gesa jDr ds ckjs esadSls irk pyk\

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

vkbftd ,sflekso

2

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT BLOOD?By: Isaac Asimov

Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta

3

gesa jDr ds ckjs esa dSls irk pyk\

1 ân;

vxj gekjk 'kjhj dgha dV tk, rks mlesa ls [kwu fudyrk gSAtkuojksa esa Hkh blh rjg [kwu fudyrk gSA blls ge [kwu ds ckjs esatkurs gSaA

[kwu cgqr t:j gS] ;g ckr Hkh ge tYnh le> tkrs gSaA ftuyksxksa ds 'kjhj ls cgqr T;knk [kwu fudyrk gS os cgqr detksj gks tkrsgSaA mUgsa LoLF; gksus esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA 'kjhj ls cgqr T;knk [kwufudyus ls yksx ej Hkh ldrs gSaA

bl otg ls cgqr ls yksx [kwu dks thou ekuus yxsA oks jDrdks 'kjhj dk thou okyk Hkkx ekuus yxsA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ckbfcy esa bZtjkbyokfl;ksa dks ;g fgnk;r nhxbZ gS fd os jDr ls luk eakl u [kk,aA cqd vkWiQ M~;wVksjeksuh

ân;

4

(vè;k; 12] Nan 23) esa fy[kk gS% ^;g lqfuf'pr djks fd rqe jDr er[kkvks] D;ksafd jDr thou gSA*

;g lgh ugha gks ldrkA D;ksafd [kwu fcuk fudys Hkh cgqr ls yksx vkSjtkuoj ejrs gSaA bldk ;g eryc ugha fd jDr thou ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ughagSA bldk ;g vk'k; gS fd thou ds fy, jDr gh ugha vU; ckrsa HkhegRoiw.kZ gSaA

bZlk ls 400 lky igys ;wukuh fpfdRld fgiksdjksgVht (460&370 bZlkiwohZ) vkSj muls vuq;kf;;ksa ds vuqlkj 'kjhj esa pkj egRoiw.kZ rjy Fks ftuesals ,d jDr FkkA bu pkjksa rjyksa dk vkil esa lgh larqyu gh vPNh lsgr dkjkt FkkA

vkt ge tkurs gSa fd vPNh lsgr dk ekeyk blls dgha vf/d tfVygSA ij vPNs LokLF; esa jDr dh ,d vge Hkwfedk gS bls Hkh ge LohdkjrsgSaA

,slk ugha gS fd 'kjhj esa jDr ,d txg ij lks;k iM+k jgrk gSA tcfdlh dk 'kjhj dVrk gS rks mlesa ls [kwu cgqr rsth ls cgrk gSA bldslkFk&lkFk [kwu dk cguk fny dh /M+du ds lkFk de&T;knk gksrk gSA bllsdqN yksxksa dks yxk fd gekjk ân; [kwu dks yxkrkj vanj dh vksj [khaprk gSvkSj ckgj dh vksj /Ddk nsrk gSA

gjsd O;fDr dk fny /M+drk gSA lhus ij gkFk j[k dj vki vius ân;dh /M+du dks eglwl dj ldrs gSaA ân; fu;fer :i ls /M+drk gS &O;Ldksa ,d feuV esa lRrj ckj vkSj cPpksa esa dqN vf/d rsth lsA tc rdvki ftUnk gSa rc rd vkidk ân; /M+drk jgsxkA ejus ij fny dh /M+ducan gks tk,xhA

blls yxrk gS fd [kwu ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS & cgrk gqvk [kwu tksân; }kjk lEiUu gksrk gSA

izkphu dky esa dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd ân; 'kjhj dk thfor vkSjHkkoukvksa dks le>us okyk vax gSA vxj vki Mjs gksa] ;k cgqr xqLls esa gksa rksvkidk ân; cgqr T;knk rsth ls /M+drk gSA vkSj lksrs le; fny dh /M+duHkh /heh gks tkrh gSA tc vki vf/d lfØ; gksrs gSa rks vkidk ân; HkhT;knk lfØ; gksrk gSA tc vki 'kakr gksrs gSa rks fny Hkh /hes /M+drk gSA

;wukuh nk'kZfud vjLrw (384&322 bZlk iwohZ) ân; ds egRo ls brusizHkkfor Fks fd mUgsa ân;] 'kjhj esa lksp dk dsanz yxkA ckn esa ;g xyrlkfcr gqvk ij fiQj Hkh ân; csgn egRoiw.kZ gSA

5

'kjhj ds vanj D;k gks jgk gS blds ckjs esa ge dSls tku ldrs gSa\ vki,d thfor 'kjhj dks dkVdj mlds vanj >akd ldrs gSaA ,slk djus ls mlO;fDr dks cgqr nnZ gksxk vkSj oks ej tk,xkA mldh ctk, vki pkgsa rksfdlh e`r nsg dks dkV ldrs gSaA ij izkphu dky esa bls cgqr ?k`f.kr ekuktkrk FkkA blfy, 'kjhj ds ^fMlsD'ku* ftldk ySfVu esa vFkZ gksrk gS^vyx&vyx fgLls djuk* ij eukgh FkhA

ij tkuojksa dks rc Hkh fu;fer :i ls dkVk tkrk FkkA tkuojksa dksHkkstu idkus ds fy, ;k fiQj bZ'oj dks cfy p<+kus ds fy, dkVk tkrk FkkA

dlkbZ;ksa dh tkuojksa ds vaxksa dk vè;;u djus esa dksbZ jQfp ugha FkhAmudh jQfp ml tkuoj dk eakl csapus esa ;k fiQj mls Hkkstu ds fy, idkusesa FkhA

tks iqtkjh tkuojksa dks cfy p<+krs os dHkh&dHkh tkuojksa ds vakrfjdvaxksa esa jQfp ysrsA vaxksa ds vkdkj ds vk/kj ij os Hkfo";okf.k;ak djrsA (,slkdjuk ljklj xyr FkkA)A Hkfo";ok.kh djus esa mUgsa fcYdqy nsj ugha yxrhvkSj oks tkuojksa dk vè;;u Hkh Bhd ls ugha djrsA vkSj vxj os viuhtakp&ij[k Bhd ls djrs rks Hkh tkuojksa ds vax euq";ksa ls cgqr vyx gksrsgSaA

vjLrw ds ckn ls oSKkfud euq"; ds 'kjhj ds vkarfjd vaaxksa dk xgjkbZls vè;;u djus yxsA

feL=k ds 'kgj ,fyXtSfUMª;k esa blds fy, ,d vè;;u dsanz 'kq: fd;kx;kA bldk uke iM+k E;wft;e vkSj 300 ls 250 bZlk iwoZ esa ;gak euq"; dse`r 'kjhjksa dh lEHkky dj dkV&NakV (fMlsD'ku) dh xbZA 'kjhj ds <akps dksle>k x;kA bldk uke ^,ukVeh* iM+k ftldk ;wukuh esa vFkZ gksrk gS^dkVuk*A

bZlk iwohZ 300 esa ;wukuh fpfdRld izSdlSx;wjl us fn[kk;k fd ân; lsufy;ak tqM+h gqbZ FkhaA muesa ls dqN ufy;ak jDr ls Hkjh FkhaA mUgsa ^osUl* ;k uldgrs gSaA

ân; ls dqN vkSj ufy;ak tqM+h Fkha tks [kkyh Fkha vkSj muesa fliQZ gokFkhA izSdlSx;wjl dks yxk fd ;g ufy;ak 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa rd gokigqapkus dk dke djrh gSaA vkt Hkh ge mu ufy;ksa dks ^vkjVªht* ;k /efu;akdgrs gSaA ;wukuh esa ^vkjVªht* dk eryc gksrk gS & gok dh okgdA ^vkjVªht*vkSj ^osUl* dks jDr/efu;ak Hkh dgrs gSaA

6

vkjVªh

osu

dSfiyjh

jDr/efu;ak

ân; dk dVku

iYeujh vkjVªh

,vksjVk

cak;ak vkSjksdsy

okYo

cak;ak osfUVªhdynak;ak osfUVªhdy

osUl

nak;ak

vkSjksdsy

7

fMlsD'ku ds vè;;uksa ls MkDVjksa dks thfor izkf.k;kas esa jDr /efu;kas dhfLFkr ds ckjs esa ekywe iM+kA fgjksfiQyl us ik;k fd tc /efu;ak Ropk dsikl vkrh gSa rc vki mudh /M+du dks oSls gh eglwl dj ldrs gSa tSls oks,d NksVk ân; gksA bls ^iYl* ;k ukM+h dgrs gSaA mUgsa nksuksa vkjVªht vkSj osUljDr dh okfguh yxha] u dh gok dhA

vkSj ;g lgh Hkh FkkA ân;] /efu;ksa esa jDr iQsadrk gSA ân; dh gjsd/M+du ds lkFk vkSj jDr ds tksj ls iQsads tkus ds ckn vkjVªh dh eksVheaklisf'k;ksa okyh nhokj iQSyrh gS vkSj mlds ckn ;g nhokj nqckjk fldqM+rh gSAblls gh ukM+h dh /M+du tkjh jgrh gSA osUl esa iryh eaklisf'k;ksa dh nhokjgksrh gS ftuesa 'kakfr ls jDr cgrk gSA

fdlh O;fDr ds ejus ds ckn mlds fny dh vkf[kjh /M+du ls /efu;ksaesa vafre ckj jDr cgrk gS vkSj mlds ckn cguk can gks tkrk gSA blfy,e`r nsg dh /efu;ak [kkyh gksrh gSaA 'kk;n fpfdRldksa us vkSj Kku vftZrfd;k gksrk ij rHkh ,fyXtSfUMª;k esa 'kjhj jpuk dk vè;;u can dj fn;kx;kA fMlsD'ku dks xSjdkuwuh djkj fn;k x;k vkSj fiQj gtkjkas cjlksa rd 'kjhjfoKku ds ckjs esa cgqr de tkudkjh gkfly gqbZA

,d ;wukuh fpfdRld xs;yu (130&200) ds vuqlkj /efu;ak(vkjVªht) ân; esa ls fudyrh FkhaA ân;] /efu;kas esa jDr iEi djrk ftllsoks 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa esa tkrk vkSj ogak mldk iks"k.k ds fy, mi;ksx gksrkA

xs;yu (130&200)

