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EDITORIAL BOARD
Advisors
Prof. Datuk Dr. Marimuthu Nadason
Presiden, Federation of Malaysian Consumers
Association (FOMCA)
Dato’ Indrani Thuraisingham
President, Forum Air Malaysia
Mohd Yusof bin Abdul Rahman
Deputy President, Forum Air Malaysia
Chief Editor
Ratna Devi Nadarajan
Editorial Staff
Foon Weng Lian
Jesslyn Pek Yen Lee
Nuraini Binti Khalil
Nah Kok Wai
Calidya Idem
Contributors
Nuraini Binti Khalil
Hj. Adam Malik Najri
Published by:
Forum Air Malaysia
No 4, Jalan SS1/22A,
47300 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Printed by:
Percetakan Asas Jaya (M) Sdn Bhd
No 5B, 2nd Floor, Jalan Pipit 2, Bandar Puchong
Jaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan.
ISSN 2289-652X
contents FROM EDITORIAL DESK
FORUM AIR IN THE NEWS
HIGHLIGHT
CATCHMENT TO CONSUMER
Water Pollution :
Transparent standards for
the quality and reliability of
water supplies
State of Rivers in Malaysia
and Rate of Deforestation
Flood Mitigation
A DAY AT WORK
BISIKAN ALAM
A-Z WATER CONSERVATION
TIPS
RENCANA
4
5
6
11
13
18
21
24
26
28
9 12
4
3
21
27 17
“Let’s start to think
and conserve water
before it’s too late!
Happy World
Water Day 2015!”
4 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
FROM THE EDITORIAL DESK
5 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
IN THE NEWS
6 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Every day, each person needs access
to water for drinking, cooking and
personal hygiene included sanitation
facilities. World Water Day has been
observed on 22 March since 1993
when the United Nation General
Assembly declared 22 March as
“World Day for Water”. Each year
World Water Day will specify or
highlighted specify issue regarding
freshwater or water supply. World
Water Day 2015 with the theme,
“Water and Sustainable Development’
will provide a great platform to
address the water roles in sustainable
development agenda.
Throwing back to World Water Day 2005- Water
for Life 2005-2015, the UN General Assembly
actually proclaimed that starting year 2005 until
2015 as a decade for action for water related
issues in term of sustainable development. UN
Water derived it into 7 focuses that we need to
make a difference started 2005 until 2015 to
achieve sustainable development which are
interlinked within water issue in health, nature,
urbanization, industry, energy, food and
equality. Continuous water supply and sanitation
services are two important and basic needs for all
human beings. Water is at the core of sustainable
development by providing economic growth;
underpin poverty education and environmental
sustainability.
Water is essential for human health. The World
Health Organisation recommends 7.5 litres per
capita per 2.5 billion do not use an improved
sanitation day will meet the requirements of most
people under most conditions. According to UN
Water, 748 million people do not have access to an
improved source of drinking water and facility.
Treated water supply system provides continuous
clean water could actually prevent infection of
water borne diseases that could kill people life.
Water is nature which included the mean of
ecosystems in the other word. Ecosystems
including forests, wetlands and grassland, act as
important role in maintaining global water cycle.
Water cycle is essential to achieving sustainable
water management.
There is a need to shift the economic policies into
environmentally economic policies to protect our
water catchment areas especially surrounding
dams to ensure adequate buffer zone for
sustainable water management. Besides,
protection or gazetting alternative water resources
such as mining ponds is needed to maintain as
storage for
surface runoff. In addition, serious water pollution
in rivers which are main water resource for
treated water will affect our normal life as we
extracted 13,168 Million Litres per Day (MLD)
during 2012 and is believed to be increase year
by year by increasing of human population in
Malaysia.
One of the 7 focuses to achieve sustainable
development is urbanisation. It is very important
development challenges to manage urban areas
and change it into sustainable cities with
complete water infrastructure.
Every manufactured product requires water, as
example 10 litres of water are used to make one
sheet of paper
7 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
and 91 litres are used to make 500 grams of plastic.
Water is industry as industrialization can drive
development by increasing productivity, jobs and
income. According to UN Water, they believe that
global water demand for productivity, jobs and
income. According to UN Water, they believe that
global water demand for X changing. There is the
realisation that security of water supply, drought,
scarcity of water and increased costs for potable
water and sewer discharge are forcing some
companies to rethink this minimalist strategy.
To be able to effectively carry out these services,
energy plays an indispensable role in operations
such as water extraction as well as water and
wastewater treatment. High water demand means
high energy demand which eventually could affect
consumers through tariff hike and such. Energy
contributes to around 30% to 50% of current
operational cost in the water and wastewater
treatment plants. This percentage may further
increase. Last year theme for World Water Day is
Water and Energy which to show the interlinkages
between water and energy should be given
adequate attention in the new and emerging agenda
around the so-called Sustainable Development
Goals and the post-2015 development dialogue.
