side (lnt/ 12 on the western. all no1ches extend to the 3.2. enluation of the tools reverse side. Parallel with and near the southern edge is a carved /'ine 12 mm long. Length dis1rih11tion

1 chos.e to regwd rhe Bodrogkeresznir object as a 11ten1s symbol, although its lunar or solar shape was noted. The western of the pair of converging lines (northern edge) may be regarded as the symbol of the new moon. The 12 notches to the west of this /me sym-bolize the crescent moon. The mmotched southern side may be represenJ the 3 days of the.full moon.

The 11 no1ches on the east Side may represent the days of the waning moon.

Finally. the eastern of rile pair of lines may symbol-ize the vanished moon on rhe 28rh day (or 29th day, if we allocate 4 days to the unnotched edge: the 28. 5 days of the lunar cycle may have led primitive man ro reckon either 28 or 29 days).

This i111erpre1ation does not prevent me from main-laining thar the object is a uterus symbol, but the moon and uterus significances may be associated. "

Llngth (mm)

6-10

11-15

16-20

21-25

26-30

31-35

36-40

41-45

51-55

--

l

-Pieces

-I

16

29 - - -- -

80 -

108

167 - -

157 -

109

85 - - -------- - - - - --

(vERTES 1965, 855-856.) (See on front cover). Dimensions: 56x56x 17 mm The description of the objeol is exact and detailed,

oo more completion is needed. The bright. double in-terpretation by Laszl6 Verrcs is one of possible many interpretations.

Disc (Fig. 33 . ./- 5)

Flat. plan-parallel, slightly irregular, ovaloid disc made of phyllite. Carefully polished on two sides, the margin is profiled. Some small injuries along the distal end and rhe margin. Traces of concentrated blows on both sides, causing pits in rhe relatively soft material.

Dimensions: 92 x 81 x 88 mm .lnv. nr.: Pb 83/583

Retoucher (?) Oval retoucher made of phyllite pebble, used on

both sides with polished plane and margin. Dimensions: 4 I x 3 I x 8 mm The identical function of the rwo objects seems ap-

parent though the former one is of much finer finish.

-- -

.

5H>O

61-65

66-70

71-75

76-80

81- 85 --

86-90

91-95

96-100

101- 105

111-115

116-120

121- 125

>116

Toti!

Average: -

64 --

60

L_ 38 I 20 __ l -I _J I

II I - - - - - -I 11

! -

10

I'.! -

7

4

3

I 2 5

1124 p1ecc.s

45,11 nun -

Inv.or.Pb 64/80 Length-width racio of the tools:

The longitudinally split oval limestone pebble (Pb 641258.) withow further shaping as well as the tlat. rounded limestoae pebble with traces of use (as re-toucher, Pb 64/236.) can be considered as forerunners of the "moon calendar".

The function of the plan-parallel triangular sheet of silex with patinated surface, re-shaped peaks (Pb. 6413 I 6.) is nol known.

Dimensions:: 110 x 83 x 16 mm.

54

J, grovp n group m. group IV. group V. group

Vl. group VU. group

Total

ratio%

100--66 66-50 50-33 33-25 25-20 20-16

Bodrogkeresztt'.tr-Henye is a classical blade indus-ll), marked by the base forms of the type list and the number of the unworked regular blades. The nutncr-ous archaic tools made on nakes (e.g., side-scrapers) and the worked I geometrically broken pebble tools \\hich do not fit in a blade industry modify tbe ratio numbers.

According co me calculations by Vertes. Lhe length distribution of (a part ot) me blades at Bodrogke-reszrur-Henye is as follows: (VERTES 1966, 12.)

< JO mm 0 blades

10-'.!0 mm 5 blades

20- JOmm 2 1 blades

30-40 mm 67 blades -

40-50mm I SI blades I

50-60 mm 44 blades

60-70 mm 35 blades

70-80 mm 18 blades ,___ -80- 90 mm 6 blades

9G-100mm 4 blades --I To1;1I 251 blades __.

"transported" raw materials show high technological development skill. Significant differences between "transported" and "local" raw material working and utilisntion was demonstrated by Vertes in course of the elaboration of the Arka-Herzsnret Upper Palaeo-lithic sertlement (VERTES 1964165).

3.3. Technology

Apart from generalities of an Upper Palaeolithic tool-produdng technology, the following observations deserve special atteolioo:

Technological specialities due to the raw mate-rial applied: "Stone marrow", a thick platy-banked (tabular) lo-

cal hydrothermal raw material was specially important for people of che Bodrogkeresztlir settlement Conse-quently, and in the first place, among the anefacts made of this material, high crest, asymmetrical cross-sectioa (often c lose to a right-angle triangle) were

,Ja:quent. "Dli'etoffie natural creavage of "stone marrow", lbe

cores made of originally plan-parallel raw material ;,..Plates are prismatic, with parallelogram cross-section. I _ On tfie surtiice, sTl[x'lumps of3-4cm diameter can I I be collected and wns probably available in those days.

Their use resulted in the production of shonish blade-

\

like implements apart from Lhe classical blade tools. partly covered by cortex, as slices and segments.

Vertes separated 251 blades from the J 963. year l -CalCUThtilrg-lhe ih?erage-length in a traditional way excavation and performed statistical calculations on can be therefore misleading because this smaller sl.ze them. group of implements is connected more to raw mate-

ln the last years of his scientific career. Vertes con- }rial lhan function. The banked hydrothennal silices centrated on the quantitative analysis of morphologi- available in the immediate vic_tnity o~ si1e were cal criteria for lithic technology, shedding new light on L mainly used for macro-rools. The close analogies of the development of their makers. some i'Oagh~i.gantolit:lreS--cc>uld be found in the

He considered probability calculation a suitable material of Arka-Herzsaret, lying topographically not cool for a mathematical expression of biological devel- very far but chronologically much younger. The opment of prehistoric people. For the characterisation proximity of the abundant raw material sources lead to of the stage of development he used a factor con- a "lavishing" use of the local raw material, hydro-sidered important by Vertes, i.e. Lhe statistical distri- quartzite. bution of tool length data. The proximity of the disrri- Striking platform bution curve to ideal, Gauss-type distribution was con- ~ ~pmi fi"om OieeharacteriS'lic poiilf=IiKe striking 1 sidered as a representation of plan and finish, by the latform Lhere are also di~dre and clacionia~ / mind planning the instrument and the .more or less (110-120) and, sporadicaJly wor~~ki!'&._Plal.:l trained hand to fulfil the concept (VERTES 1968, fonns present in Lhe material. fy'he flakes are often 4-5.) ortentooooliquely, 1n'Oejcfe" fashion.