8

xs;yu ds vuqlkj ulsa (osUl) ftxj esa fudyrh Fkha tgak ls [kwu cudj ulksa}kjk ân; esa tkrk FkkA

ij rc rd ,fyXtSfUMª;k esa fpfdRld ân; dh phj&iQkM+ dj pqds FksAmUgsa ân; dks nks Hkkxksa esa cakVk & ck,a osfUVªhdy vkSj nk,a osfUVªhdy easA mudhnhokjsa eksVh eaklisf'k;ksa dh cuh Fkha & [kkldj ck;ha okyhA izR;sd osfUVªhdy dsmQij ,d iryh nhokj okyk d{k Fkk & cak;k ,Vªh;e ,d vksj vkSj nak;k,Vªh;e nwljh vksjA gjsd ,Vªh;e ,d Nssn }kjk vius uhps okys osfUVªhdy lstqM+k FkkA ijUrq ,d ,Vªh;e&osfUVªhdy nwljh ds lkFk ugha tqM+h FkhA

,slk yxrk Fkk tSls ân; ,d Mcy&iEi gksA mldk gjsd vk/k fgLlkviuh vkjVªht vkSj osUl ds lkFk tqM+k FkkA

ijUrq ân; ds nksgjk gksus dh D;k t:jr gks ldrh gS\ fuf'pr rkSj ij,d iEi i;kZIr gksxkA

xs;yu dk ekuuk Fkk fd ân; esa ,d gh iEi gSA mls yxk fd nksuksaosfUVªhdyksa ds chp dh eksVh eaklisf'k;ksa okyh nhokj esa mUgsa tksM+us okys dqNNsn gksaxsA ;g Nsn brus NksVs Fks fd 'kk;n vak[k ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs gksaxsA (;gdYiuk ljklj xyr Fkh ijUrq xs;yu ds nsgakr ds ckn Hkh yksx bls 1400lkyksa rd lp ekurs jgsA)

1300 ds vklikl bVyh ds fpfdRldksa us fiQj ls e`r nsgksa dhphj&iQkM+ 'kq: dhA 1316 esa brkyoh MkDVj ekSuMhuwg Ms ywV~tVh(1275&1326) us 'kjhj&jpuk ls lEcaf/r igyh iqLrd fy[khA mlesa T;knkrjrks ogh Fkk tks xs;yu us fl[kk;k FkkA

ij fiQj 1543 esa ,d csfYt;e ds 'kjhj&'kkL=kh ,aMªªh;kt osglsfy;l(1514&1564) us [kqn bl fo"k; dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj 'kjhj&jpuk ij dghacsgrj iqLrd fy[khA rc rd Nkis[kkus 'kq: gks pqds Fks vkSj osglsfy;l fdiqLrd vPNh rjg Nih Fkh vkSj mlesa lqanj fp=k FksA bl iqLrd dks leLr;wjksi esa i<+k x;k vkSj blls oSKkfud euq"; ds 'kjhj ds ckjs esa vkxs dk 'kks/djus yxsA

ijUrq osglsfy;l Hkh xsgyu dh vo/kj.kkvksa dks & [kkldj ân; dsdk;Z lEca/h elyksa dks cgqr vkxs ugha ys tk ik;kA

9

osglsfy;l }kjk cuk;k x;k 'kjhj&jpuk dk fp=k] 1543

10

2 ifjog.k (ljD;wys'ku)

;wjksih; MkDVjksa dks blds ckjs esa irk ugha Fkk ijUrq xs;ysu dh vo/kj.kkvksa esa lq/kj gqvk FkkA vkSj bl dke dks vatke fn;k lhfj;k ds ,dMkDVj bCu vy ufiQl (1210&1288) usA

1242 esa mlus 'kY;fØ;k lEcaf/r ,d iqLrd fy[khA xs;ysu us ,dosfUVªhdy ls nwljs esa fNnzksa }kjk jDr ds cgko dh ckr dgh FkhA uiQhl usbldk [kaMu fd;kA ufiQl ds vuqlkj nksuksa osfUVªhdYl ds chp] eksVheaklisf'k;ksa dh cuh ,d Bksl nhokj Fkh vkSj mlesa ls fdlh rjg dk fjluklEHko ugha FkkA

bldk eryc D;k ân; ,d Mcy&iEi Fkk ftlesa ,d iEi nwljs lsfdlh rjg ugha tqM+k Fkk\

ughaA bCu vy ufiQl us nk;ha osfUVªhdy ls ck;ha osfUVªhdy esa jDr tkusdk ,d nwljk rjhdk lq>k;kA mlds vuqlkj ân; ds fldqM+us ds lkFk nk;haosfUVªhdy dk [kwu ,d cM+h ^iYeujh* vkjVªh esa tkrk gSA ^iYeujh* ,dySfVu 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ iQsiQM+k gksrk gSA vly essa ^iYeujh* vkjVªh iQsiQM+seas [kwu ys tkus dk dke djrh gSA

nk;ak iQsiQM+k

ck;ha vksfjfdy

ck;ak iQsiQM+k

ysLlj ljD;wys'ku

,vksjVk

11

tSl ^iYeujh* f'kjk iQsiQM+s esa igqaprh gS oks ,d isM+ dh Hkakfr NksVhvkSj NksVh 'kk[kkvksa esa caVrh tkrh gSA /hjs&/hjs ;g /efu;ak bruh NksVh vkSjeghu gks tkrh gSa fd mUgsa dsoy ekbØksLdksi ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA iQsiQM+sdh eghu f'kjkvksaa eas jDr gok bdV~Bh djrk gSA ;g NksVh f'kjk,a fiQj bdV~Bhgksdj cM+h gks tkrh gSa vkSj fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ;s jDr f'kjk,a (osUl) gksrh gSaA/hjs&/hjs bu jDr f'kjkvksa dh la[;k de gksrh gS vkSj os cM+h gksrh gSa vkSjvar esa buls ,d cM+h f'kjk ^iYeujh* f'kjk curh gSA

^iYeujh* f'kjk esa vc jDr ds lkFk feyh gok vc ck,a ,fVª;e esatkrh gS vkSj ogak ls ck,a osfUVªhdy esaA tc ân; ldqM+rk gS rc ck;haosfUVªhdy dk jDr ftlesa gok feyh gksrh gS oks ,vksjVk esa pyk tkrk gSA,vksjVk 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h /euh gksrh gSA mlds ckn ;g jDr 'kjhj ds lHkhvaxksa esa cg dj tkrk gSA

blls gesa Mcy&iEi dh ckr le> vk,xhA gks ldrk gS fd jDr ftxj(;Ñr) esa cudj fiQj ân; esa tkrk gks vkSj ogak ls iwjs 'kjhj esa tkrk gksAij lcls igys oks nk,a ,fVª;e vkSj osfUVªhdy esa tkrk gS vkSj ogak ls oksiQsiQM+ksa esa tkdj okil ykSVrk gSA mlds ckn esa oks ck,a ,fVª;e vkSj osfUVªhdyesa tkdj fiQj iwjs 'kjhj esa tkrk gSA ân; dk nk;ak Hkkx ,d fo'ks"k iEi dkdke djrk gS vkSj jDr vkSj gok dh lIykbZ dk dke djrk gSA

dYiuk djsa jDr ds nk;ha osfUVªhdy ls iQsiQM+ksa rd tkdj fiQj ân; esaokfil vkus dhA rc ge dg ldrs gSa fd jDr ^ljD;wysV* gks jgk gSA^ljD;wysV* ,d ySfVu 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ ,d xksys esa ?kweuk gksrk gSA iQsiQM+srd tkus vkSj okfil vkus ds nkSjs dks ^ysLlj ljD;wys'ku* blfy, dgrs gSaD;ksafd ck;ak osfUVªhdy jDr dks ,d yEch ;k=kk ij Hkstrk gSA bCu vy ufiQlus ck;ha osfUVªhdy ls fudys jDr ds ckjs esa dqN ugha fy[kkA 'kk;n ogak lsfudyk jDr 'kjhj lks[k ysrk gks vkSj blfy, u, jDr ds fuekZ.k dh t:jriM+rh gksA

ftl izdkj xs;yu }kjk lq>k, osfUVªhdYl ds chp ds fNnzksa dks fdlh usughsa ns[kk FkkA mlh rjg iQsiQM+ksa dh ,dne ckjhd vkSj eghu f'kjkvksa dks Hkhml le; fdlh us ugha ns[kk ugha gksxkA bCu vy ufiQl ds lq>ko esa ;ghcM+h xyrh FkhA

12

,d vkSj fnDdr FkhA ;wjksi esa fdlh dks Hkh bCu vy ufiQl dh iqLrdds ckjs esa irk ugha FkkA 1924 esa ;wjksi esa yksxksa dks mlds ckjs esa irk pykAblfy, mUgsa ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* dks [kqn gh [kkstuk iM+kA ;g [kkst lclsigys ,d LiSfu'k MkDVj fe'ksy lsjohVql (1511&1553) us dhA

lsjohVql dk tekuk dkiQh mFky&iqFky okyk FkkA if'peh ;wjksi dkdSFkksfyd ppZ nks Hkkx esa foHkDr gks pqdk FkkA tks yksx mlls fudys mUgksaus[kqn dks izksVsLVsUV~l dgkA bu nksuksa blkbZ leqnk;ksa dSFkksfyDl vkSj izksVsLVsUVl~ dschp Hk;adj oSeuL; FkkA

lsjohVql ds /kfeZd fopkjksa ls nksuksa dSFkksfyDl vkSj izksVsLVsUVl~ leqnk;ukjkt FksA 1553 esa lsjohVql us ,d iqLrd Nkih ftlesa mUgksaus vius fopkjO;Dr fd,A mlus tkucw> dj fdrkc ds ys[kd ds :i esa viuk uke ughaNkikA ijUrq mlus fopkjksa dh lkoZtfud rkSj ij bruh ppkZ gqbZ Fkh blfy,lc dks iqLrd ds ys[kd dk uke irk FkkA