Water is food. Each American uses 7.500 litres of
water per day-mostly for food. UN study shows
people having better access to water have a lower
tendency of undernourishment. Erratic rainfall and
seasonal differences in water availability can cause
temporary food shortages especially with floods and
droughts disaster.
Water is very essential fundamental for everything
in our life, it’s time for all of us to think and change
of behaviour to save the water for our future. Let’s
celebrate World Water Day by writing what water
mean to you on a blank paper, hashtag #WaterIS
and upload your photo on Instagram or any media
social.
“Water is driving force of
all nature.”- Leonardo Da
Vinci 8 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
WATER
POLLUTION Transparent standards for the quality and reliability of water
supplies
Virtually all goods-producing activities generate
pollutants as unwanted by-products.
The most important water contaminants created
by human activities are microbial pathogens,
nutrients, oxygen-consuming materials,
heavy metals and persistent organic matter,
as well as suspended sediments, pesticides and
much of it from non-point sources. Heat, which
raises the temperature of the receiving water,
can also be a pollutant. Pollutants are typically
the cause of major water quality degradation
around the world.
Globally, the most prevalent water quality
problem is eutrophication, a result of high-
nutrient loads (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen),
which substantially impairs beneficial uses of
water.
Projected food production needs and increasing
wastewater effluents associated with an
increasing population over the next three
decades suggest a 10%-15% increase in the
river input of nitrogen loads into coastal
ecosystems, continuing the trend observed
during 1970-95.
More than 80% of sewage in developing countries is discharged untreated, polluting rivers, lakes and coastal areas.
Many industries – some of them known to be heavily polluting (such as leather and chemicals) – are moving from
high-income countries to emerging
market economies.
Despite improvements in some regions, water
pollution is on the rise globally.
Some Best Practices:
The International Water Association or IWA
developed the Bonn Charter in 2004 on Safe
Drinking Water. The key principles outlined by
the charter which are imperative to safe drinking
water supply are as follows:
3. Management of the whole water supply chain should always be set in the context of management of the whole water cycle,
including, but not limited to:
a. Management of water resource provision, including, where necessary resource augmentation.
b. Management of water and land interactions, taking into account agricultural practices and urban
development; and c. The collection and treatment of
wastewater.
1. Systems to ensure drinking water quality should not be based solely on end-of-
pipe verification (testing against predetermined standards). Rather,
management control systems should be implemented to assess risks at all points throughout water supply systems and to manage such risks.
2. Such an integrated approach requires close co-operation and partnership between
all stakeholders including governments, independent regulatory authorities, water suppliers, local public authorities, health agencies, environmental agencies, land users, contractors, plumbers and manufacturers of relevant materials and products, and consumers themselves.
11 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
4. Open, transparent and honest
communication between all
stakeholders is essential to
developing trust. It contributes to the
development of effective water supply
systems.
5. The roles and responsibilities of the
different institutions contributing to
the delivery of safe and reliable
drinking water need to be clearly
defined and ensure complete
coverage of the system from
catchment to consumer. Governments
should establish the legal and
institutional arrangements necessary to
assign appropriate responsibilities among
the various parties.
6. The way in which decisions are made
relating to standards for the quality
and reliability of water supplies
should be transparent.
7. Water should be safe, reliable and
aesthetically acceptable. In
progressively realising the goals,
however, the standards applied may
legitimately vary from location to
location and over time
8. The price of water should be set so
that it does not prevent consumers
from obtaining water of sufficient
quantity and quality to meet
fundamental domestic needs
9. Any system for assuring drinking water
quality should:
a. Be based on the best available
scientific evidence; and
b. Be sufficiently flexible to take
account of the different legal,
institutional, cultural and socio-
economic situations of different
countries;
12 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH-N) is a component of
nitrogen which is adopted as an indicator to determine
pollution by sewage. It is formed from microbiology
activity and usually exists inside surface water and
groundwater. The main sources of NH-N were domestic
sewage and livestock farming.
Malaysia is blessed with abundant amount of
water. The annual surface runoff of Malaysia
amount to around 566 billion m3 and some 64
billion m3 are being recharged as groundwater.
The surface runoffs or rivers are the major
source of water in Malaysia (97%) with around
100 river systems running in Peninsular and 50
in Sabah and Sarawak.
As discussed earlier, population growth along
with agricultural and industrial development is
putting a strain on the water supply system.
Furthermore, the weak policy and
implementation of programmes and activities to
protect river basins in the country further
threatens the raw water (source) security of the
nation.
There is nowhere in any Malaysian law that the
provides clear definition of a river basin allowing
developers and other parties (both government
and non-government) having a field day in
opening up catchment areas for development,
thus jeopardising raw water security.
