k us jktuhfrd nf"V ls lkezkT; ds lhekorhZ {ks=ksaesa mldh fLFkfr dks lqn<+ vkSj LFkk;h djuk lqfuf'pr fd;k] rFkk blls bu uxjksa dsvklikl ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls vkfFkZd lalkèku rFkk oLrqvksa ds çokg rFkk vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa]ftUgsa mlus igys gh vius jktdks"kh; vkSj vkfFkZd igyksa ds ekè;e ls mRçsfjr dj fn;kFkk] ds fy, ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA eqt¶Qj'kkg dks ijkftr dj xqtjkr dh fot; ¼1572-3½ us vdcj dks lwjr] HkMk+Sp rFkk dSEcs ds O;kolkf;d Lianu'khy cUnjxkg uxjksa dkLokeh cuk fn;k] tcfd caxky ij vkfèkiR; ¼1574-6½ us caxky esa mHkjrs gq, uxjksa]pVxkao] lrxkao vkSj cqV~Vksj ¼csVksj-gkoM+k½] mlds fu;a=.k dks vklku dj fn;kA pVxkaovkSj larxkao iqrZxkyh futh O;kikfj;ksa vkSj muds HkxksM+s O;kikfj;ksa ds O;kikfjd çfr"Bkuksadh LFkkiuk ds lkFk uxjksa ds :i esa mHkjs FksA ¼dkEiksl] 1979% 66-99½A iqrZxkfy;ksa uscqV~Vksj] ¼csVksj-gkoM+k½ esa unh ds fdukjs-fdukjs >ksifM+;ksa vkSj ckal dh lajpukvksa dhJa[kyk LFkkfir dh tks muds vLFkk;h vkokl rFkk okf.kfT;d çfr"Bku Fks ftls os ogk¡ls tkrs le; mlesa vkx yxkdj u"V dj nsrs Fks tSlk fd 1565 esa lhtj ÝsMfjd ¼1969%411] 439½ of.kZr djrk gSA 1583 esa vdcj us LFky ekxZ rFkk xaxk vkSj ;equk ds tyekxks± ds vfHklj.k fcanq ij ,d fo'kky fdys ds lkFk bykgkckn ¼iqjkus ç;kx ds LFky ij½u, uxj dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks varrksxRok iwohZ xkaxs; ?kVh ls lalkèkuksa dks tqVkus dsvkfFkZd lkèku ds :i esa fodflr gqvk ¼fjpM~Zl] 1993% 27-30] 62½A eqxyksa dh^iksfylØSfVd* uhfr;ksa dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk QSyrh gqbZ jktuhfrd lhekvksa ds lkFk vkSjubZ jktuhfrd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, u, uxjksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj u, uxjksaesa lÙkk ds vkèkkj dks ckj-ckj LFkkukUrfjr djuk FkkA bl çdkj] ;|fi tgk¡xhj us

53

vkxjk dks 1607 ls 1612 rd viuh lÙkk dk vkèkkj dsanz cuk, j[kk vkSj cgqèkk bldh;k=k dh] lkFk gh og vtesj] d'ehj vkSj ykgkSj viuh jktèkkuh LFkkukUrfjr djrk jgk¼glu] 2008% 226½A 'kkgtgk¡ us vkxjk esa vius vkjfEHkd 'kklu ds i'pkr~ vius lÙkkds vkèkkj dks fnYyh esa uofufeZr 'kkgtgk¡ukckn uxj ¼1639½ esa LFkkukUrfjr fd;k ¼Cysd]1993½] tcfd vkSjaxtsc us viuh jktèkkuh 'kkgtgk¡ukckn ls vkxjk ¼1669-1671½ ¼glu]2008% 226½ vkSj varr% nDdu esa mlds vius uke ij fufeZr vkSjaxkcn ¼1683½¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2013% 140-159½ uxj esa LFkkukUrfjr dhA ;|fi vkxjk dks lkezkT; dkjktèkkuh uxj ekuk x;k] lÙkk dh çeq[k laLFkkvksa rFkk lkèkuksa ds lkFk njckj lrr~ :ils ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij LFkkukUrfjr gksrk jgk] blls fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds eè;orhZdLcksa dk ltu gqvk vkSj blus lkezkT; dh pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;kvksadks cM+h ek=k rFkk Lo:i esa lfØ; dj fn;k tks jkT; ds ^iksfylØSfVd* Lo:i ds fy,visf{kr FkkA

buesa ls vfèkdrj uxjksa esa 'kkld oxZ y?kq jgk gksxk] rFkkfi mudh cgqfoèk vko';drkvksadks iwjk djus ds fy, ds fofHkUu eè;orhZ Lrjksa ds lgorhZ ltu us bu mnh;eku uxjksaesa ml tfVy Je çfØ;k dks Rofjr dj fn;k ftlus uxjhdj.k dh 'kfDr'kkyh rjaxksadk mRltZu fd;kA ckj-ckj jktèkkuh LFkkukUrj.k dh bl çfØ;k esa u, uxjksa dhLFkkiuk dh xbZ rFkk fo|eku uxjksa dh ubZ vko';drk,a iwjh djus ds fy, mRçsfjr rFkkfoLrkfjr fd;k x;k( rFkkfi lcls foy{k.k ?kVukØe ;g Fkk fd bu cM+s uxjksa ds chpeè;orhZ vkSj f}rh;d uxjh; dsaæksa ds :i esa vusd miuxj vkSj uxj clk;s x,A xkaoksadh lEink dks vfèkdkfèkd bu uxjksa esa dsfUær fd;k x;k tgk¡ cgqèkk Js"B lkezkT;oknhcM+s uxjksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, mRiknu rFkk fofue; dk;Zdyki gqvkdjrs FksA ,d laiwjd uxj ds :i esa uxj ,d vkfFkZd lkèku cu x;k ftldh lgk;rkls lkezkT;oknh cM+s uxjksa ds vkèkkj LrEHk xzkeh.k fo'kky {ks= esa QSys gq, cgr~ çdkj dseky vkSj mRikn vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ds ân; esa ços'k djrs FksA uxjksa ds bu Js.khÑrinkuqØe ds ekè;e ls] tks le; chrus ds lkFk ogk¡ gksus okys Je l?ku dk;Zdykiksa dsva'k ds vkèkkj ij gqvk vkSj dM+h esa euds dh Hkkafr xaqFkk gqvk jgk] xkaoksa ls lkezkT;oknhcgr uxjksa dh vksj bl rjhds ls lalkèkuksa dk fuckZèk çokg gqvk fd ;g vuqØfedlÙkkèkkjh oxks±] muds vusd eè;ofrZ;ksa] lg;ksfx;ksa rFkk vèkhuLFkksa dh miHkksDrkoknh ekaxksadks iwjk djus ds vfrfjDr lkezkT; ds eagxs <+kaps dk laogu dj ldkA