As a conclusion of his investigations, Vertes hy- Working edge polhesed a general tendency that the standardisa- Working edge occurs cypicaJly on the distal side, tion of the finds increase proportionally to the time more rarely on !he proximal end of the flake. Mulliple elapsed as the assemblages grow younger. Al the same working edges can be parallel, convergent, and some timl.!, adaptation to new raw materials is time-consum- rough loots with alternate edge (axe.adze function). ing and in the initial phase of adaptation, learning how Retouch 10 work a new material works against standardisation. Most typical retouch type is direct, but inverse. al-

Maybc this is an explanation to differences in blade temating and bifacial retouch is nlso occurring The length distribution, in spile of the fact that traditional mosl typical array of retouch is linear marginal. or

55

specially suited for the given Lool rype (abrupl and semi-abrupt). Real scaled retouch was observed on some blades and blade points. Apart from this we can observe a type of "pseudo-scaled retouch": shallow, flat retouch running up the steep distal plane of the tool, resulting in a working edge resembling scaled re-touch.

Quite often truncation is subsliLuted by one blow perpendicular to the axis of the tool. The natural cleav-age surface of the blown-off working edge is similar in its quality to the working edge elaborated by steep. blunted retouch. This type of shaping can be applied together with other techniques. combination with burin edge is especially frequent.

Burins Burin on blown-ofT blade (s~ above) is charac-

teristic; burin on truncated blade occurs much less. The natural cleavage surface of obsidian is similar to the slightly twiste.d burin chip negative. Part of rhe typical burin edges can be the resu lt of unintentional burin blows, but some are certainly intentional. The w~ngnfsome bulky burins are so intensive tliar the negatives of the aeracbed burin chips f5r a SJioulCJcr or hafting. ln such cases, 1c cou1o tuive been jusL 1fo: fili'fin eag'?'i-rself that was in the hafting, and it is diffo.:ult lo see the reason in such technical solutions (Pb 65/ 1269, 64/ l 86, 831273, 318.)

The surprisingly numerous "coarse''. large size burios may indicare an environment rich in woods. Part of these bulk-y burms are close to planes: in all case, they could be used for softer material than bone or antler. (This stacemom ~an be ~ixcially rel~\'311l for combined burins over 80 mm with som1. other re-touched working edges). Such large burins were made of local cabuJar raw material, therefore Lhcir form is close to geometrical (double pyramidal), resembling most to Brezillon's "burin prizmatique" in technical renns.

The working edge of lateral burins is often not per-pendicular to the base but incorporatl.!S an angle (around at least 70).

End-scrapers Apart from traditional end-scrapers on blade, those

on flakes are also frequent. Typical of the site we can find pieces with discoid base form, with slightly zig-zag semicircular working edge, and end-scraper re-touch (Pb 6-l/353, 289. 117, 2, 831286, 802, 277.) They recall the form of chopping-toQI derivatives.

Base forms on blade or Oake have high crest and steep ventral planes. Therefore sreep. almost rectangu-lar scraper from is typical of this industry. Th~ dorsal side of the tooJ is sloping steep towards the proximal side.

High crest and prismatic base fonn favours the pr~ence of carenoid end-scrapers which add up to the

56

Aurignacoid. or at least archaic character of the Bod-rogkercszrur industry.

Also occurring, there are end-scrapers where che shaping of Lhe working edge hardly exceeds an arched truncated blade.

Characteristic type of the assemblage is the high end-scraper, split longirudinally. Such tools resist use better and probably do nor break easily. Splitting the high fronted , carenoid end-scrapers was not accidental l>ut intenLionaJ.

Planes (rabots), chisels Similar to large, bulky careooid tools thru were,

probably, used for wood working, just like burins with similar shaping (Fig 12-14 ). Together with these, the shaping of the margin of the cores can be hardly sepa-rated from the preparation of the core base. The inten-tion could have been difforent, but the resulting rabor-like core margin could be similar at I.he two working stages.

In Hungarian technical Lermmolog)'J due toJhc oot very forrunate translatiQP qf "burin". Pan of the Hun-ganan experts seem to be crouoled by the translation of the term .. burin" (arveso),calling the tool t) pes ciseau - tyteissel and burin - . Stiebel by the same term "veso which is al leasL misunderstandable. They should be diffcrentialed at least for the different func-tion, therefore it is important 10 separate the cwo types. Chisels are typically bifacially worked tools of 6-8 cm size, the angle of thc working edge is smaller than right angle (on Lhe average, about 70), the working edge is in the plane of the blade/flake, having a wedge- like function. The working edge of the burin is formed perpendicular or at an angle to the plane of the blade, with typically carving function. Wilh a little ef-fort. flat cores. core remnants can be shaped to this type by flattening the distal or proximal end. At the same time, core preparation or use can result in :,imilar forms. The two fi.inctions do not exclude each other.

Geometrical lameUne Not mentioned in the type list, medial fragments of

bJades or par~ of them might have bad lhe same role as geometrical retoucbed blades. (See also comments on retouch; the perpendicular blow can have the same re-sult as blunting retouch)

Cores Apart from tradiuooaJ Upper Palaeolithic core

forms, the high number of prismatic - pyram idaJ cores shou ld be emphasised as a consequence of Lhe spe~ial qualities of the raw material, as well as the gcneraLiy tab1.1lar raw material pieces, ill fitted for the production of traditional blades . Diagonally split base fragments of cylindrical - conical cores are frequent.

There are numerous flat obsidian core remnants covered on one side by cortex with fine blade flake scars.

Typological-technological observatioos2 256 pieces of typical tools were analysed, selected

from both excavations and the surface collections. The distribution of the selected ru:tefacts, according 10 Ira dition:il archaeological typology is as follo-.vs:

I 08 end-scrapers I 01 burins 11 end-scraper-burin combina1ions 11 rabots 17 blades 8 worked fragments

Raw material distribution: 203 pieces of mixed silices 53 pit:c~ of obsidian The aim of our investigations was 'tO compare tech-

nical characteristics of recent cools and their hypothe sed Palaeolithic equivalents. The fact chat there are contradictions among the technical tenns used for de-scribing some artefacts and their actual function has been demonsrrated recently by se\leral traceological studies. (Fig 34)

The basic process of tool-working and shaping is cutting (slivering): from the object to be shaped, small1.:r or bigger parts are trimmed off using different lools.

The most important condition of the success of work is the selection of working angle of the tool used depending on tJte hardness of the piece to be worked. The relation of the cutting edge angle of the tool and the hardness of the material to be worked by this tool is an axiom, which can serve as a suitable starting point for detecting the rea.l function of the tools. Hard-ness of different materials is given by technical litera-ture either as abrasive hardness (Mohs' scale) or resis-rance to pressure (Brinnel's hardness). Quire often, some individual experimental series are used as "eta-lon". For bone and antler, typically not their hardness bul the bending strength is studied, because they are considered not as lhe object of the working procedure but as a tool or part of a composite tool.

The variety of indices fow1d characterise different qualities of the material thus these values cannot be converted to each other. On our graphs. on the hori zontal axis Mohs" hardness considered. As Mohs hardness is proportional to pressure resistance, Brinnel values were exLrapolatcd.

The culling edge angle of archaeological types was used to postulate the material worked by the tools. On the basis of analogy between archaeological types and recent tools, some modifications of the typology can be suggesred.