Current water resource management often
neglects river basin management and its
protection. There are however some
(commendable) efforts undertaken by the
Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID).
About 41 rivers basin were identified throughout
Peninsular Malaysia. DID's management
information system (MIS) was created for all
water-resources related activities in these major
river basins. But this is a far cry from the
integrated river basin management often cited to
help protect raw water sources and river basins.
Figure 1: Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012
15 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen
required for the bacterial decomposition of
organic waste in water samples. The increase
in BOD in river basins is due to untreated or
partially treated sewage, discharge from agro-
based and manufacturing industries.
According to DOE’s Environmental Quality Report 2012, out of 473 rivers monitored under the river water
quality monitoring programme, only 278 (59%) of river were found to be clean. The rest were either
categorised as slightly polluted (34%) or polluted (7%).
The sources for suspended solids are from improper earthworks and land clearing. Out of the 34 polluted
river identified in the report, 19 were classified as Class III, 14 as Class IV, and 1 as Class V.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) and suspended solids are three of the
most common pollutants. Ammoniacal nitrogen mainly originates from livestock farming and domestic
sewage whilst high BOD indicates inadequately treated sewage effluent as well as run-offs from agro-
based and manufacturing industries.
The percentage of clean river basins water that is free from NH-N decreased to 25.0 per cent in 2012 as
compared to 29.3 per cent in 2011. The decrease in the percentage of clean river basins indirectly increases
the percentage of slightly polluted river basins (47.9%) and polluted river basins (27.1%) in 2012.
Figure 2 : Status of river water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012
The percentage of clean river basins water that is
free from BOD increased to 8.6 per cent in 2012 as
compared to 2.2 per cent in 2011. The number of
slightly polluted basins decreased to 49.3 per cent
while the polluted river basins increased 1.4 per
cent to 42.1per cent during the same period.
16 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
The increasing number of polluted rivers
indicates that the river protection works in
Malaysia are moving at a painfully slow pace,
lacks public engagement and education, strict
and more coordinated approach towards
implementing tighter laws.
Monitoring alone, without proper guidelines,
policies, and laws are futile. River catchments
should be defined properly, gazetted, and
protected under the law permanently.
Any form of land use and development in water
catchment areas or river basins should be
curtailed.
The classifications of river pollution areas below:
Class Description
I Conservation of natural environment. Water supply I – Practically no treatment necessary Fishery I – Very sensitive aquatic species
IIA Water supply II – Conventional treatment required. Fishery II – Sensitive aquatic species
IIB Recreational use with body contact
III Water supply III – Extensive treatment required Fishery III – Common, of economic value and tolerant species; livestock drinking.
IV Irrigation
V None of the above
17 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Malaysia is blessed with rich natural resources
and ample amount of rainwater throughout the
year. However, Malaysia is not free from any
natural disaster. According to studies, the most
significant natural disaster in Malaysia is flood
(JPS, 2001). Floods are common hydrological
phenomena in Malaysia, on average affecting an
area of 29,000 km2, more than 4.82 million
people (22% of the population) and inflicting
annual damage of RM 915 million since year 2000
(Asian Disaster Reduction Center, 2003).
The global climate is indeed changing and the
evidences are mounting. Water is the primary
medium through which climate change impacts
the earth’s ecosystem and people. However,
water scarcity and extreme flooding are expected
to become an ever-increasing problem in the
future, for various reasons.
Malaysia and the South East Asia region is not
spared the brunt of climate change having
experienced severe flooding and depletion of
aquatic food sources. Unsustainable land use
further aggravates the negative impact of climate
change and even contributes to climate change
due to loss of natural resources or increased
pollution.
The effects of climate change are already being
felt in Malaysia. Erratic weather results in
unpredictable rainfall patterns and Malaysia has
experienced unexpected prolonged droughts –
recently in Sarawak and Sabah in year 2011. This
has caused water stress in these states.
Flood risk area in Malaysia
(Source: NAHRIM, 2006)
18 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Flash floods and big floods have caused billions
of Ringgit of losses both economy wise and
human lives. With no holistic water demand
and resources management in place in
Malaysia, the increase in flood intensity and
frequency would incur additional costs on
water resources management due to the need
to adjust future flood mitigation plans as well
as the existing flood mitigation schemes and
drainage systems (Low and Ahmad
Jamaluddin, 2001).
Factors Leading to Excess Run-Off
(Flood)
Several factors contribute to intense rain
and flooding in both urban and rural areas
in Malaysia. Among the major factors are:
Loss of forest cover
Pollution of waterways
(rivers/lakes/ streams/ monsoon
drains)
Unsustainable / unplanned land
use and development
Unscheduled cleaning and
upgrading of the drainage system
Loss of Forest Cover
According to the Department of Forestry
Malaysia, the forest cover in Malaysia has
been in a declining rate since 1990 from
22,376,000 ha to 20,456,000 ha in 2010.
land.
