Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh

ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰ��ਘبھگت سنگھ

Bhagat Singh in prison

Born28 September 1907Lyallpur, Punjab, British India

Died23 March 1931[1][2] (age 23)Lahore, Punjab, British India

OrganizationNaujawan Bharat Sabha,Kirti Kissan Party,Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

Influenced by Anarchism, Communism, SocialismPolitical movement Indian Independence movementReligion Sikhism (early life), Atheism [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]  (later life)

Bhagat Singh (Punjabi: ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰ��ਘ سنگھ ɡə̀t̪�pə̀] ,بھگت � sɪ́ �ŋɡ]) (28 September 1907[9] – 23 March 1931[2][1] )

was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of theIndian

independence movement. He is often referred to as Shaheed Bhagat Singh (the word shaheed meaning

"martyr").

Born to a Jat [10]  Sikh family which had earlier been involved in revolutionary activities against the British Raj,

Singh, as a teenager, became an atheist and had studied European revolutionary movements. He also

became attracted to anarchism and marxist ideologies.[11] He became involved in numerous revolutionary

organizations. He quickly rose through the ranks of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and

became one of its leaders, converting it to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Singh

gained support when he underwent a 64-day fast in jail, demanding equal rights for Indian and British

political prisoners.[12] He was hanged for shooting a police officer in response to the killing of veteran

freedom fighter Lala Lajpat Rai. His legacy prompted youth in India to begin fighting for Indian

independence and contributed to the rise of socialism in India.[13]

Contents

 [hide]

1 Early life

2 Later revolutionary activities

o 2.1 Lala Lajpat Rai's death and the Saunders murder

o 2.2 Bomb in the assembly

o 2.3 Trial and execution

3 Ideals and opinions

o 3.1 Anarchism

o 3.2 Marxism

o 3.3 Atheism

o 3.4 Death

4 Controversy

o 4.1 Last wish

o 4.2 Conspiracy theories

4.2.1 Mahatma Gandhi

4.2.2 Saunders family

5 Legacy

o 5.1 Indian independence movement

o 5.2 Modern day

6 Criticism

7 Quotations

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

[edit]Early life

Bhagat Singh's ancestral home.

Bhagat Singh was born into a Sandhu Jatt [11]  family to Sardar Kishan Singh Sandhu and Vidyavati in the

Khatkar Kalan village near Banga in the Lyallpur district of Punjab.[14] Singh's given name of Bhagat means

"devotee", and he was nicknamed "Bhaganwala" by his grandmother, meaning "The lucky one".[15]He came

from a patriotic Jatt Sikh family, some of whom had participated in movements supporting the

independence of India and others who had served inMaharaja Ranjit Singh's army.[16] His grandfather,

Arjun Singh, was a follower of Swami Dayananda Saraswati's Hindu reformist movement, Arya Samaj,

[17]which would carry a heavy influence on Singh. His uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, as well as his

father were members of the Ghadar Party, led byKartar Singh Sarabha Grewal and Har Dayal. Ajit Singh

was forced to flee to Persia because of pending cases against him while Swaran Singh was hanged on 19

December 1927 for his involvement in the Kakori train robbery of 1925.[18]

Unlike many Sikhs his age, Singh did not attend Khalsa High School in Lahore, because his grandfather

did not approve of the school officials' loyalism to the British authorities.[19] Instead, his father enrolled him

in Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School, an Arya Samajist school.[20] At age 13, Singh began to

followMahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement. At this point he had openly defied the British and

had followed Gandhi's wishes by burning his government-school books and any British-imported clothing.

Following Gandhi's withdrawal of the movement after the violent murders of policemen by villagers

from Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, Singh, disgruntled with Gandhi's nonviolence action, joined the Young

Revolutionary Movement and began advocating a violent movement against the British.[21]

In 1923, Bhagat famously won an essay competition set by the Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. This

grabbed the attention of members of the Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan including its General Secretary

Professor Bhim Sen Vidyalankar. At this age, he quoted famous Punjabi literature and discussed

the Problems of the Punjab. He read a lot of poetry and literature which was written by Punjabi writers and

his favourite poet was Allama Iqbal from Sialkot.[22]

In his teenage years, Bhagat Singh started studying at the National College in Lahore,[23] but ran away from

home to escape early marriage, and became a member of the organisation Naujawan Bharat

