Bio - Botany

1

tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT (BLUE PRINT)

உயிரி - தாவரவியல்

வ எண்

பாடம்

மதிப்பபண்கள்

1 3 5 10 பமாத்தம்

1

ஆஞ்சிய ோஸ்பெர்ம்களின் வககப்ெோடு

3 6 5 10 24

2 தோவர உள்ளகைப்ெி ல் 2 6 5 10 23

3 பசல் உ ிரி ல் ைற்றும் ைரெி ல் 2 3 5 - 10

4 உ ிர் பதோழில்š நுட்ெவி ல் 2 3 5 10 20

5 தோவர பச லி ல் 3 9 10 10 32

6

ைனித நல யைம்ெோட்டில் உ ிரி ல்

2 3 5 - 10

epiy - I 30 kjpg;ngz;fSf;F Nky; ngw

ghl

v© பாடம் மதிப்பபண்கள்

1 3 5 10 பமாத்தம்

1 ஆஞ்சிய ோஸ்பெர்ம்களின் வககப்ெோடு

3(37) 2(20) 1(8) 1(5) 24

2 தோவர உள்ளகைப்ெி ல் 2(30) 2(7) 1(3) 1(7) 23

5 தோவர பச லி ல் 3(38) 3(19) 2(8) 1(5) 32

nk‰f©l _‹W ghl§fë‹ bgU«ghyhd 5, 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fŸ brŒKiw¤

nj®ényna Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gjhš mnj ghl§fis¡ fU¤Âaš nj®Î¡F« nj®Î brŒJ

go¥gJ vëJ.

khzt®fŸ Ï¥gæ‰Á¡ f£lf¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs nk‰f©l _‹W ghl§fë‹

éil¡F¿¥òfis¡ fU¤Âš bfh©L KGikahf¥ go¤J vGÂdhš vspjhfj;

Njh;r;rp ngwyhk;.

2

epiy – II 70 kjpg;ngz;fSf;F Nky; ngw

ghl

v© பாடம் மதிப்பபண்கள்

1 3 5 10 பமாத்தம்

1 ஆஞ்சிய ோஸ்பெர்ம்களின் வககப்ெோடு

3 6 5 10 24

2 தோவர உள்ளகைப்ெி ல் 2 6 5 10 23

5 தோவர பச லி ல் 3 9 10 10 32

ghl v© 1, 2 k‰W« 5 M»a ghl§fis nj®Î brŒJ KGikahf¥ go¤jhny 69/75

kÂ¥bg©fis vëjhf¥ bgwyh«

nk‰f©l _‹W ghl§fë‹ bgU«ghyhd 5, 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fŸ brŒKiw¤

nj®ényna Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gjhš mnj ghl§fis¡ fU¤Âaš nj®Î¡F« nj®Î brŒJ

go¥gJ vëJ.

69/75 š vŠÁÍŸs 6 kÂ¥bg©fS¡F« ghl v© 3,4 k‰W« 6 èUªJ ÏJtiuæš

bghJ¤nj®éš nf£f¥g£l mid¤J xU kÂ¥bg© édh¡fisÍ« KGikahf¥

go¤jhny vëjhf KG kÂ¥bg©fisÍ« bgw KoÍ«. éLg£l ghl§fisÍ«

KGikahf¥ go¤jhš bt‰¿ ã¢ra«.

Fwpg;Gfs; :-

FiwªjJ 8 Kjš 13 kÂ¥bg©fŸ tiu gl« tiuªJ ghf§fis¡F¿ ngh‹w édh¡fŸ

nf£f¥gLtjhš ÏJtiuæš bghJ¤nj®éš nf£f¥g£l nk‰f©l tifæyhd édh¡fis¥

gæ‰Á vL¤J¡ bfhŸtJ äfÎ« mtÁa«.

mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgw éU«ò« khzt®fŸ Ï¥gæ‰Á¡ f£lf¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs

éil¡F¿¥òfis¡ fU¤Âš bfh©L KGikahf¥ go¤J vGÂdhš mªjªj édh¡fS¡F

cça KG kÂ¥bg©fis vëjhf¥ bgwyh«.

tiuaW /v‹whš v‹d ? ngh‹w _‹W kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F¥ bghU¤jkhd

vL¤J¡fh£LfSl‹ éilfis vGÂdhš k£Lnk KG kÂ¥bg©fis vëjhf¥ bgw KoÍ«.

5 k‰W« 10 kÂ¥bg©fŸ gl¤Jl‹Toa édh¡fS¡F¡ f©o¥ghf¥ gl« tiuªJ mid¤J

ghf§fis¡ F¿¤jhš k£Lnk KG kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgw KoÍ«.

jhtu braèaš ghl¤Âš cŸs nf£f¥g£l 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F tiuaiwÍl‹ Toa

tiugl¤ij vGÂdhš KGikahd kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgwyh«.

3

5 kÂ¥bg© f£lha édh bgU«ghY« tif¥gh£oaš ghl¤ÂèUªnj mÂf Kiw

nf£f¥g£LŸsJ, vdnt Ït‰¿š mÂf ftd« njit.

tif¥gh£oaèš cŸs 4 FL«g§fë‹ bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt¤ij KGikahf¥go¤jhš

_‹W k‰W« xU kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F vëjhf éilaë¡fyh«,

3 k‰W« 5 kÂ¥bg© bfh©l ntWghL tif édh¡fŸ ghl v© 1,2,3 k‰W« 5 Ïš

nf£f¥gLtjhš mj‰F K¡»a¤Jt« bfhL¤J go¥gJ mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgw cjÎ«.

Fiwthd g¡f§fŸ bfh©l ghl v© 4 e‹F go¤jhš xU 10 kÂ¥bg© édhé‰F vëjhf

éil më¡fyh«.

cæç jhtuéaèš neuo édh¡fŸ mÂf« nf£f¥gLtjhš ghl¥gFÂæ‹ Ã‹ gFÂæš

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs édh¡fis e‹F f‰W¥ gæ‰Á brŒjhš mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgwyh«.

cæç jhtuéaiy¥ bghU¤jtiu 75 kÂ¥bg©fS¡F éilaë¡f nt©oÍŸsjhš 85

ãäl§fS¡FŸ gÂš vGj nt©L«. filÁ 5 ãäl§fŸ éilfis¢ rçgh®¡f nt©L«.

4

1.ஆஞ்சிய ோஸ்பெர்ம்களின் வககப்ெோடு

3 kjpg;ngz;fs ; :-

1. ÏU brh‰ bgaçL Kiw v‹whš v‹d?

x›bthU jhtu¥bgaU« ÏU brh‰fshš MdJ. v.fh. khŠÁ~bguh Ï©ofh. ÏÂš

khŠÁ~bguh v‹w brhš – ngçd¤ijÍ«, Ï‹ofh v‹w brhš – Á‰¿d¤ijÍ« F¿¡F«. Ïªj

Ïu©L brh‰fS« x‹W nr®ªJ jhtu¤Â‹ KG¥ bgauhf mikÍ«.

2. jhtu tif¥gh£o‹ neh¡f§fis vGJf.

x¤j g©òfë‹ mo¥gilæš jhtu§fis xG§fhd Kiwæš tçir¥gL¤JtJ.

beU§»a bjhl®òila jhtu§fŸ xnu bjhF¥ÃY« ntWntW g©òfisÍila

jhtu§fŸ bt›ntW bjhFÂfëY« Ïl« bg‰WŸsd.

bt›ntW bjhFÂfëilnaÍŸs jhtu§fë‹ kuò têia ãiyãW¤Jjš

3.ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

1. ,aw;if capH myFfspd; tiuaiwfis epHzapj;jy;.

2. gyjug;gl;l Nrhjid tifg;ghl;Lf; FOkq;fshd #o;epiyr; rpw;wpdk;> #o;epiy

tif> $l;Lr; rpw;wpdk; kw;Wk; fk;Nghpak; Kjyhditfis mwpjy;.

4 gçnrhjid tif¥gh£oaš – tiuaW

ÏJ cæUŸs jhtu¤ bjhifæ‹ Kiw¥gh£oaš vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.

bršèaš, kuÃaš, jhtu¥ òéæaš, jhtu ntÂæaš, v©âaš tif¥ghL, _y¡TW ntÂæaš M»a

m¿éaš ÃçÎfëèUªJ bgw¥gL« g©òfis cŸsl¡»aJ.

5 ó¡F« jhtu§fë‹ 3 tF¥òfŸ ahit?

1. ilfh£oèlnd ( ÏU é¤Âiy jhtu«) 2. í«ndh° bg®nk

3. khndh fh£oèlnd ( xU é¤Âiy jhtu«)

6. bA®ngça« v‹whš v‹d?

mG¤Â cy®¤j¥g£L, jhtu¤Âid xU jhëš x£l¥g£L V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£l VjhtbjhU

tif¥gh£o‹go tçir¥gL¤j¥g£l cy® jhtu¤bjhF¥ò bA®ngça« vd¥gL«. (Ex) ÏªÂa

jhtuéaš bA®ngça«, nfha«ò¤ö®.

7. khndh¡sikona - F¿¥ò tiuf. ?

X® mL¡F ÏjœfisÍila ky®fis¡ bfh©l jhtu§fŸ, ky®fŸ KGika‰wit. òšè

k‰W« mšè ÏjœfŸ bjëthf ntWgL¤Â¡fhz KotÂšiy. khwhf óéjœ t£l« fhz¥gL»wJ.

ÏÂš 8 tçir, 36 FL«g§fŸ cŸsd.

8. khšntÁ FL«g eh®¤ jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJ.

1) fhì¥Ãa« gh®gbl‹°( v»¥J gU¤Â) 2) fh.ï®N£l« (mbkç¡f gU¤Â)

3) fh. bA®ngÁa« (gU¤Â)

9. khšntÁæ‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia vGJf.

tF¥ò ilfh£oèlnd

Jiz tF¥ò ghèbg£lhny

tçir jyhä ~ònshnu

Jiw khšntš°

FL«g« khšntÁ

10. òw¥òšè t£l« v‹whš v‹d? mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« jhtu¤Âš cŸsjh?

ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂšfŸ xU t£l¤Âš òšè ÏjœfS¡F òw¤nj mikªJ cUthtJ òw¥òšè

t£lkhF«. mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« jhtu¤Âš Ïšiy. (khšth Ášbt°£ç° 3 ó¡fh«ò brÂšfŸ

cŸsJ)

11. khšntÁ FL«g kU¤Jt jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.

1) mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« 2 ) khšth Ášbt°£ç° 3 MšÂah nuhÁah

5

12. m£nuhÃ‹ v‹whš v‹d?

m£nuhgh bgšynlhdh jhtu¤Â‹ ntçèUªJ bgw¥gL« MšfyhŒL¡F `m£nuhÃ‹’ v‹W

bga®. ÏJ jirtèia Ú¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

13. brhyndÁ FL«g kU¤Jt¤jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.

1) m£nuhgh bgšynlhdh/ jirtèia Ú¡fÎ«

2) brhyhd« £iunyhng£l« (öJtis) (ÏUkY¡F kUªjhf)

3) it¤jhåah rh«å ~bguh (mK¡»uh) ( ÁWÚ®¥ngh¡if ö©l)

14. òifæiyæš cŸs MšfyhŒLfis vGJf?

1) ã¡nfh£o‹ 2) eh® ã¡nfh£o‹ 3) mdngÁ‹

15. ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Â‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia vGJf.

tF¥ò ilfh£oèlnd

Jiz tF¥ò khndh¡sikona

tçir ôåbr¡Rntš°

FL«g« ôngh®ÃnaÁ

16. »shnlhL v‹whš v‹d?

ôngh®Ãahé‹ gy¢ Á‰¿d§fë‹ j©L xë¢nr®¡ifia nk‰bfhŸs cUkh‰w«

milªJŸsJ. Ï¤jifa cUkh‰w« »shnlhL vd¥gL«. v.fh. ôngh®Ãah ÂU¡fŸë,

17.äônrÁæ‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia jUf.

tF¥ò khndhfh£oèlnd

tçir v¥Ãifnd

FL«g« äônrÁ

18. ghènfk° v‹whš v‹d?

M©ky®fŸ, bg©ky®fŸ, ÏUghš ky®fŸ xnu jhtu¤Âš cŸsd.. Ïj‰F ghènfk° v‹W

bga®. ( v.fh ) äÍ[h ghuoÁahfh.

19. khndhfh®Ã¡ gšyh©L jhtu« v‹whš v‹d?

äôrh jdJ thœfhy¤Âš xU Kiw k£Lnk ky®fis c‰g¤Â brŒJ fåfis¤ jU»wJ.

vdnt, ÏJ khndhfh®¥Ã¡ gšyh©L jhtu« MF«.

20. bghŒ¤j©L v‹whš v‹d äôrhéš mJ v›thW cUth»wJ?

äÍ[héš jiu¡F nkš fhz¥gL« »isa‰w ãä®ªj j©L ngh‹w gFÂ bghŒ¤j©lhF«. ÏJ

Ú©l fdkhd k‰W« mf‹w ciwngh‹w Ïiyao¥gFÂfŸ x‹iw x‹W jGé cUthdJ.