bl çdkj] fofHkUu uxjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj cukoV dk lgorhZ lÙkk ds lk>hnkj ds :i esaeulcnkjh ç.kkyh ds varxZr vfHktkR;ksa dk yack inkuqØe Fkk ftUgksaus mnh;eku uxjksaesa jgdj buesa xkaoksa ls viuh tkxhjksa dh lEink ykuk 'kq: fd;kA lÙkk ds ;s lk>hnkjl'kDr miHkksDrk oxZ cu x, ftuds ikl [kpZ djus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk Fkh ftlus rS;kjeky ds mRiknu rFkk mudh fofue; çfØ;kvksa nksuksa esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks mRçsfjr fd;kAbu vfHktkR;ksa ds fy, uxj çeq[k vkokl LFky cu x, rFkk vdcj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZeulcnkjh ç.kkyh ds vUrxZr mUgsa tks tkxhjsa feyk djrh Fkha mlus mUgsa [kpZ djus dsfy, çpqj lEink iznku dhA ,d lkèkkj.k eqxy ?kqM+lokj ftlds ikl rhu ?kksM+s gksrs Fksds fy, 25 :- çfrekg dk osru vkSj mPp 5000 tkr- ¼O;fDrxr osru½ ds vehj dk osru30]000 :- çfrekg Fkk ¼pUæk] 2006% 160-1½] tks Li"Vr% çR;sd dLcs@uxj esa fofHkUu{kerk rFkk lkeF;Ziw.kZ inkuqØe dks n'kkZrk gS] tks cktkj esa Hkkjh ek=k esa lEink dhvkiwfrZ dj ldrs Fks] tks miHkksDrk oxZ dh la[;kRed 'kfDr rFkk Ø; 'kfDr c<+kus esalgk;d Fkh] Qyr% oL=] js'keh oL=] js'ke ds dkyhu] csycwVsnkj oL= bR;kfn tSlh

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

54

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

foykflrkiw.kZ enksa dh fofHkUu fdLeksa dh ekax esa of) gqbZA vcqy Qty o.kZu djrk gSfd vdcj us ;g vkns'k fn;k Fkk fd dfri; gSfl;r ds yksx dsoy dfri; ifjèkku ghèkkj.k djsaxs] Li"Vr% og miHkksx dh vknr dks lkekftd gSfl;r ds lkFk lekurk ijykuk pkgrk Fkk ¼vkbu-, vdcjh] 1977] Hkkx I] vkbu 32%94½A vfHktkR; yksxksa rFkkèkuoku O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk cs'kqekj [kpZ vkSj vkMEcjiw.kZ miHkksDrkoknhO;ogkj mudh lkekftd gSfl;r ds lwpdkad ds :i esa ns[ks tkrs FksA ifj.kkeLo:i]mHkjrs gq, miHkksDrk oxZ dh fofoèk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, fofHkUu çÑfrds mRiknd lacaèkh dk;Zdykiksa dk uxjksa rFkk mlds vklikl ds {ks=ksa esa O;kid :i lsçlkj gqvk ftlls f}rh;d mRiknu cgqr gh rhoz gks x;k vkSj fons'kh cktkjksa dh vksjmUeq[k O;kikj esa rsth vkbZA

uxj-mUeq[kh dk;Zdykiksa] ftlesa lcls çeq[k çkS|ksfxdh; uoksUes"k Fkk vkSj tks vdcj dsle; ls vkSj rhoz gks x;k] esa of) djds ^iksfylØSfVd* 'kklu dks c<+kok fn;k x;kAvdcj tks f'kYi mRiknu rFkk O;kikj dh çfØ;k dks mRçsfjr djus ds fy, vR;fèkdmRlqd Fkk] us oL= ds mRiknu esa ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks 'kq: fd;kA mlus Hkkjr esa js'keds oL=ksa] tjhnkj oL=] csycwVsnkj oL= vkSj js'ke ds dkyhu ds dke esa dkjhxjksa dksçf'k{k.k fnyk;k ftlls Hkkjrh; oLrq,a bZjkuh rFkk ;wjksi dh oLrqvksa ls mRÑ"V gks ldsa¼gchc] 2005% 132½A vdcj }kjk Hkkjr yk, x, n{k mLrknksa rFkk fo'ks"kKksa us oL=mRiknu esa f'k{kk nh ftUgksaus dHkh-dHkh Hkkjrh; iSVuks± ds lkFk bZjkuh] ;wjksih; rFkk phuhiSVuks± ds feJ.k dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;kA vkxjk] Qrsgiqj lhdjh] ykgkSj vkSj vgenkckn tSlsuxj ç;ksx'kkyk,a cu x, tgk¡ ;s çkS|ksfxdh; ç;ksx ckj-ckj fd, x, vkSj ;s uxj tYngh f'kYi-mRiknu ds çeq[k dsaæ cu x, ¼gchc] 2005% 132-133½A js'keh vkSj lwrh oL=ksadk çpqj ek=k esa mRiknu rFkk eqxy {ks= esa mudk O;kikj vkbus vdcjh ls vfHkçekf.krgksrk gS] ftlesa lwrh oL=ksa dh yEch lwph nh xbZ gS] tSls [kklk ¼ftldh dher çfr ihl3 :- ls 15 eqgj ds chp Fkh½] pkSrkj ¼3 :- ls 9 eqgj rd½] eyey ¼4 :i;s½] rulq[k]xaxkty ¼pkj :i;s ls ikap eqgj rd½ vkSj HkSjkSa ¼pkj :i;s ls pkj eqgj rd½A lwrh oL=ksadh vusd fdLesa tSls lkyw fegjdqy] fljh lkQ] lgu] >ksuk] vVu] vlkoyh] ck¶rk]egenh] iaprksfy;k] >ksyk bR;kfn Hkh O;kikj ds fy, eqxy uxjh; cktkjksa esa ys tk, x,¼vkbus vdcjh] 1977] Hkkx I] vkbu 32% 100-101½A mRiknu esa of) ls LFkkuh; ekax dsvfrfjDr] vfèk'ks"k oL= mRiknu caxky vkSj xqtjkr ds leqæh iÙkuksa ds ekè;e ls fons'khfofue; ds fy, vfèkdkfèkd ek=k esa ys tk, x,A lwjr- cqjgku-vkxjk ekxZ ¼VSofuZ;j]1925% 40-53( eUMh] 1914% 9-65] ekWUljsV] 1922% 5-27½ vkSj lwjr-vgenkckn-vkxjk ekxZdk bu uxjksa ds mRiknu dsaæksa dks iÙku uxjksa rFkk rVorhZ Hkkjr ds fofue; dasæksa lstksM+us ds fy, ckj-ckj ç;ksx fd;k x;k ¼VSofuZ;j] 1925% 54-72( eUMh] 1914% 231-72½AfofHkUu mÙkj Hkkjrh; uxjksa ls rS;kj mRikn NksVh ukSdkvksa ls unh; ekxZ ¼gchc] 1999%70½ vkSj xzkaV Vªad jksM] ftls 'ksj'kkg us vkjEHk esa vVd ls fnYyh rd cuok;k Fkk¼Qk:d] 1977% 11½ ftldk ckn esa vkxjk ls iwohZ caxky esa lksukjxkao rd foLrkj fd;kx;k ¼dkuwuxks] 1965% 315^-6½] }kjk caxky ds iÙkuksa rd igq¡pk, x,A

3-4-4 iqrZxkyh uxj% iksfylxkfdZd

iqrZxkfy;ksa us Hkh viuh lkezkT;oknh bekjr dks [kM+k j[kus ds fy, uxjksa ds ekè;e dksviuk;k] fdarq eqxyksa us ftl rjg ls mudk mi;ksx fd;k mlls iqrZxkfy;ksa dk rjhdkfcYdqy gh fHkUu FkkA iqrZxkfy;ksa us uxjksa dk ç;ksx xkaoksa ds vfèk'ks"k dks fu"dkflr djus

