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BELGIUM BELGIAN MEDIA LANDSCAPE ANNE VAN MARSENILLE IHECS – HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION FOR COMMUNICATION BRUSSELS MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 2014
BELGIUM BELGIAN MEDIA LANDSCAPE ANNE VAN MARSENILLE IHECS
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION FOR COMMUNICATION BRUSSELS MOSCOW
STATE UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 2014
BELGIAN MEDIA LANDSCAPE PRINTED PRESS Major newspapers and
magazines in Belgium: printed monolingual -> Dutch or
French.newspapersmagazinesDutchFrench Bilingual publications are
very minor. Belgium's major news agency: Belga (news agency).
Belgium's major photo agencies are Scripta, IP Plurimedia or
Mediashake.news agencyBelga (news agency)
http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/belgium.htm
Slide 10
Slide 11
De Standaard De Morgen De Tijd De Gentenaar Gazet Van Antwerpen
Het Belang van Limburg Het Laatste Nieuws Het Nieuwsblad La Libre
Belgique Le Soir La Meuse L'Echo Vers l'Avenir
Slide 12
Newspapers Major Dutch-language daily newspapers: Het Laatste
NieuwsHet Laatste Nieuws (De Persgroep) (30.96%), Het Nieuwsblad
(Corelio) (27.04%), Gazet van Antwerpen (Concentra) (11.27%), Het
Belang van Limburg (Concentra) (10.71%), De Standaard (Corelio)
(9.95%), De Morgen (De Persgroep) (5.99%) and De Tijd (Mediafin)
(4.08%).Het NieuwsbladGazet van AntwerpenHet Belang van LimburgDe
StandaardDe MorgenDe TijdMediafin
Slide 13
Major French-language daily newspapers: La Dernire HeureLa
Dernire Heure (IPM) (16.1%), Le Soir (Groupe Rossel) (16.0%), Vers
l'Avenir (Corelio) (15.8%), La Libre Belgique (IPM) (8.3%), L'Echo
(Mediafin) (3.7%) and La Meuse (newspaper) (Groupe Rossel), La
Capitale (Groupe Rossel), La Nouvelle Gazette (Groupe Rossel), La
Province (Groupe Rossel) and Nord Eclair (Groupe Rossel) (22.0%).Le
SoirLa Libre BelgiqueL'EchoLa Capitale The only major
German-language daily newspaper : Grenz EchoGrenz Echo (Groupe
Rossel). Metro (Belgian newspaper)
Slide 14
Press groups: Flanders: the Corelio group: quality paper De
Standaard and the two popular titles, Het Nieuwsblad and De
Gentenaar. Second important group : De Persgroep, with the popular
titles Het Laatste Nieuws and De Nieuwe Gazet and the quality paper
De Morgen. The popular titles are rather right-wing liberal, while
De Morgen has a more progressive streak. Het Laatste Nieuws is the
best-selling title in Belgium, with a circulation of more than
300,000 copies. Third Flemish group is Concentra, which publishes
two regional titles: Het Belang van Limburg and Gazet van
Antwerpen.
Slide 15
Wallonia: Rossel Group: the biggest editor ( ). It owns the
quality title Le Soir. This paper has a neutral perspective. It
also has a share of the German title, Grenz Echo, which has a small
circulation (10,000 copies). It also publishes popular titles.
Slide 16
The second, much smaller group in Wallonia, is IPM. It
publishes two titles: La Libre Belgique, a conservative quality
paper, and the popular La Dernire Heure, a right-wing liberal
paper. Media ownership ( ) in Belgium was until recently determined
by language interests. Only a few years ago did the Flemish
newspaper group Corelio take an interest in and eventually buy out
a Walloon media group, Mediabel.