5 kjpg;ngz;fs;:-

1. bA®ngça¤Â‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij vGJf.

xU eh£o‹ mšyJ xU F¿¥Ã£l Ïl¤Â‹ mšyJ xU Ãunjr¤ÂYŸs jhtu§fë‹

étu§fis m¿ªJ bfhŸS« _ykhf bA®ngça« cŸsJ.

bA®ngça« guhkç¡f¥gL« mid¤J jhtu§fë‹ étu§fis¢ nrä¡F« ãiyakhf

cŸsJ.

jhtu§fis Ïd§f©l¿a, cy® khÂçfŸ äfÎ« Jiz òç»‹wd.

tif¥gh£oaš k‰W« cŸsik¥Ãaš MuhŒ¢ÁfS¡F bA®ngça« xU f¢rh¥bghUshf

cŸsJ.

200 M©LfŸ tiu nrä¡f¥g£l cy® jhtu khÂçæYŸs kfuªj¤JfŸfŸ vªj éj

ghÂ¥Ã‰F« cŸshtÂšiy. Mfnt, kfuªj¤ öŸfë‹ g©òfŸ k‰W« òw mik¥ò jftšfŸ

jhtu tif¥gh£o‰F¥ bgçJ« gaDŸsJ.

bršèaš, ov‹V é‹ mik¥ò, v©âaš tif¥ghL, ntÂKiw tif¥ghL ngh‹w

MuhŒ¢ÁfS¡F bA®ngça« _ykhf¥ ga‹gL»wJ. É‹fë‹ MuhŒ¢Á¡F É‹ nrä¥ò

ãiyakhf brašgL»wJ.

6

2. m»y cyf jhtuéaš bga® N£Ljè‹ éÂKiwfis vGJf. (VnjD« IªJ)

1. ngçd¥bga® x‰iw bga®¢brhšyhF«. M§»y¤Âš vGJ«nghJ ngçd¥bgaç‹ Kjš vG¤J

bgça vG¤J¡fëš vGj¥gl nt©L«. Á‰¿d¥bga® xU g©ò¢ brhšyhF«. Ïjid¢ Á¿a

vG¤Âš vGj¥gl nt©L«.

2. bga® Á¿adthfÎ«, JšèakhfÎ« , vëÂš thÁ¡f¡ ToajhfÎ« ÏU¤jš nt©L«.

3. ÏU brh‰ bga®fis m¢ÁL« nghJ rhŒthf m¢Ál nt©L« mšyJ mo¡nfho£L¡ fh£l

nt©L«. v.fh. mò£oyh‹ Úš»ça‹°

4. xU jhtu¤Â‰F¥ òÂa bga® N£L« nghJ m¤jhtu¤Â‹ bA®ngça« jah® brŒa¥g£L

VnjD« xU m§Ñfç¡f¥g£l bA®ngça ãWtd¤Âš mj‹ éçth¡f¤Jl‹ nrä¤J it¡f

nt©L«. Ï›thW nrä¤J it¡f¥gL« jhtu¥gFÂ _y cy® jhtukhÂç vd¥gL«.

5. vªj xU eg® jhtu¤Â‰F Kj‹Kiwahf bga® N£o, m¤jhtu¤Â‹ és¡f¤ij

më¡»whnwhmšyJ jhtu¤Â‰F òÂa bga® N£L»whnwh mªeg® MÁça®

vd¡fUj¥gL»wh®. xU jhtu¤Â‹ ÏU brh‰bgaçš Á‰¿d¥ bgaç‹ ÏWÂæš MÁçaç‹

bga®¢ RU¡f« vGj¥gL«. Ïj‰F MÁça® bga® F¿¤jš v‹W bga®. v.fh. khšth

Ášbt°£ç° è‹ (è‹ v‹gJ è‹nda° v‹w bga®¢ RU¡f¤ij F¿¡F«)

6. jtwhd _y¤ÂèUªJ xU jhtu« bga® N£l¥g£oUªjhš m¥bga® jtwhd¥ bga® vd¡

fUj¥gL«. ÏJ ehbk‹ M«ÃFt« v‹W miH¡f¥gL«.

7. xU jhtu¤Â‹ ngçd¢ brhšY« Á‰¿d¢ brhšY« xnu khÂçahf ÏU¡Fnkahdhš

m¤jifa bga® lh£nlhå« vd¥gL«. v.fh. rhrh~¥u° rhrh~¥u°

8. bga® N£l¥g£l jhtu¤Â‹ Kj‹ikahd és¡f« Ïy¤Ô‹ bkhêæš bkhêbga®¥ò

brŒa¥g£oU¡f nt©L«.

3. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£o‹ ãiwfis vGJf.

1. E©âa neuo MŒé‰F c£g£L äfÎ« Ïa‰if Kiwæš btëæl¥g£l tif¥ghL MF«.

2. jhtu§fë‹ és¡f§fŸ bjëthfÎ«, KGikahfÎ«,rçahfÎ« ÏU¥gJ Ïj‹ Áw¥ò

m«rkhF«.

3. Ï›tif¥ghL Ã‹g‰Wtj‰F vëikahfÎ«, jhtu§fis Ïd§f©l¿a xU ÂwÎnfhyhfÎ«

cŸsJ. »ô bA®ngça«, cy»YŸs mid¤J bA®ngça§fëY« Ï›tif¥ghL

ga‹gL»wJ.

4. ÏJ xU Ïa‰ifahd tif¥ghlhf ÏU¥ÃD«, Ïj‹ bgU«gh‹ikahd fU¤J¡fŸ j‰fhy

kuò tê bfhŸiffS¡F x¤jik»‹wd. v.fh. jhtu§fë‹ tçir mik¥Ãš uhndš° v‹w

Jiw Kjèl« bg‰¿U¥gJ Áw¥ò m«rkhF«.

5. khndhfh£oèlnd jhtu§fŸ Ï›tif¥gh£o‹ ÏWÂæš ilfh£oèlnd jhtu§fS¡F¥

ÃwF Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gJ kuò têæš mikªjjhf¡ fUj¥gL»wJ.

4. ôngh®ÃnaÁ jhtu§fëš fhz¥gL« gšntW kŠrçfis és¡fÎ«.

t.vz; kQ;rhp v.fh (,Unrhw; ngaH)

1 ghdpf;fps; hp]pd]; fk;A+dp];

2 jdpj;j nurpNkh]; FNuhl;;;ld; ];ghHrp/GNshu];

3 Nfl;fpd; mfhyp/gh ,z;bfh.

4 jdpj;j ,iyf; Nfhz irk; /gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];

5 rahj;jpak; A+/NghHgpah

7

5.khy;Nt]p FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vOJf?

t.vz; jhtutpay; ngaH gad;gLk; ghfk; gad;fs;

1 ehHj;jhtuq;fs;

1. fh]pg;gpak; ghHgnld;];

(vfpg;J gUj;jp)

tpijAiwapd;

nk‰gu¥ò

ÏiHfŸ

ehH> Ehypiofs;

2 czTj; jhtuq;fs;

1.Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fnyz;l];

( ntz;il )

fdp

czT

3. fl;ilj; jhtuq;fs;

nj];gPrpah ghGy;dpah (G+tuR)

fl;il glF> kur;rhkhd;fs; kw;Wk;

Ntshz; cgfuzq;fs;

4. kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs;

1. mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk; kw;Wk;

khy;th rpy;nt];l;hp];

NtH> ,iyfs;

fha;r;ry;

ff;Fthd; ,Uky;>

5. myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;

My;jpah Nuhrpah(N`hyp`hf;)

KG¤jhtu«

moFj; jhtuq;fs;

6.A+NghHgpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vOJf?


1. czTj; jhtuq;fs;:

o /gpy;yhe;j];vk;g;spf;fh

(ney;ypf;fha;)

fdpfs; itl;lkpd; “C” mjpfk; cila czT>

CWfha; jahhpf;f.

2. vz;nza; jhtuq;fs;

o hp]pd]; fk;A+dp];

(Mkzf;F)

tpijfs;

Mkzf;F vz;nza; ,ae;jpuq;fSf;F

caT vz;nza; MfTk;> rikaYf;Fk;>

tapw;Wg; Nghf;fpidj; Jhz;Lk; kUe;jhfTk;

gad;gLfpwJ.

3. kUe;Jj; jhtuq;fs;

o /gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];

(fPoh ney;yp)

KOj;jhtuk; kQ;rl;fhkhiy Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j

gad;gLfpwJ.

4. ,ug;gH jhtuq;fs;

`Ptpah gpNurpypnad;rp];

(ghuh ug;gH)

Nyl;lf;];

,ug;gh; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;

o A+.gy;nrhpkh

KOj;jhtuk; jhtuq;fs; moFf;fhf¤ Njhl;lq;fspYk;

tPLfspYk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

8

7. äôrh, uhtbdyh jhtu§fS¡»ilna cŸs ntWghLfis vGJf.

äôrh uhtbdyh

1 bgça msthd gšyh©L ÁWbro ku«

2 c©ikahd j©L jiuao iunrh«.

jiu¡F nkš fhz¥gL«. ãä®ªj j©L

bghŒ¤j©L MF«.

jiu¡F nkš tsU« f£il¤ j‹ik cila j©L

c©ikahd j©L

3. RHš ÏiyaikÎ ÏiyfŸ ÏUtçir mikÎ Kiw

4 »is¤j °gho¡° kŠrç kŠrç – T£L ir« MF«

5 6 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ, 5 kfuªj jhŸfŸ

tskhdit x‹W ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ

6 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ, mid¤J« tskhdit.

6 få - bg®ç tif bto få tif få

8. äônrÁ FL«g¤ jhtu§fë‹ bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt¤ij vGJf.


1. czTj; jhtuq;fs;:

kpA+]h ghub]pahf;fh

(thio)

fdpfs;>

thioj; jz;L>

kyHfs;.

czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

2. ehHj; jhtuq;fs;:

kpa+]h nlf;];ilyp°

(kzpyhehHj; jhtuk;)

,iyab ciw

,iyab ciwapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ehHfs;

mghfh Jzp nea;jYf;Fk; kw;Wk; fapW

jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

3. myq;fhuj;jhtuq;fs;:

];nlhpypl;[pahnu[pNd

mofpw;fhfNjhl;lq;fspYk; tPLfspYk;

tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

9

10 kjpg;ngz;fs; :-

1. nge;jk; - `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;L ml;ltiz :-

2.iAÃ°f° - nuh[h irbd‹ìid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.

tsçašò - gy M©L òj®¢bro

nt® - Mâ nt®¤ bjhF¥ò

j©L - ãy¤Â‹ nkš fhz¥gL« ãä®ªjJ , cUisahdJ, f£il

j‹ikÍilaJ.

Ïiy - jå Ïiy, KGikahdJ, Ïiyfh«òbfh©lJ ,kh‰¿iyaikÎ, g‰fŸ

ngh‹w éë«òilaJ, . tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎ

kŠrç - Ïiy¡ nfhz x‰iw ky® ir«.

ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂYilaJ, Mu¢rk¢Ó® cilaJ.

ÏUghš ky®, Iªj§f ky®, KGikahd ky® , , Nyf nkš ky®, äôÁny{

kyçš fhz¥gL«.

òw¥òšè t£l« - 5 Kjš 8 ó¡fh«ò¢brÂšfŸ òšè ÏjœfS¡F òw¤nj mikªJ òw¥òšè

t£l¤ij cUth¡F»‹wd.

òšèt£l« - òšèfŸ 5. ÏizªjJ bjhL ÏjHikÎ. x‰iw¥òšè kyç‹ nk‰òw¤Âš

fhz¥gL«.

mšè t£l« - mšèfŸ 5, Ïizahjit, ÂUF ÏjHikÎ.

kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ v©z‰wit, Ïizªjit, xU f‰iw kfuªj¤

jhŸfŸ, kfuªj¥ig XuiwÍilaJ. ÁWÚuf totkhdJ.

Nyf t£l« - Nš ÏiyfŸ IªJ, Ïizªjit, Nyf

miwfŸ IªJ, m¢R Nš x£L Kiw,

nkšk£l N‰ig.

få - bgU«ghY« Áijtilªjit

kyç‹ thŒghL - Br, Brl, +,♀ , K(5), C5,A(α),G (5)

10

3. lh£Luh bk£lš jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.

tsçašò - ãä®ªj, bgça gUkdhd ÁWbro.


j©L - c£FêÍŸsJ, gRikahdJ,

bk‹ikahdJ äFªj kzKilaJ.

Ïiy - jåÏiy,KGikahdit,

kh‰¿iyaikÎ.tiy¥Ã‹dš

eu«gikÎilaJ

kŠrç - jå¤j, Ïiy¡ nfhz irnkh°.

ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢

brÂy‰wit, KGikahdit, Mu¢rk¢Ó®

cilaJ, ÏUghš ky®, Iªj§f ky®, Nyf

nkš ky®.