55

rFkk ykHk dekus ds fy, vkfFkZd lkèkuksa] dh rjg fd;k ftls os varr% ;wjksi ysdj x,Aeqxyksa us iqrZxkfy;ksa ds foijhr Hkkjr ds vanj gh lEink dk ifjlapj.k gksus fn;k vkSjuxjksa dks cktkj dh t:jrksa rFkk mudh jktuhfrd vis{kkvksa ds çR;qÙkj ds vkèkkj ijfodflr gksus fn;kA iqrZxkfy;ksa us Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ij Dohyksu] dksphu] ØSaxkUuksj]dSUukuksj] eSaxyksj] gksukoj] cklsZyksj] xksok] rkuk] clhu] neu vkSj nho tSls uxjksa dhJa[kyk dh LFkkiuk dh ¼flYosfj;k] 1991% 80-90( ekysdUMkfFky] 2001% 74-5] 148-50]177-8½A iqrZxkfy;ksa ds ikl igys ls gh dqN fu;r-lajpuk,a ekStwn Fkha ftudk mUgksausvius uxjh; ,UDysoksa dh çÑfr rFkk Lo:i dks vkÑfr çnku djus ds fy, bl <ax lslqfoèkkiwoZd ç;ksx fd;k ftlls fd vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkxksa ls jktLo dh fudklh vfèkdre gkstk, ¼jkslk] 1997½A iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk uxj vkèkkfjr iz'kklu ds bl fo'ks"k :i dks] ftlsHkkjr ds if'peh rV ij 'kq: fd;k x;k] dks ^iksfylxkfdZd* dgk tk ldrk gSA ;ggkykafd mlh 'kCn iksfyl* ¼uxj½ ls mRiUu gqvk gS] ijUrq bldk ç;ksx vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkxksals vfèk'ks"k dh fudklh ds ç;kstu ds fy, vkSj ns'kh lalkèkuksa rFkk dkS'kyksa ds ÅijfofHkUu çÑfr ds fu;a=.k LFkkfir djus ds mís'; ls uxjksa dks ekè;e cukdj fons'kh'kfDr;ksa ds ^'kklu* dks bafxr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkjEHk esa dksphu vkSj cknesa xksok dk fodkl Hkkjr esa iqrZxkyh 'kklu ds fu;r izeq[k dsaæksa ds :i esa fd;k x;k]tcfd rVorhZ Hkkjr esa vU; iqrZxkyh fu;af=r iÙku-uxjksa dh vfèk'ks"k fudklh dhO;kid ifj;kstuk esa iwjd rFkk vuqiwjd Hkwfedk,a Fkha ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2010% 301-328½A1505 ls dksphu ,Lrknks nk bafM;k ¼Hkkjr esa iqrZxkyh fu;af=r {ks=½ dh jktèkkuh Fkh]ysfdu 1530 esa ,Lrknks nk bafM;k dh jktèkkuh dksphu ls xksok LFkkukUrfjr dj nh xbZ¼xksfMUgks] 1982% 34½A

iqrZxkyh Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ij vofLFkr vius fofHkUu uxjh; dsaæksa ds O;kikfjddk;Zdykiksa ls ftruh lEink lap; djrs Fks og vikj FkhA lu~ 1610 ds yxHkx dksphuds iqrZxkyh uxj esa gksus okys futh O;kikj dh okf"kZd èkujkf'k 22]80]000 ikjMkvksl3 Fkktcfd xksok esa blh vofèk esa ;g 46]66]000 ikjMkvksl FkkA xksok uxj dh lhek 'kqYdpkSdh ls okf"kZd vk; 2]10]000 ikjMkvksl Fkh ¼dqUgk] 1995% 256% 7½A 1610 esa nho dsO;kikj dk okf"kZd ewY; 54]27]900 tsjkfQUl vkSj clhu ds O;kikj dk okf"kZd ewY;31]96]800 tsjkfQUl Fkk tcfd neu dk 1225440 tsjkfQUl rFkk pkSy dk 6]92]640tsjkfQUl FkkA4 bl çdkj bu uxjksa esa lafpr lEink dk ,d cM+k fgLlk lhek 'kqYd ds:i esa ¼3-5% ls 6% rd ds chp½ iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk gLrxr fd;k x;k vkSj fofHkUu :iksaesa ;wjksi dks gLrkarfjr fd;k x;kA

xksok] tks fd lÙkk dk eq[; dsaæ gqvk djrk Fkk] us èkeZ dh loZlkekU;rk] vius fuokfl;ksads fy, [kk| lafgrk] os'kHkw"kk lafgrk vkSj Hkk"kk lafgrk ds ekè;e ls lkaLÑfrd

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

3- ;g tkudkjh ch ,u ,y] dksM 11410] i- 116 oh] vksdkZesUVks Ms 1612 dksphu esa ml lwpuk ij vkèkkfjrgS ftlesa crk;k x;k gS fd dksphu ds jktk }kjk 1612 esa 80]000 ikjMkvksl lhek 'kqYd ¼tks 3-5%dh nj ls olwyk tkrk Fkk½ ds :i esa ,d= fd;k x;k FkkA bl lwpuk dh iqf"V dksphu uxj ds j[kj[kkods fy, çR;sd O;kikjh ls ,d çfr'kr 'kqYd fy, tkus ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA 1587 ls 1598 dh vofèkesa okf"kZd vkSlr vk;kr 7]34]900 ikjMkvksl FkkA ch ,u ,y] QUMks tsjky] dksfMl la- 1980 ßfyozks nklfMLikstkl n ge ikslsZUVks]Þ rkcksvknk lsD'ku] i- 5-16] ik;l ekysdUMkfFky] eSfjVkbe bafM;k] i- 192-

4- bldk ewY;kadu blh vof/k ds fy, nho ¼2]44]500 tsjkfQUl½] clhu 1]44]000 tsjkfQUl½ neu ¼55]200tsjkfQUl½] vkSj pkSy ls ¼31]200 tsjkfQUl½] laxzfgr lhek 'kqYd ij vk/kkfjr gS ¼dqUgk] 1995% 215½A

56

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

ltkrh;rk rFkk ekudhdj.k dks ykxw fd, tkus ls og fof'k"Vrk ¼exclusivity½ dsmPpre Lrj rd igq¡p x;k] tcfd vU; uxjksa esa xksok ds lÙkk dsaæ ls uxj fo'ks"k dhnwjh ds vkèkkj ij O;kidrk rFkk lkaLÑfrd fotkrh;rk ds vyx-vyx va'k Fks ftlesacgq-lkaLÑfrd fuokfl;ksa dks fHkUu-fHkUu dk;kZRed Hkwfedk,a fuHkkus ds fy, nh xbZ FkhaAxksok uxj esa çR;sd fuoklh dks iqrZxkyh èkeZ dk ikyu djuk Fkk rFkk ywflVsfu;ulkaLÑfrd çFkkvksa dks ekuuk Fkk ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2009% 25-7½] tcfd vU; iqrZxkyh uxjksaesa xSj-iqrZxkyh fuokfl;ksa dh la[;k lÙkk ds dsaæ ls mudh nwjh ds lekuqikfrd c<+rhxbZA lkekU; nLrwj ,slk Fkk fd dksbZ uxj xksvk ds lÙkk ds dsaæ ls ftruk nwj Fkk] mldkuxjh; LFkku okf.kfT;d vkSj lkaLÑfrd nf"V ls mruk gh T;knk lekos'kh; Fkk tSlkfd nho ds iqrZxkyh uxj esa Fkk tgka dsoy dqN iqrZxkyh gh jgrs Fks] tcfd bldsfuokfl;ksa esa cfu;ksa dh la[;k dgha T;knk Fkh ¼ih;lZu] 1971% 67-72½A