Slide 17
Flanders Circulation 2007-2008 Market share in % Corelio (VUM)
38.2 De Standaard102,48087,216 Het Nieuwsblad/De
Gentenaar319,281267,982 De Persgroep 40.0 Het Laatste Nieuws/De
Nieuwe Gazet340,049280,798 De Morgen72,35553,944 De Tijd
(Mediafin)45,89337,457 Concentra 21.8 Gazet van
Antwerpen125,671104,315 Belang van Limburg111,89998,568 Total
NL1,117,628930,280 Metro NL133,112132,652 TOTAL NL +
Metro1,250,7401,062,932 Wallonia Rossel Le Soir112,35291,86951.1
Sud Presse148,283119,779 L'Echo (Mediafin)23,96117,749 IPM La Libre
Belgique/La Gazette de Lige55,84345,19128.1 La Dernire Heure/Les
Sports109,65980,867 Mediabel Vers l'Avenir108,17093,23520.8 Total
FR558,268448,690 Metro FR122,412121,842 Total FR +
Metro680,680570,532 Newspaper groups, their titles and their
circulation figures:
Slide 18
Slide 19
Ch De Zondag Knack Le Vif Maxim P-magazine Ttrends
Slide 20
Magazines The largest group is VNU ( Verenigde Nederlandse
Uitgeverijen) /Sanoma (Finnish). A dominant player in both Flanders
and the French-speaking part of Belgium. Roularta has a monopoly on
informative weeklies. Knack is the most-read quality weekly. Trends
and Trends/Tendances, for the French-speaking part of Belgium, are
the only financial-economic magazines on the Belgian market. In
Wallonia, Roularta publishes the only remaining news magazine, Le
Vif/LExpress, after acquiring and abolishing two of its competitors
in earlier decades.
Slide 21
Slide 22
Books The Belgian book market comprises mainly scientific ( )
and non-fiction publications. Educational publications constitute a
fifth of the market. Childrens books are also popular. The
historically important comic book market has been declining in
recent years, primarily because of foreign import. There are about
90 book publishers ( ) in Belgium. Because of the small market,
most books in Belgium do not earn turn profits. As such, many
authors and publishers are dependent on government subsidies.
Slide 23
Slide 24
Bel RTL Fun Radio Q-Music Radio 1 Radio 2 Radio Contact Radio
Klara Studio Brussels Radio Nostalgie
Slide 25
RADIO First radio stations in Belgium ->1920s - private
initiatives. 1930-> law that founded the Public Service
Broadcasting institution. It was financed by a licence fee from the
start. Advertising was not allowed. Second World War and the German
occupation -> private radio stations were outlawed. 1981 ->
private radio stations ( ) were allowed again. In the years that
followed, advertising and the formation of networks became
widespread.
Slide 26
Local radio stations became popular music stations, although
little remained of the idealistic stations that marked the heydays
of illegal local radio. 1998 : three different types of radio
stations: local radio, city radio and regional radio. The year 2001
was big for private radio. In Wallonia, private radio stations were
legalised ( ) in 1982. In the years before, a great many of them
had been broadcasting clandestinely. The forming of networks was,
as in Flanders, only allowed ( ) later, in 1987. The Walloon
private radio stations compete ( ) with the Public Service
Broadcasting more than Flemish stations.
Slide 27
Slide 28
2be ARD Belgischer Rundfunk und Fernsehen Belgischer Rundfunk
und Fernsehen (BRF) En Canvas Fdration des Tls Locales
Wallonie-Bruxelles Ketnet Jim TV Radio Tlvision Belge Francophone
Radio Tlvision Belge Francophone (RTBF) RTL VIJFtv Vitaya Vlaamse
Radio Televisie Omroep Vlaamse Radio Televisie Omroep (VRT) Vlaamse
Televisie Maatschappij Vlaamse Televisie Maatschappij (VTM) VT4 TF1
The Music FactoryThe Music Factory (TMF) ZDF
Slide 29
TELEVISION 1953: first Belgian television broadcasts 1960,
division between Flemish and Walloon public broadcasters : Flanders
got the Belgische Radio and Televisie (BRT) Wallonia got to watch
and listen to the Radio Tlvision Belge Francophone (RTBF). The
broadcasters continued to share some facilities. Both could be
characterised by a rather strong degree of politicisation.
Slide 30
cultural-linguistic communities received increasing political
autonomy. 1977: the German part of Belgium also got its own public
broadcaster, the Belgischer Rundfunk und Fernsehen (BRF). 1994:
complete regional autonomy of public broadcasters. BRT and RTBF :
monopoly in their respective markets. cable television ( ):
broadcast of 25 foreign television stations > competitive
pressure The dilemma of public broadcasters everywhere, whether to
go for quality in programming or for quantity in audiences.
Slide 31
1981: a new law allowed for the presence of private pay-TV ( ),
regional television and, most importantly, a private national
television broadcaster ( )> Wallonia + Flanders It took six
years for Wallonia and eight years for Flanders to install a
private competitor to the public monopoly.
Slide 32
1991: BRT > BRTN: it was now culturally labelled as Flemish.
In 1997, a new name was chosen: VRT: Vlaamse Radio Televisie
Omroep, underscoring the Flemish character of the channel. The
Flemish public broadcaster > to loosen its relationship with the
political world. ( ) 2002: VRT became the market leader in 2002.