òšèt£l« - òšèfŸ 5, ÏizªjJ, gRikahdJ, bjhL Ïjœ mikÎilaJ,

x‰iw¥òšè kyç‹ nkšghf¤Âš fhz¥gL«.

mšè t£l« - mšèfŸ 5, Ïizªjit , gRik fyªj bt©ik, ¥ënf£ , ÂUF

ÏjHikÎ.

kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 5, jå¤jit, mšè x£oait, kfuªj¥ig ÏU

miwfis cilaJ.

Nyf t£l« - Nš ÏiyfŸ Ïu©L Ïizªjit, ÏU Nyf miwfŸ cŸsd.

nghèahd FW¡F¢Rt® bfh©ljhš eh‹F Nyf miwfis¡ bfh©L

fhz¥gL«. Nyf ÏiyfŸ m¢Á‰F ne®¡nfh£oš mikahkš r‰W

rhŒthf¡ fhz¥gL«, nkš k£l N‰ig.

få - ãiy¤j òšèÍl‹ Toa btofå .

éij - fUñ© cilaJ.

kyç‹ thŒghL -

4. çÁd° f«ôå° - jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.

tsçašò - gy M©L òj®¢ bro


j©L - ãy¤Â‹ nkš fhz¥gL« ãä®ªj j©L,

bk‹ikahdJ, mo¤j©L f£ilahdJ,

c£FêÍilaJ, ny£l¡° v‹w rhW cŸsJ.

Ïiy - jå Ïiy , Ïiy¡fh«ò cilaJ, kh‰¿iy

mikÎ, 7 mšyJ mj‰F« nk‰g£l

klšfisÍilaJ. m§if tot éçªj

tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎ cilaJ.

kŠrç - T£L buÁnkh° mšyJ ghå¡»Ÿ.

M© ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wit, Mu¢rk¢Ó® cilaJ k‰W«

KGika‰wit.

óéjœ t£l« - óéjœfŸ 5, Ïizªjit, bjhLÏjœmikÎ, x‰iw¥ óéjœ kyç‹

nkšghf¤Âš fhz¥gL«.

kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - gy kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ cilait. gy f‰iw kfªj¤jhŸ, kfuªj¡ f«ÃfŸ

»is¤J«, ÏizªJ« IªJ »isfshf cŸsd, <uiw kfuªj¥ig.

Nyf t£l« - Ïšiy våD« ky£L Nyf« fhz¥gL«.

11

bg© ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wit, Mu¢rk¢Ó® cilaJ k‰W«

KGika‰wit, nkšk£l N‰igÍilaJ.

óéjœ t£l« - óéjœfŸ 3, bjhL Ïjœ mikéš Ïizªjit.

kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - Ïšiy våD« ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ fhz¥gL«.

Nyf« - _‹W NèiyfŸ, Ïizªjit, _‹W Nyf miwfŸ, m¢R Nš x£L

Kiw ,nkšk£l N‰ig.

få - bu¡kh vd¥gL« ÃsÎ¡få.

éij - fUñ© cilaJ.

kyç‹ thŒghL -

5. äôrh ghuoÁahfh – jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.

tsçašò - bgça msédyhd khndhfh®Ã¡ gšyh©L ÁWbro.

nt® - nt‰¿l ršè nt®¤ bjhF¥ò

j©L - c©ikahd j©L jiuao iunrh«, jiu¡F nkš

fhz¥gL« j©L bghŒ¤j©lhF«. ÏJ Ú©l, fodkhd,

mf‹w Ïiyao¥ gFÂfŸ x‹iwbah‹W jGé cUthdJ.

Ïiy - jå Ïiy, Ú©l Ïiy¡ fh«òl‹ Toa bgça Ïiy¤jhis cilaJ.

ÁwF Ïiz¥ngh¡F eu«gikÎ cilaJ.

RHš ÏiyaikÎ .

kŠrç - »is¤j °gho¡° kŠrç

ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wit, _t§f ky®fŸ xU ghš

k‰W« ÏUghš j‹ikÍilait. ÏUg¡f¢ rk¢Ó® cilait. Nyf Ñœ

ky®.

óéjœ t£l« - óéjœ 6. mL¡»‰F 3 Åj« 2 mL¡Ffëš mikªJŸsd. btë

mL¡»š 3 óéjœfS« cŸ mL¡»š 2 óéjœfS« bjhL Ïjœ

mikéš ÏizªJ fhz¥gL»‹wd. cŸ t£l nkšg¡f óéjœ

jå¤jJ.

kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 6, jå¤jJ, t£l¤Â‰F _‹whf Ïu©L t£l§fëš

fhz¥gL« ,6 š 5 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ k£Lnk

tskhdit, 1 ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ, <uiw

cilait, óéjœfS¡F vÂuhdit.

Nyf t£l« - NèiyfŸ 3, ÏizªjJ, 3 NyiwfŸ bfh©lit,

m¢RNš x£L Kiw, Ñœ k£l N‰ig .

få - Ú©l bg®ç

kyç‹ thŒghL - Br, EBrl, %,♀ , P(3+2)+1, A3+3, G(3)

x

12

2.தோவர உள்ளகைப்ெி ல்

3 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1 top nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d ?

Nthpd; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; Foha;fSf;F vjphpy; cs;s mfj;Njhy; nryf;fspy; fh];ghhpad;

gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J top nry;fs; vdg;gLk;.,J ePiuAk;> cg;Gf;fisAk;

GwzpapypUe;J iryj;jpw;F flj;JfpwJ.

2.GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vd;why; vd;d?

xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; Kjph;e;j th];FyhH fw;iwapd; fPo;g;gf;fkhf cs;s GNuhl;Nlhiryk;

rpijtile;J XH ,ilntsp cUthfpwJ. ,jw;F¥ GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;.

3.A+];By; vd;why; vd;d?

,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; gpj;ijr; #o;e;J tisa tbtpy; mike;J

fhzg;;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F A+];By; vdg;gLk;.

4. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh> ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh NtWgLj;Jf?

t.vz; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh

1

ghypNrl;; ghud;ifkh nry;fs;

nry;ypilntspapd;wp neUf;fkhf

mike;Js;sd.

];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh mjpfkhd

nry;ypilntspfSld;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2 mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fzpfq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy;

gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3 xspr;NrHf;ifapy; <LgLfpwJ. thA ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <LgLfpwJ.

5. vy;iy ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?

,iyapy; th];FyhH fw;iwfisr; #o;e;J neUf;fkhf nry;ypil ntspfspd;wp XuLf;F

ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F vy;iy ghud;ifkh my;yJ fw;iw ciw

vdg;gLk;.

6.];fpsPiuLfs;- ehHfs; NtWgLj;Jf .

t.vz; ];fpsPiuLfs; ehHfs;

1. Fl;ilahdit ePskhdit

2. mjpfkhd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FiwthdFopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3 Kid kOq;fyhdit $H; Kid cilait

7.fw;iw ciw - fw;iwj;njhg;gp NtWgLj;Jf?

t.vz; fw;iw ciw fw;iwj;njhg;gp

1.

th];Fyhh;f; fw;iwiar; R+o;e;J fhzg;gLk; xU mLf;fpdhy; nry;fs; fw;iw ciw vdg;gLk;.

1. xt;nthU th];FyhH fw;iwapd; /GNshaj;jpd; kPJ jpl;Lf;fshf¡ fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F¡ fw;iwj; njhg;gp my;yJ td;ikahd gh];l; vdg;gLk;.

2.

v.fh: 1) xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu jz;bd; fw;iw ciw ];fpsPud;ifkhthy; MdJ. 2) ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapd; fw;iw ciw ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ.

v.fh. ,Utpj;jpiy¤j jhtuj;jz;by; rpy

mLf;F ];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fs

13

5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. miktplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; tifg;ghl;bid tpthp?

Edp Mf;Fj;jpR : 1.NtH jz;L kw;Wk; fpisfspd; Edpay; fhzg;gLk;;2.,it jhtuj;jpd; ePs;Nghf;F tsHr;rpf;F gad;gLk;.3.,it %d;W gFjpfis nfhz;lJ.GNuhl;NlhnlHk; - Gwj;Njhy; jpRit cUthf;FfpwJ.GNuhNfk;gpak; - Kjy;epiy th];FyhH jpRf;fis

cUthf;FfpwJ.jsj; jpR – Gwzp kw;Wk; gpj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.,ilahf;F jpR

1.fZg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.2.epiyj;j jpRf;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.3.,it fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ePl;rpf;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. V.fh: xUtpj;jpiy jhtuq;fs; (Gw;fs;)

gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR1.jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; mjd; ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf fhzg;gLk;.2.,it ,uz;lhk;epiy jpRf;fis cUthf;Ftjpd; %yk; jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; FWf;fsit mjpfhpf;f nra;fpwJ. v.fh: fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (ngy;Nyhn[d;) kw;Wk; th];FyhH Nfk;gpak;.

2 Gwj;Njhy; jpRj; njhFg;gpd; gzpfs;:

1. jz;Lj; njhFg;gpy; cs;s Gwj;Njhy; jpRj;njhFg;gpy; fpa+l;bf;fps;,Ug;gjdhy;mjpfg;gbahd

ePhpog;G jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

2. Gwj;NjhyhdJ cl;Gwj; jpRf;fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.

3. Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; thAg; ghpkhw;wk; Mfpanray;fspy; <LgLfpd;wd.

4. tpijfs; kw;Wk; fdpg;guTjypy; biuf;Nfhk;fs; cjtpGhpfpd;wd.

5. NtHj;Jhtpfs; kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk;> fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.

3. xUtpj;jiyj; jhtuNth;- ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nth; NtWghL vOJf

t.v xUtpj;jiyj; jhtu NtH ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuNtH

1 gyKid iryk; fhzg;gLk;. ehd;F Kid iryk; fhzg;gLk;.

2 ikaj;jpy ;nghJthf xU nghpagpj;

fhzg;gLk;

gpj; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy

3 nkl;lhiryf;Foha;fs; FWf;F tl;Lj;

Njhw;wj;jpy; tl;l tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.

nkl;lhiryf;Foha;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj;

Njhw;wj;jpy; gyNfhz tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.

4 ,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpsPnud;ifkh nryfshy;

MdJ.

,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkh bršfshy ; MdJ.

5 ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rphzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

14

10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1.th];FyhH jpRj;njhFg;G gw;wp tpthp :

iryKk;>GNshaKk; xd;W NrHe;J njhFg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLtJ th];FyhH jpRj;njhFg;G

vdg;gLk;.

jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iw: iryj;jpw;Fk; /GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLtJ

jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iwfs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh ,Utpj;jpiyj; jz;L

%ba th];FyhH fw;iw:; th];FyhH fw;iwapy; iryj;jpw;Fk; /GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;

Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. v.fh xU tpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;L

Mug;Nghf;F mikT ( Radial arrangement): iryKk;> /GNshaKk; ntt;NtW

Muq;fspy; fhzg;gtJ. v.fh Nth;

fd;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw: iryk; kw;Wk; /GNshak; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;J

fhzg;gLtJ fd;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;

1.xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw:; iryKk; /GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;J /GNshak;

ntspNehf;fp mike;J fhzg;gl;lhy; mjw;F xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. v.fh.

jz;L kw;Wk; ,iy.

2.,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhHfw;iw:; iryj;jpw;F ntspg;gf;fKk;> cs;gf;fKk; /GNshak;

fhzg;gl;lhy; mj;jifa th];FyhH fw;iw ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw

vdg;gLk;. v.fh.Ff;fHgpl;Nlrp FLk;;gk;.

3.#o;e;jike;jit: /GNshak; KOtJkhf iryj;ijr; #o;e;Njh my;yJ iryk; KOtJk;

/GNshaj;ijr; #o;e;Njh fhzg;gLtJ

m)./GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw ( Amphicribral ): /GNshak; iryj;ij KOtJkhf

#o;e;J fhzg;gLtJ v.fh. ghypg;Nghbak;.

M).iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw (Amphivasal): iryk; /GNshaj;ij KOtJkhf #o;e;J

fhzg;gLtJ v.fh. mf;Nfhu];.

15

vf;]hHf; (ntspNehf;F) iryk;:; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; Foha;fs; ntspNehf;fp;> nkl;lhiryf;

Foha;fs; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. NtH.

vz;lhHf; (cs;Nehf;F) iryk GNuhl;Nlhiryf; Foha;fs; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk;> nkl;lh

iryf;Foha;fs; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. jz;L.

2. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nthpd; cs;sikg;G gw;wp tpthp:

iuNrhnlh;kp]; (m) vgpgpskh:1. Nthpd; ntspaLf;F. XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. 2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> fpA+l;bfps; ,y;iy. 3. Nth;j;J}tp xNu nry;yhy; MdJ. kz;zpypUe;J;; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpk

cg;Gfis cwpQ;RfpwJ4. cl;GwjpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.Gwzp1. Gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshdJ2. ,r;nry;fs; Kl;il (m) Nfhs tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ. gRq;fzpfq;fs; ,y;iy. ,itfspy; ];lhh;r; nfhz;lypA+f;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs; cs;sd.

3. Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;fhd mfj;Njhy; XuLf;F gPg;gha; tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

4. mfj;Njhy;fspd; Mur;Rth; kw;Wk; fpilkl;l Rthpy; Rghpd; nghUs; gbe;J jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk; ,it fh];ghhpd; gl;ilfs; vdg;gLk;.ePu; Gwzpf;F jpUk;gpnry;tij jilnra;fpwJ.

