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BEST PRACTICE FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM DEFORMATION SURVEY
USING GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
MOHAMAD NAZRI BIN MASNAN
Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DECEMBER 2015
BEST PRACTICE FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM DEFORMATION SURVEY
USING GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
MOHAMAD NAZRI BIN MASNAN
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Geomatic Engineering)
Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DECEMBER 2015
iii
DEDICATION
To my beloved Mom and Dad, Wife and Kid and all the families..
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalammualaikum wbt. First of all thanks to Allah S.W.T for giving me a
beautiful and blessed life and giving me the chance to finish this thesis. I would also like
to take this opportunity to thank a number of individuals who have assisted me in
completing the paper.
To start it off, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Associate
Professor Kamaluddin Omar for assisting me in this project and providing invaluable
advice, comment and guidance until the conclusion of the whole paper.
I would also like to acknowledge the Geomatics Department of PETRONAS
Carigali Sdn Bhd, especially Head of Department, Mr. Razali Ahmad, the two Technical
Professionals of the department, Dr. Martin Rayson and Sr. Safaruddin Kamaruddin for
their endless assistance and guidance during the process of completing the project and
the whole thesis. Without their constant support, the research would have not been done
in a proper and appropriate manner.
Last but not least, I would also like to express my appreciation and affection to
my beloved parents, Mr. Masnan Mohd Azir, and Mrs. Musalmah Md Kari, together
with my wife Mrs. Nor Izan Syahmi Zulkifli and both of my boy & girl, Mohamad
Shaquille Arean and Nor Kayla Reefqa, for being my pillar of strength and main
inspiration for me to go the extra miles in striving to complete this research as what it is
today.
v
ABSTRACT
Offshore Platforms are one of the most important assets for Oil and Gas Company, and
PETRONAS (Malaysia National Oil Company) is no exemption. Offshore platform started to be
built around 1970s in the Malaysian waters and some of these platforms are still in production
until today. Due to the age of some of these platforms that are already exceeding 30 years, there
are issues with the structural integrity, thus the necessity for measurement and assessment have
arisen. Pulai-A platform, one of PETRONAS platform located offshore Terengganu falls into
this category. The method chosen in this research for the platform survey is Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS), a highly precise solution to accurately demonstrate the real platform
movement in three dimensions with a proven track record and rapid emergence of geodetic
technologies and infrastructures in the global scale. The main objective of this research is to
analyze in details the two different survey campaigns carried out using different GNSS
methodology in 2006 and 2012. The research methodology used is by comparing the differences
in the GNSS data acquisition, processing and results between these two epochs. There is also a
study on project management impact for different GNSS technical approach, on how the new
technique could save cost and time. After the analysis, results show that up to 80% cost-saving
and 50% time-saving could be achieved by applying the new GNSS development into the
survey process. The research concludes that application of improved GNSS methodology would
certainly improve results and project quality. A best practice on how to use GNSS method to
measure old and existing offshore platforms is proposed, based on the improvement applied in
the 2012 campaign compared to the more conventional methodology in 2006. The proposed best
practice is meant to be the pioneer in a more formal guidelines establishment for offshore
platform survey using GNSS methodology in the future.
vi
ABSTRAK
Pelantar luar pesisir adalah salah satu aset yang paling penting untuk Syarikat Minyak
dan Gas, dan PETRONAS (Syarikat Minyak Nasional Malaysia) tidak terkecuali. Pelantar luar
pesisir mula dibina sekitar tahun 1970-an di perairan Malaysia dan beberapa platform ini masih
beroperasi sehingga hari ini. Oleh kerana usia beberapa platform ini sudah melebihi 30 tahun,
terdapat isu dengan integriti struktur pada pelantar, oleh itu keperluan untuk pengukuran dan
penilaian telah timbul. Pelantar Pulai-A adalah salah satu pelantar PETRONAS yang terletak di
luar pesisir Terengganu termasuk dalam kategori ini. Kaedah yang dipilih untuk kajian ini adalah
kaedah sistem navigasi satelit global (GNSS), iaitu penyelesaian yang sangat tepat untuk
menunjukkan pergerakan sebenar sesebuah pelantar dalam tiga dimensi yang mempunyai rekod
lepas yang terbukti, juga dipacu perkembangan pesat teknologi dan infrastruktur geodetik dalam
skala global. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji secara terperinci dua kempen kaji
selidik yang berbeza dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah GNSS pada tahun 2006 dan 2012.