Úakl ds dSFkksfyDl us lsjohVql dks fxjÝrkj fd;k ij oks ogak ls iQjkjgksdj tusok] fLoVtjySaM pyk x;kA ml le; fLoVtjySaM esa ,d cgqr dBksj'kkld Fkk & tWku dkfYou (1509&1564)A dkfYou] lsjohVql ds /kfeZdfopkjksa dks lqudj bruk gSjku gqvk fd mlus lsjohVql dks lwyh ij tyk nsusdk vkns'k fn;kA mlds ckn lsjohVql dh iqLrdksa dh lkjh izfr;ksa dks bdV~Vkdj mUgsa Hkh tyk fn;k x;kA

HkkX;o'k dqN izfr;ak cph jgha vkSj 1694 esa & lsjohVql dh e`R;q ds Ms<+lkS o"kZ ckn ,d izfr lkeus vkbZA MkDVjksa dks i<+dj cgqr vk'p;Z gqvk fdiqLrd esa u dsoy lsjohVql us vius/kfeZd fopkj izdV fd, Fks ijUrq mlus c[kwch ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* ftlesajDr iQsiQM+ksa esa tkdj okfil vkrk gS dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k FkkA ;g [kkst vcrhljh ckj gqbZ FkhA

1559 esa lsjohVql dh e`R;q ds Ng lky ckn ,d bVSfy;u MkDVj js;sYMksdwyEcks (1516&1559) us Hkh jDr ds ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* dh [kkst dh vkSjml ij ,d iqLrd fy[khA

;g iqLrd cph jgh vkSj ftUnk jghA cgqr ls fpfdRldksa us mls i<+kvkSj oks dwyEcks ds er ls lger gq,A dwyEcks dk fopkj lsjohVql vkSj bCuvy ufiQl ds cgqr ckn lkeus vk;k] ij dwyEcks dh fdrkc gh ;wjksi dsMkDVjksa dks miyC/ FkhA dwyEcks ds dke ds vk/kj ij oks vkxs dk 'kks/ djik,A blfy, dwyEcks dks jDr ds ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* dh [kkst dk Js; tkrkgSA

13

1574 esa bVSfy;u MkDVj fxjksykeks iQScfjph (1537&1619) iSj dhf'kjkvksa dk vè;;u dj jgs FksA mls muesa NksVs&NksVs ^okYo* utj vk,A vxjjDr ,d fn'kk esa cgrk rks okYo d{k dh nhokj dh vksj eqM+ tkrsA bllsfcuk fdlh izfrjks/ ds jDr ml fn'kk esa cgrkA ij vxj jDr nwljh fn'kk esacgrk rks okYo [kqy tkrs vkSj f'kjk dks can dj nsrsA

bldk eryc Fkk fd ;s ,d&fn'kk essa dke djus okys okYo FksA bllslh/s [kM+s O;fDr dk [kwu cg ldrk FkkA ij jDr uhps dh vksj ugha cgldrk FkkA

;g le> esa Hkh vkrk gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr vius iSj fgykrk gS ;k fiQjiSj dh eaklisf'k;ksa dks dlrk gS rc oks eaklisf'k;ksa f'kjkvksa dks nckrh gSa vkSjmu f'kjkvksa ds vanj jDr dks uhps dh vksj xqjQRo ds izHkko ds foijhr mQijcgus dks etcwj djrh gSaA vxj dksbZ O;fDr vius iSj dh eaklisf'k;ksa dksf'kfFky j[krk gS] rks f'kjkvksa esa vf/d jDr rks ugha cgrk gS] ij oks xqjQRo}kjk uhps Hkh ugha f[kaprk gSA okYo] jDr dks uhps tkus ls jksdus dk dkedjrs gSaA

ij mlds ckn ,d fczfV'k MkDVj fofy;e gkosZ (1578&1657) dkvkxeu gqvkA MkDVjh djus ds ckn oks mPp f'k{kk ds fy, bVyh x, tgak oksiQScfjph ds f'k"; cusA

gkosZ us e`r O;fDr;ksa ds ân;ksa dks dkVk&NakVk vkSj ,fVª;e vkSj mldhosfUVªhdy ds chp ds okYo dk vè;;u fd;kA mlus bu okYo~l dks nks&rjiQkik;kA os fcuk fdlh leL;k ds ,fVª;e ls osfUVªhdy dh vksj jDr dks cgus

f'kjk esa okYo

okYo

14

nsrsA ij ân; ds fldqM+us ij okYo ds dkj.k osfUVªhdy ls ,fVª;e dh vksjjDr ugha cg ikrkA bldh ctk, ,d /Dds ls lkjk [kwu jDr /efu;kas esatkrkA

fiQj gkosZ iSj dh f'kjkvksa ds okYo ds ckjs esa lkspus yxs ftldh [kkstmlds f'k{kd iQScfjph us dh FkhA os okYo fliQZ ,d&fn'kk okys Fks vkSj osjDr dks ân; dh vksj /dsyrs FksA

mlus tkuojksa dh vyx&vyx f'kjkvksa (osUl) dks cak/dj bl ckjs esaijh{k.k fd,A gj ckj f'kjk,a cak/us ds ckn ml LFkku ij iQwyrha tks ân; lsnwj FkkA ,slk yxrk tSls jDr ân; dh vksj cgus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk FkkAvkSj D;ksafd cak/us ds dkj.k oks ân; dh vksj ugha cg ik;k blfy, cak/us dsLFkku ds uhps f'kjk iQwy xbZA ;g ckr lHkh f'kjkvksa ij ykxw gksrh FkhA

/efu;ksa (vkjVªht) dks cak/us ls ân; dh vksj ul iQwyrh FkhaA ,slkyxrk tSls jDr ân; ls nwj tkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gks vkSj ck/k vkus dhotg us ugha cg ik jgk gksA

vc gkosZ dks tks dqN gks jgk Fkk oks le> eas vk;kA ân; jDr dks/efu;ksa (vkjVªht) esa /dsyus dh dksf'k'k djrk] vkSj fiQj [kwu f'kjkvksa(osUl) }kjk ân; esa okil vkrkA nksuksa osfUVªhdy ds lkFk ;gh gksrk gSA jDr

fofy;e gkosZ (1578&1657)

15

dk nksgjk cgko gksrk gSA vxj nk;ha osfUVªhdy ls 'kq: fd;k tk, rks jDr/efu;ksa (vkjVªht) ls gksdj iQsiQM+ksa esa tkrk gS vkSj fiQj f'kjkvksa (osUl) esals gksdj ck,a ,fVª;e esa tkdj fiQj ck,a osfUVªhdy esa tkrk gSA ck,a osfUVªhdyls jDr /efu;ksa (vkjVªht) esa tkdj fiQj f'kjkvksa (osUl) esa ls nk,a ,fVª;els xqtjrk gqvk nk,a osfUVªhdy esa tkrk gSA(;g ^cM+s cgko dk iFk* gSA)A vkSjcgko dk ;g pØ nqckjk fiQj 'kq: gksrk gSA

gkosZ ds vuqlkj ;g vo/kj.kk fd euq"; dk 'kjhj jDr bLrseky djrkgS vkSj blfy, ges'kk u;k [kwu curk jgrk gS] xyr gSA ân; ,d ckjfldqM+us ij fdruk jDr iEi djrk gS] vkSj ân; ,d ?kaVs esa fdruh ckjfldqM+rk gS] bldks gkosZ us ekikA mlus ik;k fd ,d ?kaVs eas ân; }kjk iEifd;k jDr] euq"; ds Hkkj dk rhu&xquk gksrk gSA bl rst xfr us rks 'kjhjjDr dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gS vkSj u gh mldk fuekZ.kA blfy, ogh jDryxkrkj 'kjhj esa ?kwerk gS vkSj mlh dk 'kjhj yxkrkj mi;ksx djrk gSA

gkosZ ds lkeus vHkh Hkh ogh leL;k Fkh ftlls bCu vy ufiQl tw> jgkFkkA NksVh vkjVªh vkSj osUl dks cgqr ckjhd vkSj eghu f'kjkvksa ls tqM+uk FkkAij ;g eghu f'kjk,a fn[kkbZ gh ugha nsrh FkhaA D;k os okdbZ esa Fkha Hkh\

1650 esa oSKkfudksa us dakp ds ysUlksa dks bl izdkj tksM+k Fkk ftlls fdlkekU; :i ls vak[k ls u fn[kus okyh oLrqvksa dks cM+k djds ns[kk tk ldsAbu midj.kksa dks ekbØksLdksi dgrs FksA ekbØksLdksi ,d ;wukuh 'kCn gSftldk eryc gksrk gS ^NksVh pht dks ns[kuk*A

iQSyh gqbZ osfUVªhdy

ân; iEi dSls djrk gS

iYeujh osu

fldqM+h gqbZ osfUVªhdy

16

f'kjk (gYdh) /efu;ka (xgjh)

ljD;wysVjh flLVe

17

ekbØksLdksi dk lcls igys mi;ksx bVSfy;u oSKkfud ekjflyks eSyfith(1628&1694) us fd;kA ekbØksLdksi dh lgk;rk ls oks mu eghu vkSj ckjhdjDr f'kjkvksa dks ns[k ik, tks vHkh rd vn`'; FkhaA

1661 esa gkosZ dh e`R;q ds pkj o"kZ ckn eSyfith us pexknM+ksa ds ia[kksadk vè;;u fd;kA mls muds ia[kksa dh iryh f>Yyh esa jDr f'kjk,a fn[kkbZnhaA vkSj ekbØksLdksi ds uhps mlus ns[kk fd NksVh vkjVªh vkSj osUl ,dneckjhd vkSj eghu jDr f'kjkvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ FkhaA

mlus bu eghu f'kjkvksa dk uke ^dSfiyjh* ;k dsf'kdk j[kkA ;wukuh esa^dSfiyjh* dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^cky tSls* vkSj ;g f'kjk,a fcYdqy cky tSlheghu FkhaA

dsf'kdkvksa dh [kkst ds ckn ls 'kjhj esa jDr ds cgko dh vo/kj.kkLFkkbZ vk/kj ij LFkkfir gqbZ vkSj rc ls lHkh yksx mls eku jgs gSaA

,d fczfV'k oSKkfud LVhfiQu gsYl (1677&1761) jDrpki ;k^CyM&izs'kj* ekius okys igys oSKkfud FksA fdrus nkc ls jDr cgrk gS ;gmldk eki gSA mUgksaus 1733 esa bl vo/kj.kk dks is'k fd;kA vktdyjDrpki dk ekik tkuk ,d cgqr lkekU; ckr gSA ^mPp jDrpki* gksuk [krjsdh ?kaVh gksrk gSA