We can observe the following on the graph of cut-ting edges:

I. The working edge of end-scraper inlays is suit.able for making round sections and notches is best suited for working on wood and bone. Most of the cutting edges feU into the domain of hard wood-antler hardness. (Fig. 34)

2. Working edge of different categories of burins are more steep, the cutting angle bigger and the working edge shoner. (Fig. 35)

Higher angle indicated harder mati:rial to be worked: these edges could be adequate to work on fresh bone.

3. Obsidian tools of both type groups started with higher cutting edge angle: obsidian is more rigid, fragile and sotf than silex, by the applica-tion of pressure the cutting edge gel injured more easily.

4 . Working edge of tools made of obsidian were, by both type groups, in a significantly more narrow interval.

5. The incrementarion of the angle of working edge is not evenly distributed. Disregarding casualties and r.he possibilities of mistakes il seems that lhe cutting edge was incremented, as a rrend, in fi ve-degn:e steps.

3.4. Comparison between traditiona l archaeologi-cal types and their 1ccent equivalents (Fig. 36)

The most typical Upper Palaeolithic type group~, end-scrapers and burins were. due to their high ratio in the lithic assemblage, probably Lhe rnosr typical work-ing tools.

Using modem terminology, chisels are cut-ting(slivering) tools wir.h one edge (Fig. 37). The edge may have one or t\vo planes, lhe line of lhe edge straight or arched line straight ones can be of right an-gle or oblique. The character of the working ability of the tool, the cutting angle is determined by U1e user how the chisel is held in the hand.

Chisels are grouped according to Uteir application: Flat or ca1penter s chi.sel - this working tool corre-

spond best, in archaeological typology, to "Meissel-ciseau-doloto". The working edge is in the dorsal-\len-tral plane of the lool, opposed to most implements called Chisels today, which are the descendants of is archaeological ' 'Stichel-burin-rezec" and lheir deriva-tives: mortise chisel, plugging chisel, gouge or wedge chisel.

Wedge chisels occupy a considerably important place in the Palaeolithic tool kit as seeo in their occur-rence ratio. Tts function is still the same as in the Pa-laeolithic period. The diITerence between a Pa laeo-lithic and a modem wedge chisel (inv. nr.: Pb 64/456) is in lhe unworked interior triangular profile (Fig 37),

2 pa.niaJ results published in DOBOSl- HOMOLA 1989, 37-57.

57

I angle :1 CUTTING ANGLE OF 110

I END - SCRAPERS ! I ~I I

100 :1. ''

90 .,, i :::, . I I I

.7:1: 80

.,, :::,+

.. di++ .... ++ .r 70 -:zr+H++ . ::++ I

/+ . :: ..... I r ... +

60 ., .. + ' /+

50 ' .. , 1+ .. /+t

40 ., s1 lex I + obsld lan

11:

30 I . I . ,+ 1 ,

~ 20 ' ,.

, 1

I I 10 I

I

hard ness / Mol'ls

a Pin1m 2 3 4 5 Picea bone

E 0 Lari x c i 0 Acer ~ 0 Q c () ... ~ ::> ~ Cll Ill

Fig. 34 Cutting angle of scrapers

58

0

0

0

~

angle

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Pin us Pie ea

' '+ .. ,.

/ ., ::;Ju+

I+ .. ,+ J!C+++ ++ ..:&: +

: -/++

""':: J t+ "'1 + ,, ~

4'++ I

... , ++ ++

.;I+

' ii+ .. :t+ -, 1.I++ ., I I

-=rt I .,

I I

I I

2 3

CUTTING ANGLE OF

WEDGE . FLAT , PROFILE

CHISELS I BURINS

sllex + obsid ian

hardness I Mohs

4 5 6

Lari)l 3/ ::: c ... c Acer qi !! 0 Cl. Fag us c 0 ... ~ : ..,

Fig. 35 Cutting edge of ahlscls - burins

59

Traditional Experimental-fuoctionaJ type5 ~ (Archaeological) chisel plane

Stl'tl.ight with gnuftc reed- under- v .. spo~- wilh cypes tlnt handle she - plane cut shape have selling knife ho we I drill saw gimlet wedge: angle -endscr.lpcr

silex s 3 ,, 6 50 6 3 1 obmlion 2 ' 2 26 I I

bunn 3i/ex 19 4 26 25 I 4 2 I 7

obsidian 2 3 8 I

cndscraper stlex 4 I 4 2 -butin obsidian

-- I-

blade sf/ex I 4 6

obsidian 11 2 4 -other

sife:r 2 I I I l I >- -obsidian 2 - - - -

robot sllex I I I 2 6

obsidian I I I TOTAL: 256 21 5 1 6 40 51 93 16 J 2 2 10

Fig. 36 Archarologic.al types and hypothesed functions

as the metal working chisels a lso folio~ the Palaeo-1.ithic fuU form.

Among the end-scrapers, the double end-scraper Pb 83/582 was analysed in (Fig. 37) . Its raw material is Szcletian felsitic porphyry. The blade base form is of trapezoid cross-si.:ction. ut the distal end containing a 75 cutting I slivering edgl! and a i.emicircular style-edge, at rhe proximal 1.:nd. a 82" cuuing slwering edge and a straight I obliqul! style-edge was fom1ed. This tool can be used in two ways:

- Taking io hand the margin of the blade, sliding a long the smooth, flat ventral side. Working on wood or bone, forming or innoothing a plane, the straight working edge shou Id be used as the convex working edge would be cootacled with the surface ro be shaped on a very small surface and the effectiveness of the work would be irrationally low. Using the traditional, even end-scraper edge, a concave trough could be deepened. The modem correspondents of this function are called mortise chisels with different arcb radius.

- The other possibJe way of use is taking the tool at the dorsal-ventral plaue and slide along the 75 and 82 degree scraping edge. Using il with fo rce this way would hit the band against the substance to be worked, and the pressing force should be extended over the full length of the blade to get it Imo lhe material to be worked. This is not imaginable for a tool of this size, therefore ii is suggested chat in this function it could be used onJy hafted as a scraper inlay. Thus, similar to most of the modem cutting I slivering cools, it was functioning as a composite tool. Modern tools are made, starting from the hardened working edge till the

60

tang used for fixing the handle are made of one mate-rial. while the. handle is made of a sofier, more elastic material to resist more forces encountered during the working process.

As this end-scraper on blade in the latter function. most of Upper Palaeolithic - and. generally speaking, Palaeolithic stone tools could nol be simple tools (made of homogeneous material alone). judging from size alone. Apru1 from the shaping of the working edge, a firm grasp and optimal transfer of work.mg force had to be ensured, occasionally by comforting reoouch. The tools which were used, deduced from small working edge angle, against very hard materials could only function as stone inlays in composite tools .

Fixing the srone inlays into wood. bone or anrler socket, apart from sticking probably U1e stretching srress encountered as a counteraction to slivering was also utilised.

The analysis of robots (planes) proved that the tools classified to this group according to traditional terminology were probably used in such function.