Sabha ("Youth Society of India").[11] In the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Singh and his fellow revolutionaries

grew popular amongst the youth. He also joined the Hindustan Republican Association through introduction

by history teacher, Professor Vidyalankar,[24] which had prominent leaders like Ram Prasad

Bismil, Chandrashekhar Azad and Ashfaqulla Khan.[25] It is believed that he went to Kanpur to attempt

free Kakori train robbery prisoners from the jail, but returned to Lahore for unknown reasons.[26] On the day

of Dasara in October 1926, a bomb was blasted in Lahore, and Bhagat Singh was arrested for his alleged

involvement in this Dasara Bomb Case in 29 May 1927,[27] and was released on a bail of Rs.60,000 after

about five weeks of his arrest.[28][29] He wrote for and edited Urdu andPunjabi newspapers published

from Amritsar.[30] In September 1928, a meeting of various revolutionaries from across India was called

at Delhi under the banner of the Kirti Kissan Party. Bhagat Singh was the secretary of the meet. His

later revolutionary activities were carried out as a leader of this association.

[edit]Later revolutionary activities

[edit]Lala Lajpat Rai's death and the Saunders murder

A rare historical photograph of students and staff of National College, Lahore, which was started by Lala Lajpat Rai for

education of students participating in the non-cooperation movement. Shaheed Bhagat Singh can be seen standing

fourth from the right.

The British government created a commission under Sir John Simon to report on the current political

situation in India in 1928. The Indian political parties boycotted the commission because it did not include a

single Indian as its member and it was met with protests all over the country. When the commission visited

Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai led the protest against Simon Commission in a silent non-

violent march, but the police responded with violence.[31] Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten with lathis at the chest.

[31] He later succumbed to his injuries.[31] Bhagat Singh, who was an eyewitness to this event, vowed to take

revenge.[32] He joined with other revolutionaries, Shivaram Rajguru, Jai Gopal and Sukhdev Thapar, in a

plot to kill the police chief, Scott. Jai Gopal was supposed to identify the chief and signal for Singh to shoot.

However, in a case of mistaken identity, Gopal signalled Singh on the appearance of J. P. Saunders, a

Deputy Superintendent of Police. Thus, Saunders, instead of Scott, was shot. Shahid Bhagat Singh quickly

left Lahore to escape the police. To avoid recognition, he shaved his beard and cut his hair, a violation of

the sacred tenets of Sikhism.

[edit]Bomb in the assembly

In the face of actions by the revolutionaries, the British government enacted the Defence of India Act to

give more power to the police.[33] The purpose of the Act was to combat revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh.

[33] However, the Act was then passed under the ordinance that claimed that it was in the best interest of the

public. In response to this act, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association planned to explode a bomb

in the Central Legislative Assembly where the ordinance was going to be passed. This idea was originated

by Bhagat Singh, who was influenced by a similar bombing by a martyr anarchist Auguste Vaillant in the

French Assembly.[34] It was decided that Bhagat Singh should go to Russia, while Batukeshwar Dutt should

carry on the bombing with Sukhdev.[34] Sukhdev then forced Bhagat Singh to call for another meeting and

here it was decided, against the initial agreement, that Batukeshwar Dutt and Bhagat Singh would carry on

the bombing.[34] Bhagat Singh also disapproved that the two should be escorted after the bombing by the

rest of the party.[34]

On 8 April 1929, Singh and Dutt threw a bomb onto the corridors of the assembly and shouted "Inquilab

Zindabad!" ("Long Live the Revolution!").[35] This was followed by a shower of leaflets stating that it takes a

loud voice to make the deaf hear.[36]

The bomb neither killed nor injured anyone; Singh and Dutt claimed that this was deliberate on their part, a

claim substantiated both by British forensics investigators who found that the bomb was not powerful

enough to cause injury, and by the fact that the bomb was thrown away from people.[37] Singh and Dutt

gave themselves up for arrest after the bomb.[37] He and Dutt were sentenced to 'Transportation for Life' for

the bombing on 12 June 1929.

[edit]Trial and execution

Front page of The Tribune announcing Bhagat Singh's execution.

This pen was used by the judge to write death sentences to the three martyrs, the broken nib has the name of the

manufacturer, The Latem, Hinks Wells & Co, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

On 15 April 1929, the 'Lahore Bomb Factory' was discovered by the Lahore police, and the other members

of HSRA were arrested, out of which 7 turned informants, helping the police to connect Bhagat Singh in the

murder of J. P. Saunders.[38] Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were charged with the murder. Bhagat

Singh decided to use the court as a tool to publicise his cause for the independence of India.[39] The case

was ordered to be carried out without members of the HSRA present at the hearing. This created an uproar

amongst Singh's supporters as he could no longer publicise his views.