18

3 yky dksf'kdk,a

lkekU; vak[k dks [kwu ,d yky rjy utj vkrk gS vkSj mldk gjHkkx ns[kus esa ,d tSlk yxrk gSA ijUrq ekbØksLdksi ls ns[kus ij mlesa ,dikjn'khZ rjy esa dqN NksVh oLrq,a rSjrh gqbZ utj vkrh gSaA bu NksVh phtksa dsdkj.k gh [kwu yky fn[krk gSA rjy dk jax gYdk ihyk gksrk gS vkSj mlesarSj jgh NksVh phtksa dk jax Hkh gYdk ihyk gksrk gSA ijUrq tc cgqr lh NksVhphtsa bdV~Bh gksrh gSa rks fiQj mudk jax yky gks tkrk gSA

ekbØksLdksi ds 'kqjQvkrh fnuksa esa gh bu NksVh oLrqvksa dks ns[kk x;kAeSyfith us mUgsa ns[kkA ,d Mp oSKkfud tSu LoSevjMSe (1637&1680) us1658 esa mudk o.kZu fd;kA bu nksuksa oSKkfudksa esa ls bls igys ns[kus dk Js;fdls feys ;g fdlh dks ugha irkA

vius jax ds vk/kj ij bu NksVh phtksa dks ^jsM lsYl* cqyk;k x;kAvaxzsth esa ^lsy* dk eryc gksrk gS thfor izkf.k;ksa dh ,d cgqr NksVh bdkbZ& bruh lw{e fd ftls ekbØksLdksi ds fcuk ns[k ikuk lEHko u gksA ^jsMlsYl* dk ,d vkSj uke gS ^bZfjFkjkslkbV~l* ftldk ;wukuh esa vFkZ gksrk gS ^jsMlsYl*A

^jsM lsYl* dks lcls igys Mp oSKkfud varksu iWQku ysfougwd(1632&1723) us vè;;u fd;kA 'kqjQvkr esa mlds ikl fo'o esa lcls mRreekbØksLdksIl FksA mlus Li"V dakp dks f?kldj cf<+;k DokfyVh ds ysUl cuk,FksA mu ysUlksa ls ns[kus ij mls NksVh phtsa vR;f/d cM+h utj vkrha vkSj oksmudks ,dne Li"V ns[k ikrkA

yky dksf'kdk,a

19

ysfougwd us ^jsM lsYl* dk o.kZu fy[kkA oks likV pdfr;ksa tSls Fks vkSjmuds dasnz esa ,d xM~<k FkkA oks ns[kus esa cPpksa dh pwlus okyh xksfy;ksa tSlsyxrs ij muds chp esa Li"V Nsn ugha FkkA

ysfougwd us mudks ukius dh dksf'k'k Hkh dhA mudk vkdkj cgqr NksVkFkk & vf/dak'k dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh NksVkA vxj 3400 dksf'kdkvksa dks ,d js[kkesa lVkdj j[ksa rks mudh yEckbZ ,d&bap dh gksxhA vxj mUgsa ,d&ds&mQijj[kdj ltk,a rks 12000 dksf'kdkvksa dh mQapkbZ feydj ,d&bap gksxhA

bruk t:j Fkk fd os izpqj ek=kk esa FkhaA dYiuk djsa ,d fMCcs dhftldh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ 1@25&bap gks vkSj mQapkbZ Hkh 1@25&bap dh gksA,sls fMCcs dks vki eqf'dy ls ns[k ik,axsA

vc vki bl fMCcs dks jDr ls HkjsaA ,d cwan jDr ,sls 50 fMCcksa dksvklkuh ls Hkj ik,xkA ,sls ,d NksVs fMCcs esa yxHkx 50 yk[k yky dksf'kdk,agksaxhA 1852 esa ;g vakdM+k teZu oSKkfud dkyZ iQh:V us lq>k;kA

jDr ges'kk yky ugha gksrk gSA iQsiQM+ksa ls okilh ds ckn gh jDr dk jaxyky gksrk gSA iQsiQM+ksa esa jDr gok lks[krk gSA bl yky jDr dks ck;haosfUVªhdy iwjs 'kjhj esa iEi djrh gSA 'kjhj bl gok dk mi;ksx djrk gS vkSjogak ls okfil vkus okyk jDr xgjs uhys jax dk gksrk gSA ogak ls jDr ân; esaokfil vkrk gS vkSj ogak ls iQsiQM+ksa esa tkdj fiQj yky curk gSA

gkFk dh f'kjk,a

20

bl rF; dh 1669 esa ,d fczfV'k MkDVj fjpMZ yksvj (1631&1691) us[kkst dhA vkjVªht (/efu;ksa) eas cgus okyk [kwu (iQsiQM+ksa dh vksj tkus okysjDr dks NksM+dj) ges'kk yky gksrk gS vkSj mls vkjVhfj;y&CyM ([kwu)dgrs gSaA blds foijhr osUl (f'kjkvksa) esa cgus okys [kwu (iQsiQM+ksa ls vkusokys jDr dks NksM+dj) xgjs jax dk gksrk gS vkSj mls ^ohul&CyM* dgrs gSaA

vxj vkidh Ropk xksjs jax dh gks rks vki viuh gFksyh ds fupysfgLls dks ns[ksaA vkidks ogak f'kjk,a fn[kkbZ nsaxh tks ohul&jDr dks vkids ân;rd okfil ys tk jgh gksaxhA vkidks Ropk ds uhps oks uhyh js[kkvksa tSlhfn[ksaxhA muesa jDr cg jgk gksxk ij oks yky jDr ugha gksxkA

vxj vkidh Ropk xgjs jax dh gS] ;k fiQj vki ckgj lwjt dh rst /wi esa dkiQh nsj fcrk dj vk, gSa rks fiQj vkidh gFksyh ds mYVs fgLls esa ;gf'kjk,a ugha fn[ksaxhA iqjkus tekus eas cgqr /uh yksx gh lwjt dh /wi ls [kqndks cpk ikrs FksA ckdh xjhc yksxksa dks fnu Hkj /wi esa [ksr&[kfygkuksa esa dkedjuk iM+rk FkkA rc fliQZ ;wjksi ds /uh yksx ftudh Ropk xksjh Fkh vkSj tks/wi ls cps jgrs Fks gh viuh uhyh&f'kjkvksa dks ns[k ikrs FksA blh fy,mPp&oxZ ds /uoku yksxksa dks dHkh&dHkh ^Cyw&CyM* (uhys [kwu okys) Hkhdgrs gSaA

vxj fdlh nq?kZVuk esa dHkh ul dV x;h rks mlesa ls dHkh uhyk [kwuugha fudyrk FkkA dVh ul ls ckgj vkus okyk [kwu tSls gh gok ds lEidZ esavkrk mldk jax yky gks tkrkA

gok esa oks D;k pht Fkh ftlls [kwu yky cukrk Fkk\

1774 esa ,d fczfV'k jklk;u'kkL=kh tkstsiQ izhLVys (1733&1804) us ,dubZ xSl [kksthA bl xSl esa vkx cgqr rsth ls pedrs gq, tyrh FkhA vxjfdlh fcuk yiV okys lqyxrh gqbZ ydM+h dks bl xSl esa yk;k tkrk rks oks //d dj tyus yxrh FkhA

1778 esa ,d Úsap jklk;u'kkL=kh vaVksbu ykSjsaV ykokts (1743&1794) usfn[kk;k fd gok esa nks vyx&vyx xSlsa gksrh gSaA mlesa ls 1@5 Hkkx izhLVys dhxSl ftls ykokts us ^vkWDlhtu* uke fn;k gksrk gSA ckdh 4@5 fgLlk^ukbVªkstu* uke dh xSl dk gksrk gSA

vkWDlhtu] jDr ds lkFk feydj mlds pedhyk yky cukrh gSAvkjVhfj;y&CyM (/efu;ksa esa cgus okyk [kwu) vkWDlhtfuÑr gksrk gSA

1857 esa ,d teZu oSKkfud twfy;l yksFkj es;j (1830&1895) usfn[kk;k fd vkWDlhtu vkerkSj ij jDr ds rjy Hkkx ds ugha feyrh gSA

21

vkWDlhtu yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls feyrh gSA

rc rd ;g ekywe iM+ pqdk Fkk fd 'kjhj dh dksf'kdkvksa esa izksVhuuked tfVy inkFkZ gksrs gaSA gjsd izksVhu cgqr ls v.kqvksa ls feydj curk gSftUgsa ijek.kq dgrs gSaA vkSj izksVhu dk gjsd ijek.kq lSdM+ksa ;k gtkjksa v.kqvksals feydj curk gSA 1851 esa teZu oSKkfud vkWVks iQqdw (1828&1879) usyky dksf'kdkvksa ls ,d izksVhu gkfly fd;kA ,d vU; teZu jklk;u'kkL=khvjusLV iQsfyDl gksiq >s;yj (1825&1895) us bl izksVhu dks 'kq¼hdj.k djmldk vè;;u fd;kA

yky dksf'kdk ls fudys izksVhu dks ^gheksXyksfcu* dgrs gSaA ^gheks* dk;wukuh esa vFkZ jDr gksrk gS vkSj ^Xyksfcu* ,d izksVhu dk uke gksrk gSAblfy, ^gheksXyksfcu* ,d ^jDr&izksVhu* gSA

tc jDr iQsiQM+ksa esa ls xqtjrk gS rc gok esa ekStwn vkWDlhtu xgjs jaxds gkseksXyksfcu ls feydj pedhys yky jax dh vkWDlh&gkseksXyksfcu cukrhgSA blesa vkWDlhtu <hys rjg ls idM+h gqbZ gksrh gS ftlls fd tc jDrdsf'kdkvksa esa ls 'kjhj esa ?kwes rc dksf'kdk,a vkWDlh&gkseksXyksfcu esa lsvkWDlhtu dks vklkuh ls xzg.k dj ldsaA vc ;g vkWDlh&gkseksXyksfcu nqckjkgkseksXyksfcu cu tkrk gSA

dksf'kdk,a Hkkstu }kjk feys ijek.kqvksa dks vkWDlhtu ds lkFk feykrh gSaAblls mQtkZ fuekZ.k gksrh gS vkSj 'kjhj pyus fiQjus dk dke dj ikrk gSA