This shows that in 20 years, most of the
primary forests in Malaysia have been
chopped down for logging business and also
being transformed into agriculture
Pollution of Rivers:
Recent year we have encountered several
severe river pollution cases that caused
water treatment plant to close and affected
millions of consumer. More than 85% of our
drinking water is sourced from rivers.
According to the Environmental Quality
Report 2010 prepared by the Department of
Environmental Malaysia, in 2010, a total of
1,055 water quality monitoring stations
located at 570 rivers were monitored. Out
of these 1,055 monitoring stations, 527
(50%) were found to be clean, 417 (40%)
slightly polluted and 111 (10%) polluted.
The number of clean rivers decreased from
306 rivers in 2009 to 293, slightly polluted
rivers decreased from 217 in 2009 to 203
while the number of polluted rivers
increased to 74 from 54 (2009).
rivers decreased from 217 in 2009 to 203 while
the number of polluted rivers increased to 74
from 54 (2009). Irresponsible people treat rivers
as the open garbage bin and cause clogging of
the riverway. Moreover, poorly planned
constructions have diverted some of the river
channels and cause the carrying capacity of the
rivers to reduce due to excessive sedimentation
and obstruct the flow.
Waste
Malaysia currently produces more than 23,000
tonnes of solid waste per day, with less than five
per cent of the waste being recycled and 19% of
them ended up in the rivers. Therefore it is an
utmost importance that waste to be segregated
at source and then to be recycled or disposed.
Industrial Effluent and Sewerage
By referring to the findings in the Auditor
General Report’s 2011, it stated that IWK has
shown weaknesses in its operations and
maintenance of sewerage systems, such as cases
of theft at the treatment plant involving an
estimated loss of RM25.4 million. In terms of
operation, the report claimed that the sewarage
water was not treated according to
environmental standards. There were also
damages to the structures of treatment plants
and violations of effluent standard that resulted
in a charge in the form of penalty or compound
amounting to RM1.55 billion. According
to the Environmental Quality Report 2010, one of
the main contaminations found in the river was
partially treated sewerage.
in the river was partially treated sewerage.
Unsustainable land use and development
We have been experiencing rapid urbanization
since the early 1990s and the trend seems to
increase its momentum towards the direction of
a developed nation by 2020. Without proper and
upgrade of current drainage system in the urban
areas, flash floods are more likely to occur after
every heavy downfall. Since 1985, academicians
have identified that flash floods will be in an
increasing trend due to high rainfall intensities,
inadequate drainage, blocked and silted drainage
system due to the rapid development and
improper garbage disposal. The flash flood
hazard comprises many aspects including
structural and erosion damage, loss of life and
property, contamination of food, water and other
materials; disruption of socio-economic activity
including transport and communications, and in
some cases the spoiling of agricultural land.
By end of the century, a more significant change
in the annual rainfall may be expected in the
western regions of Sabah and Sarawak (Wan Azli
et al., 2008). Simulations of future river flows in
several watersheds in East Coast of Peninsular
Malaysia indicate an increase in hydrologic
extremes, that is, higher high flows and lower
low flows when compared with historical levels
(NAHRIM, 2006).
Flash floods are expected to be more frequent
and more intense in major cities like Kuala
Lumpur and as witnessed in the disastrous
flooding in the northern states of Peninsular
Malaysia in the 2000s.
Records indicate that flooding is the most
significant climatic event in the
19 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Workers picking up wastes from river.
Workers picking up wastes from river.
country, affecting the greatest number of
people over the last century (Liew et al,
2009). There is an increasing trend of total
number of deaths and monetary loss due to
floods within the past decade (EM-DAT,
2011). In the advent of climate change, the
number of disasters and people affected is
expected to increase.
Climate Change Mitigation and
Adaptation - Flood
In order to deal with the looming problem of
flooding, the government have drafted and
implemented the Urban Stormwater
Management Manual. However, to be able
to mitigate and adapt to climate change,
what Malaysia needs is a concrete climate
change policy, implementation strategy and
the will to implement these strategies
supported by laws and public education and
communication plan.
As flood risk evolves over time, policy
makers also need to explore how decisions
change in the light of changing climates.
Information about the existing models used
to account for climate change at different
scales and an understanding of the
uncertainties regarding those results need
to be at the core of any decision making
process.
Construction of railway tracks right in the middle of a river channel
with heavy sedimentation.
20 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Flash flood in Damansara-Puchong Highway, 2013
As consumers we must:
1. Throw our rubbish into the
designated bin or place. If not, the
drainage system will be clogged up
and flash flood will occur.
2. Gain more knowledge on flood
emergency response by joining the
awareness programs organized by
authorities and NGOs.
Construction of railway tracks right in the middle of a river channel
with heavy sedimentation.