iqrZxkyh ljdkj dh ^iksfylxkfdZd* ;kstuk esa vkjEHk esa dsoy Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ijfLFkr muds uxj 'kkfey Fks( rFkkfi iqrZxkyh futh O;kikfj;ksa us Hkkjr ds iwohZ rV ij ftu,UDysoksa dks fodflr fd;k muesa dkosjh ds eq[k ij ukxiV~Vue] eækl ds fudVek;ykiqj vkSj iwyhdV] ikafMpsjh ds lehi nsoukeiV~Vue] caxky esa gqxyh bR;kfn dkfodkl O;kikfjd uxjksa ds :i esa gqvk vkSj mUgksaus if'peh rV ds iqrZxkyh uxjksa lslalkèkuksa dh olwyh djus okyh rFkk fu;a=d laLFkkvksa ds gLr{ksi dk çfrjksèk fd;k¼FkkWet] 1994( lqczã.;e] 1990( lqczã.;e] 1990( LVhQu] 1997( LVhQu] 2008% 11-21(ekysdUMkfFky] 2010% 68-71½A iqrZxkyh futh O;kikjh pkgrs Fks fd muds uxj iqrZxkyh,LVknks nk bafM;k ls Lora= jgdj dk;Z djsaA rFkkfi] iqrZxkyh vfèkdkjh bu ifjfLFkfr;ksals çlUu ugha FksA iqrZxkyh vfèkdkfj;ksa ds }kjk 1547 rFkk 1568 esa nks ckj bu rfeyrVorhZ futh uxjh; clkoVksa dks u"V djus vkSj bu fuokfl;ksa dks Hkkjr ds if'pehrVorhZ ljdkjh iqrZxkyh ,UDysoksa ds vèkhu ykus ds fy, lSU; rS;kfj;ka dh xb± Fkha¼FkkWet+] 2005 % 10-11½A fdarq çLrkfor lSU; vfHk;ku ugha fd;k x;k rFkk futh iqrZxkyhO;kikfj;ksa dh O;kikfjd uxjh; clkoVksa dks èkkfeZd laLFkkvksa tSls 1606 esa LFkkfirek;ykiqj ds Mk;kslsl vkSj fofHkUu èkkfeZd la?kksa fo'ks"kdj dksjkseaMy uxjksa ds ÝkaflLdudkiqfpUl vkSj caxky esa vkWxfLVhfu;Ul dh lgk;rk ls mudks fu;af=r djus dh çfØ;kds ekè;e ls Hkkjr ds if'peh rV dks iqrZxkyh 'kklu dh iksfylxkfdZd* ç.kkyh ds lkFkvUrrksxRok ,dhÑr dj fy;k x;k ¼ehlZeSu] 1982% 61-70( ekysdUMkfFky] 2013% 185-204½A

3-5 ^uxj-jkT;*

eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds ,d vU; lewg] ftls ge Hkkjr esa ikrs gSa] dks uxj jkT;ksa dh Js.khds varxZr j[kk tk ldrk gS tSlk fd bl vofèk ds nkSjku lqnwj nf{k.k esa dkyhdV rFkkdksphu ds :i esa çdV gq, uxj blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA ;s y?kq jkT; ;k vèkZ jkT; Fks tksØe'k% dkyhdV vkSj dksphu ds iÙku uxjksa ds lehi leqæh O;kikj ls jktuhfrdçfØ;kvksa ds fy, ÅtkZ çkIr dj Bhd mlh rjg çdV gq, ftl rjg bVyh esa osfulvkSj ¶yksjsUl esa uxjksa ds lehi uxj-jkT; çdV gq, ¼iksyfuV~t] 1949( yqTtkVks] 1961(ysu] 1973½( teZuh esa czseu] Y;wcsd] gSEcxZ vkSj MsfUtax ¼MsfUtax vc iksySaM gS½ dsgSfUl,fVd uxj ¼iksyfuV~l] 1953( gsysucsUt] 1956% 28-49( ekysdUMkfFky] 1999% 3-22½vkSj iwohZ vÝhdk esa eksxkfn'kq] cjkok] ikVs] esfyUMs] eksEcklk] isEck] tfUtckj] fdYok]lksQkyk vkSj bugSEcsu dsLokfgyh uxj-jkT; çdV gq, ¼flUDys;j vkSj gdkUlu] 2000%

57

63-78] fi;lZu] 1998½A vius iÙku-uxjksa ls leqæh O;kikj ds çfrykHkksa ds lkFk dkyhdVvkSj dksphu ds uxjh; dsaæ ds 'kkldksa us jkT; fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa ,d vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx dk ltu fd;k( ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd Hkkjr ds ;s uxj jkT; viuh jktuhfrdlajpuk rFkk ftl jhfr ls os viuh lÙkk çfØ;kvksa ds LFkkf;Ro gsrq mRiknu rFkk fofue;ksadks vk;ksftr djrs Fks gSufl,fVd vkSj bVyh ds uxj jkT;ksa ls dkQh fHkUu gSa ¼dksphuds uxj-jkT; dk vè;;u djus ds fy, nsf[k, ekysdUMkfFky] 2001½A vR;Ur xguleqæh O;kikj ds dkj.k fodflr gq, iÙku uxj Hkkjr ds uxj-jkT;ksa ds fy, lÙkk dsç;ksx gsrq eq[; {ks= cu x, tcfd vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx esa fc[kjs gq, mRiknu dsaæ jktuhfrdfot;ksa }kjk lÙkk ds dsUnz rFkk iÙkuksa dh O;kikfjd xfrfofèk;ksa ls tksM+ fn, x,A uxj-jkT; ds :i esa dkyhdV ds vH;qn; dks dkyhdV ds ewy 'kkld iksykfFkjh dks ijkftrdjus ds i'pkr~ rsjgoha lnh esa mHkjrs gq, leqæh O;kikj dh i"BHkwfe esa usfMf;jIiq Lo:ieds çeq[k ds jktfuokl dks ,ukZM ¼eYyiqje ftyk½ esa usfMf;jIiq ds vkarfjd Ñf"k {ks=ls dkyhdV ds leqæ O;kikj dsaæ dks LFkkukUrj.k ds lkFk tksM+k tk ldrk gSA ckn esadkyhdV ds O;kikj ls vftZr lEifÙk vkSj eqfLye O;kikfjd lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn lsusfMf;jIiq Lo:ie ds çeq[k us varrksxRok lewfFkjh ;k teksfju dh mikfèk èkkj.k dh vkSjvklikl ds Hkw-Hkkxksa ij vkfèkiR; tek fy;k vkSj mUgsa dkyhdV esa leqæh O;kikj ds fy,dkyhfepZ mRiknu dk vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx cuk fy;k ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 1999% 9½A Bhd blhçdkj is:EiMIiq Lo:ie ds çeq[k] ftldk eq[;ky; oUusjh ds Ñf"k {ks= esa Fkk] us Hkhnf{k.k dh vksj c<+uk 'kq: fd;k] vkSj igys egksn;iqje ¼Øsaxkuwj½ vkSj fQj dksphu dhubZ mnh;eku clkoV rd igq¡pk tgk¡ mlus 1405 ds vklikl vius jktfuokl dhLFkkiuk dhA 'kh?kz gh ;g uxjh; bdkbZ ds :i esa fodflr gks x;k vkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa dsvkxeu ds i'pkr~ leqæh O;kikj dh xfr rhoz gksus ds lkFk dksphu Hkkjr ds if'peh rVij ,d çeq[k uxj cudj mHkjk tgk¡ çpqj O;kikfjd lEifÙk Fkh vkSj blds 'kkldksa usdkyhfepZ ds mRiknu dh çfØ;k dks dksphu esa O;kikfjd dk;Zdykiksa ds lkFk tksM+us dsmís'; ls dkyhfepZ mRiknu ds vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx esa viuh fLFkfr dks lqn<+ djuk 'kq:fd;k ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2001% 30-33½] ;wjksi esa vfèkdrj uxj-jkT;ksa esa tSls gSfUl,fVduxjksa esa lÙkk O;kikfj;ksa ds gkFkksa esa Fkh vkSj mRiknd uxjksa esa jgrs Fks tcfd dkyhdVvkSj dksphu ds uxj-jkT;ksa esa okLrfod lÙkk jktuhfrd 'kkldksa ds gkFkksa esa jgh( fdarqlÙkk ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks muds çeq[k O;kikjh lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk lk>k fd;k x;kAlÙkk dh lk>snkjh dh bl çfØ;k esa ,d fons'kh eqfLye O;kikjh dks dkyhdV ds fons'kO;kikj dk 'kklu laHkkyus dh ftEesnkjh nh xbZ Fkh] tcfd ?kjsyw O;kikj dh ftEesnkjhLFkkuh; ekfiYyk eqfLye O;kikjh dks lkSaih xbZ FkhA ;g ekfiYyk eqfLye varr% dkyhdVds dks;k ds :i esa tkuk x;k tks dkyhdV esa ç'kklfud nf"V ls vR;Ur gh 'kfDr'kkyhin cu x;kA dksphu esa dksad.kh vkSj iV~Vkjksa ds vfrfjDr ;gwnh O;kikjh rFkk iqrZxkyhfuth O;kikjh dksphu ds jktk ds çeq[k O;kikfjd lg;ksxh FksA dksphu ds jktk ds ik"kZnksavkSj eaf=;ksa ds :i esa mUgksaus vR;fèkd 'kfDr rFkk çHkko dk ç;ksx fd;k ¼ekysdUMkfFky]2007% 260-285½A rFkkfi muds lÙkk lacaèkksa rFkk lehdj.kksa esa ckj-ckj ifjorZu gksrs jgsftlus uxj dh vkarfjd xfr'khyrk esa lw{e fo'ks"krkvksa dk ;ksx fd;kA