1747 essa ,d bVSfy;u jklk;u'kkL=kh foaflUtks ,aVksfu;ks esutsuh(1704&1759) us jDr esa vYi ek=kk esa yksgk ik;kA mls yxk fdyky&dksf'kdkvksa esa yksgk gksrk gSA ckn esa ;g ekywe iM+k fd gkseksXyksfcu dsgjsd ijek.kq esa yksgs ds pkj v.kq gksrs gSaA vly esa bu yksgs ds v.kqvksa dslkFk gh vkWDlhtu ds v.kq tkdj tqM+rs gSaA

'kjhj esa ls [kwu fudyus ls O;fDr esa yksgs dh deh vkrh gSA vxjmlds Hkkstu esa yksgs dh i;kZIr ek=kk ugha gqbZ rks mlds 'kjhj esa yksgs dhdeh jgrh gS vkSj oks jDr{kh.krk (,uhfe;k) dk f'kdkj gksrk gSA mldk [kwui;kZIr ek=kk esa vkWDlhtu bdV~Bh ugha dj ikrk gS vkSj blls mlds 'kjhj esamQtkZ dh deh cuh jgrh gSA ,uhfe;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr [kqn dks ges'kk Fkdkeglwl djrk gSA

vxj fdlh O;fDr dh pksV esa ls cgqr [kwu cgk gks vkSj mlls 'kjhj esa[kwu dh deh gqbZ gks\ D;k fdlh tkuoj dk [kwu ml O;fDr ds 'kjhj esabatsD'ku ls p<+k;k tk ldrk gS\

22

1600 esa bl ij iz;ksx gqvk vkSj ,d tkuoj esa nwljs dk jDr p<+k;kx;kA 1666 esa fjpMZ yksvj us igyh ckj fdlh tkuoj dk [kwu ,d balku dksp<+k;kA

dHkh&dHkh ckgjh [kwu dke djrk dHkh ughaA dHkh&dHkh ckgjh [kwup<+k, tkus ds ckn yksxksa dh e`R;q gks tkrhA blfy, MkDVj bl rduhd dksvf/d mi;ksx esa ugha ykrs FksA

,d fczfV'k MkDVj tsEl CyuMy (1790&1877) us var esa ;glqfuf'pr fd;k fd ,d tkuoj dk jDr mlh iztkfr ds tkuoj ds fy,lgk;d gksxkA blfy, vxj fdlh balku dks [kwu dh t:jr iM+s rks oks [kwufdlh nwljs balku dk gh gksA 1818 ls mlus t:jrean ejhtksa esa vU; LoLF;yksxksa dk [kwu p<+kuk 'kq: fd;kA

,slk p<+k;k [kwu dHkh dke djrk vkSj dHkh ughaA tc oks dke ughadjrk rks ,slk yxk tSls p<+k, x, [kwu dh yky&dksf'kdk,a ejht dh jDrf'kjkvksa esa dldj ca/ ;k ^,XywVhusV* gks xbZ gksaA vxj yky&dksf'kdkvksa dsvyx us gksus okys xqPNs p<+k, x, rks muls ejht dh gkyr igys ls Hkh vkSj[kjkc gksus dk vans'kk FkkA mlls ejht ej Hkh ldrk FkkA

1900 esa vkfLVª;u MkDVj dkyZ ySaMLVkbuj (1868&1943) us bl xqRFkhdks lqy>k;kA viuh [kkst esa mUgsa pkj vyx&vyx izdkj dhyky&dksf'kdk,a feyhaA dqN yksxksa dh yky&dksf'kdk,a esa ^,* izdkj dkjklk;u esa tqM+k gksrk vkSj dqN essa ^ch* izdkj dk jklk;uA blhfy, ge ^,*vkSj ^ch* izdkj ds [kwu dh ckr djrs gSaA ftu yksxksa esa nksuksa jklk;u Fks mUgsa^,&ch* Js.kh eas j[kk tkrkA ftu yksxksa esa dksbZ Hkh jklk;u ugha Fkk mUgsa ,dvyx Js.kh ^vks* esa j[kk tkrkA

vxj ,d izdkj ds [kwu dks vyx izdkj ds [kwu okys ejht dks p<+k;ktkrk rks oks vDlj ^,XywVhusV* gksrk FkkA blfy, t:jh Fkk fd ejht dksmlds [kwu ds izdkj okyk gh [kwu p<+k;k tk,A fdlh vkikr fLFkfr esa^,&ch* [kwu okyk ejht ^,* vkSj ^ch* nksuksa Vkbi ds [kwu dks Lohdkj djsxkAijUrq ^,&ch* [kwu feyuk cgqr nqyZHk gksrk gSA iPphl esa ls dsoy ,dvejhdk dk [kwu gh ^,&ch* Vkbi dk gksrk gSA

^,* Vkbi vkSj ^ch* Vkbi okys ejht lgtrk ls ^vks* Vkbi dk jDrLohdkj dj ldrs gSaA blfy, jDrnku esa tc [kwu bdV~Bk fd;k tkrk gS rks^vks* Vkbi lcls mi;ksxh gksrk gSA ^vks* Vkbi [kwu dks fdlh ejht dks fcukfdlh [krjs ds fn;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ^vks* Vkbi ds ejht dsoy ^vks*

23

Vkbi ds [kwu dks gh Lohdkjrs gaSA yxHkx vk/s vejhdh ^vks* Vkbi ds gSaA1930 esa ySaMLVkbuj dks [kwu dh vyx Jsf.k;ak [kkstus ds fy, ukscsy iqjQLdkjfeykA

dqN yksx yky&dksf'kdkvksa dks muds uke ls cqykuk ilan ugha djrs gSaA

1831 esa ,d LdWkfV'k oSKkfud jkWcVZ czkmu (1773&1858) usdksf'kdkvksa ds vanj ,d NksVk <akpk [kkstkA mlus bl <akps dks ukfHk ;kU;wfDy;l uke fn;kA ckn esa irk pyk fd gjsd dksf'kdk ds vanj ,dU;wfDy;l gksrk gSA vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd dksf'kdk dk lclsegRoiw.kZ Hkkx mldk U;wfDy;l gksrk gSA U;wfDy;l ds vanj ,d inkFkZ gksrkgS ftlls fd oks ,d&dksf'kdk dks nks&dksf'kdkvksa esa cakV ldrk gSA U;wfDy;lds fcuk dksf'kdk,a viuh la[;k esa o`f¼ ugha dj ldrh gSaA

balkuksa (vkSj dbZ vU; tkuojksa) dh yky&dksf'kdkvksa esa U;wfDy;l ughagksrk gS vkSj blfy, os lPph dksf'kdk,a ugha gksrh gSA bl otg ls mUgsayky&df.kdk (dkSjiqly) cqyk;k tkrk gSA

yky&dksf'kdk,a ;k yky&df.kdk,a (vki mUgsa tks Hkh cqykuk pkgsa)U;wfDy;l u gksus ds dkj.k cgqr le; rd ftUnk ugha jgrh gSaA fiQj Hkh okscgqr Je djrh gSa & 'kjhj esa b/j&m/j ?kwe dj yxkrkj vkWDlhtu bdV~Bkdjds mls ckj&ckj 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dks nsrh gSaA 125 fnuksa ds ckn oksVwVuk 'kq: gksrh gSaaA oks 'kjhj ds ,d vax & frYyh (Liyhu) esa bdV~Bh gksrhgSa tgak 'kjhj ds ckdh vif'k"V ds lkFk mudh Hkh liQkbZ gksrh gSA

Liyhu dh fLFkfr

24

'kjhj ds vanj izR;sd lsd.M 20 yk[k yky&dksf'kdk,a VwVrh gSaA D;ksafd'kjhj esa bruh vf/d yky&dksf'kdk,a gSa blfy, ;g 20 yk[k vf/d ek;usugha j[krh gSaA lkFk&lkFk vfLFk&eTtk (cksu eSjks) esa yxkrkj ubZyky&dksf'kdk,a dks fuekZ.k Hkh tkjh jgrk gS & yxHkx mlh xfr ls ftljÝrkj ls oks [kRe gks jgh gSaA ubZ yky&dksf'kdk,a mu ikyd dksf'kdk,a lsiSnk gksrh gSa ftuesa U;wfDy;l gksrk gSA

4 liQsn dksf'kdk,a vkSj IysVysV~l

oSls jDr izokg esa lcls vf/d ek=kk esa feyus okyh yky&dksf'kdk,agksrh gSa] ijUrq muds lkFk jDr esa vU; phtsa Hkh rSjrh gSaA

1850 esa ,d Úsap MkDVj tkstiQ dklhehj nkgoku (1812&1882) dks[kwu esa dqN ,slh dksf'kdk,a fn[kkbZ nha tks lkekU; yky&dksf'kdk,a ls cgqrcM+h FkhaA ftu dksf'kdkvksa dks nkgoku us ns[kk mudh xfr cgqr dqN ^vehck*ds pyus&fiQjus ls feyrh&tqyrh FkhA vehck cgqrk;r esa ik, tkus okyk,d&dksf'kdh; izk.kh gksrk gS ftls vklkuh ls ekbØksLdksi }kjk rkykc ds ikuhesa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vehck ftl fn'kk esa vkxs c<+uk pkgrk gS oks ml vksjvius 'kjhj dks rsth ls iQqykrk gSA fiQj dksf'kdk dk rjy ml iQwys gq, Hkkxesa ?kqlrk gSA bl chp ogak ,d vkSj fgLlk iQwyrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ;gflyflyk tkjh jgrk gSA blh izdkj jDr esa ihys jax dh dksf'kdk,a rSjrh gSaA

1869 esa nkgoku us fn[kk;k fd ;g dksf'kdk,a jDr esa ekStwn ckgjhinkFkksZa (iQkjsu&ckWMh) dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjdj mls lks[k ysrh FkhaA

yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls fHkUu bu dksf'kdkvksa dks vDlj liQsn&dksf'kdk(OgkbV&lsYl) cqyk;k tkrk gSA liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa esa gheksXyksfcu ugha gksrk gSvkSj u gh muesa fdlh izdkj dk jax gksrk gSA blhfy, mudk jax FkksM+k ihykgksrk gSA oks yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSa D;ksafd os lEiw.kZ gksrh gSaA gjliQsn&dksf'kdk esa ,d U;wfDy;l gksrk gS tks dkiQh cM+k gksrk gSA 1855 esaoSKkfud mUgsa ̂ Y;wdkslkbV~l* cqykus yxsA ̂ Y;wdkslkbV~l* ,d ;wukuh 'kCn gSftldk eryc gksrk gS liQsn&dksf'kdkA

liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k yky&dksf'kdkvksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr degksrh gSA 650 yky&dksf'kdkvksa ij fliQZ ,d liQsn&dksf'kdk gksrh gSA blhfy,rks liQsn&dksf'kdk dh [kkst bruh nsj ckn gqbZA 650 yky&dksf'kdkvksa ij