5. GNuhl;Nlhiry $WfSf;F vjpNu f];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; mw;w topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;.,jd; topNa ePUk; fdpkKk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

];By;: 6. mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J jpRg;gFjpAk; Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk;.,jpy; nghpirf;fps;> th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs;> kw;Wk; gpj; Mfpait cs;sd.

7. ngupirf;fps;: ];Bypd; ntspaLF XuLf;F ghud;ifkhnry;fshy; MdJ

8. th];Fyhu;; njhFg;G : Mug;Nghf;F mikT> gy Kid iryk;. ntspNehf;F iryk;> ,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpspud;ifkhthy; MdJ.9. gpj ; :ghud;ifkhthyhd gpj; czit Nrkpf;Fk; .

16

3 ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu Nthpd; cs;sikg;G gw;wp tpthp :

iuNrhnlh;kp]; (m) vgpgpskh:1. Nthpd; ntspaLf;F. XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. 2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> fpA+l;bfps; ,y;iy. 3. Nth;j;J}tp xNu nry;yhy; MdJ. kz;zpypUe;J;; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkcg;Gfis cwpQ;RfpwJ

4. cl;GwjpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.Gwzp1. Gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshdJ2. ,r;nry;fs; Kl;il (m) Nfhs tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ. gRq;fzpfq;fs; ,y;iy. ,itfspy; ];lhh;r; nfhz;lypA+f;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs; cs;sd.

3. Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;fhd mfj;Njhy; XuLf;F gPg;gha; tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

4. mfj;Njhy;fspd; Mur;Rth; kw;Wk; fpilkl;l Rthpy; Rghpd; nghUs; gbe;J jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk; ,it fh];ghhpd; gl;ilfs; vdg;gLk;.ePu; Gwzpf;F jpUk;gpnry;tij jilnra;fpwJ.

5. GNuhl;Nlhiry $WfSf;F vjpNu f];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; mw;w topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;.,jd; topNa ePUk; fdpkKk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

];By;: 6. mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J jpRg;gFjpAk; Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk;.,jpy; nghpirf;fps;> th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs;> kw;Wk; gpj; Mfpait cs;sd.

7. ngupirf;fps;: ];Bypd; ntspaLF XuLf;F ghud;ifkhnry;fshy; MdJ

8. th];Fyhu;; njhFg;G : Mug;Nghf;F mikT> ehd;F Kid iryk;. ntspNehf;F iryk;> ,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ.

9. gpj; :fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

17

4. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu (kf;fhr; Nrhsk;) jz;bd; cs;sikg;gpid tpthp?

G w j ;Nj hy;:1. jz;bd; ntspaLf;F> XuLf;F nrt;tf tbt

ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. 2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; kw;Wk; fpA+l;bfps;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.

js j ;j R :

1. Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;> nghpirf;fps;> gpj; vdNtWghlw;wit.

2. ,J gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhdJ. ,jpy; vz;zw;w th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; rpjwpfhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J czT nghUl;fis Nrkpj;jy;

kw;Wk; thA ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <LgLfpwJ.3. t h] ;F yhu; f w;iwfs; : kdpj kz;ilNahL tbtk; >

fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> %bait > cs;Nehf;F iryk;;. th];Fyhh; fw;iwia Rw;wpYk; ];fpspud;ifkh ehh;fshyhd fw ;i w ciw cs;sJ.

4 . G Nshak ;: ry;yilf;Foha ;fs; kw;Wk; Jiznry;fs;cilaJ.

5. i r y k ;: Y tbtk; nfhz;lJ. Kjph;e;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwapy; fPo;Gw GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtiltjhy;

GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp cUthfpwJ.

18

5.,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;bd; (#hpa fhe;jp) cs;sikg;gpid tpthp?

Gwj;Njhy;:1. jz;bd; ntspaLf;F> XuLf;F nrt;tf tbt ghud;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ. 2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> J}tpfs; kw;Wk; fpA+l;bfps;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.Gwzp %d;W gFjpfis nfhz;lJ.1.Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshyhd Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; (m) i`g;Nghnlh;kp];-jz;bw;F cWjpia mspf;fpwJ.2.FNshnud;ifkh mLf;F xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;fpwJ.3.ghud;ifkh mLf;F – czT Nrkpf;fpwJ.4.];lhu;r; mLf;F Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;F ,J XuLf;F gPg;gha; tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ];lhh;r; Jfs;fs; kpFe;Js;sJ. ,J Ntupd; mfj;NjhYf;F xg;ghffUjg;gLfpwJ.

5. ];By; : mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;JjpRg;gFjpAk; Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; gpj;ij #o;e;J xU tisakhf cs;sjhy; ,J A+];By; vdg;gLk;

6. nghpirf;fps; : ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];fpspud;ifkhthyhdJ. GNshaj;jpd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; ];fpspud;ifkh ehu;fshyhd

jpl;L fw;iw njhg;gp (m) td;ikahd gh];l; vdg;gLk;.7. th];Fyhu; fw;iw : Mg;G tbtk;> fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit> cs;Nehf;F iryk;

8. GNshak; : ,jpy; ry;yilf;Foha;fs;> Jiznry;fs;> GNshak; ghud;ifkh cs;sJ

9. Nfk;gpak;: 2 (m) 3mLf;F nrt;tf tbt nry;fshyhdJ.10.iryk;: iryf;Foha;fs;>buf;fPLfs;>iryk; ehh;fs;>iryk; ghud;ifkh cs;sJ

11.gpj; :,ilntspfSila ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ];lhh;r; Jfis Nrkpf;fpwJ.

19

6. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bw;Fk; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;bid

vOJf?

t.vz; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L

1 i`g;NghnlHkp]; Nfhyd;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ.

i`g;NghnlHkp]; ];fpsPnud;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ.

2

jsj;jpR Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;>

nghpirf;fps;> gpj; vd NtWghL

mile;Js;sJ.

jsj;jpR xU njhlHr;rpahd

NtWghLwhj ghud;ifkh nry;fshy;

MdJ.

3 ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gLk;. ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gltpy;iy.

4 gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

5 nghpirf;fps; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghpirf;fps; ,y;iy.

6 nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; cs;sd. nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; ,y;iy.

7 th];FyhH fw;iwfs; jpwe;jit. th];FyhH fw;iwfs; %bait.

8 th];FyhH fw;iwfs; xU tisakhf

mike;Js;sd.

th];FyhH fw;iwfs; jsj;jpRtpy;

rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

9 fw;iwj; njhg;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ. fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ.

10 GNuhl;Nlhi]y ,ilntsp

fhzg;gltpy;iy.

GNuhl;Nlhi]y ,ilntsp

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

11 /GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ. /GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gltpy;iy.

7. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapd; (#hpa fhe;jp) mikg;ig glj;Jld; tpthp?

Gwj;Njhy;:

1. Nky; Gwj;Njhy;> fPo; Gwj;Njhy; vd;w ,U mLf;FfisAilaJ. nry; ,ilntspfspd;wp

neUf;fkhf mike;j XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

2. Nky; Gwj;Njhiy fhl;bYk; fPo; Gwj;Njhypy; ,iyj;Jisfs; mjpfKs;sd.

3. fPo; Gwj;Njhiy fhl;bYk; Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; jbj;j fpA+l;bfps; glyk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J

cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ

20

,iyapilj;jpR : ,iyapd; Nky;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; fPo;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilapy;

fhzg;gLk; ,iyapilj;jpR (kPNrh gpy;) vdg;gLk;. ,U tifg;gLk;.

Nky;fPo; NtWghL nfhz;l ,iy : Nky;Gwj;jpy; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhitf; nfhz;Lk;

fPo;Gwj;jpy; ];ghd;Q;rp ghud;ifkhitf; nfhz;Lk; fhzg;gl;lhy; mit Nky;fPo; NtWghL nfhz;l

,iy vdg;gLk;. v.fh: #hpafhe;jp ,iy.

1.ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh : Nky;Gwj;NjhYf;F¡ fPNo fhzg;gLk;. ePz;lJ> cUis tbtj;Jld;

neUf;fkhf mike;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpf gRq;fzpfq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; gzp

xspr;Nrh;f;ifahFk;.

2.];ghd;Q;rp ghud;ifkh : ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhtpw;F fPNo fhzg;gLk;. xOq;fw;w tbtk;

nfhz;lJ. mjpf nry; ,ilntspfSld;> fhw;W miwfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fiwe;j

gRq;fzpfq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.

3.Rthr miw: ,iyj;Jisf;fUNf cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; fhw;wiw¢ Rthr miw:

(m),iyj;Jis fPo; miw vdg;;gLk;

4.fw;iw ciw (m) vy;iy ghud;ifkh : ,iyapd; th];FyhH fw;iwia¢ Rw;wp neUf;fkhf

fhzg;gLk; XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd ciw.

5.th];Fyhu; fw;iw : fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> %bait. GNuhl;Nlhiryk;

Nky;GwjNjhiy Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lhiryk; fPo; Gwj;Njhiy Nehf;fpAk; cs;sJ.

5. தோவர பச லி ல்

3. kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1.ePh; xspg;gpsj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

epwkpj;njhFg;g ,uz;L (PS II) Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyapy; cs;s NghJ ePiu GNuhl;lhdhfTk; vyf;l;uhdhfTk; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[dhfTk; gpsf;Fk; epfo;r;rp ePh; xspg;gpsj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; khq;fdP];, fhy;rpak; kw;wk; FNshiuL madpfs; gq;Nfw;fpd;wd.

2.xspgh];gupfuzk; vd;why; vd;d?

xspapd; cjtpahy; ADP –Ald; xU gh];Ngl; Nrh;j;J ATP %yf;$W cUthFk; epfo;r;rp xspgh];gupfuzk; vdg;gLk;.

3.Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; ve;j #oypy; eilngWfpwJ?

1.PSI kl;Lk; nray;gLk;NghJ

2.ePh; xspahw;gpsj;jy; eilngwhj NghJ

3.mjpf msT ATP Njitg;gLk; NghJ

4.xLf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd NADP+ fpilf;fhj NghJ RoYk; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; epfo;fpwJ.

4.,Utbt gRq;fdpfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

C4 jhtuq;fspy; ,Utbt gRq;fdpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfp;wJ. mjhtJ ,iyapilj;jpR nry;fspy; cs;s gRq;fzpfq;fspy; fpuhdhf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; fwiw ciw nry;fspy; cs;s gRq;fdpfq;fspy; fpuhdhf;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J ,Utbt gRq;fdpfq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

21

5.xspr;Rthrk; - ,Us; Rthrk; NtWgLj;Jf.

xspr;Rthrk; ,Us; Rthrk;

1.xspr;Nrh;f;if nry;fspy; kl;Lk; eilngWk; .

2.xsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; eilngWk;.

3.gRq;fzpfk;>nguhf;]pNrhk;>ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upahf;fspy; eilngWk;.

midj;J capUs;s nry;fspYk; eilngWk;.

xsp kw;Wk; xsp ,y;yhj NghJk; eilngWk;.

ikl;Nlhf;fhz;l;upahtpy; eilngWk;.

6.Ntjpr;Nrh;f;if vd;why; vd;d?

rpy capupdq;fs; fdpkg;nghUl;fis Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;J fpilf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;L czT jahupf;fpwJ. ,J Ntjpr;Nrh;f;if vdg;gLk;. v.fh. ghf;Bupaq;fs;.

7.Rthr <T- tiuaW.

Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; fhh;gd; il Mf;irLf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;rp[Df;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk; Rthr <T vdg;gLk;;.

8. ATP mikg;G glk; :-

9. CO2 rkepiyg; Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d?

CO2-tpd; ve;j nrwpT epiyapy; xspr;Nrh;f;ifahdJ Rthrpj;jYf;F¢ rkkhf ,Uf;fpwNjh mJNt CO2 rkepiyg; Gs;sp vdg;gLk;.

10.nehjpj;jy;- tiuaW. nehjpj;jy; vd;gJ Ntjpkhw;wj;NjhL $ba Eiuj;jy; my;yJ nghq;Fjy; vdg;gLk;. FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$W fhw;wpy;yhJ rpijTw;W vj;jpy; My;f`hyhfTk; fhh;gd; il Mf;irlhfTk; khWtJ nehjpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. 11.Kid Mjpf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?; Edpnkhl;lhdJ mJ cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mf;rpd; %yk; gf;f nkhl;Lf;fspd; tsh;r;rpia¤ jilnra;fpwJ. ,J Kid Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;;. 12.Nghy;bq; - tiuaW. neUq;fpa ,iy mLf;fk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fspy; [pg;uypf; mkpyj;ij¥ gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ fDtpilg;gFjpfs; tsh;r;rpailtJk; njhlh;e;J kyh;jYk; epfo;fpwJ. ,J Nghy;bq; vdg;gLk;.

22

13.upr;khz;l; yhq; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

jhtuq;fs; KJikailtij¢ irl;Nlhifdpd; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ ,J upr;khz;l; yhq; tpisT vdg;gLk;.

14.rpf;kha;L tisT vd;why; vd;d?