They are tools held directly in the hand suitable for working 011 a simple ( level) surface. Jes variations an:: the following:

- arched edge, narrow plane, the cutting angle is 45 (resulting in concave ribs on Lhe worked material)

- smoothing plane with cutting angle 45-48 Tn general, we can consider che tools with one level

surface, 45-50 working edge, fi t immediately in the hand (without handle) as planes. The cutting angle of the metal inlay at modern planes used by carpenters is about 25-30.

~ \ I \ \ l

I I I

~--1 I '

:~: ) ', ~ I I

23mm--.. I I

~ I

I I I I I I

\ ___ _;

wedged chisel made of stone /full-form/

I I I I I E :

E I ~~

I I I I .._8mm I

wedged chisel made of steel

Fig. 37 Working edge nngles of end-scraper and modem chisel

Spoil shave blades can be used for the final shaping of level and space curve surfaces. Their cutting angle is perpendicular to the back panel. In our case, the steeply/perpendicularly truncated blades or the "blown-off" blades can be considered as spoil-shave blades. This latter procedure sin1plified the rather longish process of retouch by a well directed blow -the result is an edge perpendicular to the ventral plane. In some cases it should be considered that the objecr.s simply called "blade fragments" could be real cools.

Style-knifes are large hand tools used for several functions. To fulfi l lhcst: tasks, variable working edges are used: arched or lobate, nosed or concave. Their

general feature is a smooth base from where the cut-ting angles stan from. In the Palaeolithic choice, mainly core rims, large retouched crested blades cor-respond to these criteria.

Borers do not belong to the typical tool kit of the Hungarian Upper Palaeolithic period.

Among the non-retouched flakes, however, series of objects can be found the unretoucbed lobatc edge of which could be suitable for this function. The boring tip is symmetrical, edges meeting a pointed Lip with a concave edge. After this, a small "side-peak" pre-vented the tool from sticking in; in I.he correct posi-tion, splinters can be also detached from the hole by the tool.

61

We are still at the beginning of a comparative study of recent and Palaeolithic stone tool ftmctions and technology. On the basis of our modest results we can-noL make any finite statemenrs in problems like the atypical borers or, generally, the "no11-standard:ised" tools. For example, the notched or pointed flakes which were not retouched could function as '',ad hoe' tools, using the natural cleavage qualities of the raw material sparingly. Another possibility that these flakes were intentionally left in a rough-out, half-r.eady stage.

The absence of saw blades in the Upper Palaeo-lithic industries of the interstadials whh rich arboreal vegetation can only be explained by nor expecting the typical Western European saw blades ro occur here. flakes with zig-zag edge could be used as stone inlays for sawing. Unlike the teeth of a typical saw blade placed in one row, these flakes with zig-zag line, resembling however in their cutting angles to modern saw-blades were used in a different way. It was not the saw moved to and fro' in the wood but the wood itself was moved on the edge ofthe fixed saw. Cutting angle data of modem saw-blades are 60 for pine-wood and deciduous soft 1rees and for bard wood, 75. On the flakes considered suitable for sawing on Lhe basis of the array of"te.eth", the cutting angles were somewhat bigger: 70-80.

Wedges are already tools for shaping without cul-ting I slivering, i.e . splitting. They are important tools for working wood, especially without tbe saw. Their effectiveness increases by the incre-ase of the wedge angle; at the same time, the difficulty of lhe work. the force necessary for driving in the wedge is also growing.

Typically, wedges were used as inlays fixed in a socket. The ideal wedge angle for metaJ is 20-30, in case of stone wedges it is necessarily higher. Hafting is perforce necessary for the safety of the worker. Ac-cordiDg to the injuries found on the butt end of the s.tone wedges, however, this surface was not covered by hafting lo ger maximal force of the blow.

Compared to the average lool kit of Gravet-tian/Pavl.ovian senleruents, the ratio of so-called "heavy" tools is unusually high in th.e Bodrogke-r~itUr material. Tl:lese are really bulky, robust tools. A reason for this could be, in tbe first place, needs of the people: due to the rich arboreal vegetation in the interpleniglacial period, the ratio of heavy wood-shap-ing tools was probably high.

The ecological condjtions of !he Pavlovian entity were rather favourable (interst:adial periods) all over Central Europe. ln the Bod:rog-l1isza-Takta region, rich in waters, the natural endowments were even more favourable. The forestal environment, rich in ar-boreal species and the high number of tools suitable for tinlbet working indicates a varied scale of wooden

62

tools. Needs were also supported by the proximiry of abundant raw materiaJ sources.

3.5. Raw material

The 1963 excavations by Laszlo Vertes yielded about one third of the total material collected from the si te which is deposited in d1e public collections mday. Vertes e1,1a1uated the raw material distribution in the followings: 'RAW MATERlAL:

Nineteen per cent of the implements are made of obsidian.

Thirty-seven per cent of the implements are made of so-called ""stone marrow'"', a white homogeneous amorph silica-gel. This. material frequencly 1s found in planparallel tablets 2-3 cm thick. The muhi-anguiar buriJZS mid triangular amulets are nwde of such mate-riaL

The raw material of the remaining 44% of the im plements are mainly of local limnoquarzite while a few of them are of s1ndstone (retoucheurs. hammer-stones) and only a Jew are made from radiolarile or jaspe1; i. e. from raw materials which r.hey probably found in the form of pebbles at the not too disranr northern river volley. 1\110 flakes or rather blades made of ll speckled homstorie characteristic of the Polish Swiec:ieclzow originate from farther ([Way. Tins raw material is found at other Hungarian sixes. too. and we can COUJ!Jt 011 the fact that. ir travelled greater distances during the Upper Palaeolithic already as commercial goods."

(VERTES 1966. 11.)

The finds collected from two excavation and sur-face surveys are unifonn in respect of raw material utilisation, the variation in the ratios do not exceed nonnal fluctuation due to different quantitjes col-lected.

In 1982, Erno Matyas, geologist of lhe Mad Ore-amd Mineral Mining Co. investigated some raw mate-rial samples from the Bodrogkereszcur site (control samples inventoried at Pb 83/924-935. in lbe HNM Accordlng co his results, most of the loo! kit of the Upp~r Palaeollthic site originated from the in1medjate neigh.b,ourhood, the R3,lka-Mad-Tallya limnic basin of Sarmatian (Upper Miocene) age. The geomorphologi-cal scheme of the formation of Sarmatian limbic quartzite In the Ra.tka-Mad-Tallya triangle was also reconstructed by Emo Matyas. (Vig. 38) The si licifi-cation process can be conncct.ed to several phases of postvolcanic activity: sllici'lied rhyolile toff, pyro-g~nic silt, geisirite and limnic quartzite (Fig. 39). (NIA TYAS 196Q.). Siliceous bodies were easily pre-pared by local surface f ormi.Qg forces, mainly erosion

T he J 00 m thick lim nic sequence was accumJated in 1- 10 meter deep basins fed by hot spring

>S,0 2,0. s.o 0.0 .1,0 delllh ofwatu Cm) Ootn IYlter surfact mmhv m1rthv fol'CSI ~'el!dltion

slov. medium ra.u extent of entamncnt VCIV ROOd ~ bad (delta tvDe) extent of sortml!