A DAY AT WORK
NURAINI BINTI
KHALIL
07:15 Invited as a panel in
the Selamat Pagi 1 Malaysia
di TV1. Discussing about
water conservation and
responsibility of consumers
in water and sewerage
services
07:45 Arriving at the
office. As the first person
into the office, I opened
office and will ensure that
the office is in good shape
for the start of operations.
08:00 Update news related
to water and sanitation
through the newspapers.
Take note of the latest
issues and make copies of
newspaper to be
communicated to colleagues
and circulated for
information to the relevant
agencies. I will also write an
article or letter to the editor
if the issue involves water
consumer.
08:30 At this time, usually
calls will start coming in and
most of the calls received
are to lodge a complaint. As
a consumer association,
advisory session will be
given to the complainant and
any complaint will be
recorded. I will then help the
complainant to launch their
complaint to related parties
and sometimes come down
to visit and meet with the
complainant with fellow FAM
colleague
10:00 Doing analysis for
water saving campaign , My
Water which is held each
year in conjunction with the
Malaysia Consumer Day
(HPM). Improve the content
of this competition and write
proposals for next year's
activities. In addition, I will
also make desktop research
to find new information that
could be included in the
bulletin and magazine Forum
Air Malaysia because I was
among one of the columnists
and editorial crew of
publications issued by FAM.
10:30 Review proposals on
the planning to conduct
nationwide survey for
Peninsular Malaysia and
Labuan. Discussion in
terms of detail activity, budget
and timeline will be done in
regular meetings with the
National Water Services
Commission (SPAN) and the
Department of Statistics was
held to discuss the project in
more detail.
11:30 Staff meetings with
other staff to discuss current
issues. Staff meetings also
serve to obtain updates or
matters arising for program
that is running.
14:00 Attending the UN
Consultation on the Post-2015
Development Agenda
"The Malaysian We Want: How
can Our Institutions Help us
Deliver This?". During this
session, I had the opportunity
to meet and talk with
representatives from other
countries and learn the best
practices adopted by the State
in managing water and better
sanitation. Additionally I can
also build a network and
introduce FAM to them
16:30 Invited as a panel at
the National FM radio stations
and MobTV to share
information about the roles
and responsibilities of
consumer in water and
sewerage services
17:00 Finish work and drive to
UiTM Shah Alam to attend
class. Drive from Petaling Jaya
to Shah Alam took an hour
because of heavy traffic.
18:00 Class begins
21:00 End of class and drive
home
Nuraini binti Khalil joined Forum
Air Malaysia in 2012 and currently she is the Deputy Secretary
General of Forum Air Malaysia. With vast interest to strengthen her knowledge in water and sanitation sector, she is currently pursuing her Masters Degree in Environmental Engineering at UiTM, Shah Alam through part
time basis. She believes that worl-study-life balance is achieveable through good time management.
23 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Sejak kecil lagi kita telah diberitahu bahawa Malaysia
merupakan negara yang bebas daripada bencana-bencana alam
kecuali banjir.
Namun, episode puting beliung baru-baru ini ataupun land/water
spouts sebagaimana yang ditakrifkan oleh Jabatan
Meteorologi Malaysia mencadangkan bahawa kita perlu serius dalam perubahan dramtik
yang sedang berlaku dalam sistem cuaca kita.
Di Pendang, ia telah mengoyakkan bumbung off kira-kira lapan rumah dan menumbangkan pokok-pokok,
tiang lampu dan kabel elektrik manakala di Pandamaran, 30
rumah rusak, membongkar atap enam pangsapuri, menumbangkan
pokok-pokok, papan tanda rosak dan tenggelam beberapa perahu. Seminggu kemudian, satu lagi
putting beliung dilaporkan di Kota Setar di mana ia telah merosakkan
30 buah rumah.
Walaupun puting beliung yang kita lihat di Malaysia tidak seperti
puting beliung yang kita lihat di bahagian-bahagian lain di dunia,
ia perlu dijadikan sebagai iktibar untuk semua rakyat Malaysia tentang kepentingan adaptasi
kepada perubahan iklim.
Menurut laporan penyelidikan
yang baru diterbitkan oleh satu
agensi penyelidiakan Climate
Central, Malaysia merupakan salah
satu 20 buah negara yang paling
berisiko terdedah kepada
perubahan iklim .akibat
peningkatan aras laut dan banjir
pantai.
BISIKAN
ALAM OLEH : FOON WENG LIAN
Dalam laporan tersebut, ia
melaporkan bahawa Malaysia
telah membelanjakan hampir AS
$ 2.6 bilion (RM8.5 bilion) dalam
dekad terakhir untuk menghadapi
ancaman banjir yang lebih kerap.
Ia terbukti seperti banjir yang
kita lihat di Pantai Timur
Semenanjung yang telah menjadi
kebiasaan tahunan.