3-6 lkjka'k

mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ;g Li"V djrk gS fd eè;dkyhu uxj dh ,dy foospuk lacaèkhèkkj.kk es a Hkkjr dh ,sfrgkfld çfØ;kvks a esa uxjks a dks ftu vusd vFkks± es a

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

58

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k Fkk mlds [kks tkus dk Hk; gSA eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds uxjksa dksle>us dh vusd laHkkouk,a rFkk rjhds gSaA ;g Li"V gS fd ,sfrgkfld :i ls bu uxjksaus lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa ds nks fHkUu lewgksa] ,d çkphudky ls vkSj nwljk vkèkqfudle; dk] ds chp ds cMs+ le;kUrj dks ikVus dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA nks dkyksa ds chp;kstd gksus ds vfrfjDr eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh dfri; vUrHkwZr fo'ks"krk,a Fkha] ;g muO;kid lkekftd-vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa] ftuds vanj mudk fodkl gqvk]dsUæhÑr rFkk xgu :i dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA

3-7 vH;kl

1½ eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds vè;;u ds fofHkUu nf"Vdks.k dkSu ls gSa\

2½ fo}ku eè;dkyhu ;wjksih; uxjksa dks fdl rjg ns[krs gSa\

3½ eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh çHkqrk ds lacaèk esa gsujh fijsu ds fopkj ij fVIi.kh dhft,A

4½ 13oha-14oha lfn;ksa esa uxjh; Økafr* ds eksgEen gchc ds fopkj dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

5½ fo}kuksa us miegk}hi ds eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh fdl izdkj foospuk dh gS\

6½ ^okf.kfT;d vkSj jktuhfrd nf"V ls iksf"kr uxjokn* dk fopkj D;k gS\

7½ ^iksfylØslh* D;k gS vkSj ;g fdl rjg ls ^iksfylxkfdZd* uxjksa ls fHkUu gS\

8½ eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds bfrgklys[ku dh ppkZ dhft,A

3-8 lanHkZ xazFk

vcqy Qty vYykeh] ¼1977½ fn vkbus vdcjh] vuq- ,p- CykWdeSu] Hkkx-I ¼ubZ fnYyh%vksfj,aVy cqDl fjfçaV dkiksZjs'ku½-

vczkEl] fQfyi] ¼1978½ ßVkmUl ,aM bdkWukWfed xzksFk% le F;ksjht ,aM çkWCyElÞ] fQfyivczkEl vkSj bZ- ,- fjXys ¼laik-½] VkmUl bu lkslkbVht% ,lst bu bdkWukWfed fgLVªh ,aMfgLVkWfjdy lksf'k;ksykWth ¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

vjklkjRue] flUukIikg vkSj vfu:) js] ¼1994½ elwyhiV~Vue ,aM dSEcs % , fgLVªh vkWQVw iksVZ VkmUl] 1500-1800 ¼ubZ fnYyh% eq'khjke euksgjyky ifCy'klZ çk- fy-½-

v'kjQ] ds-,e-] ¼1970½ ykbQ ,aM dUMh'kUl vkWQ fn ihiqy vkWQ fgUnqLrku] nwljklaLdj.k ¼ubZ fnYyh% eq'khjke euksgjyky½-

csdj] ,yu] vkj-,p-] ¼2003½ T;kWxzQh ,aM fgLVªh% fczftax fn fMokbM ¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

caxk] banq ¼laik-½] ¼1991½ flVh bu bafM;u fgLVªh% vcZu MseksxzkQh] lkslkbVh ,aMikWfyfVDl ¼fnYyh% euksgj½-

caxk] banq ¼laik-½] ¼1992½ iksV~Zl ,aM nsvj fgaVjySaM~l bu bafM;k] 1700-1950] ¼fnYyh%euksgj½-

59

Cysd] LVhQu] ¼1993½ 'kkgtgk¡ukckn% fn lksojsu flVh bu eqxy bafM;k] 1639-1739 ¼ubZfnYyh% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

czkWMsy] QukZUM] ¼1973½ dSfiVfyTe ,aM eVhfj;y ykbQ] 1400-1800] vuq- fefj;e dkspu¼U;w;kWdZ% gkiZj ,aM jks½-

dkWysorZ] foukUn ,e-] ¼1988½ ßnknw ,aM nknw-iaFk % fn lkslsZtÞ] dsjhu 'kksej vkSj MCY;w ,p-eSfDyvM ¼laik-½ fn lsaV~l % LVMht bu , fMoks'kuy VªsfM'ku vkWQ bafM;k] ¼fnYyh%eksrhyky cukjlh nkl½-

dSEiksl] ts-ts-,-] ¼1979½ fgLVªh vkWQ fn iksrqZxht bu csaxky ¼iVuk% tkudh çdk'ku½-

pEidy{eh] vkj-] ¼1996½ VªsM vkbfM;ksykWth ,aM vcZukbts'ku % lkmFk bafM;k] 300 ch-lh ,aM 1300 , Mh ¼fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

paæk] lrh'k] ¼2009½ ,lst+ vkWu esfM,oy bafM;u fgLVhª ¼ubZ fnYyh% gj-vkuan ifCyds'kUl½-

paæk] lrh'k ¼2006½ fefMoy bafM;k] Hkkx II ¼ubZ fnYyh % gj-vkuan çdk'ku½-

paæk] lrh'k ¼1997½ fefMoy bafM;k% fnYyh lYrur ¼1206-1526½] Hkkx I ¼ubZ fnYyh% gj-vkuan ifCyds'ku½-