While in jail, Bhagat Singh and other prisoners launched a hunger strike advocating for the rights of

prisoners and those facing trial. The reason for the strike was that British murderers and thieves were

treated better than Indian political prisoners, who, by law, were meant to be given better rights. The aims in

their strike were to ensure a decent standard of food for political prisoners, the availability of books and a

daily newspaper, as well as better clothing and the supply of toiletry necessities and other hygienic

necessities. He also demanded that political prisoners should not be forced to do any labour or undignified

work.[40] During this hunger strike that lasted 63 days and ended with the British succumbing to his wishes,

he gained much popularity among the common Indians. Before the strike his popularity was limited mainly

to the Punjab region.[41]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the politicians present when the Central Legislative Assembly was bombed,

[42] made no secret of his sympathies for the Lahore prisoners - commenting on the hunger strike he said

"the man who goes on hunger strike has a soul. He is moved by that soul, and he believes in the justice of

his cause." And talking of Singh's actions said "however much you deplore them and however much you

say they are misguided, it is the system, this damnable system of governance, which is resented by the

people".[43]

On 1 May 1930, by declaring an emergency, an ordinance was passed by Lord Irwin, that shifted the

Lahore Conspiracy Case Trial from the court of Rai Sahib Pandit Sri Kishan to a Special Tribunal of three

judges. This Special Tribunal was given the power to proceed with the case in the absence of the accused

and accept death of the persons giving evidence as a benefit to the defence. Also, the verdict of this

special court could not be challenged in higher court. On 7 October 1930,[44] this tribunal convicted Singh

among others and sentenced him to be hanged till death.[45][46]

An abortive plan had been made to rescue Bhagat Singh and fellow inmates of HSRA from the jail, for the

purpose of which Bhagwati Charan Vohra made bombs, but died making them as they exploded

accidentally.[47]

Bhagat Singh also maintained the use of a diary, which he eventually made to fill 404 pages. In this diary

he made numerous notes relating to the quotations and popular sayings of various people whose views he

supported. Prominent in his diary were the views of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.[48] The comments in his

diary led to an understanding of the philosophical thinking of Bhagat Singh.[49] While in the condemned cell,

he also wrote a pamphlet entitled "Why I am an atheist", as he was being accused of vanity by not

accepting God in the face of death.[50] It is also said that he signed a mercy petition through a comrade

Bijoy Kumar Sinha on 8 March 1931.[51]

On 23 March 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged in Lahore with his fellow comrades Rajguru and Sukhdev.

His supporters, who had been protesting against the hanging, immediately declared him as ashaheed or

martyr.[52] According to the Superintendent of Police at the time, V.N. Smith, the hanging was advanced:

Normally execution took place at 8 am, but it was decided to act at once before the public could become

aware of what had happened...At about 7 pm shouts of Inquilab Zindabad were heard from inside the jail.

This was correctly, interpreted as a signal that the final curtain was about to drop.[53]

Bhagat Singh Memorial

Singh was cremated at Hussainiwala on banks of Sutlej river. Today, the Bhagat Singh

Memorial commemorates freedom fighters of India.[52]

Bhagat Singh Museum

A museum by the name "Shaheed-e-azam Sardar Bhagat Singh Museum" has been built at his maternal

village, where sand and newspaper stained with his blood and his half burnt bones are preserved.[54]

[edit]Ideals and opinions

Bhagat Singh was attracted to anarchism and communism.[11] Both communism and western anarchism

had influence on him. He read the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Trotsky andBakunin.[55][56] Bhagat

Singh did not believe in Gandhian philosophy and felt that Gandhian politics would replace one set of

exploiters with another.[57] Singh was an atheist and promoted the concept of atheism by writing a pamphlet

titled Why I am an Atheist.[58] Bhagat Singh was also an admirer of the writings of Irish

revolutionary Terence MacSwiney.[59] When Bhagat Singh's father petitioned the British government to

pardon his son, Bhagat Singh quoted Terence MacSwiney and said ""I am confident that my death will do

more to smash the British Empire than my release" and told his father to withdraw the petition.[60]

Some of his writings like "Blood Sprinkled on the Day of Holi Babbar Akalis on the Crucifix" were influenced

by the struggle of Dharam Singh Hayatpur.[61]