Bencana-bencana yang berlaku,
fakta dan angka adalah
mukadimah kepada apa yang
disediakan untuk rakyat yang
duduk di pesisiran di Malaysia
terutamanya di Pantai timur
Semenanjung dan Sabah jika kita
tidak serius dalam mencari jalan
untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan
kesan perubahan iklim.
Sehingga kini, masih tidak
terdapat apa-apa tindakan
khusus dari segi dasar, undang-
undang atau pendidikan
masyarakat untuk menyesuaikan
diri dengan kesan perubahan
iklim walaupun Perdana Menteri
ini telah membuat janji yang
pada tahun 2009 untuk
mengurangkan pelepasan karbon
dioksida sehingga 40%
menjelang tahun 2020
berbanding paras 2005 yang
tertakluk kepada bantuan
daripada negara-negara maju.
Sehingga kini, masih tidak
terdapat apa-apa tindakan
khusus dari segi dasar, undang-
undang atau pendidikan
masyarakat untuk menyesuaikan
diri dengan kesan perubahan
iklim walaupun Perdana Menteri
ini telah membuat janji yang
pada tahun 2009 untuk
mengurangkan pelepasan karbon
dioksida sehingga 40%
24 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Menurut laporan IPCC 2013 Perubahan
Iklim, kejadian hujan lebat yang luar biasa
adalah “kemungkinan besar” untuk menjadi
lebih kuat dan lebih kerap di negara-negara
yang terletak berdekatan dengan garisan
khatulistiwa dan kawasan tropika basah.
Kawasan yang dipengaruhi oleh sistem
monsun dijangka meningkat menjelang
abad yang ke-21, dan hujan monsun bakal
meningkat. Musim hujan mungkin akan
berpanjangan di berbagai daerah.
Menurut laporan IPCC 2013 Perubahan
Iklim, kejadian hujan lebat yang luar biasa
adalah “kemungkinan besar” untuk menjadi
lebih kuat dan lebih kerap di negara-negara
yang terletak berdekatan dengan garisan
khatulistiwa dan kawasan tropika basah.
Kawasan yang dipengaruhi oleh sistem
monsun dijangka meningkat menjelang
abad yang ke-21, dan hujan monsun bakal
meningkat. Musim hujan mungkin akan
berpanjangan di berbagai daerah.
Episod puting beliung dan banjir yang lebih
kerap di Malaysia telah memberi kami
amaran yang keras bahawa kita benar-
benar kesuntukan masa dan tidak
sepatutnya menuding jari antara satu sama
lain dalam semua rundingan iklim
antarabangsa.
Pelan tindakan kecemasan perlu direka dan
latihan perlu diberikan kepada semua
peringkat masyarakat dalam menghadapi
bencana-bencana alam yang disebabkan
oleh cuaca yang tidak menentu pada masa
kini agar kerosakan tersebut dapat
dikurangkan.
Sistem ramalan cuaca perlu diperbaiki dan
dinaik taraf agar dapat memberikan
maklumat yang tepat kepada rakyat
walaupun semasa cuaca yang paling teruk.
Kami berharap langkah-langkah
pencegahan dan persetujuan dalam
diteljemahkan kepada tindakan yang
konkrit. Tanpa pelan tindakan yang khusus
dan berkesan, pertemuan kerajaan dunia
setiap tahun hanya akan menggadaikan
masa hadapan generasi muda dan yang
akan datang.
Bencana-bencana seperti banjir besar dan banjir
kilat yang berlaku di seluruh Malaysia jelas
menunjukkan sistem cuaca kita sangat
dipengaruhi oleh musim tengkujuh.
Banjir besar di kawasan utara dan selatan
Semenanjung pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan
ini telah meninggalkan kerosakan yang
mendalam kepada kehidupan rakyat tempatan
dan trend tersebut dijangka akan berterusan.
25 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
26 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
27 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
P E M A N T A U A N
K U A L I T I O L E H
O P E R A T O R A I R
Sebagai rakyat Malaysia, kita patut berbangga
dan bersyukur kerana sentiasa mempunyai
akses kepada bekalan air yang bersih dan
selamat. Mengikut Laporan Progress on
Drinking Water and Sanitation 2012 Update
oleh UNICEF dan WHO, peratusan penduduk
negara ini yang mempunyai akses kepada
bekalan air yang bersih dan selamat adalah
merupakan antara yang tertinggi di dunia.
Sehingga tahun 2012, sejumlah 94.4%
daripada penduduk Malaysia telah menikmati
bekalan air paip seperti yang dilaporkan oleh
Malaysia Water Industry Guide (MWIG) 2012.
Sejak akhir-akhir ini, banyak berita yang
tersiar dalam media massa mengenai
penularan wabak pelbagai penyakit yang
mengancam kesihatan penduduk di negara ini.