bad medium chani!cablc Vl!l'Vl!ood OlMICIJeS!IDol\ dom1~an1 thllJll!etbJ, sih~us auantitv of colloide matenal

11ua1unc. fine c!av sandy tufiu:. fine clav sandy ll.lfite connlomcrate chanchtemtic fonnaaon

fig. 38 Geomorphological schc.me oflhe fonnation oflimnic quartzite. rccollStruction by Em1' Matyas

8

9 10

11

12

13

14

Fig. 39 Different phases of the silici!icauon process, reconslfllction by Erno Mruy!s

1. hidroquamjte, 2. thick layers of limnoquartzite, 3. slnty limnoquartzite, 4, line clays, 5. siliceous s ilt, 6. lnolinite, 7. montmoril-lonite, 8. character of lhe sediment, 9. chemical. 10. pclitic, 11. tine sandy, 12. sandy, 13. gravel, 14. characteristic cations,

15. Si02, 16. kaolinite, ! 7. montmorillonite, 18. montmorlllonite, allcvarditc, 19. mixed structure minerals+ i.colites

during the Late Pleistocene. They can be co!Jectcd on the surface even today. (p.c. by Erno Maty~). These hydrothermal raw materials were the closest sources of n1w materials; they arc not found on the site itself but the sources are within sight.

The most special raw material used on the site is "stone marrow". Neither contemporary sites at the other side of the mountain (Megyaszo), nor younger sertlemants in the north-western neighbourhood (Arka) yielded comparable high ratio of Lhis raw mate-

63

rial; whereas tlle source is located in the middle or a triangle of 20-30 km long sides.

In the late seventies, K. Bir6 surveyed the obsidian industry of Hungarian Upper Palaeolithic sites. 1n eoursc of this work she also studied the material ex-cavated at Renye hill (Venes's excavation) as well as material from field surveys around the site.

On the basis of the finds collected by Vertes, Bir6 recorded the followings:

''The first obsidian works}wp sites appear in the immediate ~~urroundings of the Tokaj-Epe1jes sources ... at Bodrogkeresm11; exploiting the Hungar-ian (Carpathian ,fl) sources. Here, 1/wugh rJie com-plete tools were general'ly made of both of ihe known obsidian genera. cores were made. almosl exclusively. from local non-transparent Carpathian ll obsidian". (BIRO 19&4, 17.)

K. Siman drew conclusions oo the function of se~ leroent on the basis of the distance of the raw material used on the site from Lheir sourees and tbe character of the bunted booty (SIMAN 1.988, 65.)

BodJ-ogkcrcszrur

'~

pieces o/o

Szelerian felsitic porphyry 9 0,8 Hydroqua:rtzit.c 329 28,l Silex 74 6,3 Radiolaritc 54 4.6 Obsidian 276 23.6 Opal and jasper 13 l , L Stone marrow 415

~

,_ 35.L_ Total 1170 100

The relative baJanee of loGal and distant raw mate-rials, together with the fauna fit weU to local environ-ment denote, according to Siman, a generalized settle-ment character for Bodrogkeresztiir (i.e., not exploita-tion sire or workshop~ SINIAN 1988, 65.)

Th~ contradiction between the two statements (i:e., if the Bodrog.keresztur site was a workshop or a settle-ment) is only ostensible. lt is clear that Bodrogke-resztl'.lr was not a quarry s ite, and the location of the settlement, the accompanying fawJa indicates a ge-neral settlemenc with no specific function. By group-ing facts and phenomena in a novel way, Siman found further proofs for this. The el~boration of local obsi-dian as Bir6 supposes (BlRO 1984, 17) ~ is, at the same time, just natural. The existence and extent of local obsidian working cannot serve as a proof for ob-sidian workshops in industrial scale for trade and transport, i.e., proofs ofa classical workshop site.

Examining pan of lhe raw material spectrum, e.g., the distribution or utilisation ratio of Northern Flint

64

varieties, the extent of different origin raw material is g iven below, after Siman:

"Raw material distribution in percentage:

Bodrog- Local l Mescolocal Long-keresztilr distance cores 91,70 2,59 2,7 blades 78,33 3.98 14.12 Oakes/waste 77,36 1,12 8,18 tools 62..88 4,25 15,78

ln Bodrogkereszt(Jr " ... most probably the popula-tion came relatively quickly through the Slovakian ter-ritories to s~.tle on the southern slopes of cite motm-tains: the mesolocal raw material' had a smaller role, while there is still a iarge tools.'' (SlMAN 1989, 93.J ...

[h Europe the earliest Gravetlien dares are around 28000 years both at \Villendorf and Bodrogkeresztur. In Bodrogkercsztur, " ... this Grave1tian population uses much foreign raw material from- the norzh and 1iorth-easr. Cansequenily, this type of indusny must halte t).iJ/1ed even earlier in more 11orthert1 rerritories. Al Willendoif, at the same time. rhe indus1ry seems 10 be result of rin i1111er development".

(SJMAN !990, 18.J

Sim an 's hypothesis on lhc origin of t;be indUsll)' do .not exclude thal the fasL migration ~Gross Slovakia could be of N-E direction as the ~ourus of almost all of the mesolocal raw materials are located not only lo the: North, bl to Lhe West of lhe s ite.

S iman's grouping of the sources corroborates the .sceming~y obvious fact thaL distant raw materials were in higher e$teem chan locals: a!J partial results of the technological chain, made offar-fetched raw materials were utilised ma.'Cimally. The obsei:vation that cores -primary forms - were-111ade, in very high rati0, frnm loqal material corroborates the same phenomenon lle-scribcd by Vertes in case of Arka, i.e., pan.of the tools made of long-distance raw materials had been brought to the settlement in ready-made form. The ratio of mesolocal raw materials is strik:ingiy low. This can be probably explained that we do not know all the raw material sources of the Bodrogkereszt:Ur hunters; in lhis case, chis category is merged into " locals" An-other poiisible reaso,n can be that mesolocal geological sources were only collected accidentally, in an ad-hoe manner. The reason can be both - or a lot of another -factors together.

,..\Daly.sing the raw material use ofth.e complete ar-chaeological material in details we find that the_ratios ar~modified only to some extent

Raw material disuibution of Bodrogkeresztlir- Henyc archaeological material according to types (the extended lype list con-tains, apart from the S-B list, the complete artefact type list):

Types pieces Erratic other radi- exotic hydro- s1one obsidian Sze le- Quar-

total silex larite quanzite marrow tian f.p. tzitc

1- 2 75 10 II 4 1 21 2 23 3 3 8 2 3 3 4 I I

1 6 , 5 3 j 1 7

-Types pieces Erratic other radlo- exotic hydro- stone obsidian Szeletlan Quan.zi-total silex. lru:i te quartzite marrow fp. te

retouched 60 7 7 flake fabrication 1928 51 105 6 debris

Tvoe (total) 812 11 7 ll7 25 Others (total) 2n1 107 162 29 Total - all 3589 2.24 279 5.4 artefacts % 62 7,8 1,5

Apart from local materials, raw material varieties obtained from considerable distance have special sig-nificance in "cross-culcuraJ connections". For indicat-ing the distance of acquisition, the symbols used in lhe Lithotheca are used: "L = local; distribution of the rock not exceeding a

day :S walking distance R = regional: raw material of 1'egional distribution.