[edit]Anarchism

From May to September, 1928, Bhagat Singh serially published several articles on anarchism in Punjabi

periodical Kirti.[11] He expressed concern over misunderstanding of the concept of anarchism among the

public. Singh tried to eradicate the misconception among people about anarchism. He wrote, "The people

are scared of the word anarchism. The word anarchism has been abused so much that even in India

revolutionaries have been called anarchist to make them unpopular." As anarchism means absence of ruler

and abolition of state, not absence of order, Singh explained, "I think in India the idea of universal

brotherhood, the Sanskrit sentence vasudhaiva kutumbakam etc., has the same meaning." He wrote about

the growth of anarchism,"the first man to explicitly propagate the theory of Anarchism was Proudhon and

that is why he is called the founder of Anarchism. After him a Russian, Bakunin, worked hard to spread the

doctrine. He was followed by Prince Kropotkinetc."[11]

Singh explained anarchism in the article:

The ultimate goal of Anarchism is complete independence, according to which no one will be obsessed with God

or religion, nor will anybody be crazy for money or other worldly desires. There will be no chains on the body or

control by the state. This means that they want to eliminate: the Church, God and Religion; the state; Private

property.[11]

[edit]Marxism

Bhagat Singh was also influenced by Marxism. Indian historian K. N. Panikkar described Singh as one of

the early Marxists in India.[57] From 1926, Bhagat Singh studied the history of the revolutionary movement in

India and abroad. In his prison notebooks, Singh used quotations from Vladmir Lenin (on imperialism being

the highest stage of capitalism) and Trotsky on revolution.[11] In written documents, when asked what was

his last wish, he replied that he was studying the life of Lenin and he wanted to finish it before his death.[62]

[edit]Atheism

Singh began to question religious ideologies after witnessing the Hindu-Muslim riots that broke out after

Gandhi disbanded the Non-Cooperation Movement.[63] He did not understand how members of these two

groups, initially united in fighting against the British, could be at each others' throats because of their

religious differences. At this point, Singh dropped his religious beliefs, since he believed religion hindered

the revolutionaries' struggle for independence, and began studying the works of Bakunin, Lenin, Trotsky —

all atheist revolutionaries. He also took an interest in Niralamba Swami's[64]book Common Sense, which

advocated a form of "mystic atheism".[65]

While in a condemned cell in 1931, he wrote a pamphlet entitled Why I am an Atheist in which he

discusses and advocates the philosophy of atheism. This pamphlet was a result of some criticism by fellow

revolutionaries on his failure to acknowledge religion and God while in a condemned cell, the accusation of

vanity was also dealt with in this pamphlet. He supported his own beliefs and claimed that he used to be a

firm believer in The Almighty, but could not bring himself to believe the myths and beliefs that others held

close to their hearts. In this pamphlet, he acknowledged the fact that religion made death easier, but also

said that unproved philosophy is a sign of human weakness.[66]

[edit]Death

Bhagat Singh was known for his appreciation of martyrdom. His mentor as a young boy was Kartar Singh

Sarabha.[67] Singh is himself considered a martyr for acting to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. In the

leaflet he threw in the Central Assembly on 9 April 1929, he stated that It is easy to kill individuals but you

cannot kill the ideas. Great empires crumbled while the ideas survived.[68] After engaging in studies on the

Russian Revolution, he wanted to die so that his death would inspire the youth of India which in turn will

unite them to fight the British Empire.

While in prison, Bhagat Singh and two others had written a letter to the Viceroy asking him to treat them as

prisoners of war and hence to execute them by firing squad and not by hanging. Prannath Mehta, Bhagat

Singh's friend, visited him in the jail on 20 March, four days before his execution, with a draft letter for

clemency, but he declined to sign it.[69]

[edit]Controversy

Bhagat Singh's life is the subject of controversy.