pêksikè;k;] ch-Mh-] ¼1997½ fn esfdax vkWQ vyhZ fefMoy bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

fpukW;] 'kek fe=] ¼1998½ 'kkgtgk¡ukckn% , flVh vkWQ nsYgh] 1638-1857 ¼ubZ fnYyh%eqa'khjke euksgjyky ifCy'klZ½-

dkWDl] ds- vkj-] ¼1976½ ßvesfjdu T;kWxzQh% lks'ky lkbUl betsZUV]Þ lks'ky lkbUlDokVZjyh] Hkkx 57] i- 182-207-

dqUgk] tksvkvks eSuq,y Mh vYehnk Vsysl b] ¼1995½ bdksuksfe;k Mh ve bEihfj;ks %bdksuksfe;k ikWfyfVdk Mks ,LVkMks Mks bafM;k ,e VkWuksZ Mks ekj vjSfcdks b xksYQks iflZdks%,yhesUVkst dkWUtqUVwjkbl% 1595-1635] esLVªkMks fMtVsZ'ku] QSdqykMsMs Mh fl,ufl;kllksf'k;kbl b áweUl] ;wfuoflZMsM uksok Mh fyLcksvk-

MsfoM ,u- ykWjsUt+u] ¼1981½ ßfn dchj iaFk% gsjsfVDl Vw fgUnwt**] MsfoM ,u- ykWjsUtu]¼laik-½] fjyhft;l psUt ,aM dYpjy Mksfeus'ku ¼eSfDldks % dkWysftvks fM eSfDldks½-

MkWc] ekWfjl] ¼2006½ ß, fjIykbZÞ] jksMuh fgYVu] ¼laik-½ Vªkaft'ku ÝkWe ¶;wMfyTe VwdSfiVfyTe ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkdkj cqDl½] i- 59-61-

MkWc] ekWfjl] ¼2007½ MsosyiesaV vkWQ dSfiVfyTe ¼ubZ fnYyh% jkmVyst@vkdkj cqDl½-

Qk:d] ,-ds- ,e-] ¼1997½ jksM~l ,aM dE;qfuds'kUl bu eqxy bafM;k ¼fnYyh% bnkjkg-,-vnfc;kr-, fnYyh½-

Qwdks] fe'ksy] ¼1986½ ßvkWQ vnj LislstÞ] Mk;fØfVDl] Hkkx 16 la- 1] fLçax] i- 22-27-

Qwdks] fe'ksy] XosuMksfyu jkbV vkSj ikWy jsucks] ¼1982½ ßLisf'k;ykbts'ku vkWQ ikWoj % ,fMLd'ku vkWQ fn odZ vkWQ fe'ksy QwdksÞ] Ldkbykbu] i- 14-20-

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

fopkj/kkjk,a

60

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

Qwdks] fe'ksy] ¼1980½ ikWoj@ukWyst% lsysDVsM bUVjO;wt ,aM vnj jkbfVaXl] 1972-77¼yanu% iSfUFkvkWu cqDl½-

ÝsMfjd] lhtj ¼1969½] fjpMZ gSDY;qV] fn fçafliy usfoxs'kUl] oks;stst] VªSfQDl ,aMfMLdojht vkWQ fn bafXy'k us'ku esM ckbZ lh vkWj vksojySaM Vw fn fjeksV ,aM QknZsLVfMLVSaV DokVZlZ vkWQ fn vFkZ ,V ,uhVkbe fofnu fn dEikl vkWQ nht 1600 bZ;lZ] HkkxV U;w;kWdZ-

ÝkbducxZ] vkj- bZ- ¼1986½ fnYyh Fkwz fn ,tst % lsysDVsM ,lst bu vcZu fgLVªh] dYpj,aM lkslkbVh] ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQkMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

QUMks tsjky] ch-,u-,y-] dksfMl la- 1980 ßfyozksnkl fMListkl Ms ve vkWlsZUVksÞ] VScksvkMklsD'ku-

xksfMUgks] foVksfjuksa exkygst] ¼1982½ vks,l MsLdksfczesUVkst bZ v bdksuksfe;k eqafM;ky]Hkkx III] fyLcksvk-

xzsxjh] Msjsd] ¼2007½ ßfn çksMD'ku vkWQ LislÞ vkj- ts- gkohZ] MsfoM] fn fyfeV~l VwdsfiVy ¼yanu½-

xzsoky] ts-,l- vkSj banq caxk] ¼1985½ LVMht bu vcZu fgLVªh ¼verlj% xq: ukud nso;wfuoflZVh½-

xzsoky] ts-,l-] ¼2006½ ßlwfQTe bu fefMoy bafM;kÞ] ts-,l- xzsoky] ¼laik-½ fjyhft;lewoesaV~l ,aM baLVhV~;q'kUl bu fefMoy bafM;k ¼fgLVªh vkWQ lkbUl] fQykWlksQh ,aMdYpj bu bafM;u flfoykbts'ku½] Hkkx VII: 2 ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

gchc] bjQku] ¼2005½ ßvdcj ,aM VsDuksykWthÞ] bjQku gchc ¼laik-½ vdcj ,aM fgtbafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

gchc] bjQku] ¼1978½ ßbdkWukWfed fgLVªh vkWQ fn MsYgh lYrur% ,su ,ls bu bUVjçsVs'kuÞ]bafM;u fgLVkWfjdy fjO;w] Hkkx IV, la- 2] i- 289-98-

gchc bjQku] ¼1969½ ßfn fgLVkWfjdy cSdxzkmUM vkWQ fn ikWiqyj eksuksFkhfLVd ewoesaV~lvkWQ fn 15oha-17oha lsapqjhtÞ] fc'ks'oj çlkn ¼laik-½] vkbfM;kt bu fgLVªh ¼ckWEcs% ,f'k;kifCyf'kax gkml½] i- 6-13-

gchc] bjQku] ¼1999½ ,xzsfj;u flLVe vkWQ eqxy bafM;k] 1556-1707] ¼ubZ fnYyh%vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

gchc] eksgEen] ¼1952½ ßbUVªksMD'kuÞ] ,p- ,e- bfy;V vkSj tkWu Mkmlu ¼laik-½] fgLVªhvkWQ bafM;k ,st VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj,Ul ¼vyhx<+½] i- 55-78-

gkohZ] MsfoM] ¼1973½ lks'ky tfLVl ,aM fn flVh] ¼ckfYVeksj% tkWu gkWfifdUl ;wfuoflZVhçsl½-

gkohZ] MsfoM] ¼2001½ Lislst vkWQ dSfiVy % VqoZM~l , fØfVdy T;kWxzQh ¼U;w;kWdZ%jkmVyst½-

61

gkohZ] MsfoM] ¼1985½ fn vcZukbts'ku vkWQ dSfiVy % LVMht bu fn fgLVªh ,aM F;ksjhvkWQ dSfiVfyLV vcZukbts'ku ¼ckYVheksj% tkWu gkWfifdUl ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

glu] ,l- uq:y] ¼2008½ fjyhtu] LVsV ,aM lkslkbVh bu fefMoy bafM;k] lrh'k paæ}kjk laikfnr ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

xqIrk] vkbZ- ih-] ¼1986½ vcZu fXyEilst vkWQ eqxy bafM;k % vkxjk fn bEihfj;y dsfiVy]16oha ,aM 17oha lsapqjht ¼vkxjk% fMLdojh ifCyf'kax gkml½-

bjkdh] 'kgkcqíhu] ¼2009½ HkfDr ewoesaV bu fefMoy bafM;k% lks'ky ,aM ikWfyfVdyilZisfDVOl ¼fnYyh% euksgj ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªO;wVlZ½-

tkWulu] bR;kfn] ¼laik-½ ¼2000½ fn fMD'kujh vkWQ áweu T;kWxzQh ¼vkWDlQksMZ %CySdosy½-

dsysucsUt] geZu] ¼1956½ ßMsj QsQjekDVZ ve 1600 vUM Mh gULVkVsÞ] gSufl'kstslf'kLV~lCykVj LXXIV, i`-28-49-