The goals of the VRT between 2007 and 2011 call for it to become a
digital broadcaster ( ). Its core mission remains to be a
general-audience station that also supplies programmes for specific
target groups, such as children, and programmes on culture, news
and sports. Part of its financing comes from advertising.
Slide 33
1989: The Vlaamse Televisie Maatschappij (VTM), the Flemish
commercial ( ) broadcaster, International European pressure and
domestic pressure ( ) : abolition ( ) of the public service
monopoly for television 1994: another commercial channel: VT4
Flanders also has 11 regional TV stations, although some are
struggling to survive. The Walloon public broadcaster, the RTBF,
had always coped problems similar to those facing its Flemish
counterpart. Competition with the French channel TF1. It also
receives some income from advertising revenue. First private
television broadcaster in Wallonia : RTL/TVI>2005 licence in
Luxemburg Wallonia has 11 regional TV stations 1989: Canal Plus:
pay television > 2004: Be TV
Slide 34
LOFT Erik Van Looy - Veerle Baetens
Slide 35
1990: decline of moviegoers ( ) 2000s: boost ( ) > French
and Flemish films: Rosetta (1999) The Alzheimer Case
(2003)RosettaThe Alzheimer Case L'Enfant (2005) Loft
(2008)L'EnfantLoft Several film festivals: Filmfestival Ghent is
the most renowned ( ). Its first edition was in 1974, when it
hosted but 18 films. Today, it attracts around 110,000
visitors.
Slide 36
INTERNET 2008: 64 % of the Belgian population lived in
households with Internet access ( ). 2014: 73 % of the Belgian
population Flemish Internet access is higher, When it comes to
broadband access ( ), Belgium used to be one of the top countries
worldwide. Broadband had a fast penetration rate. By 2006, Belgium
had lost that top position to Denmark (), the Netherlands and
Iceland.
Slide 37
Slide 38
Federal A federation Federated states Federalism
Slide 39
THE COUNCIL () OF EUROPE : 5/5/1949 1st common organisation
used for political cooperation Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and
Sweden. Very first international parliamentary assembly.
Strasbourg
Slide 40
The Council of Europe 48 Member states 800 million
Europeans
Slide 41
-Only coal and steel ( ) ! -France + Germany - Belgium, The
Netherlands, Luxemburg, Italy. - UK : not interested cooperation
with ECSC
Slide 42
-Recognition ( ) of the high Authority -Creation of a common
assembly -Creation of a Court of Justice ( ) - Creation of a
Council of Ministers
Slide 43
- Countries which refused to be part of the economic
integration formed the EFTA (European Free Trade Association) in
1959. -UK, Norway, Sweden, DK, A, PT, Iceland and Switzerland,
later Finland -But : most members ( ) left to join the EEC
Slide 44
1950s: -High Spirits, Failures -Threat ( ) = communism Germany
must be rearmed( ) and in Western Europe
Slide 45
30 March 1962: -European Parliamentary Assembly European
Parliament -Most countries against universal suffrage ( ) for
EP
Slide 46
-European flag : 29 May 1986 -European driving licences ( ) :
January 1986 - 30 March 1985 : mutual recognition ( ) of higher
education diplomas: Measures to facilitate the free movement of
students. Access to employment in national civil services for all
citizens who were nationals of a Community Member State.
Slide 47
Public opinion -Begins to be taken into account: referenda
-Assessing public opinion and keeping citizens informed regarded as
essential elements in the process of European integration
Eurobarometer : http://ec.europa.eu/public_opini on/index_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opini on/index_en.htm
Slide 48
1986: 12 member states : 6 + UK, IRL, DK + GR, E, PT. Need for
more effective and democratic structures. Single European Act
Slide 49
1990 German reunification 1995 : Austria, Sweden, Finland 2004
: Big Bang : 10 new member states : Baltic states : Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus 2007 : Romania and Bulgaria
Slide 50
Croatia joined in 2013 > 28 member states Next: Iceland?
Ukraine? Turkey?