Kaedah penyelidikan yang digunakan adalah dengan membandingkan pengumpulan data GNSS
diantara dua epok dari segi pemprosesan data dan keputusan. Terdapat juga kajian mengenai
kesan pengurusan projek hasil pendekatan teknikal GNSS yang berbeza tentang bagaimana
teknik baru dapat memberi penjimatan kos dan masa. Selepas analisis, keputusan menunjukkan
penjimatan kos sebanyak 80% dan juga 50% dari segi penjimatan masa boleh di capai dengan
menggunakan pembangunan GNSS yang baru ke dalam proses pengukuran. Kajian dapat
disimpulkan bahawa dengan penggunaan kaedah GNSS terbaru, ianya akan meningkatkan
kualiti keputusan pengukuran dan juga kualiti projek. Dicadangkan satu amalan terbaik
penggunaan kaedah GNSS bagi tujuan mengukur pelantar luar pesisir yang lama dan sedia ada
dengan mengambil kira perubahan yang diguna pakai dalam kempen tahun 2012 berbanding
kaedah yang lebih konvensional pada tahun 2006. Cadangan amalan terbaik ini adalah bertujuan
untuk menjadi perintis dalam penghasilan garis panduan yang teratur untuk kajian pelantar luar
pesisir menggunakan kaedah GNSS pada masa akan datang.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Chapter Overview 1
1.2 Background of Study 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Objectives of Study 6
1.5 Scope of Study 7
1.6 Significances of Study 8
viii
1.7 Chapter Summary 9
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Chapter Overview 10
2.2 Introductions to Offshore Structures 11
2.3 Asset Management for Ageing Platforms 14
2.3.1 Integrity Issues for Ageing Structures 16
2.3.2 Structural Integrity Managements 18
System (SIM)
2.3.3 The Importance of Structural 20
Integrity Monitoring
2.3.4 Types of Hazard and Consequences 21
2.3.5 Process safety for Operational Practicality 22
2.4 Geodetic Infrastructures 23
2.4.1 Global Infrastructure 24
2.4.1.1 International GNSS Services (IGS) 25
Stations
2.4.1.2 IERS, ITRS & ITRF 29
2.4.2 Local Infrastructure 30
2.4.2.1 MyRTKnet 30
2.5 Previous Research on Platform Deformation 33
Survey
2.6 Sundaland Plate Motion 35
2.7 Chapter Summary 39
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40
3.1 Chapter Overview 40
ix
3.2 Overview of Research Methodology Process 42
3.3 Research and Project Planning Stages 43
3.4 Literature Review and Appraisal 45
3.5 Historical Project Assessment: 46
Case Study of 2006 GNSS Deformation Survey
Campaign at Pulai-A
3.5.1 GNSS Processing Strategy for 2006 49
Deformation Survey Campaign
3.5.2 Final Results for 2006 Pulai-A 50
Deformation Survey Campaign
3.6 Present Practice: Case Study of 2012 GNSS 52
Deformation Survey Campaign at Pulai-A
3.6.1 GNSS Processing Strategy for 2012 55
Deformation Survey Campaign
3.6.1.1 GNSS Data Network Adjustment 57
3.6.1.2 Fundamental Layer of GNSS 59
Data Processing
3.6.1.3 Secondary Layer of GNSS Data 61
Processing
3.6.1.4 Deformation Analysis and Velocity 62
Estimation
3.6.2 Final Results for 2012 Pulai-A 64
Deformation Survey Campaign
3.7 Proposal of the Best Practice for Offshore
Platform Deformation Survey using GNSS Method
3.8 Chapter Summary 67
x
4 DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL: 68
BEST PRACTICES FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM
DEFORMATION USING GNSS
4.1 Chapter Overview 68
4.2 Discussion & Analysis - 2006 GNSS Approach 69
Shortcomings
4.2.1 Realization of Global Frame for 70
Explicit Coordinates Definition –
2006 Campaign Review
4.2.2 Utilization for Local & Regional Network 73
as Secondary Layer Processing–
2006 Campaign Review
4.2.3 Determination of Velocity Field for 76
Deformation Analysis–
2006 Campaign Review
4.2.4 Project Management Analysis – 77
2006 Campaign
4.3 Discussion & Analysis – Present GNSS Approach 80
Advantages
4.3.1 Realization of Global Frame for 80
Explicit Coordinates Definition –
2012 Campaign Review
4.3.2 Utilization for Local & Regional 83