[edit]Last wish

Many believe that Bhai Randhir Singh, a revolutionary of 1st Lahore Conspiracy Case and Gadhar, prison

inmate and a known figure in Sikh circles, met with Bhagat Singh in condemned cells in Lahore Central Jail

on 4 October 1930, when Randhir Singh was released from the jail, as mentioned in his book "Jail

Chithiyan" by Randhir Singh himself.[70][71][72] Bhagat was condemned on 7 October 1930 contradicting his

presence in condemned cells on the 4 October.[73] According to Randhir Singh, Bhagat mentioned to him,

that he (Bhagat Singh) had shaven "hair and beard under pressingcircumstances" and that "It was for the

service of the country" that his companions "compelled him to give up the Sikh appearance" adding to it

that he was "ashamed".[74][75] He had expressed, as his last wish before being hanged, the desire to get

"amrit" from Randhir Singh and to once again adorn the 5 k's.[75][76] However, his last wish, of getting "amrit"

was not granted by the British.[76]Some scholars are skeptic about this meeting as, Randhir Singh being the

only source of information about sudden change in Bhagat Singh's point of view towards religion casts

doubts, as Bhagat Singh had been a strong critic of religion."[77][78][79]

[edit]Conspiracy theories

Many conspiracy theories exist regarding Singh, especially the events surrounding his death:

[edit]Mahatma Gandhi

One of the most popular ones is that Mahatma Gandhi had an opportunity to stop Singh's execution but did

not. A variation of this theory is that Gandhi actively conspired with the British to have Singh executed.

Gandhi's supporters say that Gandhi did not have enough influence with the British to stop the execution,

much less arrange it. Furthermore, Gandhi's supporters assert that Singh's role in the independence

movement was no threat to Gandhi's role as its leader, and so Gandhi would have no reason to want him

dead.

Gandhi, during his lifetime, always maintained that he was a great admirer of Singh's patriotism. He also

said that he was opposed to Singh's execution (and, for that matter, capital punishment in general) and

proclaimed that he had no power to stop it. On Singh's execution, Gandhi said, "The government certainly

had the right to hang these men. However, there are some rights which do credit to those who possess

them only if they are enjoyed in name only."[80] Gandhi also once said, on capital punishment, "I cannot in

all conscience agree to anyone being sent to the gallows. God alone can take life because He alone gives

it."

Gandhi had managed to have 90,000 political prisoners who were not members of

his Satyagraha movement released under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.[citation needed] According to a report in the

Indian magazine Frontline, he did plead several times for the commutation of the death sentence of Bhagat

Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev, including a personal visit on 19 March 1931, and in a letter to the Viceroy on

the day of their execution, pleading fervently for commutation, not knowing that the letter would be too late.

[69]

Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, later said:

As I listened to Mr. Gandhi putting the case for commutation before me, I reflected first on what significance

it surely was that the apostle of non-violence should so earnestly be pleading the cause of the devotees of

a creed so fundamentally opposed to his own, but I should regard it as wholly wrong to allow my judgment

to be influenced by purely political considerations. I could not imagine a case in which under the law,

penalty had been more directly deserved.[69]

However, Gandhi did appreciate Bhagat's patriotism and how he had overcome the fear of death, but did

not support the violence involved.[81]

[edit]Saunders family

On 28 October 2005, a book entitled Some Hidden Facts: Martyrdom of Shaheed Bhagat Singh—Secrets

unfurled by an Intelligence Bureau Agent of British-India [sic] by K.S. Kooner and G.S. Sindhra was

released. The book asserts that Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were deliberately hanged in such a manner

as to leave all three in a semi-conscious state, so that all three could later be taken outside the prison and

shot dead by the Saunders family. The book says that this was a prison operation codenamed "Operation

Trojan Horse." Scholars are sceptical of the book's claims.[82]

[edit]Legacy

[edit]Indian independence movement

Bhagat Singh's death had the effect that he desired and he inspired thousands of youths to assist the

remainder of the Indian independence movement. After his hanging, youths in regions aroundNorthern

India rioted in protest against the British Raj and Gandhi.[83]

[edit]Modern day

Singh's contribution to Indian society[84] and, in particular, the future of socialism in India. To celebrate the

centenary of his birth, a group of intellectuals have set up an institution to commemorate Singh and his

ideals.[85]

Several popular Bollywood films have been made capturing the life and times of Bhagat Singh.[86]

[87] Possibly the first is Shaheed-e-Azad Bhagat Singh (1954),[88] followed by Shaheed Bhagat Singh (1963),

[89] starring Shammi Kapoor as Singh. Two years later, Manoj Kumar portrayed Bhagat Singh in an

immensely popular and landmark film, Shaheed. Two major films about Singh were released in 2002, The

Legend of Bhagat Singh and 23rd   March 1931: Shaheed . The Legend of Bhagat Singh is Rajkumar