Slide 51
The European Union Europ ean Com munit y doma in (most comm on
polici es) Commo n foreign and security policy Police and judicial
cooperatio n in criminal matters
Slide 52
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Citizens, interests groups, experts:
discuss, consult Commission: makes formal proposal Parliament and
Council of Ministers: decide jointly Commission & Court of
Justice monitor implementation National or local authorities:
implement
Slide 53
ARCHITECTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Council of the EU European
Parliament European Commission European Council Court of Justice of
the European Communities
Slide 54
Slide 55
FROM THE ECSC TO THE EU FROM THE ECSC TO THE EU: THE TREATIES
BASIS FOR DEMOCRATIC COOPERATION BUILT ON LAW 1952 The European
Steel and Coal Community 1958 The treaties of Rome: The European
Economic Community The European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
1987 The Single European Act: the Single Market 1993 Treaty of
European Union Maastricht 1999 Treaty of Amsterdam 2003 Treaty of
Nice 2009 Treaty of Lisbon
Slide 56
Member statesYearTreaties The Six (Benelux, DE, FR,
IT)1951Paris (ECSC, Eif 1952) The Six1957Rome (EEC + Euratom, Eif
1958) The Six1965Merging Treaty DK, IRL, UK (total =
9)1973Accession Treaty Greece (=10)1981Accession Treaty Spain,
Portugal (=12)1986Single European Act (Eif 1987)
EU-121992Maastricht (EU, Eif 1993) Austria, Finland, Sweden
(=15)1995Accession Treaty EU-151997Amsterdam (Eif 1999)
EU-152001Nice (Eif 2003) CY-CZ-EE-LV-LT-HU-MT-PL-SI-SK
(=25)2004Accession Treaty and Constitutional Treaty ( 2005)
Bulgaria Romania (=27)2007Treaty of Lisbon ( 2008) EU-272009New
treaty of Lisbon (Eif 1/12/2009)
Slide 57
THE INSTITUTIONS
Slide 58
WHOS WHO ? THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 736 MEPs Brussels Strasbourg
Martin Schultz
Slide 59
WHOS WHO ? THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION Berlaymont building -
Brussels Jean-Claude Juncker
Slide 60
WHOS WHO ? THE COUNCIL OF THE EU The Justius Lipsius building
Rotating presidencies
Slide 61
WHOS WHO ? Federica Mogherini The High Representative of the
Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy ( )/ Vice President
of the Commission The Foreign Minister
Slide 62
WHOS WHO ? THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL Donald Tusk
Slide 63
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 736 Elected () MEPs Decisions : 80%
with Council No right of initiative Budget Controls the EC
Strasbourg for plenary sessions Brussels for work in commissions
Political groups (parties)
Slide 64
COMPOSITION OF THE EP AFTER THE 2014 ELECTIONS The EP in todays
EU for an enhanced European democracy:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCUF5t1kRlI 64
Slide 65
EUROPEAN POLITICAL PARTIES are they really parties ? No
militants () Resources are allocated by the national parties,
members of the group No campaign as such for the elections of the
EP No real programme (because the Commission has the right of
proposal)
Slide 66
THE COMMISSION General interest ! Civil service made up of 40
directorates-general (DGs) and services 23,000 staff mainly based
in Brussels and Luxembourg 27 commissioners Legislative process :
proposes legislation : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2 VY4Qor50s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2 VY4Qor50s 1st pillar : EC alone 2
nd pillar : shares right of initiative with MS Guardian of treaties
President = designated by European council at qualified maj. and
approved by the EP
Slide 67
THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL European Council : impetus, general
guidelines (), general direction of policy () on all EU activities
BUT : decisions = no direct effect institutions needed Always in
Brussels
Slide 68
THE COUNCIL OF THE EU Legislative ( ) body with EC and EP on
1st pillar 9 different formations (foreign affairs, finance, social
affairs, transport, agriculture, etc.) Budget with EP Decides on
new members (with EP) On 2 nd and 3rd pillars : decisions are made
either by unanimity or by qualified majority ( )
Slide 69
WHOSE INTEREST ? COMMission = COMMon interest COUncil =
interest of the COUntries ( ) European Parliament = interest of the
Peoples
Slide 70
SOVEREIGNTY () International organisation or confederation:
association of sovereign States who cooperate on the
intergovernmental mode.
Slide 71
FEDERALISM Federation : the States share their sovereignty with
supranational institutions that are competent for certain
domains.
Slide 72
INTEGRATIONISM United Europe : 1 European State with
subdivisions.
Slide 73
CONCLUSION The initial ideal (): peace !!! New goal ? The
environment ( ) ?