Network as Secondary Layer Processing –
2006 Campaign Review
4.3.3 Determination of Velocity Field for 84
Deformation Analysis –
2012 Campaign Review
4.3.4 Project Management Analysis – 86
xi
2006 Campaign
4.4 Best practices for Offshore Platform Deformation Survey 89
Using GNSS Technique
4.4.1 Survey and Project Planning 90
4.4.2 GNSS Network Design 92
4.4.3 Management of Data Acquisition Stage 93
4.4.3.1 Choosing the Appropriate GNSS 94
Equipment
4.4.3.2 Pre-installation and Establishment of 95
GNSS Station
4.4.3.3 GNSS Data Observation 98
4.4.3.4 GNSS Processing & Adjustment Strategy 99
4.4.3.5 Preliminary Layer Processing 100
4.4.3.6 Fundamental Layer Processing – 101
Coordinates Definition
4.4.3.7 Secondary Layer Processing 104
4.4.3.8 Velocity Estimation & Deformation 106
Analysis
4.4.4 Reporting 107
4.4.5 Periodical Campaign Frequency and Interval 108
4.5 Chapter Summary 110
5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 111
5.1 Conclusions 111
5.1.1 Best Practices in GNSS Acquisition 112
& Processing Improves Data Quality for
Offshore Platform Deformation Analysis
5.1.2 Enhanced Subsidence and Deformation 113
Analysis
xii
5.1.3 Add Value for Project Resource 114
Optimization
5.2 Recommendations 114
5.2.1 Application of Best Practices in 114
Upcoming PETRONAS Deformation
Survey Project
5.2.2 Consider ‘Real-time & Continuous’ 115
GNSS for Remote and Automated
Monitoring
5.2.3 Upgrading ‘Best Practices’ to 116
‘Guidelines’ with Further Study
REFERENCES 117
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TABLE PAGE
2.1 SIM processes and associated issues affecting life extension 17
3.1 Three benchmark at Pulai-A platform 48
3.2 Changes of Ellipsoidal Height Value of Pulai-A Station in 51
2003, 2005 and 2006
3.3 Changes of Lateral Value of Pulai-A Station in 2003, 2005 51
and 2006
3.4 GNSS Observation Session in September 2012 53
3.5 Observation Epochs for IGS Stations 56
3.6 Observation Epochs for MyRTKnet stations 56
3.7 Elevation Comparisons of GNSS stations between Sept 2012 65
and June 2011
3.8 Lateral Movements Comparisons of GNSS stations between 66
Sept 2012 and June 2011
4.1 Cost Analysis Table for 2006 Pulai-A Survey 79
4.2 Data Availability and Observation Epochs of selected 81
MyRTKnet and Pulai-A station
4.3 Data Availability and Observation Epochs of selected 82
IGS station
4.4 Cost Analysis Table for 2012 Pulai-A Survey 88
4.5 Recommended Static GNSS Observation Parameters 99
xiv
4.6 Recommended Preliminary Processing Parameter 101
4.7 Fundamental Layer Recommended Processing Strategy 104
4.8 Secondary Layer Recommended Processing Strategy 105
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. FIGURE PAGE
2.1 Schematic of Typical Offshore Platform Construction 11
2.2 Schematic of Installation Schemes for Offshore Platform 13
Deck and Equipment Modules
2.3 Overview of Ageing Structures Managements 15
2.4 SIM Process (O’Connor, 2005) 18
2.5 Comparison of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and COMPASS 26
(medium earth orbit satellites) orbits with International
Space Station, Hubble Space telescope and geostationary
orbits and the nominal size of the earth. (IGS, 2012)
2.6 Global distribution of stations of the IGS network 28
2.7 The MyRTKnet permanent GPS stations as reference stations 32
2.8 Observed & Modelled Velocities for MASS station for 36
Peninsular Malaysia (Kee et.al, 2005)
2.9 Co-seismic motion of Aceh Earthquake for Peninsula 37
Malaysia (Kee et.al, 2005)
2.10 Co-seismic motion of Nias Earthquake for Peninsula 38
Malaysia (Kee et.al, 2005)
3.1 Research Methodology 42
3.2 Four reference stations 47
3.3 Three benchmark at Pulai-A platform 48
xvi
3.4 Antenna height checking by survey crew at Pulai-A 54
3.5 Flow of GNSS data processing and adjustment 58
3.6 Selected stable IGS stations 59