Santoshi's adaptation, in which Ajay Devgan played Singh and Amrita Rao was featured in a brief

role. 23rd March 1931: Shaheed was directed by Guddu Dhanoa and starred Bobby Deol as Singh,

with Sunny Deol and Aishwarya Rai in supporting roles. Another major film Shaheed-E-Azam, starring

Sonu Sood, Maanav Vij, Rajinder Gupta, and Sadhana Singh, and directed by Sukumar Nair, also was

produced by Iqbal Dhillon under the banner Surjit Movies.[90]

Movies on Bhagat Singh

Shaheed-e-Azad Bhagat Singh (1954)

Shaheed Bhagat Singh (1963)

Shaheed (1965)

The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002)

23rd   March 1931: Shaheed (2002)

Shaheed-E-Azam(2003)

Rang De Basanti (2006)

The 2006 film Rang De Basanti is a film drawing parallels between revolutionaries of Bhagat Singh's era

and modern Indian youth. It covers a lot of Bhagat Singh's role in the Indian freedom struggle. The movie

revolves around a group of college students and how they each play the roles of Bhagat's friends and

family.

The patriotic Urdu and Hindi songs, Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna (translated as "the desire to sacrifice")

and Mera Rang De Basanti Chola ("my light-yellow-coloured cloak"; Basanti referring to the light-yellow

color of the Mustard flower grown in the Punjab and also one of the two main colours of the Sikh religion as

per the Sikh rehat meryada(code of conduct of the Sikh Saint-Soldier) ), while created by Ram Prasad

Bismil, are largely associated to Bhagat Singh's martyrdom and have been used in a number of Bhagat

Singh-related films.[87]

In September 2007 the Governor of Punjab province, Khalid Maqbool, announced that a memorial to

Bhagat Singh will be displayed at Lahore museum, according to the governor “Singh was the first martyr of

the subcontinent and his example was followed by many youth of the time."[91][92]

[edit]Criticism

Bhagat Singh was criticised both by his contemporaries and by people after his death because of his

violent and revolutionary stance towards the British and his strong opposition to the pacifist stance taken by

the Indian National Congress and particularly Mahatma Gandhi.[93] The methods he used to make his point

—shooting Saunders and throwing non-lethal bombs—were quite different fromGandhi's non-violent

methodology.[93]

[edit]Quotations

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bhagat Singh

"The aim of life is no more to control the mind, but to develop it

harmoniously; not to achieve salvation here after, but to make the

best use of it here below; and not to realise truth, beauty and

good only in contemplation, but also in the actual experience of

daily life; social progress depends not upon the ennoblement of

the few but on the enrichment of democracy; universal

brotherhood can be achieved only when there is an equality of

opportunity - of opportunity in the social, political and individual

life." — from Bhagat Singh's prison diary, p. 124

"Inquilab Zindabad" (Long live the revolution)[94]

[edit]See also

Sukhdev Thapar

Chandrashekar Azad

Udham Singh

Rajguru

Batukeshwar Dutt

[edit]References

1. ^ a b Bhagat Singh   :Indian revolutionary and freedom

fighter. Diamond Books. 2005.

pp. 124. ISBN 9788128808272. http://books.google.co.in/

books?

id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q

&f=false.

2. ^ a b "Indian History: Indian Freedom Struggle (1857-

1947)". Government of India.

NIC.http://india.gov.in/knowindia/freedom_struggle3.php.

3. ̂  Why I am an Atheist (Esay) - Bhagat Singh, October 5–

6, 1930

4. ̂  [1] Celebrating Bhagat Singh

5. ̂  [2] Understanding Bhagat Singh

6. ̂  [3] Bhagat Singh on Atheism 1930

7. ̂  [4] Philosophy of Bhagat Singh

8. ̂  [5] "Bhagat Singh's prison diary, his 1929 statement in

the trail court and a booklet he authored, "Why am I an

atheist?" contain clear indications that the revolutionary

hero was man of great reflection, and was slowing

becoming a Marxist Gandhian."

9. ̂  "He left a rich legacy for the youth". The Tribune. 19

March

2006

.http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060319/society.htm#

2. Retrieved 1 January 2008.

10. ̂  Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal

Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934 (Page 611)

11. ^ a b c d e f g h Rao, Niraja (April 1997). "Bhagat Singh and

the Revolutionary Movement".Revolutionary

Democracy 3 (1)

.http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv3n1/bsingh.ht

m.