25

fliQZ ,d liQsn&dksf'kdk gksus ds ckotwn jDr esa dqy feykdj djksM+ksaliQsn&dksf'kdk,a gksrh gSaA

1860 ds ckn ls jklk;u'kkL=kh rjg&rjg dh u, Ñf=ke jax (Mkbt)cukus yxsA ,d teZu MkDVj ikWy ,gjfyd (1854&1915) dh bu Ñf=kejaxksa dks bLrseky djus esa fo'ks"k jQfp FkhA mUgsa yxrk Fkk fd ;g Ñf=ke jaxdksf'kdkvksa ds vanj ds inkFkZ }kjk lks[ks tk,axs vkSj mlls ;g vn`'; inkFkZfn[kus yxsaxsA fofHkUu Ñf=ke jax dksf'kdk ds vanj vyx&vyx inkFkksZa lsizfrfØ;k djsaxs vkSj 'kk;n mlls dksf'kdk ds vanj ds NksVs&NksVs <akpksa dkvPNh rjg vè;;u djuk lEHko gksxkA (jaxksa ds fcuk dksf'kdkvkas ds vanjdqN Hkh ns[kuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA dksf'kdk ds vanj lHkh <akps ikjn'khZ gksrs gSavkSj os ,d&nwljs dh ijNkabZ utj vkrs gSa)A

,gjfyd us fofHkUu Ñf=ke jaxksa dk mi;ksx vusdksa dksf'kdkvksa ij fd;kA1875 esa mlus Ñf=ke jaxksa dk iz;ksx liQsn&dksf'kdkvkas ij fd;k vkSj ik;k fdlHkh liQsn&dksf'kdk,a dh jaxksa ij leku izfrfØ;k ugha gksrhA oksliQsn&dksf'kdkvkas dks vyx&vyx lewgksa esa cakVus esa liQy gq,A vktdy

jDr dksf'kdk

yky&dksf'kdk,a

liQsn&dksf'kdk,a

26

ge liQsn&dksf'kdkvkas ds iakp lewgksa dks vPNh rjg tkurs gSa vkSj lkekU;ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudk ,d&nwljs dh rqyuk esa vuqikr fLFkj jgrk gSA vxjmuesa ls fdlh ,d dk Hkh vuqikr xM+cM+krk gS rks mlls MkDVjksa dks dksbZchekjh gksus dh psrkouh feyrh gSA

dHkh&dHkh vfLFk&eTtk (cksu eSjks) esa t:jr ls T;knkliQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxrk gSA mlls jDr esa liQsn&dksf'kdkvksadh ek=kk lkekU; ls 150&xquh T;knk gks tkrh gSA jDr esa ckdh dksf'kdkvksa dhHkhM+ gksrh gS vkSj mlds dkj.k jDr lkekU; :i ls dk;Z ugha djrk gSA blfLFkfr dks ^Y;wdhfe;k* dgrs gSa vkSj ;g ,d cgqr xEHkhj chekjh gSA

:lh oSKkfud by;k byf;p espfudkSiQ (1845&1916) dh ̂ cSDVªhfj;k*esa xgjh jQfp FkhA ^cSDVªhfj;k* ,d&dksf'kdh; tho gksrs gSaA mudk vkdkjvehck ls dgha NksVk gksrk gS vkSj oks yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh cgqr NksVs gksrsgSaA 1860 esa Úsap jklk;u'kkL=kh yqbZ ik'pj (1822&1895) us fn[kk;k Fkk fd^cSDVªhfj;k* 'kjhj esa ?kqldj viuh la[;k dks c<+krs gSa ftlls reke vkechekfj;ak iQSyrh gSaA

ij ;g ^cSDVªhfj;k* gekjs vklikl pkjksa rjiQ gksrs gSa & gok esa] ikuhvkSj feV~Vh esaA tc dHkh gekjs 'kjhj esa dksbZ dV (pksV) yxrh gS vkSj^cSDVªhfj;k* mls dVs Hkkx esa ls 'kjhj esa t:j izos'k djrs gSaA fiQj chekfj;ksa lsgekjh e`R;q D;ksa ugha gksrh\

espfudkSiQ us bl leL;k dk xEHkhjrk ls vè;;u fd;kA mlus ik;k fd'kjhj tgak Hkh dVrk gS ogak jDr cgqr vf/d la[;k esa liQsn&dksf'kdk,aigaqpkrk gSA ogak ij bruk [kwu igqaprk gS fd oks fgLlk yky gksdj iQwy tkrkgSA vkSj jDr ds ncko ds dkj.k ogak nnZ gksus yxrk gSA

dVs LFkku ij igaqprs gh liQsn&dksf'kdk,a 'kjhj esa laØe.k (baiQSD'ku)iSnk djus okys cSDVªhfj;k ij vkØe.k djrhaA vDlj liQsn&dksf'kdk,acSDVªhfj;k dks u"V dj chekjh dks iQSyus ls jksdrha gSaA

blfy, 'kjhj esa ekStwn liQsn&dksf'kdk,a fdlh laØe.k (baiQSD'ku) dsf[kykiQ igyh lqj{kk iznku djrh gSaA 'kjhj esa tgak dgha Hkh cSDVªhfj;k us izos'kfd;k gks ogak liQsn&dksf'kdk,a rqjUr tkdj mlds [kkRes dk dke djrh gSaAdVs LFkku ij oks rqjUr igqapsa blfy, jDr esa ges'kk liQsn&dksf'kdk,a ekStwnjgrh gSaA

espfudkSiQ us cSDVªhfj;k [kkus okyh liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dks ̂ iQSxkslkbV~l*uke fn;kA ;wukuh esa ^iQSxkslkbV~l* dk eryc gksrk gS dksf'kdk [kkus okykA

27

lkFk&lkFk liQsn&dksf'kdk,a 'kjhj dks mlds csdkj fgLlksa ls Hkh NqVdkjkfnykrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN liQsn&dksf'kdk,a mu cw<+s vkSj VwVus okyhyky&dksf'kdkvksa dks lks[k ysrh gSaA

cSDVªhfj;k dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjdj liQsn&dksf'kdk,a mUgsa u"V djrh gSaA

28

,gjfyd vkSj espfudkSiQ dkss liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa ij fd, 'kks/ vkSjvkjksX; ds vU; {ks=kksa esa dke djus ds fy, 1908 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj iznkufd;k x;kA

tc fdlh xqCckjs ;k dkj ds Vk;j esa iapj gksrk gS rks mlesa ls lkjh gokckgj fudy tkrh gSA tc xeZ ikuh dh jcj dh cksry esa iapj gksrk gS rksmlesa ls lkjh ikuh cg tkrk gSA ij tc 'kjhj dk dksbZ fgLlk dVrk gS rksmlesa ls Hkh jDr ckgj fudyrk gS ijUrq FkksM+h nsj ckn jDr dk cguk can gkstkrk gSA vxj 'kjhj cgqr cqjh rjg ls t[eh u gqvk gks rks dqN nsj ckn [kwucguk can gks tkrk gS vkSj ogak ,d FkDdk ;k ^DykV* cu tkrk gSA

;g DykV bl izdkj curk gS ++ + +

jDr esa fiQczksftu uke dk izksVhu ?kqyk gksrk gSA tc 'kjhj dVus ds ckn[kwu gok ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS rks fiQczksftu ds <akps esa dqN cny gksrh gSvkSj oks fiQczksftu ls fiQfczu esa cny tkrk gSA ;g fiQfczu ?kksy esa ugha jgrkvkSj yEcs /kxksa ds :i esa ckgj vkrk gS tks yky&dksf'kdkvksa dks iQalkrk gSAblls t[e ds ckgj ,d lw[kh iiM+h curh gS vkSj mlls Ropk ds Bhd gksusrd [kwu fudyrk can gks tkrk gSA

^DykfVax* dk vè;;u djrs le; oSKkfudksa us ,d ckr ij vpjtgqvk & tc 'kjhj ds dVs fgLls ls jDr cgrk gS rHkh DykfVax D;ksa gksrk gS\tc jDr f'kjkvksa esa [kwu cgrk gS ml le; DykfVax D;ksa ugha gksrk gS\

(okLro esa ,slk Hkh dHkh&dHkh gksrk gS] ij cgqr fcjys ghA dHkh jDrdh /kjk esa ,d FkDdk cu tkrk gS vkSj oks fdlh eghu jDr f'kjk esa iQaldj mlesa ls [kwu ds cgko dks jksdrk gSA blls fny dk nkSjk ;k ?kkrd LVªksdvk ldrk gS tks tkuysok gks ldrk gSA oSlh DykfVax dh izfØ;k dkiQh cf<+;kdke djrh gS vkSj cgqr de xM+cM+krh gSA blfy, yksxksa dks [kkldj ;qokvksadks mldh T;knk fiQØ ugha djuh pkfg, D;ksafd muds 'kjhj dh e'khujh rcubZ gksrh gSA)

DykfVax ds lEca/ esa gesa vkSj rc irk pyk tc 1842 esa Úsap oSKkfud,YiQMZ Mksgus (1801&1878) us jDr/kjk esa ,d vU; izdkj ds oLrq ds rSjusdk mYys[k fd;kA