[kku] edlwn vgen] ¼2004½ ßlwQht ,aM nsvj daVªhC;w'ku bu fn çkslsl vkWQ vcZukbts'kuÞ]uh: feJ] ¼laik-½ lwQht ,aM lwQhTe % le fjQysD'kUl ¼ubZ fnYyh% euksgj ifCy'klZ,aM fMfLVªO;wVlZ½-

ysu] ,Q- lh-] ¼1973½ osful% , esfjVkbe fjifCyd] ¼ckfYVeksj% tkWu gkWifdUl ;wfuoflZVhçsl½-

ysQscz] gsujh] ¼1991½ fn çksMD'ku vkWQ Lisl] vuq- MksukYM fudksYlu-fLeFk] a¼ynu%CySdosy½-

yksxku] MksukYM ,Q-] ¼2002½ , fgLVªh vkWQ ppZ bu fn fefMy ,tst ¼yanu % jkmVyst½-

ykWjsUtsu] MsfoM ,u-] ¼1987½ ßfn dchj iaFk ,aM lks'ky çksVsLVÞ] dsjhu 'kkWej vkSj MCY;w-,p- eSfDyvksM ¼laik-½] fn lsaV~l% LVMht bu , fMoks'kuy VªsfM'ku vkWQ bafM;k] ¼fnYyh%eksrhyky cukjlhnkl½-

yqTtkrks] th-] ¼1960½ LVksfjvk bdkWukWfedk Mh osusft;k MkWy*XI vYl XVI lsdksyks¼osusft;k½-

ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2009½ ß, flVh bu Lisl ,aM esVkQj% , LVMh vkWu fn iksVZ-flVhvkWQ xksok] 1510-1700Þ] LVMht bu fgLVªh] Hkkx 25] la- 1] i- 13-38-

ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2010½ ßLisf'k;ykbts'ku ,aM lks'ky bathfu;fjax % jksy vkWQflVht vkWQ dksphu ,aM xksok bu 'ksfiax fn ,LVkMks Mk bafM;k] 1500-1663] tksvkvksikmyks vksfyosfj;k , dksLVk vkSj foVksj yqbl xksLikj jksfMªXl ¼laik-½] vks ,LVkMks MkbafM;k , vksl MslkfQvksl ;wjksfi;l % ,DV~l Mks XII lsfeukfjvks baVjusflvksuk MhfgLVksfj;k bUMks-iksrqZxhft;k] fyLcksvk] i- 301-328-

ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l ¼2010½ eSjhVkbe bafM;k % VªsM] fjyhtu ,aM ikWfyVh bu fn bafM;uvks'ku] ¼ubZ fnYyh % izkbel cqDl½-

e/;dkyhuuxjhdj.k dsv/;;u laca/kh

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uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2013½ fn eqxYl] fn iksrqZxht ,aM bafM;u vks'ku% psfUtaxbestjht vkWQ esjhVkbe bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% çkbel cqDl½-

ekysdUMfFky] ik;l] ¼2001½ iksrqZxht dksphu ,aM fn eSjhVkbe VªsM vkWQ bafM;k] 1500-1663] ¼, okWY;qe bu fn lkmFk ,f'k;u LVMh fljht vkWQ gkbMsy cxZ ;wfuoflZVh] teZuh½¼ubZ fnYyh % euksgj ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfDVªC;wVlZ½-

ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l ¼1999½ fn teZUl] fn iksrqZxht ,aM bafM;k ¼eqaLVj % ,y vkbZ VhosykZx½-

ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2007½ ßfoUMl vkWQ psUt ,aM fyaDl vkWQ dUVhU;qVh % , LVMhvkWu fn epsZUV xqzIl vkWQ dsjy ,aM fn pSusYl vkWQ nsvj VªsM] 1000-1800 , Mh]Þ tuZyvkWQ fn bekWukWfed ,aM lks'ky fgLVªh vkWQ fn vksfj,UV] Hkkx 50% 2-3 i- 259-286-

eSF;w] ds-,l- vkSj vQty vgen ¼laik-½] ¼1990½ betsZUl vkWQ dksphu bu fn çhbUMfLVª;y ,jk% , LVMh vkWQ iksrqZxht dksphu ¼ikafMpsjh% ikafMpsjh ;wfuoflZVh½-

ehlZeSu] ,-] ¼1962½ fn ÝkaflLdUl bu rfeyukMq ¼'kksusd-csdsujhM½-

feJk] ,l-lh-] ¼1985½ ßle vkisDV~l vkWQ fn lSYQ ,MfefufLVªax baLVhV~;q'kUl bufefMoy bafM;u VkmUlÞ] ts-,l- xzsoky vkSj banq ckaxk] LVMht bu vcZu fgLVªh] ¼verlj%xq: ukud nso fo'ofo|ky;½-

feJk] ,l-lh-] ¼1964½ eqfLye dE;qfuVht bu xqtjkr ¼ckWEcs % ,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml½-

ekUljsV] ,UVksfuvks ¼2003½ fn desaVªh vkWu fgt tuhZ Vw fn dksVZ vkWQ vdcj ¼ubZ fnYyh%,f'k;u ,tqds'kuy lfoZlst½-

ewloh] f'kjhu] ¼2008½ ihiqy] VSDls'ku ,aM VªsM bu eqxy bafM;k] ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

ewloh] f'kjhu] ¼1987½ fn bdkWukWeh vkWQ eqxy vEik;j lh- 1595 % , LVSfVfLVdy LVMh]¼ubZ fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

eksjySaM] MCY;w- ,p-] ¼1979½ ÝkWe vdcj Vw vkSjaxtsc % LVMh bu bafM;u bdkWukWfedfgLVªh ¼ubZ fnYyh% vksfj,aVy cqDl fjfçaV½-

eksjySaM] MCY;q- ,p-] ¼1962½ bafM;k ,sV fn MsFk vkWQ vdcj % ,su bdkWukWfed fgLVªh¼fnYyh% vkRekjke ,aM lUl½-

eUMh] ihVj] ¼1914½ fn VªSosYl vkWQ ihVj eUMh bu ;wjksi ,aM ,f'k;k] 1608-67] vkj-VsEiy }kjk laikfnr] Hkkx II ¼yanu½-

udoh] ,p-ds-] ¼1972½ vcZukbts'ku ,aM vcZu lsaVlZ vaMj fn xzsV eqxy] 1556-1707% ,su,ls bu baVjçsVs'ku ¼f'keyk% bafM;u baLVhV~;qV vkWQ ,MokULM LVMh½-

udoh] ,p-ds-] ¼1968½ vcZu lsaVlZ ,aM baMLVªht bu vij bafM;k] 1556-1803 ¼ckWEcs%,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml½-

fi;jlu] ,e-,u-] ¼1972½ ßbaMhftul MksfeuSUl bu dksyksfu;y bdkWukWeh – fn xksokjsUMl ¼1600-1670½Þ] ekjs ywlks baMhde] Hkkx 2] i- 67-72-