12. ̂  Neeti Nair, 'Bhagat Singh as Satyagrahi', Modern Asian

Studies, 2008.

13. ̂  Reeta Sharma (21 March 2001). "What if Bhagat Singh

had lived". The

Tribun

e.http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010321/edit.htm#6.

Retrieved 1 January 2008.

14. ̂  Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh (1974). Panjab Under the British

Rule, 1849-1947. K. B. Publications. p. 172.

15. ̂  [6]"Bhaganwala"

16. ̂  O. P. Ralhan, ed (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political

Parties. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications. Vol. 26,

p349. ISBN 81-7488-313-4.

17. ̂  Sanyal, Jitendra N. (2006). Bhagat Singh: Making of a

Revolutionary: Contemporaries'

Portrayals. Gurgaon, Haryana, India: Hope India

Publications. p. 25. ISBN 81-7871-059-5.

18. ̂  Sanyal (2006), p30.

19. ̂  Sanyal (2006), p20.

20. ̂  Hoiberg, Dale H.; Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students'

Britannica India. New Delhi, India:Encyclopædia

Britannica, Inc. (India). vol. 1, p188. ISBN 0-85229-760-2.

21. ̂  Nayar, Kuldip (2006). The Martyr: Bhagat Singh

Experiments in Revolution. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand

Publications. pp. 20–21. ISBN 8124107009.

22. ̂  Bhagat Singh Documents Problems of the Punjab

23. ̂  Sanyal (2006), p23.

24. ̂  [7] "Introduction into HRA"

25. ̂  Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

26. ̂  [8]"Attempt to save Kakori case prisoners"

27. ̂  [9] Date of arrest in Dusara Bomb case in an article by

Professor Chaman Lal

28. ̂  [10] Arrest and bail details in 1927 - The Jail Notebook

and Other Writings By Bhagat Singh - Camana Lāla,

Bhupendra Hooja

29. ̂  [11] Additional Citation for Dusara Bomb Case Arrest

30. ̂  Sardar Bhagat Singh (1907-1931) - Ministry of

Information, Government of India

31. ^ a b c Raghunath Rai. History. VK Publications.

p. 187. ISBN 8187139692.

32. ̂  Requiem for a freedom fighter - By Mahir Ali

33. ^ a b [12] Defence of India Act

34. ^ a b c d [13]"Encyclopaedia of Political Parties by Om

Prakash Ralhan, Anmol Publications (Page numbers 438

&439 - Explanation to selection of candidates for bombing

the assembly"

35. ̂  Bhagat Singh remembered - Daily Times Pakistan

36. ̂  Shahid Bhagat Singh Writings Leaflet Thrown in the

Central Assembly Hall

37. ^ a b [14] Statement on bomb thrown away and giving up

for arrest

38. ̂  [15] Discovery of Lahore Bomb Factor - Page 441 of

The Martyr: Bhagat Singh - Experiments in Revolution by

Kuldip Nayar

39. ̂  [16]"Professor Jagmohan Singh's research on the

publicity done by HSRA through court"

40. ̂  Bhagat Singh Documents Bhagat Singh and BK Dutt's

Demands from the British Government

41. ̂  Communist Party of India (Marxist) Bhagat Singh

Remains Our Symbol of Revolution

42. ̂  The Tribune stood up for Bhagat Singh

43. ̂  When Jinnah defended Bhagat Singh - The Hindu

44. ̂  [17]"Date of judgement and ordinance details"

45. ̂  [18]"Ordinance no. 3 of 1930"

46. ̂  In context to the Sections 1, 3, 4, 9, 10 & 11 of the

Ordinance

47. ̂  [19]"Plan to save Bhagat Singh and friends"

48. ̂  Shahid Bhagat Singh Jail Note Book of Shahid Bhagat

Singh

49. ̂  Shahid Bhagat Singh Bhagat Singh quotes from his jail

note book

50. ̂  [20] Why I am an Atheist

51. ̂  [21] "Mercy Petition"

52. ^ a b CPIM Bhagat Singh Memorial Day Observed

53. ̂  The Tribune India Excerpts out of Martyrdom of

Shaheed Bhagat Singh

54. ̂  [22]"Bhagat Singh Museum"

55. ̂  Bhagat Singh no terrorist: Govt Times of India - 21

December 2007

56. ̂  Asian Anarchism: China, Korea, Japan & India

57. ^ a b "Bhagat Singh an early Marxist, says Panikkar". The

Hindu. 14 October

2007

.http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/14/stories/200710145413

0400.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2008.