29

1882 esa bVkyoh MkDVj xw;fy;ks fltSj fcV~llksVsljks us jDr esa lkekU;:i ls ik, tkus okyh ,d vU; pht dk vè;;u fd;kA bldk DykfVax dslkFk dqN lEca/ FkkA mlus bu phtksa dks ^IysVysV~l* dk uke fn;k D;ksafdmudk vkdkj NksVh r'rfj;ksa ;k IysV~l ls feyrk&tqyrk FkkA (okLro esa oks nkseqag&tqM+h IysV~l tSls fn[krh Fkha)A mudk uke ^FkzkSEckslkbV~l* Fkk ftldk;wukuh esa eryc gksrk gS FkDds cukus okyh dksf'kdk,aA

njvly IysVysV~l lkekU; yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh NksVh gksrh gSaA nksIysVysV~l dks lVkdj j[kus ls mudk O;kl ,d yky&dksf'kdk ds cjkcjgksxkA vkSj vkB IysVysV~l dk feydj Hkkj ,d yky&dksf'kdk ftruk gksxkA

liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dh rqyuk esa IysVysV~l dh la[;k dgha vf/d gksrhgSA IysVysV~l dh dksbZ ukfHk ugha gksrh vkSj os yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh T;knkuktqd gksrh gSaA os dsoy ukS fnuksa rd thfor jgrh gSa vkSj mlds ckn esamudk {k; gksrk gS vkSj fiQj mUgsa fBdkus yxkuk gksrk gSA ij lkFk&lkFk ubZIysVysV~l dk fuekZ.k yxkrkj tkjh jgrk gSA

tc rd IysVysV~l jDr/kjk esa cgrh jgrh gSa rc rd oks vPNh gkyresa jgrh gSaA ijUrq tSls gh 'kjhj dVrk gS vkSj mlesa ls [kwu cguk 'kq: gksrkgS mlh oDr IysVysV~l gok ds lEidZ esa vkrh gSa vkSj VwVus yxrh gSaA

jDr esa dksf'kdk,a vkSj IysVysV~l

yky jDr dksf'kdk,a

IysVysV~l

liQsn jDr dksf'kdk,a

30

VwVrh IysVysV~l jDr/kjk esa ,d u;k inkFkZ ?kksyrh gSaA bl inkFkZ ls dbZjklk;fud izfØ;k,a 'kq: gksrh gSa ftuls var esa iQkbczksftu cnydj iQkbfczucurk vkSj DykV iSnk djrk gSA

vki vpjt dj jgs gksaxs fd blds fy, ,d yEch jklk;fud izfØ;k,adh D;k t:jr\ fliQZ iQkbczksftu cnydj iQkbfczu vkSj fiQj DykV D;kas ughacurk\

okLro esa DykV dk cuuk ,d cgqr uktqd dke gSA jDr f'kjkvksa esaDykV ugha cuus pkfg,A IysVysV~l dks b/j&m/j cgus ds nkSjku cgqr /Ddk&eqDdh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS vkSj /efu;ksa dh nhokjksa ,oayky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Vdjkrs oDr muds VwVus dk vans'kk jgrk gSA blfy, 'kjhjdks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk iM+rk gS fd ;g cgqr ls ifjorZu f'kjkvksa vkSj /efu;ksa ds vanj ugha gksaA dgha ,slk u gks fd jDr cgqr tYn DykV gksus yxsA

nwljh vkSj DykV cuus dh iwjh izfØ;k dkiQh tfVy gksrh gSA dqN yksxksaesa DykfVax dh leLr izfØ;k dks iwjh djus ds fy, i;kZIr jklk;u ugha gksrsArc muds [kwu us FkDds ugha curs vkSj DykfVax vxj gksrh gS rks cgqreqf'dy ls gksrh gSA muds 'kjhj esa yxk NksVs ls ?kko esa ls Hkh yxkrkj [kwufjlrk jgsxk vkSj ;g blls mudh e`R;q gksus dh lEHkkouk Hkh cuh jgsxhA

bl fLFkfr dks ̂ gseksiQhfy;k* dgrs gSaA

31

t[e

yky jDr dksf'kdk,a IykTekRopk

jDr dh ulsaIysVysV~l

jDr ds FkDds cuuk

liQsn jDr dksf'kdk,a

iQkbfczu ds /kxs

iiM+h dk cuuk

32

5 IykTek

jDr ds vanj liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa] yky&dksf'kdkvksa vkSj IysVysV~l dslqfuf'fpr vkdkj gksrs gSaA budk jDr ds ^vkdkj okys rRo* dgrs gSaA

jDr ds bu lHkh vkdkj okys rRoksa dks vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldsfy, cgqr rst xfr ls jDr ds crZu dks xksy&xksy ?kqekuk gksrk gSA tc fdlhpht dks rsth ls xksy ?kqek;k tkrk gS rks mldh izo`fr dsanz ls ckgj dh vksjtkus dh gksrh gSA eku yhft, vkids gkFk esa ,d xsan gS tks jcj dh Mksj lsca/h gS vkSj vki mls rsth ls xksy&xksy ?kqek jgs gSaA /hjs&/hjs xsan vkids gkFkls nwj tk,xh vkSj blls jcj dh Mksj f[kapsxh vkSj var esa VwV tk,xhA

tSls&tSl jDr dk crZu rsth ls ?kwesxk oSls&oSls jDr ds ^vkdkj okysrRo* crZu ds isans dh vksj f[kap dj tk,axsA var esa ^vkdkj okys rRo* uhpsryh esa cSB tk,axs vkSj vki mQij okys ikuh tSls rjy dks fuFkkj dj fudkyldrs gSaA

^vkdkj okys rRo* jDr dk yxHkx 45 izfr'kr fgLlk gksrs gSaA vkSj ikuhokyk rjy yxHkx 55 izfr'kr Hkkx gksrk gSA ikuh tSls rjy dks ^IykTek*dgrs gSaA ^IykTek* ,d ;wukuh 'kCn gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS vkdkj foghugksukA

IykTek ds dkj.k gh jDr rjy tSlk crkZo djrk gSA vxj jDr esadsoy ^vkdkj okys rRo* gksrs rks ân; mUgsa b/j&m/j cgk dj ugha ys tkikrkA njvly IykTek cgrk gS vkSj oks vius lkFk vkdkj okys rRoksa dkscgkdj ys tkrk gSA IykTek ds gh tfj, yky&dksf'kdk,a iQsiQM+ksa esa vkWDlhtuysus ds fy, vkSj fiQj ckn esa leLr 'kjhj dks vkWDlhtu lIykbZ djus dsfy, tkrh gSaA IykTek tgak Hkh 'kjhj esa cSDVhfj;k ls yM+us dh t:jr gksrh gSogak IysVysV~l dks ysdj tkrk gSA IykTek ds gh tfj, IysVysV~l 'kjhj esa mulHkh LFkkuksa ij igqaprh gSa tgak [kwu jksdus dh t:jr gksrh gSA

bl lcds lkFk&lkFk IykTek 'kjhj ds vU; vaxksa dh Hkh lgk;rk djrkgSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ftxj (;Ñr) esa reke jklk;fud izfØ;kvksa ds gksus dsdkj.k ogak cgqr vf/d mQ"ek mRiUu gksrh gSA vxj ;g xehZ ftxj esa ghcuh jgsxh rks mlls varr% ftxj dh lHkh dksf'kdkvksa dh e`R;q gks tk,xhA blhizdkj Ropk dh dksf'kdk,a ckgj gok esa viuh mQ"ek dks yxkrkj iQsadrh jgrhgSaA vxj os yxkrkj ,slk djrh jgha rks os varr% ,dne BaMh iM+ tk,axh vkSjej tk,axhA

33

IykTek ftxj dh xehZ dks lks[krh gS vkSj mlls ftxj BaMk jgrk gSAogh xehZ IykTek Ropk dks mQ"ek iznku dj mls xeZ j[krh gSA bl izdkj jDrdh IykTek 'kjhj ds rkieku dks ,d vkjkenk;h Lrj ij larqfyr djrh gSAvkSj tc rd ge LoLF; jgrs gSa ;g rkieku yxHkx fLFkj jgrk gSA

tc ckgj cgqqr xehZ gksrh gS rks Ropk dh NksVh jDr f'kjk,a FkksM+k iQSyrhgSa ftlls fd muesa dqN vfrfjDr [kwu lek ldsA vkSj Ropk rd vfrfjDrmQ"ek ykbZ tkrh gS ftlls fd ge BaMd eglwl dj ldsaA BaM ds ekSle esaRopk dh NksVh jDr f'kjk,a FkksM+k fldqM+rh gSa ftlls muesa [kwu dh ek=kk dqNde gks tkrh gS vkSj rc 'kjhj ls de mQ"ek ckgj fudyrh gSA rHkh rksxfeZ;ksa ds ekSle esa gesa cgqr ilhuk vkrk gS vkSj tkM+ksa esa gekjh Ropk dqNuhyh iM+ tkrh gSA

vxj IykTek esa fliQZ ikuh gksrk rks Hkh oks mQ"ek dks b/j ls m/j ystkus dk dke djrkA ij okLro esa IykTek esa dsoy 92 izfr'kr gh ikuh gksrkgSA ckdh 8 izfr'kr ckgj ds fofHkUu inkFkZ gksrs gSa tks mlesa ?kqys gksrs gSaA ;g?kqys inkFkZ Hkh 'kjhj dk larqyu cuk, j[kus esa egRoiw.kZ jksy fuHkkrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN jklk;fud ifjorZuksa ls 'kjhj esa ;k rks ^vEy*cuus yxrk gS ;k fiQj ^{kkj*A dksf'kdkvksa ds ifjos'k esa T;knk vEy ;k {kkjgksus ls mudh e`R;q dk Mj gks ldrk gSA dksf'kdk,a ,d mnklhu ifjos'k esa ghlcls vf/d LoLF; jgrh gSaA

IykTek esa ,sls jklk;u gksrs gSa tks vEy ;k {kkj ls izfrfØ;k djrs gSaAblls dksf'kdkvksa dk ifjos'k mnklhu cuk jgrk gSA

Ropk dh iQSyh gqbZ jDr f'kjk,aRopk dh fldqM+h gqbZ jDr f'kjk,a

rkieku fu;a=k.k

34

IykTek ds jklk;u lw{e jDr f'kjkvksa ls ikuh vkSj vU; inkFkksZa dk vanj;k ckgj tkuk Hkh fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;g jklk;u lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd lghinkFkZ gh ckgj&vanj tk,a vkSj cgqr T;knk ek=kk esa ikuh vanj&ckgj ugha tk,A