Xh; capupdj;jpd; mstpy; Vw;gLk; tsh;r;rp my;yJ nry;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;G Mfpatw;iw fhy mstpw;F vjpuhf tiuglk; tiue;jhy; mJ S tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J rpf;kha;L tisT vdg;gLk;.

15.xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vd;gJ ahJ?

xU jhtuj;jpy; xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhy mstpw;Nfw;g Vw;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; gjpy; nray; tpisT xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;. ,J Gifapiy jhtuj;jpy; Kjd; Kiwahf¡ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

16.Fsph; gjdk;- tiuaW .

nth;diyNr\d; my;yJ Fsph;gjdk; vd;gJ <uhz;Lj;jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuq;fspy; kyh;jy; 1 Kjy; 10 bfpup nry;rpa]; ntg;gepiyapy; Jz;lg;gLfpwJ. ,J Fsph; gjdk; vdg;gLk;.

17 .Fsph; gjdq;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?

1. gapHfspd; rhFgbf;fhy msit¡ Fiwf;fyhk; 2.,aw;ifapy; tsuhj ,lq;fspYk; gaphplyhk; 3.jhtug; gapHg;ngUf;fj;ij tpiuTgLj;JfpwJ 18. rpf;kha;L tistpy; cs;s gbepiyfs; ahit? 1) nkJepiy 2) Ntfepiy 3) cWjpahd rPuhd epiy 19.Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; fpisf;fhiyrp]; Mfpatw;wpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpidiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rkd;ghl;bid vOJf. Rthrpj;jy; : C6H12O6+6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kJ Mw;wy;.

fpisf;fhiyrp];: C6H12O6+2ADP+2pi+2NAD --> 2C3H4O3+2ATP+2NADH2

5. kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1.Roy;; kw;Wk; Royh xsp gh];ghpfuzk; - NtWgLj;Jf

vz; RoYk; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzk;

1 PSI kl;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ PSI, PSII Mfpa ,uz;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ

2 gr;ra %yf;$wpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd; Row;rpaile;J kPz;Lk; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nrh;fpwJ

vyf;l;uhd; Row;wpaile;J jpUk;Gtjpy;iy

3 ePh; xsp gpsj;jy;> O2

ntspNaw;wk;eilngWtjpy;iy ePh; xspgpsj;jy;> O2 ntspNaw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.

4 xsp gh];gupfuzk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ

xsp gh];gupfuzk; xU ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ

5 NADP+ xLf;fk; miltjpy;iy NADP+ ahdJ xLf;fk; mile;J

NADPH2 Mf khWfpwJ.

23

2.C3 மw;Wk; C4 Row;rp –NtWgLj;Jf.

vz; C3 Row;rp C4 Row;rp

1 xspr;Nrh;f;if ,iyapilj; jpRf;fspy; eilngWk;.

xspr; Nrh;f;if ,iyapil jpR kw;Wk;

fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; eilngWk;

2 CO2it Vw;Fk; %yf;$W RuBP CO2it Vw;Fk; %yf;$W PEP

3 Kjypy; cUthtJ PGA Kjypy; cUthtJ OAA ;

4 xspr; Rthrj;jpd; msT

mjpfk;

xspr;> Rthrj;jpd; msT kpfTk; FiwT

5 cfe;j ntg;gepiy 200C-250C cfe;j ntg;gepiy 300C-450C tiu

6. v.fh. ney;> NfhJik> cUis v.fh. fUk;G> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> mkuhe;j];.

3..ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

1.,J fhHNghi`bNul; rpijTf;F khw;W topahFk;

2.,jpy; NADPH2 %yf;$Wfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. ,it nry;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; xLf;fpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd

3.epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd iuNgh]; fpilf;fpwJ

4. mNuhNkbf; NrHkq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd vhpj;Nuh]; gh];Ngl; ,jpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ. 5.Ru5P xspr;NrHf;ifapy; CO2 epiyepWj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ 4. Mf;rpdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit? 1) jz;L kw;Wk; Kisf; FUj;J eP z;L tsu cjTfpwJ. 2). nry; ePl;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ. 3) Edp nkhl;L cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mf;rpd; gf;f nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpia¤ jilnra;tJ Edp Mjpf;fk; (m) Kid Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

4). Nfy]; kw;Wk; Nfk;gpaj; jpRtpy; nry; gphpjiy¤ Jhz;LfpwJ.

5). fUTwhf; fdp cUthf;fj;ijj; Jhz;LfpwJ. v.fh jf;fhsp, Mg;gps; 6. ,iy> fdp cjph;jiyj; jil nra;fpwJ. 7). 2>4-D fisf; bfhšèahf¥ gad;gLfpwJ. 5. [pg;uypd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit? 1) jz;bd; mrhjhuz ePl;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. 2) Fl;ilahd jhtuq;fspd; Fl;ilj;jd;ikia¥ Nghf;FfpwJ. 3) jz;L jpBh; vd ePs;;tJk; mij njhlh;e;J kyh;jo;; epfotJk; Nghy;bq; - vdg;gLk; 4) kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; kyh;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;. 5) fUTwhf; fdpfis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; v.fh jf;fhsp, Mg;gps; , nts;shp . 6) tpij Kisj;jiyj; Jhz;Lk; 7) cUisf; fpoq;fpy; tsh;tlf;fj;ijj; ePf;FfpwJ. 6. irl;Nlhifdpd;fspd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit? 1) nry; gphpjiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

2) fhy]; jpRtpypUe;J nkhl;L kw;Wk; Ntu; cUthjiyj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

3) Edp nkhl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gf;f nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

4) tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;fp> Kisf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

5) jhtuq;fs; KJikailtijj; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J hpr;khz;l; yhq; tp;isT vdg;gLk;.

24

7. vj;jpypdpd; tho;;tpapy; tpisTfis vOJf

1) jz;L kw;Wk; Ntu; Mfpatw;wpd; ePs; thl;l tsh;r;rpia¤ jil nra;fpwJ.

2) Nth;fspd; Gtp Neh;ehl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

3) gl;lhzpapy; gf;f nkhl;L tsh;r;rpia¤ jil nra;fpwJ.

4) fdpfs; gOg;gjpy; vj;jpypd; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

5) igd;> kh jhtuq;fspy; g+j;jiyj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

6) nkhl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.

8.Fsph;gjdk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

nth;diyNr\d; my;yJ Fsph;gjdk; vd;gij T.D iynrd;Nfh vd;gth; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. jhtuq;fs; gytw;wpy; mjhtJ <uhz;L kw;Wk; gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuq;fspy; kyh;jy; 10C kw;Wk; 100C ntg;gepiyapy; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt Fsph;gjdk; vdg;gLk;.

Fsph;gjdk; my;yJ kpff;Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy midj;J jhtuq;fspYk; xNukhjpupahd gjpy; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. Fsph;gjdj;jw;F cl;gLk; jhtuq;fs; J}z;lg;gLk; jhtuq;fs;. Fsph;gjdj;jpw;F cl;glhjit J}z;lg;glhj jhtuq;fs; MFk;.

Fsph;gjd nray;Kiwfs; Fsph;gjdj;jhy; J}z;lg;gLk; jhtuq;fspd; tpijfis Kisf;f itf;f Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy mjhtJ Fsph;gjd ntg;gepiyf;F clgLj;jp tpijNeh;j;jp nra;J rpwpJ Neuk; cyh;j;jpa gpd; Kisf;f itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Fsph;gjd ePf;fk; Fsph;gjdj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tpisit ePf;fp gioa epiyf;F¡ nfhz;LtUk; epfo;r;rp Fsph;gjd ePf;fk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ Fsph;gjdj;jw;F cl;gLj;jpa tpijfis cah; ntg;gepiyf;F cl;gLj;Jk; NghJ Fsph;gjd tpisTfs; ePq;fptpLfpd;wd.

gad;fs; 1. gaph;fspd; rhFgb fhy msitf; Fiwf;fpwJ.

2. ,aw;ifapy; nghJthf tsu Kbahj ,lq;fspYk; gapuplyhk;.

25

10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. fhy;tpd; Row;rp (,Us; tpid) tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUf xsp tpidapdhy; cz;lhd ATP Mw;wy; NADPH2 Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpapdhy; CO2 MdJ fhHNghi`bNul;lhf xLf;fk; miljiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpidfs; ,Us; tpidfs; vdg;gLk;. Kjypy; cUthFk; epiyahd NrHkk; 3PGA MFk; vdNt ,J C3 Row;rp vdg;gLk;

26

2. C4 Row;rp tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUf fUk;G Nghd;w rpy jhtuq;fs; CO2 epiyepWj;j fhy;tpd; Row;rp;ia¥ gpd;gw;whky; NtW topapy; ,U

fhHgd; NrHg;G tpidfs; %yk; nra;fpwJ. ,jpy; Kjypy; cUthFk; epiyahd NrHkk; 4C %yf;$W OAA MFk; vdNt ,J C4 Row;rp vdg;gLk;

27

3.Xspr;Rthrk; my;yJ C2 Row;;rpia tpthp xspapUf;Fk; NghJ xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;Ak; jpRf;fspy; tof;fj;ijtpl mjpfkhf eilngWk; Rthrk;.

28

4. fpisf;fhyprp]; tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUf 6 fhHgd; NrHkkhd FSf;Nfh];> 3 fhHgd;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L igUtpf; mkpykhf khw;wkilAk; epfo;r;rpNa fpisf;fhyprp]; vdg;gLk;

29

5. fpug; Row;rp tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUf igUtpf; mkpykhdJ fhHgd; il Mf;irlhfTk;> ePuhfTk; khWk; NghJ thpirahf eilngWk; epfo;r;rpfNs fpug;]; Row;rp MFk;

30

உயிரி - தாவரவியல்

1. MŠÁnah°bg®«fë‹ tif¥ghL

1 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. bra‰if Kiw tif¥gh£oid ãWéat® _______ (°Ål‹ jhtuéayh®)

2. vªj tif¥ghL Ïd¥bgU¡f tif¥ghL vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ ______(bra‰if Kiw tif¥ghL)

3. ÏU brh‰ bgaçL Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® ____________ (fh°g®L ghï‹)

4. ÏUbrh‰ bgaçL Kiwia ga‹gL¤Âat® ___________(fnuhy° è‹nda°)

5. bA®ngça¤jhë‹ ã®zæ¡f¥g£l ãiyahd msÎ ____________(41cm x 29 cm)

6. m»y cyf jhtuéaš bga® N£L¢ r£l« eilKiw¡F tªj M©L _____(1978)

7. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® btëæ£l b#åuh Ãsh©lhu« _____

bjhFÂfisÍilaJ. (_‹W)

8. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£oš j‰fhy JiwfŸ v›thW miH¡f¥g£ld.

(nfhAh®£LfŸ)

9 bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£oš étç¡f¥g£l FL«g§fë‹ v©â¡if __ (202)

10 Ïizahj jå¤j mšèfisÍila jhtu§fŸ Ïl« bg‰WŸs Jiz tF¥ò

(ghèbg£lhny )

11 Ï‹~bgnu tçiræYŸs JiwfŸ k‰W« FL«g§fë‹ v©â¡if Kiwna ( 3 k‰W« 9)

12 jyhä ~ònshnuæš Ïl« bg‰WŸs JiwfŸ k‰W« FL«g§fŸ ( 6 k‰W« 34 )

13 Nyf Ñœ ky®fŸ bfh©l jhtu§fŸ Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir (Ï‹~bgnu)

14 bj°ÃÁah gh¥òšåah Ïl« bg‰WŸs FL«g« ( khšntÁ )

15. ôåbr¡Rntš° v‹w tçiræš cŸs FL«g« _____ (ô~ngh®ÃnaÁ)

16 XuiwÍila kfuªj¥ig fhz¥gL« FL«g« _____ (khšntÁ)

17. bt©il jhtu¤Â‹ ÏU brh‰bga® ___ (Vbgškh°f° v°Fy©l°)

18. khšntÁ Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir ___ (jyhä~ònshnu)

19. Vbgškh°f° v°Fy©l° jhtu¤Â‹ få ___ (Nyf miw btofå)

20. brhyndÁ Ïl« bg‰WŸs Jiw ___ (ghènkhånaš°)

21 eL eu«ò k‰W« g¡f eu«òfë‹ ÛJ kŠrŸ ãw K£fŸ fhz¥gL« jhtu« ___

(brhyhd« rhªnjhfh®¥g«).

22. NèiyfŸ ne®¡nfh£oš mikahkš r‰W rhŒthf mikªJŸs ky®fisÍila

FL«g« ___ (brhyhndÁ)

23 çÁd° f«ôå° xU ___ (F‰Wku«) mšyJ (òj®¢bro).

24 ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Âš Ïl« bg‰WŸs ngçd§fŸ ___ (300)

25. »shnlhL¡F xU vL¤J¡fh£L¤ jUf. (ôngh®Ãah ÂU¡fŸë).