3.7 Selected MyRTKnet stations and Pulai-A platform 60
3.8 Combination of Fundamental & Secondary Network Station 62
4.1 The IGS stations used as reference stations for 2006 71
Campaign
4.2 Sundaland Tectonic Plate Boundaries 73
4.3 Selected Onshore Control Station in 2006 75
4.4 Summary of operation for previous campaign 78
4.5 Summary of operation for 2012 campaign 87
4.6 Example of Global IGS Stations to be Selected 92
4.7 Examples of JUPEMS’s Permanent CORS Stations to be 93
Selected (Peninsular Malaysia)
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
E&P : Exploration and Production
3D : Three Dimensional
AC : IGS Analysis Centers
AIUB : Astronomical Institute University of Berne
AME : PETRONAS Approved Medical Examiner
BOSET : Basic Offshore Safety Training
C/A-codes : GNSS Coarse Acquisition codes
cm : centimeter
CORS : Continuously Operated Reference System
CRP : common reference point
DoD : Department of Defense of United Stated
DoY : Day of Year
ERP : Earth Rotation Parameters
etc : etcetera
FPSO : Floating Production and Storage Offloading
ft : feet
GDC : IGS Global Data Center
GDM2000 : Geocentric Datum of Malaysia 2000
GNSS : Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS : Global Positioning System
IAG : International Association of Geodesy
ICRF : International Celestial Reference Frame
IERS : International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems
Service
IGS : International GNSS Service
IMCA : International Marine Contractor Association
InSAR : Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
IPVPN : Internet Protocol Virtual Private Network
ITRF : International Terrestrial Reference Frame
xviii
ITRF2000 : International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000
ITRF2008 : International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008
ITRF88 : International Terrestrial Reference Frame 1988
JUPEM : The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia
kilometer : km
LEO : Low Earth Orbiter
MASS : Malaysia Active GNSS System
mm/yr : milimeter per year
MOPU : Mobile Offshore Production Unit
MyRTKnet : Malaysian Real-Time Kinematic network
OGP : Oil & Gas Producers Association
P-codes : GNSS Precise codes
PCSB : PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd
PMO PCSB : PCSB Peninsular Malaysia Operation
PPP : Precise Point Positioning
PTW : Permit to Work
QC : Quality Control
QIF : Quasi-Ionosphere-Free
RINEX : Receiver Independent Exchange Format
RM : Ringgit Malaysia
RMS : Root Mean Square
RTK : Real Time Kinematic
SA : Selective Availability
SIM : Structural Integrity Managements
SIO : Scripps Institute of Oceanography
SLR : Satellite Laser Ranging
SOW : Scope of Work
SSB : Sarawak SHELL Berhad
SV : space vehicles
TGO : Trimble Geomatic Office
TRC : Technical Review Committee
TTC : Trimble Total Control
UCSD : University of California, San Diego
UTM : University Teknologi Malaysia
VLBI : Very Long Baseline Interferometry
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Chapter Overview
It is strongly recommended to start every chapter a little introduction and
overview about what will be discussed within the chapter. This would provide the
readers a little outlook on what to expect while browsing through each chapter while at
the same time trying to understand to message that are tried to convey across. In this first
chapter as commonly done in typical research thesis, we started off with a brief
explanation of the research in the background of study. The elaboration of issues and
problems to be solved were explained in problem statement part, before specifically
categorizing the research aims and objective together with scope of study to determine
the wideness of research. The chapter would be capped off with the significance of study
to list down chain of peoples who would benefit once the study is completed.