Flexible category changing by age and culture. Roughly. this term den.ores raw materials used by che people/cultural w1it inhabiting the envi-rons of Ihe source. The category can be de/.inea-ted very rediousiy as yet but has a veiy important historical message.

LD = long distance goods: travelling over J11mdreds of miles from the sowce area, a "cross-cultural" item."

(BIRO-DOBOSl 199 1, 8.)

The term "regional" used in the Lithotheca app-roached the problem of the individual raw materials not from the side of acquisition but that of supply, A certain raw material can be of regional importance if its distribution is in the order of the territory of a given archaeological culture or community using this raw material. lt is evident, that this category corresponds, by and large, to Siman 's "mesolocaJ" group. Anyway, this category is certainly between U1e two clear ex-tremes, local and long-distance and separated within the archaeological material on the basis of"feeling" or "anticipation" rather than certainly. lo distance, this category denotes the same as " medium-distance".

LocaJ raw materials The study of the primary geological sources of ob

s idian and raw materials of hydrothem1al origin is adequately studied, mainly due to modem industrial utilisation of some hydrotheanal raw materials.

Along the south- margin of tb.e Tokaj-Eperjes range, the postv.olcanic activity centres formed the Mad Basin sediments. closely connected with the Up-per Sarrnatian active voleanic processes. Variable hy-drothermaJ silices fanned in different physical, chemi-

66

17 15 14 I

13 621 654 459 3 16

10 223 151 162 7 -2.8 873 898 6ll3 5 32 38 1096 1049 805 12 32

l.1 305 29.3 22..4 03 0,9

cal, biological conditions here constitute abour 60% of the Bodrpgkereszti1r lithic industry: bydroquartzite, limnic quartzite, "stone marrow" .

The veins of the Mad limnic basin are located within a circle of I 0 krn from the site, to the North~ West, North and North-East (p.c. by Ern6 Matyas)

Obsidian can be considered also local: counting them together, lhe ratio of local materials excet:d 82%. Lumps of obsidian, from size. of a nal to that of ah apple can be collected even today on the h.i lls around Mad. Carpathian 2 type obsidian, known throughool lhe Upper Palaeolithic within the Carpa-thian Basin must have been distributed only from this region.

Local raw material occurring in tabular, laminar or nodular on the surface could be collected without spe-cial cxpenise and tools in unlimited quantity; these sources were Che basis of more than form 80% of d1e total Uthic industry. This fact iii itself could offer a stable basis for the settlers and, at the same time, can explain the lavishing use of1he raw macerial as well. Further local raw materials which could be collected practically from anywhere in the neighbourhood in-clude basalt or silicified brecaia/conglomerates, siliei-fied volcanic ash (Pb 83/695, 732, 478 ere.) as well as !he quartz- and quartzite

Rock crystal should be specifically mentio11ed oc-curring fr-0m time to time in variable quantities on .Hlunga.rian sites during the full length of the Gravet-tian entity. Rock crystal and hyalite can be collected, in about a day's walking distance from tb.e s ite, in the central regions of the Tokaj-Eperj,es Mts. Tlle " rock crystal" flake collected at Bodrogkeresztur, however, could not be made of local material: hyalite occurring in the region of Sima and Bask6 differs in quality while rock crystal occurring around Tclkibanya differs in size range and were not used for the production of stone tools.

The .fluid inclusion study of Hungarian Upper Pa-laeolithic rock crystal artefacrs by I. Gatter excluded tbe use of local-regional pure quartz for stone tools. Most probably, rock crystal from "Alpine" paragene-si.s were used from epi- or mesometamorphic environ-

ment. The original collecting place for the rock crystal could be among the numerous occurrences of the East-ern and Central Alps. These regions '"ere free of per-manent ice sheet during the interstadials (DOBOST-GATTER 1996). ihis raw material is known to occur on all senlements of the Older Blade Industry of the Gravcttian!Pavlovian settlement wave (Bodrogke--res211ir, Megyasz6, l::lont-Parassa ITT) amd practically, it is present in rhe whole Hungarian Upper Palaeolithic /Gravettian entity. Most frequently, rock crystal was found at the chain of Epipa1aeo1ithio settlements near Pilismar6t Their occurrence indicates a systematical, though not frequent and not necessarily direct contact with the source areas.

Some pieces of so-called. "Tarpa silex" i.s also oc-curring among rhe Bodrogkereszrur finds, classified by Pal Gyarmati as .. Oss2c:silh = baked" silicified rhy-olite tuff(GYARMATI 1983, 17.). This light grey, compact rock can be easily recognised on the basis of characteristic resorbeated quartz crystal fragments. Archaeological material belonging to several archae-ofogicaJ periods was found at lhe outcrop. Tarpa hill from the wall of a small mould disturbed by sand quarry from a loessic sand (residual surface?). Most of the finds were made of this material there (DOBOSJ 1983. 10-11). The exact geological source is un-known. The raw material might originate from the Bodrogkereszrur rhyolite region rather than the small byperstene andesitic ruined volcano at Tarpa; its oc-currence at Bodrogkeresz.tllr is not surprising. The small extent of its use can be explained by the abun-dant presence of other, better raw matecriaJs. ll seems that this raw material can be non-local at Tarpa. Though no typological or stratigraphical argumenrs are available. the temporal limits of the utilisation of this raw material might indicate that part of the Tarpa material was of Upper Palaeolithic (Pavlovian?) age.

The appearance of the Tarpa raw material in the ol-der Upper Palaeolithic find assemblages ofBodrogke-resztur (together with Slone marrow. which has its pri-mary geological outcrop in all probability al the south-ern margin of the Tokaj-Presov Mts.) the contempora-neity, or at least, the common raw material source utilisation of the two site groups can be supposed.

Long distance raw materials Occurrence of source-specific raw materials falling

in the category of regional or long distance raw mate-rials in consjderable ratio can be. to some extenl, proof of certain control I ownership over the raw material sources.

Tn case of l3odrogkeresztur, the known geological sources point at the North and the North-East. Characr teristic and unique items include. e.g .. felsitic por-phyry from the Tatar-trough of the Eastern BUkk Mts., rhe characteristic Szelecian raw macerial known under many names. The dotted chert from Swieciech6w can

be located quite safely. The Eastern parts ofche Polish Mid-Mountain range separated as Holy Cross Mts. served as the primary geological source of this very characteristic, small yellow dotted silex of good quali-ty whicb has been found sporadically in the Hungarian material since the MjddJe Palaeolithic. In the material of Bodrogkeresztur, at leas1 5 tools were made of this raw material (Pb 64/50, 65/1270, 66165, 83/624, 809).

The minimal distance between the settlement and the geological sources, considering the route Bodrog-Ondava-Dukla pass -Wisloka-Wisla valley is 300 km. that is, far surpassing the daily movement, usual "ac-tion radius" of the community.