26 ïéah ÃnuÁèa‹ì° jhtu¤Â‹ ÏiyfŸ_(_‹W Á‰¿iyfisÍila T£oiy)

27. bjhG nehŒ¡F kUªjhf ga‹gL« jhtu« _____ (#£nuh~gh fhì¥Ã~nghèah)

28. Mkz¡F vd miH¡f¥gL« jhtu¤Â‹ jhtuéaš bga® ______ (Fnuh£l‹

°gh®ì~ònshu°)

29. ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Â‹ Áw¥ò kŠrç ______ (irah¤Âa«)

30. gwitfë‹ brh®¡fky® v‹wiH¡f¥gLtJ ______ (°blçè£Áah buínd)

31. gaâfë‹ gid v‹wiH¡f¥gLtJ____________ (uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á°)

32. äôrh jhtu¤Â‹ ÏiyaikÎ ______ (RHš Kiw)

33. uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° jhtu¤Â‹ kŠrç ______ (T£L ir«)

34. uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° kyçš fhz¥gL« tskhd kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ – (6)

35. äônrÁ FL«g« Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir ______ (v¥Ãifnd)

36 kuò tê tif¥gh£o‹ mo¥gilæš xU é¤Âiy¤ jhtu tF¥Ãš nk«ghL

milªj FL«g« ______ (M®¡»nlÁ)

37 äô[héš fhz¥gL« få tif _________ ( bg®ç )

31

jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;

1 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1.Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ epiyj;j jpRthf khw;wk; miltJ NtWghliljy; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2;.thio >fy;thio Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLfpwJ.

3.jhtuj;jpd; midj;J cWg;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk; jpR ghud;ifkh.

4. `Pypahe;j]; jhtuj;jpy; mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5.Nth;j;Jtpfis cw;gj;jp nra;git l;iuNfhgpsh];l;Lfs;.

6.M];bNah];fpsPiuL fhzg;gLk; jhtug;gFjp gl;lhzpapd; tpijAiw.

7;.,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw¡ fhzg;gLk; jhtuf;FLk;gk; Ff;fh;gpl;N;lrp.

8;.iryf;Foha;fspy; xw;iwj;Jisj;jl;L fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; khQ;rp/nguh.

9.gyKid iryk; fhzg;gLtJ xU tpj;jpiy jhtuNth;.

10.Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;F mfj;Njhy;.

11.iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ fd;[hapz;l; vdg;gLfpwJ.

12.kdpj kz;il XL Nghd;w th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; fhzg;gLtJ xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.

13. GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtJ xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.

14. ,U tpj;jpiy jhtuNthpy;; fhzg;gLk; th];Fyhh;mikg;G ehd;F Kid iryk;.

15.,U gf;f xj;j mikg;Gila ,iyfs; fhzg;gLtJ Gy;.

16. ,iyapy; fhzg;gLfpw th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; xUq;fike;jJ> %bait.

17.,iy RUq;Fjy; kwWk; ePs;jYf;F¥ ga‹gLk; Gwj;Njhy; nry;fs; Gy;yp/ghh;k; nry;fs;.

20. njhlh;e;J gFg;gilAk; jd;ik nfhd;l nry;fspd;; njhFg;G Mf;Fj;jpRf;fs; vdg;gLk;.

21.mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; P̀ypahe;j];.

22.Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; lhl;^uh (k) epf;Nfhl;bahdh.

23.,ilntspf; Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; Ig;Nghkpah.

24.iryk; ehh;fspd; NtWngah; ypg;up/ghh;k; ehh;fs;

25. GNshak; ehh;fspd; NtWngah; gh];l; ehh;fs;

26.GNshak; ghud;ifkh xUtpj;jpiyj;jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

27.Ntupd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F iuNrhnlh;kp]; vdg;gLk;.

28.fh];ghupad; gl;ilfs; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nth;-d; mfj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

29.topr; nry;fs; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nth;-d; mfj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

30.GNuhl;Nlhiryk; jz;bd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp mike;Js;s th];Fyhh; fw;iw cs;Nehf;F iryk; MFk;

32

jhtu nraypay;

1.xspr;Nrh;f;if eilngWk; ,lk; gRq;fdpfq;fs;.

2.Row;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ cUthtJ ATP kl;Lk;.

3. iuNgh]; xU 5 fhh;gd; Nrh;kk;.

4. C4 jhtuj;jpw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L fUk;G.

5.gr;ira cw;gj;jpf;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpa nghUs; nkf;dprpak;.

6. #upa Mw;wiy fth;e;jpOf;Fk; mjpf jpwd; nfhz;l epwkp gr;irak;.

7.mNkhdpahit iel;iul;lhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;Ak; ghf;Bupah ieluNrhNkhdh];.

8. f];Fl;lh xU KOxl;Lz;zpj; jhtukhFk;.

9. xspr;Nrh;f;ifia kpfj;jpwk;gl J}z;Lk; xsp miy 400 nm-700 nm.

10. ,Ul;Rthrk; eilngwk; Ez;ZWg;G ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upaq;fs;.

11. xdpr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; thA Mf;rp[d;.

12. ,Us;tpidapd; kWngah; fhy;tpd; Row;rp.

13. C4 Row;rpapd; kWngah; N`l;r;-];yhf; ghij vdg;gLk;.

14. xsp Rthrj;jpd; NtW ngah; C2 Row;rp vdg;gLk;.

15. G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L l;u]Puh.

16. gr;irak; a Kjd;ik epwkp vdg;gLk;.

17. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; ,Us; tpidia¡ fz;lwpe;jth; nky;tpd; fhy;tpd;.

18 C3 jhtuq;fspy; xsp kw;wk; ,Us; tpidfs; eilngWk; ,lk; ,iyapilj;jpR nry;fs;.

19.C3 jhtuq;fspy; CO2 Vw;Fk; %yf$W RuBP.

20. thz;lh xU njhw;Wj;jhtuk; MFk;.

21.gRq;fdpfj;jpy; xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; ijyf;fha;L.

22.nghJthd Rthr jsg;nghUl;fs; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; MFk;.

23.KOikahf Mfrp[Ndw;wk; milAk; FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J fpilf;Fk; Mw;wy; 38ATP.

24. FSf;Nfhrpd; Rthr <T xd;W.

24. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpypapy; ATP cz;lhtJ Mf;rp[Ndw;w gh];gupfuzk; vdg;gLk;.

25.xU FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$W Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; mile;J ntspg;gLk; Mw;wypd; msT 2900 kJ.

26.jhtu `hh;Nkhd;fspy; Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ Mf;rpd;fs;.

27.nraw;f;if Mf;rpDf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L NAA.

28. Kid Mjpf;fk; Mf;rpd;fshy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

29.rpf;kha;L tisT tiuglj;jpy; tpiuthd tsh;r;rp epiy Ntfepiy vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

30Mf;rpd;fs; cjph;jiy jil nra;fpwJ.

33

31. new;gapupy; (gf;fhNd) Nfhkhspj;jd Nehia cUthf;FtJ [pg;uypd;.

32. ,iyj;Jis %Ltij J}z;LtJ mg;rprpf; mkpyk;.

33. thA epiyapy; cs;s `hh;Nkhd; vj;jpyPd;.

34. epyj;jpy; cs;s fisfis ePf;FtJ 2>4-D.

35. cah;jhtuq;fspy; fhdg;gLk; ,aw;ifahd `hh;Nkhd; IAA.

36. xspf;fhy mstpw;Nfw;g mikAk; jhtuq;fspd; gjpy; nray; xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.

37.ePs; gfy; jhtuj;jpw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L NfhJik.

38 FWk;gfy; jtuj;jpw;f;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L Gifapiy

1.FNuhNkhNrhk; tif glk; tiuf? 2.FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;G glk; tiuf ?

34

3.flj;J tRNA mikg;ig tpthp 4.ghypBd;; w;Wk; tpsf;F Jhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk; glk;

1) tRNA Fshtu; ,iy tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;

2) 1965-y; R.W. N`hyp vd;gtu; fz;Lgpbj;jhh; 3) ,jpy; ehd;F fuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. vjph; rq;Nfj fuk; 2. D.fuk; 3. TψCfuk; 4. mkpNdhmkpyj;ij Vw;Fk; fuk;.

4) tRNA%yf; $Wfs; 73-93 hpNgh epa+f;spNahilLNshy; MdJ.

5) rpy tRNAf;fspy; ,e;j ehd;F fuq;fSld; kw;nwhU fuKk; cz;L;. mJ khWgLk; fuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

5.

35

1.jdpnry; Gujk; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

1.czT my;yJ jPtdkhf gad;gLk; Ez;Zaphpfspd; cyHe;j nry;fNs xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Ez;Zaph; Gujk; (m) xw;iw nry; Gujk; vdg;gLk;.

2. jdpnry; Guj cw;gj;jpw;F gad;gLk; Ez;Zaphpfs;:

My;fh: fpshikNlhNkhdh];> FNshnuy;yh> ];ig&ypdh.

G+Q;ir: rf;fhNuhikrp]; nrhptprpNa> thy;thhpay;yh> mfhhpf]; fhk;g];bhp];.

ghf;Bhpah: #NlhNkhdh];;> my;ifyp[Pd;];.

3 jdpnry; Gujj;jpd; gad;fs;:

1.mjpf Gujk;> mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;> itl;lkpd;fs;> fbd ehHfs; nfhz;lJ.

2.itl;lkpd;fs; nrwpe;j ];ig&ypdh khj;jpiufs; jahhpf;f cjTfpwJ.

3.Gujk; nrwpe;j khw;Wzthf cs;sJ.

4.clypy; nfhy];l;uhy; Njq;Ftij jil nra;fpwJ.

5.fhkh ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; cs;sjhy; ePuopT Nehahspapd; rHf;fiu msit Fiwf;fpwJ.

6 kdpj ey Nkk;ghl;by; capupay;

1. jhtug; gaph;g; ngUf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

KjyhtJ kw;Wk; Kjd;idahd Nehf;fk; rhFgb gaphpy; mÂf gad;jUk; NtWghLfis

cUthf;FtNjahFk;

1) Gwk; Nghf;fhf tsUk; jhtuq;fis rhFgbf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;.

2) gad; jUk; jhtuq;fis cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfspypUe;J nfhz;L tUjy;.

3). jhtuq;fis gpw gFjp;my;yJ gpw ehLfspypUe;J mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; v>fh> jf;fhsp

4). jhtu gapH ngUf;fKiwfis ifahz;L>Gjpa gy gapH my;yJ ufq;fis cUthf;Fjy; v.fh.

kf;fhr;Nrhsk;

5) jd;ka kw;Wk; may; gd;kag; ngUf;fk;.

6) jpBh; khw;wj; Njhw;Wtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp jpBh; khw;wq;fisj; Jhz;Ljy;.

7) kfue;jg;ig kw;Wk; R+y; jpR tsh;g;G Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU kaj; jhtuq;fisj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

8) kuGg; nghwpapapy; %yk; czTg; gaph;fspd; Cl;lr; rj;J juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

9) Neha;> twl;rp kw;Wk; fhy epiy khw;wq;fisj; jhq;Fk; ufq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

2. gUj;jpapd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1) gUj;jp xU gzg; gapuhFk;.

2) gUj;jp ,io> czTg; nghUs; kw;Wk; khl;Lj;jPtdk; vd;W %d;W nghUl;fis¡ nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

3) gUj;jp ,iofspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; ypz;l;> Jzp nea;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.

4) tpijfspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; vz;iz td];gjp jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

5) gUj;jp tpij khT nuhl;b> gp];fl; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

6) gUj;jp tpij gpz;zhf;F ey;y fhpk fukhFk;.

36

3. epyf;fliyapd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1) epyf;fliy vz;iz kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU vz;izahFk;.

2) rikaYf;Fk;> td];gjp jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

3) epyf;fliy gUg;G mjpf Gujr; rj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

4) fliy khT Cl;lr; rj;J kpFe;j xd;whFk;.

5) epyf;fliyapd; fdj;Njhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fhh;gd; jahhpf;f cjTfpwJ.

6) fdpfs; gwpf;fg;gl;l gpd;> gRikahd my;yJ cyh;j;jg;gl;l epyf;fliyr; nrb fhy;eilfSf;F

ey;y jPtdkhFk;.

4. ney; jhtuj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1) mhprpg; nghwp cz;gjw;F nkhwnkhwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

2) ,bj;Njh my;yJ mOj;jpNah jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l GOq;fy; mhprp mty; vdg;gLk;. ,J gy

tifahd czTg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

3) mhprpia nehjpf;fr; nra;J> [g;ghdpy; ‘rhNf’vd;w kJghdk; jahhpf;g;gLfpwJ.

4) mhprp Miyapd; kpf Kf;fpa cgnghUs; jtpL. ,J kpfr; rpwe;j fhy; eil czthFk;.

5) jtpl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vz;iz mhprp jtpl;L vz;iz vdg;gLk;. ,J Njhy; kw;Wk; rhf;Nyl;

njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

6) nrq;fy; R+isfspy; ckp vhpnghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

7) itf;Nfhy; fhy; eilj;jPtdkhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

5. Njf;fpd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1) Njf;Fkuk; eP bj;J ciof;ff; $baJ.

2) gf;Ftg;gl;l fl;ilfs; RUf;f kiltjpy;iy. ntbg;gjpy;iy tbtk; khWtjpy;iy

3) tPl;L kur;rhkd;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.