Pernahkah anda terfikir bagaimanakah kualiti
bekalan air awam dipantau dan dijamin agar
ianya sentiasa selamat?
PROSES RAWATAN AIR
Secara amnya, air mempunyai sifat-sifat yang
terdiri daripada unsur fizikal (contoh
kekeruhan dan warna), unsur kimia (contoh
pH, aluminium, ferum, mangan dan ammonia)
serta kandungan bakterialogi (Total Coliform,
Fecal Coliform dan E. Coli)
Air yang dibekalkan kepada pengguna perlu
dirawat terlebih dahulu melalui sistem yang
teratur agar dapat mencapai tahap kuantiti
dan kualiti yang diperlukan. Sistem bekalan
air terdiri dari beberapa komponen utama
iaitu muka sauk air mentah (raw water
intake), loji rawatan air dan sistem agihan air.
Di muka sauk, air mentah akan diabstrak dan
dipam ke loji rawatan air untuk proses
rawatan fizikal dan kimia. Air mentah akan
melalui pelbagai proses rawatan seperti
saringan, pengudaraan, pembauran kimia,
koagulasi, flokulasi, pemendapan, penapisan,
pembasmian kuman, pemfloridaan dan
pengedosan kapur. Air yang
28 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
RENCANA
Hj. Adam Malik Najri adalah Eksekutif
Kanan di Jabatan Kawalselia Air
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(SPAN). Beliau mempunyai 18 tahun
pengalaman dalam industri air Negara
dan telah bekerjasama dengan Jabatan
Kimia Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
untuk mengawal selia dan memantau
kualiti air dirawat yang dihasilkan oleh
syarikat utiliti air di Malaysia. Beliau
juga terlibat dalam perangkaan
peraturan kualiti air di bawah Akta
Industri Perkhidmatan Air (WSIA) 2006
dan Rang Undang-Undang Safe
Drinking Water Bill oleh Kementerian
Kesihatan Malaysia.
telah siap dirawat akan diagihkan kepada
pengguna samada secara graviti atau sistem pam
melalui sistem agihan yang terdiri daripada
rangkaian paip, stesen pam penggalak dan tangki
simpanan air.
Di Malaysia, air yang dirawat dan dibekalkan
kepada orang ramai perlu mematuhi standard
kualiti minimum iaitu Garis Panduan Mutu Air
Minum Kebangsaan Edisi 2004 yang diterbitkan
oleh pihak Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. Garis
panduan ini menjadi asas kepada penerbitan MS
2320:2010 Malaysian Standard: Drinking Water –
Quality Requirements oleh Jabatan Standard
Malaysia yang dijadikan sebagai Standard Kualiti
Air Minum Kebangsaan. Kebanyakan nilai
parameter yang ditetapkan dalam standard
tersebut adalah berdasarkan kepada Garis
Panduan Kualiti Air yang dikeluarkan oleh World
Health Organization (WHO).
adalah selamat dan boleh diterima oleh
pengguna. Kekerapan analisa air bergantung
kepada jenis parameter tertentu misalnya
parameter fizikal, kimia dan bakteria (kumpulan
I) dianalisa secara mingguan, parameter kimia
bukan organik (kumpulan II) secara bulanan,
parameter kimia organik, logam berat dan
Pemantauan kualiti air melibatkan parameter
fizikal, kimia dan bakteria dilakukan bermula
dari muka sauk loji rawatan air hingga ke
sistem agihan. KKM melakukan kerja-kerja
persampelan dan analisa air ‘insitu’ manakala
analisa air di makmal dilakukan oleh Jabatan
Kimia Malaysia.
pestisid (kumpulan III & IV) setiap 3 bulan
manakala parameter radioaktif (kumpulan V)
secara tahunan.
Pada masa ini, jumlah loji rawatan air yang
dipantau oleh KKM adalah sebanyak 380 buah
(tidak termasuk Sabah dan Sarawak) manakala
stesen persampelan air yang terdapat di loji
serta sistem agihan adalah sebanyak 5,136
buah. Pada tahun 2012, jumlah sampel yang
dianalisa adalah sebanyak 179,266 sampel.
29 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Bagi memastikan kualiti air sentiasa selamat
dan terjamin dari segi kesihatan, air dianalisa
secara berkala di loji rawatan air serta sistem
agihan oleh Operator Air yang melibatkan
parameter fizikal, kimia dan bakteriologi.
Di loji rawatan air, kualiti air dianalisa secara
manual di makmal dengan kekerapan
sekurang-kurangnya setiap 2 jam bagi
parameter asas seperti kekeruhan, pH, warna,
baki klorin dan aluminium. Analisa air juga
dilakukan secara bulanan dan setiap 3 bulan
serta tahunan bagi parameter kimia organik,
bukan organik, logam berat dan pestisid.