58. ̂  Bipan Chandra (1989), India's Struggle for

Independence, Penguin Books India, p. 258

59. ̂  Terence MacSwiney"Terence MacSwiney"

60. ̂  [23]"Bhagat Singh infulenced by Terence MacSwiney"

61. ̂  [24]"Blood Sprinkled on the Day of Holi Babbar Akalis

on the Crucifix"

62. ̂  Impact of Lenin on Bhagat Singh’s Life - Mainstream

Weekly

63. ̂  Nayar, p26.

64. ̂  Niralamba Swami was the name taken

by Bengali revolutionary Jatindra Nath Banerjee, an early

member of the Anushilan Samiti, after he gave up his

political activism and became anascetic.

65. ̂  Nayar, p27.

66. ̂  Why I am an Atheist (Essay) - Bhagat Singh, October

5–6, 1930

67. ̂  Tribune India What if Bhagat Singh had lived

68. ̂  Bhagat Singh Documents Leaflet thrown in the Central

Assembly Hall, New Delhi

69. ^ a b c Frontline - Of Means and Ends by Paresh R.

Vaidya.

70. ̂  [25] Autobiography of Bhai Randhir Singh "Jail

Chithiyan"

71. ̂  [26] Randhir Singh's confirmed release and possible

meet with Bhagat Singh

72. ̂  [27] Meeting in condemned cells in Lahore Central Jail

73. ̂  [28] Date on which Bhagat Singh was condemned

74. ̂  Singh, Trilochan (1971). Autobiography of Bhai Randhir

Singh (Translated by Trilochan Singh). "Bhagat Singh: I'm

really ashamed and am prepared to tell your frankly that I

removed my hair and beard under pressing

circumstances. It was for the service of the country that

my companions compelled me to give up the Sikh

appearance.... Randhir Singh: I was glad to see Bhagat

Singh repentant and humble in his present attitude

towards religious symbols"

75. ^ a b Pinney, Christopher (2004). Photos of the Gods: The

Printed Image and Political Struggle in India. Reaktion

Books. ISBN 1861891849. "Although born into a Jat Sikh

family and returning to the turban just prior to his

execution, under the influence of Bhai Sahib Randhir

Singh, his popular visual incarnation has nearly always

been a mimic of the English sahab"

76. ^ a b Singh, Sangat (1995). The Sikhs in History. S.

Singh. ISBN 0964755505. "Bhagat Singh's last wish, that

he be administered amrit, Sikh baptism, by a group of five

including Bhai Randhir Singh was not fulfilled by the

British"

77. ̂  Why I Am An Atheist by Bhagat Singh

78. ̂  Why I am an Atheist

79. ̂  The Idea of Bhagat Singh

80. ̂  Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Ahmedabad,

Navjivan. vol. 45, p.359-61 (Gujarati)

81. ̂  [29]"Gandhi's appreciation of Bhagat's patriotism and

bravery"

82. ̂  The Sunday Tribune Was Bhagat Singh shot dead?

83. ̂  [30]"Protest against British and Gandhi on Singh's

death"

84. ̂  Bhagat Singh Remains Our Symbol of Revolution 25

January 2006, letter to Manmohan Singh

85. ̂  The Tribune Chandigarh In memory of Bhagat Singh

86. ̂  Bhagat Singh (Character) Internet Movie Database.

87. ^ a b A non-stop show The Hindu, 3 June 2003.

88. ̂  [31]"Shaheed-e-Azad Bhagat Singh"

89. ̂  Sonu Sood - IMDb

90. ̂  EROS Multimedia (Europe) Ltd., eros@erosintl.co.uk

91. ̂  Memorial will be built to Bhagat Singh, says governor -

Daily times Pakistan

92. ̂  Requiem for a freedom fighter

93. ^ a b Punjabi Lok Sukhdev's letter to Gandhi

94. ̂  The Martyr: Bhagat Singh - Experiments in

Revolution By Kuldip Nayar. Page 32.

[edit]External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bhagat Singh

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Bhagat Singh

Shaheed Bhagat Singh in Jail  - A different perspective.

Bhagat Singh - comic

Freedom fighter Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh at freeindia.org

Bhagat Singh Biography and Contains letters written by

Bhagat Singh

Why I Am An Atheist , an essay by Bhagat Singh

Martyrdom of Sardar Bhagat Singh  by Jyotsna Kamat

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