4) fg;gy;> glF Kjypatw;iwf; fl;Ltjw;F¥ gad;gLfpwJ.

5) fl;blj;jpd; cs;; myq;fhu NtiyfSf;F¥ gad;gLfpwJ.

6) kug;gyiffs; jahpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

6. capup cuq;fspd; ed;ikfis vOJf.

1) vspjhf jahhpf;f> tpiy kypthff; fpilf;f $baJ.

2) khRghL Vw;gLj;jhJ. kz;tsj;ijg; ngUf;Fk;.

3) kfR+ypy; 45%mjpfk; njhlh;e;J 4 (m) 5 tUlq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; kz;tsk; $Lk;.

4) mNrhy;yh vd;w caphp cuk; fhpkg; nghUl;fis kz;zpy; $l;LfpwJ.

5) raNdh ghf;Bhpaq;fs; mkpy kw;Wk; fhuj;jd;ikAila kz;zpYk; tsuf;$bait. jhpR epyj;ij

khw;wpaikj;J kz; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;a toptFf;fpwJ.

6) $l;Lapup top iel;uh[id epiy epWj;Jk; iuNrhgpak; xU caphp cukhFk;.

7) ikf;Nfhiurhf;fshf Ntupd; ntspg;Gwg; gug;gpy; tho;fpd;wd. Nth;fs; mjpf msT

Cl;lg;nghUis cwpQ;r cjTfpwJ.

37

7. kUj;Jtj;jpd; Ez;Zaphpfspd; gq;F ahJ?

Ez;ZapHfs; capH vjph;nghUs; gad;

ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk;

(ePyg;gRk;G+Q;ir)

ngdprpy;ypd; epNkhdpah Kjypa fpuhk; ghrpbt;

ghf;Bupaq;fSf;F vjpuhf¤ jpwk;gl nray;gLk;

];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fpuprpa];

(Mf;bNdhikrPl;]; ,io ghf;Bhpak;)

];l;nug;Nlhikrpd; rpWePu; Foha; njhlu;ghd Neha;fs;> vYk;GUf;fp

Neha;>%isr; rt;Tghjpg;G(nkdpq;ifb];)>

epNkhdpah fha;r;ry;.

];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; MupNahNgrpad;];


MupNahikrPd; M];bNahikypb]; vDk; vYk;G Neha;> ff;Fthd;

,Uky; kw;Wk; fz;Neha;fs;

];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; ntdpRNy


FNshNuhikrpbd; Ngrpy;y]; tif ghf;Bupaq;fis mopf;fpwJ.

ilgha;L fha;r;riyf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ

M];gu;[py;y]; /g;A+kpNfl];(G+Q;ir) capH vjpHg;nghUs; ilgha;L fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; rPjNgjp Mfpatw;iw

Fzg;gLj;Jk;

Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];(ghf;Bhpak;) 60 tif capH

vjpHg;nghUs;

Ngrpy;y]; iyfdpghu;kp];

(ghf;Bhpak;)

ghrpl;Nurpd; rpgpyp]; vDk; ghYWg;G Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;>

ePupopT NehahspfSf;F¢ ru;f;fiuapd; msitf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;

38

gapw;rp tpdhj;jhs; -1

1 ,Unrhw; ngahpLKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ……………………..

m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) fh];gHL gh`pd;

,) lhy;ld; `_f;fH <) mNlhy;/g; vq;f;sH

2 ……… vd;gtHfs; ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bay; vd;w nrhw;fis¥ Gof;fj;jpw;F¡ nfhz;L te;jdH.

m) Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp M) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];

,) mNlhy;/g; vq;f;sH <) fh];gHL gh`pd;

3 XuiwAila kfue;jg;ig¡ fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk;

m) nrhyNdrp M) A+/NghHgpNarp

,) khy;Ntrp <) kpA+Nr]p

4 i\rhd;j]; gpd;Ndl;l]; jhtuj;jpy; …………. kfue;jj;jhs;fs; tskhdit.

m) 2 M) 3

,) 4 <) 5

5 ……….. jhtuj;jpy; ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; ,izahd Kl;fshf khwpAs;sd.

m) [l;Nuhgh FHf]; M) A+/NghHgpah ];gpyd;nld;];

,) A+NghHgpah jpUf;fs;sp <) A+/NghHgpah gy;nrhpkh

6 fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; …………….. rpw;wpdq;fis tpthpj;Js;shH.

m) 24 M) 202

,) 97205 <) 7300

7 …………. tifg;ghL kuG top tifg;ghlhFk;.

m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH

,) vq;sH kw;Wk; gpuhz;ly; <) rhHy]; lhHtpd;

8 ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bay; vd;w nrhy;iy¥ gad;gLj;jpatHfs; ……...……….

m) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH M) fh];gHL gh`pd;

,) Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp <) gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk;

9 ,Unrhw;ngahpLKiwapid …………….. vd;gtH gad;gLj;jpdhH.


,) rhHy]; lhHtpd; <) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH

10 %tq;f kyHfs; ……………….. jhtuj;;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

m) xUtpj;jpiy M) ,Utpj;;jpiy

,) [pk;Ndh];ngHk;fs; <) nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;

11 XuiwAila kfue;jg;ig fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; ………………………

m) khy;Nt]p M) /NgNg]p

,) nrhyhNd]p <) M];l;lNu]p

39

12 rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> …………………. tifg;ghL Njhd;w xU Jhz;Ljyhf ,Ue;jJ.

m) ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL M) ,aw;if tifg;ghL

,) kuGtop tifg;ghL <) nraw;if tifg;ghL

13 Nghpdr; nrhy;Yk;> rpw;wpdr; nrhy;Yk; xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mjw;F …………. vdg;gLk;.

m) lhl;Nlhdpk; M) ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk;

,) vgpnjl; <) Nfh`hHl;

14 eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;f euk;Gfspd; kPJ kQ;rs; epw Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; ………………..

m) nrhydk; nkyhQ;rpdh M) lhl;Luh nkl;ly;

,) nrhydk; rhe;NjhfhHgk; <) ngl;Ldpah i`g;hplh

15 `Ptpah gpNurpypad;rp]; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; ……………

m) jdpapiy M) %d;W rpw;wpiy $l;biy

,) fhk;gw;wit <) mq;if tbt $l;biy

16 uhtndy;yh jhtuj;jpd; kQ;rhp ……………….

m) ghdpf;fps; M) mk;ngy;

,) $l;L irk; <) ];igf;

17 jtwhd %yj;jpypUe;J xU jhtuk; ngaH #l;lg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;ngaH …………. vdg;gLk;.

m) lhl;Nlhdpk; M) ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk;

,) vgpnjl; <) Nfh`hHl;

18 nug;gpnel; n`HNghpak; …… y; cs;sJ.

m) nrd;id M) Nfhak;Gj;JhH

,) jpUr;rp <) nfhy;fj;jh

19 nrhyhNdrp ……………….. Jiwiar; rhHe;jJ.

m) khy;Nty;]; M) ghypNkhdpNay;];

,) Adpnrf;]Pnty;]; <) uhNdy;];

20 fpshNlhLf;F v.fh. …………..

m) /gpy;yhe;j]; vk;g;spfh M) hp]pd]; fk;A+dp];

,) [hl;Nuhgh FHfh]; <) A+/NghHgpah jpUf;fs;sp

21 ];gP]p]; gpshz;lhuk; ……….. vd;gtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.


,) mNlhy;g; vq;sH <) rhHy]; lhHtpd;

22 ml;Nuhgpd; vd;w my;fyha;L ………… ypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

m) ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh M) lhl;Luh nkl;ly;

,) epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk; <) nrhyhdk; nkyhQ;rpdh

40

23 A+/NghHgpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; midj;J jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfspy; ………… fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) gir M) nurpd;fs;

,) Nyl;lf;]; <) kpA+rpNy];

gæ‰Á édh¤jhŸ-2

1 ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh ………….. y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) fy;thio M) Fnuh£lnyçah

,) epk;~gah <) ÂU¡fŸë

2 Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ epiyj;j jpRthf khw;wkiltJ ……….. vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ;

m) NtWghL miljy; M) njhlHe;J gFg;giljy;

,) kW NtWghL miljy; <) nry; gFg;G

3 GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp …………. y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L M) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH

,) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L <) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu NtH

4 ,iyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w th];FyhH fw;iwfs; ………………….

m) xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit M) xUq;fike;jit> %bait

,) ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit <) xUq;fike;jit> vf;]hHf;

5 ,Utpj;jiy jhtu jz;by; ,uz;lhk;epiy tsHr;rpapd; NghJ cUthFk; ghJfhg;G mLf;fpd; ngaH

……………….

m) vgpnlHkp]; M) nghpnlHk;

,) iuNrhnlHkp]; <) ngy;Nyh[d;

6 ………..…. jpR jhtuj;jpw;F jsj;jpRthf mikfpwJ.

m) ghud;ifkh M) Nfhyd;ifkh

,) ];fpsPiuLfs; <) ehH nry;fs;

7 rkmsTila ];fpsPiuLfs; ……………….. vdg;gLk;.

m) gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuLfs; M) khf;Nuh ];fpsPiufs;

,) M];bNah ];fpsPiuLfs; <) vYk;G nry;fs;

8 gyJisj; jl;bw;F v.fh ………………..

m) ePl;lk; M) khQ;rpnguh

,) FNuhl;lNyhpah <) yphpNahnld;l;uhd;

9 ………….. ypUe;J NtHj;Jhtpfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

m) vgpnlHkp]; M) biuf;Nfhgpsh];l;

,) vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; <) gpj;

41

10 …………….. d; th];FyhH fw;iwfspy; GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L M) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtujz;L

,) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu NtH <) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH

11 gf;f NtHfs; ……………….. ypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

m) vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; M) nghpirf;fps;

,) vgpnlHkp]; <) Gwzp

12 fh];ghpd; jbg;Gfs; ………………. vd;Dk; nghUspdhy; MdJ.

m) Rghpd; M) fpA+l;bd;

,) nry;Ynyh]; <) ypf;dpd;

13 ,iyapd; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; ……………………..

m) xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit M) Mug;Nghf;fikT> jpwe;jit

,) xUq;fike;jit> %bait <) Mug;Nghf;fikT> %bait

14 NtHj;Jhtpfs; ……………… ypUe;J cUthfpwJ.

m) biuf;Nfhgpsh];l; M) biuf;Nfhk;

,) Jizf; fUtp nry; <) iuNrhnlHkp];

15 xUq;fike;j> jpwe;j kw;Wk; cs;Nehf;fpa th];FyhH fw;iw ……………….. y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) xUtpj;jiy jhtu NtH M) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L

,) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH <) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L

16 thio> fy;thio Mfpa jhtuq;fspd; ,iyf;fhk;gpy; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mit ………….. vdg;gLk;.

m) ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh M) GNuhrd;ifkh

,) Vud;ifkh <) FNshud;ifkh

17 iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; th];FyhH fw;iw ………………… vdg;gLk;.

m) fd;[hapz;l; M) Mug;Nghf;fikT

,) jpwe;jit <) %bait

18 fhHf; Nfk;gpak; vd;gJ ………..

m) Edpahf;Fj; jpR M) ,ilahf;Fj;jpR

,) GNuhnkhp];nlk; <) gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR

19 Nthpd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F ………………… MFk;.

m) vz;NlhnlHkp]; M) iuNrhnlHkp];

,) Gwzp <) gpj;

20 …………… d; th];FyhH fw;iwapy; GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH M) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu Nth;

,) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L <) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L

21 ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj;jz;bd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; …………… My; MdJ.

m) Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fs; M) ghud;ifkh nry;fs;

,) ];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fs; <) GNshak;

42


1 --------vd;gtH FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;w ngaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.

m) ghy;gpahzp M) ~gpskpq;

,) gphpl;[]; <) thy;NlaH

2 FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; kPs;NrHf;if Fd;wy; nry;gphpjypd; NghJ -------- epiyapy; epfo;fpwJ.

m) nyg;NlhBd; M) irNfhBd;

,) ghf;fpBd; <) bg;NshBd;

3 L tbt FNuhNkhNrhk; --------vdg;gLk;.

m) BNyh nrd;l;hpf; M) Mf;Nuh nrd;l;hpf;

,) rg;nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf; <) nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf;

4 tpsf;FJhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk; -------- y; cs;s nghpa epA+f;spa]py; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) mrplhGNyhpah M) bNuhNrhgpy;yh

,) kf;fhr; Nrhsk; <) Gw;Wr; nry;fs;

5 [Pd;fSf;Fk; nehjpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig -------- vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

m) gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk;. M) Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp

,) N[h`d;rd; <) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH

6 Njy;fu]; jhtuj;jpd; jhtutpay; ngaH --------

m) l;hpl;bfk; V];btk; M) irrH Mhpl;bdk;

,) mugplhg;rp]; jhypahdh <) yj;iju]; XNlhNul;l];

7 bhpl;bfk; V];btk; jhtuj;jpd; xw;iwka FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;; vz;zpf;if--------

m) 12 M) 7

,) 40 <) 21

8 ,izg;G epfo;tpy; fpilj;j tpfpjk; --------

m) 1:7:7:1 M) 1:1:1:1

,) 7:1:1:7 <) 1:1

9 biuNrhkp vd;gJ -------- MFk;.