Another "long distance" raw material is the so called Erratic I Baltic flint. The name itself indicates the heterogeneity of the raw marerial, therefore its lo-calisation is very .. fuzzy". This type of silex can be callected in the terminal moraines, their primary source could be practically anywhere within d1e ex-teoded "ice-catchment a rea". Their clo~sr generally accepted secondary collecting spots arc ar the termi-nal moraines deposited in the Riss period in Silesia, Special raw material collecting expeditions could have been directed to these regions (KOZLOWSKI 1970, 8). Raw material classified as "Erratic" at Bodrogke-reszrur were. in all means, long distance goods, t!ven in the case when the terminal moraines could be found more to the South than Silesia, as supposed by J. KOZLOWSKI. We have no infom1atio11 on secondary geologkal sources of Northern flint within 1he Carpa-thian Basin. Comparative Erratic flint samples of rhe Lithotheca offer little help. The exact identification of the quite often heavily patinated and carefully worked artefacts is a task" for the future.

In Siman's paper, some tools are supposed LO be-long to Baltic flint the raw material of which are not known e ither from inside the Carpathian Basin or from its envi:roos (Pb 64/228, 474, Pb 83/921, 279). (SIMAN 1990, I 8.) The tools made of "Baltic flint" in Sin1an's view were carefully worked, smaJI tools, probably brought ready-made from a fonner station.

Some tools were made of the so-called "Prut silex", i.e., a mainly graphite grey, silky lustre fine material with brownish translucent edges. Bulk of the tools of the Esztergom-Gyurgyalag Upper Palaeolithic site were made of this material (VARGA 1991. 269.). The utilisation of this material reached its heights, after the Upper Palaeolithic period. in the Copper Age (Bod-rogkeresztill culture), both in technology and quanti-ties, appearing iii graves as high prestige grave goods.

The upper reach of rhe river Prut where U1is raw material can be collected is about 400 km from our site. The immediate connection of the two regions are blocked by the Eastern Carpathian arch, reaching an average height of2000 m altitude. The objects are the following: Pb 64. l.23, Pb 64/292, Pb 83/60, 565, 572.

67

589, 616. "Prat silex" in archaeological practice is often mixed with "Volhynian :flint" as well.

This exceptionally good Cretaceous fHnt variety crops out some 300 km o the North of the upper reach of lhe river Prut at the border of the famous Ukrain "polesie" region, as a geographical {Eastern) continu-ation ofthe Poli$ Lublin rable. The exf')ens of this re-gion separate 6 categories within the raw materials used in the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of pre-sent-day Ukraine (p.c. by L. L. Zalizniak, Kjev, Arch. institute). Of these, we can cnsider the North-West Ukrainian row material region with fine, compact. dark grey - slightly yellowish cl1ert having a smooth light colour cortex. Analytical data on the raw materi-als are missing as yet.

The other type of raw material possibly encoun-tered at BodrogkeresztUr is also dark grey, easily pati-nated with bluish white patina reminds us most to "doniecki krcmen". ft should be emphatically stressed that the observed macroscopical similarity of raw ma-terials do not allow us .to suppose any direct contacts.

There are "iotem1ediate" items considering the dif-ficulties of raw material procurement between local and long distance raw matedals, which could be ob-tained from the Carpathians or the Northern Mid-Mountain range (Bnkk). We can caU them medium-distance raw matedaJs, which term fits well to this north-westemly exposed semicircular :zone with a ra-dius of cca. l 00 km.

The primary geological sources of tlifferent Carpa-thian radiolarite-s and the Vihorlat: menilite (e.g. L 86/ 185, L 831696, L 8517) can also be reached within this distance; they can be also collected on tbe.molass are from river sediments in form of pebbles as sup-posed by Vertes for the jasper and radiolarlte tools from Arka (VERTES 196~5.)

Some "appropriation" concerning the raw matetial sources is expressed in the presence of locally specific materials, as an exchange item. Such is the presence of Szeletian fel.sitic porphyry from the Tatar-trough of the Eastern part oftheBtikk Mts. (12 pieces). T.he dis-tance from the source is 60 ~ as the crow flies .

The contacts of Bod.rogkeresztur-Henye indicated by the raw materials point at longer or shorter dis-tances but always to North, North-East, North-West. As regards the topography of the site, this is not sub-stantive information as t he s ite is situated at the North-ern margin of the Alfuld {Gr.eat Hungarian Plains), thus it is bordered by vast a reas void of raw materials but rich in Living waters, wbicb shoul.d be crossed be-fore reaching areas with s uitable raw materials.

Long distance raw material acquisition is not very 1i kely though the macroscopical features of the Henye hill radial-a.rites resemble to some extent to radiolarites of the Gerecse or Mecsek Mts. (p.c. by K. T. Bir6.)

68

More c lose Western conoections are best shown by the presence of Szeletian felsitic porphyry from a dis-tance of 60 km, crossing two m~jor rivers, Hernad and Saj6. The raw material from the Tatar-trough in itself is an "enigma". The geological outcrop is limited to a very small area (today we know about the Tatar-trough only). The raw mat~rial is of uneven structure, platy, seems to us not the best: still it was used in the Northern slTipe of the country, from the Danube bend till Bodrogkereszt(1r from the Early Gravettiai, tiJl the Epigravettian industries. (Its occur-rence in the older industries of tbc Bolek. Mts. is rea-sonable)

3.6. Settlement features

The value of our conclusions on the material of Bodrogkeresztiir-He11ye is unfortunately lessened by the unfortunate fact I.hat mosl of the finds were found on the surface, .in near-surface position and I or dis-turbed layers.

Among tJ1e reasons we find antropogeneous inter-ference (con!iiant cultivatio1l, deep-ploughing several limes) as well as natural causes.

The .intensive surface forming effects of che cli-matical conditions before and after the lntcr-_pleniglacial period can be demonstrated also in the sections cut in the flanks of Henye hill. On the less disturbed I eroded sides, below and over the signal-like cultural layer (some bone morsels, flakes, or cbar-ct>al grains) a more sign.lficant bunch of loess was scdimented and remained to these days than on the hilltop. Collecting the sequence of the most distanl sections, opened at a distance of 230 m in NW - SE direction, 90 m in N-S direction we can conclude that in the two phases of the Pleniglacial the ruling direc-tion of the wind was different . .Before the existence of the settlement .here (under the cultural layer), loess was accumulated Jn larger quantities on the south-east-ern side, while the covering loess is more thick on the northern side.

&ealignment of the surface can also be caused or in.:fluenced by the physical and chemical foatures of the base rock. The basement here is of volcanic origin "'rith great hydration capacity which is reacting faster to climatic changes. Denudation and planation ef-fected most the east~rn . southern and western footh ill regions; however, most of the area was moved before the young Wilrm loess covered the hillsides.

' ' ... the orography formed up. co the end of the Ter-tia1y was subjected, during .the cold period of rhe Pleistoaene to a suh~tantial upheaval. Periglacial processes have not only transformed these surfaces, bur they produced also a new kind of orography. "

(PlNCzES 1977, 30.)