Slide 74
Europe and communication Part 2 : The Non-Communication
Policy
Slide 75
INTRODUCTION 45 % of Europeans have a positive image of the EU
But Europe doesnt get you elected (politicians) Europe doesnt sell
(media) Europe and propaganda (teachers)
Slide 76
The issue 500,000,000 citizens () 23 different languages EU =
complex Difficult to simplify () legal and economic decisions Ccl :
communicating is difficult
Slide 77
The perception Brussels = away, unreachable Lack of knowledge
of EU decisions feeling of distance; Gap between citizens and
institutions Brussels has decided The eurocrats The bureaucracy A
Europe of States and citizens ? NO ! A Europe of the States ! the
citizen is not interested
Slide 78
1995 Launch of the Europa website : http://www.europa.eu/
http://www.europa.eu/
Slide 79
1999 Public opinion = very negative Especially UK 1st time the
whole Commission resigns (Santer) ( ) democratic deficit ( )appears
for 1st time
Slide 80
Democratic deficit The democratic deficit is a concept invoked
principally in the argument that the European Union and its various
bodies suffer from a lack of democracy and seem inaccessible to the
ordinary citizen because their method of operating is so complex.
The view is that the Community institutional set-up is dominated by
an institution combining legislative and government powers (the
Council of the European Union) and an institution that lacks
democratic legitimacy (the European Commission).
http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/democratic_deficit_en.htm
Slide 81
Europa website 500,000 daily visitors Information in 23
languages on EU history, policies, institutions EUR-Lex
(legislation) EU bookshop (publications) Whos who
Slide 82
Conclusion EUROPA website is the future of communication policy
of the EU Users (= citizens) should be playing a more important
role () in debating () on new EU policies What should EU
communication focus on ? What about citzens discussions on Lisbon
Treaty ?
Slide 83
INTERESTING LINKS About the EU:
http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm
EUs history:
http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/index_en.htm
Treaty on the EU and treaty on the functioning on the EU (Lisbon
treaty): http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm
http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm After Lisbon:
http://ec.europa.eu/education/jean-
monnet/doc/ecsa10/rossi_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/education/jean-
monnet/doc/ecsa10/rossi_en.pdf EU institutions:
http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-
bodies/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-
bodies/index_en.htm EU policies:
http://ec.europa.eu/policies/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/policies/index_en.htm
Sights and sounds of Europe:
www.youtube.com/user/eutubewww.youtube.com/user/eutube European
navigator: http://www.ena.lu/http://www.ena.lu/ Official
translations: http://iate.europa.euhttp://iate.europa.eu 83
Slide 84
How have the media in Eastern and Western Europe dealt with
European issues in the post-war period?
Slide 85
Media references to Europe and European identity are relatively
uncommon in Western European countries. This may reflect the fact
that they regard themselves as part of Europes historical core and
take their Europeanness for granted.
Slide 86
Starting in the 1980s, there is a noticeable change: Their
focus shifts away from Europe to the European Union. This trend
gathers pace in the 1990s, with the concept of Europe being largely
eclipsed thereafter by a notion of the EU. _ In the East,
references to Europe or the EU are rare before 1989.
Slide 87
_ After 1989, with the continent undergoing geopolitical
reorganization, media references to Europe become more common in
Eastern and Central Europe. This is particularly true for countries
such as Poland and Slovenia that have sought to redefine their
Europeanness.
Slide 88
_ Whereas Europe and the EU appear as clearly defined notions
in Western countries, references to them in Central Eastern
countries are ambiguous. - A positive perception of the EU as a
unifying force dominates public opinion after the end of the Cold
War.
Slide 89
Why is there so little media coverage of EU topics?
Slide 90
European and EU-related news topics tend to play a relatively
minor and sporadic role in the overall content of the mass media.
The lack of EU-related news coverage reflects: the privileged ()
status of national/regional news relative to the seemingly foreign,
and a general neglect of business, politics and international news
in favour of less serious content. A preponderance of evidence
shows there is no shared European dimension to journalistic
cultures.
Slide 91
Journalism cultures are intrinsically ethnocentric and
statecentric. EU issues are still largely viewed through a national
media lens. It is virtually impossible to create a common
informational or editorial product across national/cultural
boundaries in the short or medium-term.
Slide 92
Slide 93
Slide 94
Slide 95
SOURCES: -CSC La Garenne (2014)- Presentation of Belgium
http://fr.slideshare.net/doonacad/presentation-of-belgium?related=1
(last consulted on 6 December 2014) -Europe and Communication
(2014) IHECS course: Luca Copetti Anne Van Marsenille -European
Research Area (2009) - European Policy Brief
-ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ssh/docs/emediate-bursi_en.pdf
(last consulted on 8 December 2014) -Media Landscapes Belgium
Introduction (2014
http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/belgiumhttp://ejc.net/media_landscapes/belgium
(last consulted on 8 December 2014)