2
1.2 Background of Study
As widely known, the Exploration and Production (E&P) stage of oil and gas is a
very costly activities economically and also a very time-consuming process. The
operation, be it on land or offshore, must be planned thoroughly in making sure all the
resources are utilized prudently, and failing that, one could lost fortune and even worse
it could endanger assets and peoples life, as well as tarnishing a good reputation. In
Malaysia, most of E&P activities are being done offshore. Therefore, a lot of offshore
structure being built since the early 1970s to cater Production of oil and gas activities.
These offshore structures include offshore platform, Mobile Offshore Production Unit
(MOPU), Floating Production and Storage Offloading (FPSO) and subsea developments
structure. In Malaysian waters alone, we have more than 200 offshore platforms to cater
for extraction of oil and gas operation.
These offshore platforms are either built in clusters or stand-alone individual
platform, manned and also unmanned. The biggest platform being built is 8 legged
platforms, followed by 4 legged, 3 legged, and Mono-Port. Few platforms (normally 8
legged and 4 legged) connected to each other by bridges form a cluster. In a cluster or
complex, the platform connected may have difference function such as Production
Platform, Drilling platform, Gas platform, Living Quarters and few other uncommon
functions.
Most offshore platforms, especially the one which was built on gas field, are
prone to having subsidence and other movements. Even small deformation could cause
damages since most platforms are being connected with pipelines, wells and also another
platform. It is crucial to be able to measure these movements in order to ensure the
integrity and reliability of the platform to avoid unwanted incidents and protecting the
multi billion dollars of investments, as well as maintaining and maximizing
productivities.
3
In this day and age, there are few different methods that have been used for the
purpose of monitoring and measuring deformation of the offshore platforms. Among the
tools and methods used are the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), three
dimensional (3D) laser scanning and water level sensors. These methodologies are
commonly used onshore, but rarely has the testimony offshore, especially in measuring
deformation which require highly accurate capabilities to detect such a small structural
movements. Therefore, the most viable option we have to measure three dimensional
movements of an offshore structure is using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
technique, since the GNSS (since the beginning of Global Positioning System (GPS)
days) has been proven to be the most feasible in getting the accurate and reliable
subsidence value.
4
1.3 Problem Statement
Platform deformation and subsidence issue is one of the major issues concerning
the offshore structural integrity, as it is not new in oil and gas industry worldwide. In
Malaysia, Sarawak SHELL Berhad (SSB) and PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB)
have had experiences in significant deformation occurred at their platforms in recent
years, especially the old platforms and complex which has accumulated in excess of 30
years old in operational nature. Apart from general fatigue of these structures after long
years in production, the type of reservoir and field also play a part in contributing
subsidence proneness. As an example, gas field are more prone to subsidence compared
to oil, and carbonate reservoir would result in more severe subsidence over long
production years compared to the clastic reservoir (E.Kosa, 2012). These factors
defining the pressing need for us to continuously monitor subsidence and deformation in
delicate manner for us to make decisions on the structures and reservoir in the end.
The rates of deformation experienced in these platforms have been measured
using various methods, with geodetic precise measurements being the most dominant
routine to be used to determine subsidence. The reason Geodetic method became the
most common and trusted method to detect subsidence and deformation of an offshore
platform, is because the capability of achieving accuracies and detecting movements up
to millimeter with the most cost-effective and workable manner. Other more
complicated technique might also capable of achieving more or similar level of
accuracy, but due to its costly nature as well as highly impracticable manner, it seems
less favorable to become the solution. With the exciting developments of the Geodetics
infrastructure in Malaysia on top of state-of-the-art already-available global Geodetics
network, measuring deformation using GNSS always have the edge over any other
technique, mainly due to the fact that GNSS present infrastructures is able to achieve
millimeter accuracy in positioning works.
5
As deformation and subsidence are one of the main concerns of structural
integrity, we need to also bear in mind that the South East Asia region is located on the
Sunderland crustal plate, which is recently proving to be among the most seismically
active plate in the world with at least 3 major earthquakes in the last 5 years (Jhonny et
al. 2004). There have been quite a number of studies and researches being done to assess
methodologies of measuring subsidence, but not one of these studies have taken into
account the important factor such as the tectonic plate movement and Sundaland plate
analysis into the whole equation.