63

fi;lZu] ,e-,u] ¼1998½ iksVZ flVht ,aM bUVªwMlZ % fn Lokfgyh dksLV] bafM;k ,aMiksrqZxky bu fn vyhZ ekWMuZ ,jk ¼ckYVheksj% tkWu gkWifdUl ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

fijsu] gsujh] ¼1956½ fefMoy flVht % nsvj vkWfjftUl ,aM fjokboy vkWQ VªsM] vuq- ÝSadMh- gSYth ¼U;w;kWdZ½-

IyksLtkLdk] Vsjslk] ¼1994½ ßeksjy ySaMLdsIl ,aM eSfuiqysVsM Lislt% tsaMj] Dykl ,aMLisl bu foDVksfj;u fjQkWeZsVjh LdwYlÞ tuZy vkWQ fgLVkWfjdy T;kWxzQh] Hkkx 20] i-413-429-

iksfYuRt] xksRt Ýhgj okWu] ¼1953½ Qqxj vUM gsUl ¼rqfcUtsu % ts-lh-ch- eksgj½-

iksfYuRt] xksRt Ýhgj okWu] ¼1949½ osusfMx ¼vkWXLcxZ½-

dkuwuxks] ds-] ¼1965½ 'ksj'kkg ,aM fgt VkbEl ¼dydÙkk% vksfj,UV ykaxeSu½-

fjpMZ] tkWu ,Q-] ¼1993½ fn eqxy vEik;j ¼ubZ fnYyh% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

fjtoh] ,l-,-,-] ¼1978½ , fgLVªh vkWQ lwfQTe bu bafM;k] Hkkx 1 ¼fnYyh % eqa'khjkeeuksgjyky ifCy'kslZ izkbosV fy-½- jksLlk] okYVj] ¼1997½ baMks-iksVZ~;wxht flVht % ,daVªhC;q'ku Vw fn LVMh vkWQ iksrqZxht vcZfuTe bu fn osLVuZ fgUnqLrku ¼fyLcu½-

'kqYV~t] LVSuyh ds-] ¼1985½ ß,su ,çksp Vw , F;ksjh vkWQ vcZukbts'ku**] ts- ,l- xzsoky vkSjbanq caxk ¼laik-½] LVMht bu vcZu fgLVªh ¼verlj% xq:ukud nso fo'ofo|ky;½A

'kekZ] ;ksxs'k vkSj ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l ¼laik-½ ¼2014½ flVht bu fefMoy bafM;k] ¼ubZfnYyh% çkbel cqDl½-

flYosfj;k] yqbZ ¼laik-½] ¼1991½ fyozks Mkl IykaVkl Mkl QksVkZystkl] flMkMsl bZiksoksvkdks,l Mks ,LVkMks Mk bafM;k vksfj,aVy dkWe ,t fMfLØDdkst Mks eSfjfVeks Mksljhuksl , çksfofUlvkl vkWUMs ,LVkMks flVqvkMkl , vkmVjksl iksVksZl fçaflikbl MkdsyktikVsZl ¼fyLcksvk½-

flUDys;j] ikWy] ts-ts- vkSj FkkWel gSdUlu] ¼2000½ ßfn Lokfgyh flVh LVsV dYpjÞ]ekstsUl geZu gkUlsu ¼laik-½] ,- dSEisjsfVo LVMh vkWQ FkVhZ flVh-LVsV dYplZ% ,subUosLVhxs'ku ¼dkscsugkWu½-

flag] HkkbZ tksèk ¼laik-½] ¼1993½ ck.kh Hkxr dchj th fLrhd ¼ifV;kyk½-

flag] ,e-ih-] ¼1985½ Vkmu] ekdsZV] feaV ,aM iksVZ bu fn eqxy vEik;j 1556-1707 ¼ubZfnYyh% ,Me ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªC;wVlZ½-

lkstk] ,MoMZ MCY;w-] ¼1989½ iksLVekWMuZ T;kWxzQht% fn jh,t'kZu vkWQ Lisl bu fØfVdylks'ky F;ksjh ¼yanu% olksZ½-

lkmnuZ] vkj- MCY;w-] ¼1970½ osLVuZ lkslkbVh ,aM fn ppZ bu feMy ,t ¼feMylsDl%gkeksZUM~loFkZ½-

LVhQu] ,l- tslhyk] ¼1997½ fn dksjkseaMy dksLV ,aM bV~l fgaVjySaM% bdkWukWeh] lkslkbVh,aM ikWfyfVdy flLVe] 1500-1600 ¼ubZ fnYyh% euksgj ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªC;wVlZ½-

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64

uxjh; bfrgkl%,d ifjp;

lqczge.;e] lat;] ¼1990,½ bEizwokbftax vEik;j % iksrqZaxht VsªM ,aM lsVyesaV~l bu fncs vkWQ csaxkWy] 1500-1700 ¼fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl½-

lqczge.;e] lat;] ¼1990ch½ fn ikWfyfVdy bdkWukWeh vkWQ dkWelZ lkmnuZ bafM;k¼dSfEct% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl½-

Lohth] ikWy] ¼2006½ ^^, fØfVd**] jksMuh fgYVu] ¼laik-½ fn Vªkaft'ku ÝkWe ¶;wMfyTe VwdSfiVfyTe ¼fnYyh % vkdkj cqDl½-

VSofuZ;j] thu cSfIVLVs] ¼1925½ VªSosYl bu bafM;k] vuqokn ch- cky nwljk la'kksfèkrlaLdj.k MCY;w Øqd] Hkkx 1 ¼yanu½-

Bkdqj] fot; dqekj ¼laik-½] ¼1994½ VkmUl bu izh ekWMuZ bafM;k ¼iVuk % tkudh izdk'ku½-

FkkWekt] yqbl fQfyi ,Q-vkj-]¼1994½ Ms fl;qVk , freksj ¼fyLcksvk½-

FkkWekt] yqbZ fQfyi ,Q- vkj-] ¼2005½ ^dh uksV ,Mªsl % 25 b;lZ vkWQ fjlpZ vkWu bUMks-iksrqZxht fgLVªh**] Qkfrek Mk flYok xzsfl;l] lsYlk fiaVks vkSj pkYlZ ckWtsZl] bUMksiksrqZxht fgLVªh % Xykscy VªsUM~l ¼iafte@xksok½-

f=osnh] ds-ds-] ¼1998½ vkxjk % bdkWukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy izksQkby vkWQ , eqxy lwck]1580-1707 ¼iq.ks % joh'k ifCy'klZ½-

oh;ksySUVse] lh-] ¼1977½ ßbZjsth vcZsu b bZjsth :jkyh bu bVkfy;k Mky XI vy XIIIlsdksyksÞ] vks- dSfirkuh ¼laik-½] esfMvksboks bjsfVdsy ¼cksyksXuk½-

oscj] eSDl] ¼1968½ bdkWukWeh ,aM lkslkbVh] xqUFksj jksFk vkSj DykWl fofVp }kjk laikfnr]vuqokn% ,Qjkbe fQ'kdkWQ bR;kfn ¼U;w;kWdZ% csMfefuLVj çsl½-

oscj] eSDl] ¼1996½ fn flVh] MkWu ekfVZuMsy vkSj tsjVªqM U;wfoFkZ }kjk vuqokn vkSj laiknu¼yanu½-

fodh] tkslsQ] ¼1969½ MkWD;qesaVk bafMdk] Hkkx XI ¼fyLcksvk½-

oqM] ,ysu ehDlhUl] ¼2007½ MseksØslh vxsULV dSfiVfyTe % fjU;wfbax fgLVkWfjdyeVhfj;fyTe ¼ubZ fnYyh% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-