Selaras dengan penggunaan teknologi masa
kini, kebanyakan loji rawatan air kini
khususnya loji-loji baru mempunyai peralatan
online analyzer yang boleh menganalisa kualiti
secara on-line tanpa menggunakan tenaga
manusia. Peralatan ini kini menjadi ciri
standard bagi loji-loji baru yang boleh
menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga manusia di
samping membolehkan pemantauan kualiti
dibuat secara lebih rapi.
Bagi memastikan keputusan analisa air adalah
tepat, telus dan berintegriti, kebanyakan
Operator Air telah mula mewujudkan makmal
analisa air yang ditauliahkan oleh Jabatan
Standard Malaysia di bawah Skim Akreditasi
Makmal Malaysia - ISO/IEC 17025:2005.
Selain di loji rawatan air, Operator Air turut
melakukan pemantauan ke atas kualiti air di
sistem agihan secara berkala.
Pemantauan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan
Malaysia
Selain Operator Air, pihak Kementerian
Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) turut melakukan
pemantauan kualiti air bagi memastikan air
yang dibekalkan oleh Operator Air mematuhi
had piawaian yang ditetapkan berdasarkan
Standard Kualiti Air Minum Kebangsaan.
Program Kebangsaan Kawalan Mutu Air Minum
(PKKMAM) telah dimulakan pada tahun 1983
untuk meningkatkan taraf kesihatan orang
ramai dengan memastikan air minum yang
dibekalkan
Pada tahun 1993, KKM telah
memperkenalkan Quality Assurance
Programme (QAP) di bawah PKKMAM kearah
pelanggaran sifar kualiti air (zero violation).
Parameter utama yang ditetapkan ialah
bakteria E. Coli, Baki Klorin Bebas, Gabungan
E. Coli dan Baki Klorin Bebas, Kekeruhan dan
Aluminium.
Di bawah PKKMAM, terdapat prosedur yang
telah ditetapkan dan perlu dijalankan
sekiranya berlaku sebarang pelanggaran
kualiti air. Dalam situasi tersebut, pihak KKM
akan menghantar borang tindakan
pembetulan (CR - corrective action report)
kepada Operator Air bagi mendapatkan
maklumbalas serta memastikan tindakan
pembetulan seperti scouring dan flushing
dilakukan. Hasil dari pemantauan yang
dijalankan, pihak KKM akan mengeluarkan
laporan kualiti air secara berkala secara
bulanan dan tahunan.
Daripada pemantauan secara kerap dan rapi oleh
Operator Air dan KKM, bekalan air yang dibekalkan
kepada pengguna di negara ini secara amnya
mematuhi standard kualiti minimum yang
ditetapkan dan adalah bersih dan selamat.
Audit oleh SPAN
Selaras dengan Seksyen 41 (1) Akta Industri
Perkhidmatan Air 2006, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan
Air Negara (SPAN) juga memantau kualiti air yang
dibekalkan supaya mematuhi standard kualiti
minimum yang ditetapkan pada masa pembekalan.
Untuk tujuan itu, SPAN bekerjasama dengan KKM
dalam menjayakan Program Kebangsaan Kawalan
Mutu Air Minum dan bersama-sama memastikan
tindakan susulan diambil oleh semua operator
keatas hasil dapatan KKM.
Selain itu, pihak SPAN turut melakukan audit
teknikal secara berkala termasuk aspek kualiti air
di loji-loji rawatan air dan sistem agihan di
Semenanjung Malaysia dan Labuan. Audit teknikal
dijalankan oleh pegawai-pegawai SPAN dari
operator keatas hasil dapatan KKM.
Selain itu, pihak SPAN turut melakukan audit
teknikal secara berkala termasuk aspek kualiti air di
loji-loji rawatan air dan sistem agihan di
Semenanjung Malaysia dan Labuan. Audit teknikal
dijalankan oleh pegawai-pegawai SPAN dari Ibu
Pejabat dan pejabat-pejabat Wilayah dengan fokus
kepada loji-loji rawatan air yang tidak dapat
merawat air dengan lebih berkesan.
Pada masa ini, SPAN juga bekerjasama dengan KKM
dan Operator Air bagi melaksanakan Water Safety
Plan iaitu satu kaedah yang diperkenalkan oleh
WHO untuk mengenalpasti dan menangani risiko-
risiko yang boleh menjejaskan kualiti air dari sumber
hingga rumah pengguna.
Secara rumusannya, melalui pemantauan rapi
yang dijalankan oleh Operator Air, KKM serta
SPAN, bekalan air yang dibekalkan kepada
pengguna daripada sistem bekalan air awam
adalah dijamin sentiasa bersih dan selamat.
30 THIRSTY? MAGAZINE MAC 2015
Thirsty Runner 2015
Run For Every Drop