For PCSB’s platforms which all of them are located in the seismically-active
Sundaland plate, understanding the plate movement characteristic quickly becoming an
integral part in determining the final deformations and movement values for these
platforms to ensure the final results would really represents the structural anomaly
changes after the movement of the plate, which might or might not affect the
deformation, was removed during the processing and analysis. The remote structures
offshore are always in danger of being affected by these seismic plate movements and
the integrity of these structures is always in question.
6
1.4 Objectives of Study
The way it is measuring deformation and movements of structures was just a
small step in understanding the whole structural integrity issue for an offshore platform.
However, in order to be relevant and fit for a master research project, the aim of the
research was designed to propose the best practices of measuring deformation of an
offshore platform using GNSS technique to be in line with the structural integrity
monitoring as well as recent developments in Geodetics application & infrastructure.
In order to achieve this research aim, we formulate three main research objectives,
which are:
a) To Analyze the Previous and More Recent Deformation Survey
Campaign at Offshore Platform using GNSS approach
- Analysis of the method used for the purpose of offshore platform
deformation monitoring using GNSS in the past, how it was performed
operationally, and results & data analysis complete with comparisons
with more recent campaign to discuss the results in terms of technical as
well as overall project management.
b) To propose the best practices for offshore platform survey using GNSS
technique based on latest GNSS development and Geodetic
Infrastructure
- To provide the best practices for GNSS observation method for offshore
platform deformation, taking into account its practicality, feasibility and
data reliability.
7
1.5 Scope of Study
Scope of study is the focus of research where the subject being discussed. The
scopes of the study for this investigation are:
a) The deformation monitoring methods that will be assessed in this research
are Geodetic method using GNSS only.
- There are various methods that could be used to determine offshore
platform movements, but for this research purpose, only Geodetic method
will be discussed since other method most probably do not have any
relationship with all the Geodetics infrastructure development around this
region.
b) These monitoring methods will only be applicable to monitor existing
offshore platforms in Malaysian waters only.
- The research design would be very much different with so many elements
to consider if the GNSS methodology is to be applied since the very
beginning of the platform design.
- Pulai-A is the research subject for this topic, as it is the platform in
Peninsular Malaysia water which has been in operation more than 30
years, and because of the historical evidence of deformation as well as
legacy monitoring data availability.
8
1.6 Significances of Study
This research is important as for now, there is still no standard guidelines being
established in PETRONAS as well as in Oil and Gas global practice, let alone
methodology using GNSS with the purpose of monitoring deformation as well as
ensuring the integrity of an offshore platform.
By completing the study, the benefits would have an impact on the overall
business scale, where these advantages could be heeded:
a) The improved methodology would be useful as it would be the first of its
kind in the industry that has been introduced to act as indicator for
deformation of an installation, to inspect the overall platform integrity.
b) The improved methodology would be a useful assistance for Structural
engineers to understand more about the trend of the structures, offshore
platforms relationship with a moving plate underneath, as well as how the
GNSS baseline processing method is important as the more structured
and more cohesive way of measuring movements of the installation.
c) The improved methodology; which is some kind of a breakthrough in the
surveying technologies and geo-dynamism science, would be the
milestone for the Surveying and Geodetic people in oil and gas industry
as the results of survey would be more convincing after elimination of
most ambiguities, such as realization of global frame in relation with
local network, determination of coordinates definition and velocity
estimation for deformation analysis.
.
9
1.7 Chapter Summary
The first chapter, Introduction, the discussion started off with the Background of
Study where the discussion is about the important elements of offshore platforms in oil
and gas business. Old platforms that have been operated more than 30 years could prove
to be a challenge in maintaining productivity level, thus monitoring these old platforms
became an integral part in ensuring the structural overall integrity. In the problem
statement also there are remarks on the type of reservoir and fields, in which also could
play a determining factor in platform deformation proneness.
After understanding issues, the Objective of Studies is designed to review, assess
and evaluate two different survey campaigns to measure offshore platform deformation
using GNSS technique. One being in 2006 and the more recent were done in 2012. The
final objective is to propose the best practice for offshore platform deformation survey
using GNSS technique. The chapter was capped off with a bit of list on the beneficial
parties should the study be completed.
117
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