'kjhj ds eq[; vax

isV

xqnZk

vakr

ftxj

35

IykTek 'kjhj ds iks"k.k fy, t:jh phtsa ykrk gSA blds fy,yky&dksf'kdkvksa }kjk ykbZ vkWDlhtu i;kZIr ugha gksrhA 'kjhj dks ,sls inkFkZHkh pkfg, ftuds lkFk vkWDlhtu feydj mQtkZ iSnk dj ldsA ;g inkZFkgekjs Hkkstu ls feyrs gSaA

ge tks [kkuk [kkrs gSa oks gekjs isV vkSj vakrksa esa iprk gSA Hkkstu easekStwn tfVy ijek.kqvksa ds NksVs ljy ijek.kq curs gSa vkSj ;s vakr dh nhokj}kjk IykTek esa igqaprs gSaA bu ljy ijek.kqvksa ls ckn esa vU; tfVy ijek.kqcurs gSa tks Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx ds fy, eakM vkSj olk ds :i esa 'kjhj esa laxzgfd, tkrs gSaA 'kjhj dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj izksVhu ds ijek.kq Hkh curs gSaA

'kjhj ds rqjUr mi;ksx ds fy, IykTek esa dqN ljy ijek.kq ges'kk rSjrsjgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, mlesa Xywdkst & 'kDdj dk ,d ijek.kq ges'kkgksrk gSA 1844 esa teZu jklk;u'kkL=kh dkyZ f'kEV us igyh ckj jDr esaXywdkst dh [kkst dhA

'kjhj dh dksf'kdk,a IykTek esa ls Xywdkst lks[krh gSa vkSj fiQj mlsvkWDlhtu ls feykdj mQtkZ iSnk djrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, efLr"d dhdksf'kdk,a blds fy, Xywdkst ds vykok vkSj fdlh pht dk mi;ksx ughadjrh gSaA IykTek ds vanj iQSVh&,WflM~l Hkh gksrs gSa ftlls fd os vkWDlhtu lsfey ldsaA Xywdkst dh rqyuk esa iQSVh&,WflM~l vf/d mQtkZ iSnk djrs gSa vkSjeaklisf'k;ak mudk fo'ks"krkSj ij mi;ksx djrh gSaA

bruk lkiQ gS fd yky&dksf'kdk,a vkWDlhtu dh okgd gSa vkSj IykTekXywdkst vkSj iQSVh&,WflM~l dkA bl rjg 'kjhj dh leLr mQtkZ dh t:jrsaiwjh gksrh gSaA tSls&tSls IykTek esa Xywdkst vkSj iQSVh&,WflM~l [kRe gksrk gSoSls&oSls oks Hkkstu ls feyrk gS] ;k fiQj 'kjhj esa laxzfgr eakM vkSj olk lsfeyrk gSA vxj gesa i;kZIr ek=kk eas Hkkstu u feys rks gekjk otu fxjrk gSvkSj 'kjhj esa lafpr eakM vkSj olk dh ek=kk de gksrh gSA cgqr T;knk [kkuk[kkus ls 'kjhj esa olk dh ek=kk c<+rh gS vkSj gekjk otu Hkh c<+rk gS ftllsge eksVs gksrs gSaA

'kjhj csdkj phtsa ckgj iQsadrk gSA tc vkWDlhtu] Xywdkst vkSjiQSVh&,WflM~l ls feyrh gS rc dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM iSnk gksrh gSA 'kjhj dsfy, dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM fdlh dke dh ugha gksrh vkSj mlds bdV~Bs gkssus ls'kjhj vEyh; gksdj mldh e`R;q gks ldrh gSA

HkkX;o'k] dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM jDr ds IykTek esa ?kqy tkrh gSA jDr dsiQsaiQM+ksa ls xqtjrs le; yky&dksf'kdk,a ogak vkWDlhtu lks[krh gSa vkSj IykTek

36

ogak dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM tek djrh gSA lakl ds :i esa vanj yh xbZ gok esa80 izfr'kr ukbVªkstu vkSj 20 izfr'kr vkWDlhtu gksrh gSA ij lakl }kjk ckgjiQsadh xbZ gok esa 80 izfr'kr ukbVªkstu] 16 izfr'kr vkWDlhtu vkSj 4 izfr'krdkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM gksrh gSA

tc 'kjhj dks dqN fo'ks"k izksVhUl dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS rks os ;wfj;kds NksVs ijek.kqvksa esa VwVrs gSaA 1842 esa ;g ckr :lh jklk;u'kkL=kh ÚsMfjdgsufjd fcMj (1810&1894) ds 'kks/ ds ckn lkeus vkbZA

;wfj;k ds 'kjhj esa cus jgus ls 'kjhj dh e`R;q gks tkrhA ij ;wfj;k IykTekesa ?kqyrk gSA oks xqnsZ esa tkdj Nurk gS vkSj fiQj is'kkc }kjk 'kjhj ls ckgjiQsadk tkrk gSA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa IykTek u dsoy 'kjhj dh dksf'kdkvksa ds fy, iks"k.k ykrkgS] ij oks 'kjhj dks mldh csdkj phtksa ;kuh dpjs ls eqDr Hkh djrk gSA

'kjhj ds dqN Hkkxksa esa gkjeksUl Hkh iSnk gksrs gSaA 1902 esa bldh lclsigys [kkst nks fczfV'k oSKkfudksa & fofy;e eSMkWd cs;fyl (1860&1924)vkSj vusZLV gsujh LVkjfyax (1866&1927) us dhA lw{e ek=kk esa ;s gkjeksUl'kjhj dh dbZ xfrfof/;kas dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaaA oks IykTek ds tfj, 'kjhj dsgj ml fgLls esa igqaprs gSa tgak mudh t:jr gksrh gSA

xSl dh vnyk&cnyh

vkWDlhtu vanj

dkcZuMkbZvkWDlkbM ckgj

37

mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d gkjeksu gS ^buL;wfyu* tks dksf'kdkvksa }kjkXywdkst ds lks[kus dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA oks IykTek esa Xywdkst dh ek=kk dkslgh Lrj ij cuk, j[krk gSA i;kZIr ek=kk esa bUl;wfyu dk fuekZ.k ugha gksusls Mk;csVht uke dh xEHkhj chekjh gks tkrh gSA Mk;csVht dh chekjh esaIykTek esa Xywdkst dk Lrj cgqr mQapk pyk tkrk gSA

vktdy esfMdy takp ds nkSjku O;fDr ds [kwu dk uewuk t:j fy;ktkrk gSA mldk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fdIykTek esa ?kqys fofHkUu inkFkksZa dh ek=kk lgh vuqikr esa gSA vxj mlesa vf/dek=kk esa Xywdkst gqvk rks Mk;csVht gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA olk ;k^dksysLVksjksy* vf/d ek=kk esa gksus ls fny ds nkSjs dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSA

IykTek esa ?kqyh phtksa esa vk/s ls T;knk Hkkj izksVhUl dk gksrk gSA blesals ,d fiQCjhuksftu gSA fiQCjhuksftu dks IykTek esa ,d jklk;u Mkydj j[kktk ldrk gSA blls oks fiQfczu esa ugha cnysxkA ;k fiQj mlds fiQfczu esacnyus ds ckn esa mls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA fiQCjhuksftu jfgr IykTek dkslhje cqykrs gSaA

gok dk LFkku

dsf'kdk (dSfiyjh)

iQsiQM+ksa dk dks"B

38

ckdh izksVhUl vyx&vyx izdkj ds gksrs gSa ij jklk;fud :i ls ,dizdkj ds gksrs gSaA HkkX;o'k 1937 esa ,d LohfM'k jklk;u'kkL=kh vkusZ foygsYefrlsyhml us ^bysDVªksiQksjhfll* uke dk ,d rjhdk [kkstk ftlls leku izdkjds izksVhUl dks vyx&vyx fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl [kkst ds fy, 1948 esafrlsyhml dks ukscsy iqjQLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA

izksVhUl ds nks izeq[k lewg gksrs gSa & ,YcqfeUt vkSj Xyksc;wfyatA,YcqfeUt dks vkxs ̂ ,YiQk&,YcqfeUt*] ̂ chVk&,YcqfeUt* vkSj^xkek&,YcqfeUt* esa cakVk tk ldrk gSA ,YiQk] chVk vkSj xkek ;wukuho.kZekyk ds igys rhu v{kj gSaA

buesa ls dqN izksVhUl dqN ,sls inkFkksZa ls tqM+ tkrs gSa ftudh 'kjhj dksvYi ek=kk esa vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;s izksVhUl olk] yksgs vkSjrakcs ds v.kqvksa ls feydj mUgsa 'kjhj esa tgak t:jr gksrh gS ogak igqapkrs gSaA

xkek&Xyksc;wfyat esa ,d vn~Hkqr {kerk gksrh gSA os 'kjhj esa izos'k djusokys [krjukd ^ok;jl* ;k cSDVhfj;k }kjk iSnk fd, tgj ^VkWfDlUl* vkSj vU;gkfudkjd ijns'kh v.kqvksa ls tqM+ tkrs gSaA bu gkfudkdj v.kqvksa ls tqM+djxkek&Xyksc;wfyat mUgsa mnklhu dj nsrs gSaA tks xkek&Xyksc;wfyat bl rjg dkedjrs gSa mUgs ge ^,aVhckWMht* cqykrs gSaA

'kjhj ges'kk mi;ksxh ^,aVhckWMht* dh lIykbZ dks cjdjkj j[krk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, vxj vkidks pspd] [kljk] vkfn chekjh gks rks vkidk'kjhj ^,aVhckWMht* dk fuekZ.k dj chekjh ds thok.kqvksa ls yM+rk gS vkSjvkidks fujksxh cukus esa enn djrk gSA mlds ckn ;g ^,aVhckWMht* vkids'kjhj esa ges'kk ds fy, jgrh gSa vkSj vkidks oks chekjh fiQj nqckjk ugha gksrhgSA bl izdkj ml chekjh ls ges'kk ds fy, futkr ikrs gSa ;kuh vki mlls^bE;wu* gks tkrs gSaA

blfy, xkek&Xyksc;wfyat 'kjhj ds bE;wu&ra=k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gStks gesa chekfj;ksa ls cpkrk gSA

vkius ns[kk gksxk fd jDr gekjs fy, vyx&vyx izdkj ls cgqrmi;ksxh gSA vxj gekjs iwoZtksa us jDr dks thou dh laKk nh rks blesa mUgksausdksbZ xyrh ugha dhA mudh ckr lgh FkhA

var

39