m) 2n-1 M) 2n-2

,) 2n+1 <) 2n+2

10 nu];l;hpf;\d;; nehjp -------- My; kl;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

m) ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kl;Lk; M) <];l;Lk; ghf;BhpahTk;

,) A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; <) midj;J tif nry;fSk;

43

11. G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;Yk; er;Rj; jd;ikAila nly;lh vz;Nlhlhf;rpd; Gujj;jpid cw;gj;jp nra;tJ -------

-

m) v];n]hprpah Nfhiy M) ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fpiurpa];

,) Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpnad;rp]; <) Ngrpy;y]; yhf;b

12 tpsf;F Jhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk;fis --------vd;gtH Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jhH.

m) /gpsk;kpq; M) ghy;gpahdp

,) gphpl;[]; <) thy;NlaH

13 `pANfh Bt;hp]; jpBHkhw;wj;ij Kjd;Kjypy--------y; fz;lwpe;jhH.

m) epA+Nuh];Nghuh M) <NdhjPuh ykhHf;fpahdh

,) yj;iju]; XlNul;l]; <) nrhHf;fk;

14 ,izg;gpd; Nrhjidf; fyg;gpd; tpfpjk; --------

m) 1 : 7 : 7 : 1 M) 7 : 1 : 1 : 7

,) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 <) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

15 tpyfypd;; Nrhjidf; fyg;gpd; tpfpjk; --------

m) 1 : 7 : 7 : 1 M) 7 : 1 : 1 : 7

,) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 <) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

16 DNA tpd; ,ul;ilr; RUs; khjphpia tpsf;fpatH --------

m) thl;rd; kw;Wk; fphpf; M) O.T. Vt;hp kw;Wk; FOtpdH

,) fphp~gpj; <) ];nlapd;ngHf;

17 DNA éš--------nehjp mjpfkhf¢ RUz;Ls;s gFjpia¤ jsHj;jptpLfpwJ.

m) iyNf]; M) nry;Yny];

,) n`ypf;Nf]; <) NlhNghINrhnkNu];

18 Fd;wy; gphptpd;NghJ GNuhNg];; 1 y; -------- epiyapy; FWf;Nfw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.

m) nyg;NlhBd; M) irf;Nfhl;Bd;

,) ghf;ifl;Bd; <) ilahifdrp];

19 biuNrhkp -------- vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) 2n - 1 M) 2n – 2

,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2

20 khNdhNrhkp -------- vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) 2n - 1 M) 2n – 2

,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2

21 ey;yp Nrhkp -------- vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) 2n - 1 M) 2n – 2

,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2

44

22

nll;;uhNrhkp --------vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) 2n - 1 M) 2n - 2

,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2

23 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws--------kuG nra;jpfis DNA tpypUe;j hpNghNrhk;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.

m) m - RNA M) r - RNA

,) t - RNA <) kuG RNA

24 mfj;Njhy; nry;fspd; Mur;RthpYk;. fpilkl;lr; RthpYk; --------vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) fpA+l;bd; M) lhdpd;

,) Rghpd; <) nurpd;fs;

25 capH Ntjp jpBh;khw;wk--------y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

m) nrhHf;fk; M) irrH

,) epA+Nuh];Nghuh <) bNuhNrh/gpy;yh

26 lGs; kpdpl;]; FNuhNkhNrhk; -------- y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) mbg;Ngh]; jpR M) Cirl;

,) ckpo;ePh Rug;gp <) Gw;WNeha; nry;fs;

27 DNA %yf;$wpd; tpl;lk; --------

m) 30 A° M) 25 A°

,) 15 A° <) 20 A°


1 jpRtsHg;G Kiwapd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; --------

m) nraw;if tpijfs; M) gy tpijfisAila gok;

,) Kk;ka vz;Nlh];ngh;k; <) kyHfs; cz;lhf;ftJ

2 ,uz;L GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];LfSf;fpilNa ,izit cz;lhf;Fk; ,izT fhuzp --------

m) ghyp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; M) ghyp tpidy; FNshiuL

,) ghyp <j;Njd; fpisf;fhy; <) gh];ghhpf; <j;Njd;;

3 NtWghL milahj jpRj;jpus; -------- vdg;gLk;.

m) vf;];gpshz;l; M) fhy];

,) cly fUf;fs; <) ,dhFyk;

4 -------- %yk; cly fyg;gpdq;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

m) ghypyh ,izT M) GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT

,) cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; <) xl;Ljy;

45

5 KjpHe;j jpRf;fs; kPz;Lk; Mf;Fj;;jpRf;fshf khwp fhy]; jpRthf tsHr;rpailtJ -------- vdg;gLk;.

m) KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik M) NtWghL miljy;

,) NtWghL jphpjy; <) kWNtWghL miljy;

6 GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,iztpy; gad;gLk; ,izTf; fhuzp --------

m) khdpl;lhy; M) rhHgpl;lhy;

,) ghyp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; <) ghyp tpidy; FNshiuL

7 -------- nehjp DNA Jz;Lfis ,izg;gjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.

m) iyNf]; M) ghypnkNu];

,) gpiuNk]; <) nu];l;hpf;\d; nehjp

8 capUs;s jhtu nry;ypUe;J KO jhtuj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd; -------- vdg;gLk;.

m) NtWghL miljy; M) cWg;Gfshf;fk;

,) Gwj;Njhw;whf;fk; <) KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik

9 nu];l;hpf;\d; nehjp --------My; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

m) ghf;Bhpah kl;Lk; M) <];l; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah kl;Lk;

,) A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; kl;Lk; <) midj;J nry;fs;

10 irl;Nlhifdpd; gzp --------ia mjpfhpg;gjhFk;.

m) nry;ePl;rp miljy; M) fdp cUthjy;

,) nry; gphpjy; <) NtWghL miljy;

11 kdpjd; cl;nfhs;s jf;f itl;lkpd; nrwpe;j khj;jpiufs; -------- ypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) FNshnuy;yh M) <];l;

,) fhshd; <) ];igUypdh


1 ,Ul;Rthrk; --------y; eilngWfpwJ.

m) gRq;fzpfk; M) nguhf;]pNrhk;fs;

,) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah <) hpNghNrhk;fs;

2 fhw;W Rtjrj;jpd; Kjy;epiy --------

m) fpisf;fhiyrp]; M) fpnug;Row;rp

,) xsp tpid <) ,Us; tpid

3 -------- epwkp #hpa Mw;wiy kpfj;jpwk;gl <Hf;fty;yit.

m) gr;irak; M) fNuhl;bdha;Lfs;

,) rhe;Njh~gpy; <) igf;Nfh~gpypd;fs;

46

4 gr;ira cw;gj;jpf;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; --------

m) Mg M) Cl

,) Fe <) Mn

5 fPofz;ltw;Ws; nghJthd Rthrjsg; nghUs; vJ?

m) fhHNghi`l;Nul; M) nfhOg;G

,) Gujk; <) itl;lkpd;fs;

6 fPofz;ltw;Ws; C4 jhtuk;; vJ?

m) ney; M) fUk;G

,) NfhJik <) cUis

7 C4 topj;jlj;jpy; fhHgd; il Mf;i]il Vw;Fk; %yf;$W vJ?

m) ig&gpf; mkpyk; M) gh];Ngh fpsprhpf; mkpyk;

,) ig&gpf; ifNd]; <) gh];Ngh <dhy; ig&tpf; mkpyk;

8 --------MdJ nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) AMP M) ADP

,) ATP <) FADH2

9 -------- vd;gtH fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzp tpjpia ntspapl;lhH.

m) ];Bgd; M) fhy;tpd;

,) gpshf;Nkd; <) `py;

10 Koikahf Mf;]p[Ndw;wiklAk; FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J fpilg;gJ --------

m) 2 ATP M) 35 ATP

,) 36 ATP <) 38 ATP

11 Row;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ cw;gj;jpahtJ --------

m) NADPH2 kl;Lk; M) ATP kl;Lk;

,) NADH2 kl;Lk; <) ATP kw;Wk; NADH2

12 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; --------KOxl;Lz;zpj; jhtukhFk;.

m) f];fpA+l;lh M) tp];fk;

,) bu]Puh <) khNdhl;Nuhgh

13 ,Ul;Rthrk; …………… Ez;ZWg;gpd; gzpahFk;.

m) nguhf;]pNrhk; M) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah

,) FNshNuhgpsh];l; <) iuNghNrhk;fs;

14 fpisf;fhiyrp]; -------- y; eilngWfpwJ.

m) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah M) irl;Nlhgpshrk;

,) iuNghNrhk; <) nguhf;rpNrhk;

15 -------- ahdJ nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzakhFk;.

m) FADH2 M) NADH2

,) ADP <) ATP

47

16 rpf;kha;L tistpy;> kpf Ntfkhf tsHr;rp eilngWk; epiy--------MFk;.

m) nkJepiy M) Ntf epiy

,) cwf;f epiy <) cWjpahd rPuhd epiy

17 Mf;rpd; -------- iaj; jLf;fpwJ.

m) Kid Mjpf;fk; M) KJik miljy;

,) ghHj;jpNdhfhHgp <) cjpHjy;

18 fPofz;ltw;Ws; C4 jhtuk;; vJ?

m) ney; M) fUk;G

,) NfhJik <) cUis

19 xspr;Rthrk; -------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) C2 Row;rp b) C3 Row;rp

,) C4 Row;rp d) C5 Row;rp

20 ,Ul;Rthrj;jpd; kWngaH --------

m) fpnug; Row;rp M) fhy;tpd; Row;rp

,) ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; <) xspr; Rthrk;

21 fhw;W Rthrpj;jypd; Kjy; epiy --------

m) fpisf;fhiyrp]; M) fpug; Row;rp

,) ,Wjp Mf;][Ndw;wk; <) Row;rp gh];ghhpfuzk;

22 ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; -------- vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

m) Fd; M) Nfdhq;f;

,) mNlhy;g; fpug; <) bf;fd;];

23 ,iyj;Jis %Ltij Jhz;LtJ --------

m) Mf;rpd; M) [pg;uy;ypd;

,) irl;Nlhifdpd; <) mg;rprpf; mkpyk;

24 gr;ira cw;gj;jpf;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; --------

m) Mg M) Cl

,) Fe <) Mn

25 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xspr;NrHf;ifia kpfj;jpwk;glj; Jhz;Lk; xsp miy --------

m) 100 nm to 200 nm M) 200 nm to 300 nm

,) 400 nm to 700 nm <) 700 nm to 900 nm

26 C3 Row;;rpapy; fhHgd;il Mf;iril Vw;Fk; %yf;$W --------

m) RuBP M) Ru5P

,) R5P <) PEP

48

27 ATP apy; -------- kpif Mw;wy; gpizg;Gfs; ,Wjpapy; cs;sd.

m) 1 M) 2

,) 3 <) 4

28 FSf;Nfh]pd; Rthr <T --------

m) Rop M) xd;W

,) xd;iw tpl mjpfk; <) xd;iw tpl FiwT

29 epyj;jpy; cs;s fisfis ePf;fpl gad;gLtJ --------

m) 2,4 D M) A+hpah

,) ABA <) IAA

30 FWk;gfy; jhtuj;jpw;F v.fh. --------

m) NfhJik M) #hpa fhe;jp

,) Gifapiy <) Nrhsk;


1 …………. Nghd;w kUj;Jtg; gaDs;s jhtuq;fs; gpw ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

m) Iyf;]; guhFntd;rp]; M) Nfhyh epl;blh

,) ngd;lhilg;shd;l;uh gpNurpahdh <) Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa];

2 fhy;rprpd; vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; ……….. iaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

m) jpBHkhw;wk; M) n`l;bNuhrp];

,) ghypgpsha;b <) GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT

3 xiurh rl;ilth …………. FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jJ.

m) A/+NghHgpNarp M) &l;Nlrp

,) itl;Nlrp <) NghNarp

4 ighpFNyhpah xiuNr …………….. cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

m) ney;ypd; ntg;G Neha; M) epyf;fliyapd; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha;

,) rpl;u]; fhd;fH <) ney;ypd; Jq;Nuh Neha;

5 ………… rHf;fiuiaf; fhl;bYk; 100 klq;F ,dpg;GilaJ.


,) ngd;lhil;g;shd;l;uh gpNurpahdh <) Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa];

49

6 ………. jhtuk; `hl;[H vd;gjd; tzpfg;ngauhFk;.

m) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; M) rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhhp];

,) nrhyhdk; ief;uk; <) ikNkhrh G+bfh

7 Fapidd; …………… ypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

m) rpd;Nfhdh m/gprpdhyp]; M) ikNkhrh G+bfh

,) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; <) mfhypah ,z;bfh

8 NjePUf;Fg; gjpyhf ………. jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.


,) ngd;lhil;g;shd;l;uh gpNurpahdh <) Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa];

9 njhl;lhy; RUq;fp vd miof;fg;gLtJ …………

m) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; M) rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhhp];

,) nrhyhdk; ief;uk <) ikNkhrh G+bfh

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