T he horizontal and vertical position of the finds

During the two excavation seasons - l963 . and 1982., respectively - several secLions and trenches were opened on the top of Henye hill (Fig. 5.).

In opening the excavation sections, the primary fac-tor was the concentration of finds. Not all of the sec-tions came up 10 expectations. This is especially ITue for Lhe sections cut in 1982, because the official and amateur collecLing activity spoiled much of the sur-face features. The seemingly disordered layout of sec-tions and trenches therefore followed the surface mor-phological feaiures and covered, approximately, the original (Palaeolithic) concentration of finds. For an easier orientation among the finds the introduction of certain "Units" {see: settlement units, fig. 5.) became necessary. .

The observations made during 1.he two excavations partly corroborated, partly completed each other.

Dividing the hilltop according to quarters, the geo-detic spot height was used. Sections and exploring 1:renches were fixed relative to the spot height. Data on the intra-site topography were collected from Lhe ex-cavation registries.

Observations by L:iszl6 Vertes in 1963. were the following:

- finds were concentrated in an irregular patch around the geodetic point in a circle of cca. 20 m dia-meter,

- cultural layer was observed in the depth of 60-70 cm,

- just below the cuhural layer. at 70-80 cm the un-derlying base rock, andesite was found. . .

- in the trenches, Lhere were 30--40 cm mixed. dis-turbed soil contairiing sporadical fi nds in obviously secondary position,

- on the southern part of trench "A", immediately under the disturbed layer at 60 cm intact cultural layer was found. Ploughing did not reach that far,

- the material of the cultural layer (i.e .. brownish Loess) did not seem a filling for pits or anificially co-loured area, much like if it were a fossil soil, also by its argilaceous touch, especially in sections H-F-D (1963). .

- on the intact parts of trench "A" preserved m stripes, some silex and bones were found though not manv

- there was a 60 cm deep ploughing on the are, cul-tural remains were intact only below this level,

- probably, the central parts of the settlement were destroyed by disturbances.

loformation on che position of the cultural layer from 1982.:

- there were worked Lools, flakes, fragments pre-sent in all profiles, in Lhe disturbed loess as well as the ploughed soil,

- in the imact or only shallow ploughed sections there was a yellow, homogeneous loess layer free from concretions, its thickness varies between J 0-20 cm.

- the cultural layer was on the border ofthis yellow cypical loess and the underlying limy, whitish loess-like sediment. The boundary was not sharp and deti-11ire but gradual,

- the cultural layer itself was a brownish embryonaJ soil with humus and limy mycelia,

- 10-15 cm below the cultural layer a level satu-rated with loess concretions could be observed; under this. che andesite base rock followed. .

The layer sequence. vertical array of finds were dif-ferent in the different exploring trenches and section~ . According. to excavation experiences. not only ~he ~nevenness of modern disturbances and culuvat1on could be reconstructed but the relaLive and absolute depth of the culmral layer allow some conclusions on the original surface, form and reliefofthe bill as well.

Observations concerning Lhe hill-top, 1982.: - The Palaeolithic campsiLe was settled on th.e hill-

top, at the supposed central parts, immediately over the andesite. Just in the periods preceding the forma-tion of the settlement, considt:rable erosion must have been in operation: on the more protected slopes, origi-nal loess sedimenL can be found below the cultural layer i.ncluding probably the sedjments washed off from the slope.

The No1th-East of the geodetic point, there were two excavation uniLs, section -p from 1963 and trenches 3. and 8. connecting unit I. from 1982.

ln section "F' (35-40 m to NE from the geodetic point, the surface is 1.90 m deeper) in Lhe depth of 100--110 cm, burnt patches of cca. 10 cm Lhickncss were found. No archaeological finds were found be-side Lhis hearth.

Base rock was fowid in the depth of 340 cm. Lo trenches 3-8., the same phenomenon was encountered in the depth of 130-140 cm, together with scattered settlement margin fearures, some flakes of stone and bone.

Archaeological features were noL found jn compa-rable depth a l other places on the excavated hill-top. ll was. in fact, not possible to reach that deep (base rock was appearing much higher, not deeper than I m). Finds and the terracotta-like thick burnt hearth patches were " in siru", found in their original place and not washed in/down by erosion.

The possibllily of a second, deeper I old~r cultural layer was considered and subsequenLly rejected be-cause:

- in these NE sections, no traces of cultural layer above the hearth level was observed {no direct super-position)

69

- no traces of the sediment typical of the main cul-tural layer was fow1d, characccristic of all sections (with cmbryonal soil)

- quantity and quality of the archaeological finds found here did not allow traditional archaeological comparison for detecting possible differences within the industry

A most plausible explanation of this phenomenon can be that a deep cleft, (the side of which prevented erosion) could be used here for some fire-related ac-tivity (consenJtion? drying?) The thickness of the in-cact loess covering the cultural layer here represent the total time span of the formation of sediments.

To the North of the geodetic point we find unit I of 1982., the main excavation area.

The stratigraphy is thin and poor, the original sur-face strongly eroded and disturbed most by modern cultivation also on these parts. On the western parts of the sections, cultural layer appeared at the depth of 30-35 cm and below thi", the base rock ap-peared at 70 cm. On the eastern part of the secuons, base rock appeared in the depth of 40-80 cm below the uneven surface

To the NorthWcst of the geodetic point. a little furcher on, the modem surface is flattened a lirtJe, forming a small plateau immectintely before the steep slope of the hill-side. We bad good hopes to frnd un-disturbed layers at this point.

In the four exploring trenches of unit ll. in 1982. A weak cultural layer wn found her~ m the depth of 60-70 cm. lmmediately be ow the cultural layer. 80 cm ht!low the !'Urfa c:. thi. .lSe rock \\ ..., ap-pearing.

Characteristic features for the margin of the settle-ment appeared in the ditch facing the core of the ser-tlement. The centre of this settlement parch was not found but obviously it is not the central (in position, not in importance) settlement part reaching that tar. The area between our sections here and the geodetic poinL, at a distnnce of cca. 100 en was almost com-pletely void of finds. Probably, this area was one of the habitation surfaces among several within the set-tlement

To the West of the geodetic point, uojt ID of 1982. connected the main sections by Vertes in 1963. ln the excavation diary,. Us216 Vertes marked the possible extension of the settlement surface towards these parts. These sections were planted here to clear the possjbility of a western continuation of settlement traces in Vertes's sections.

The depth of the cultural layer here was uneven. Between the two terminal trenches, in a N-S distance of20 m the level of the cultural layer was elevated by 40 cm compared to the present surface: the depth of lhe cultural layer was 9()-.100 cm in trench 2. while in trench 4., only 40.

70

Vertes observed in 1963 that the original surface must have been more steep 1owards the west than today. Observations made in 1982. Prove Lbat it was also stepper towards the south.

Completing these observations with experiences on tile NE side we can suppose a constant erosion, reworking of the sediments for the whole hill-top. Levelling the uneven original surface was sta.rtcd much before human interference and resulted in con-siderable differences in the thickness of lhe sediment. There was, however, no possibility during the excava-tions to trace the position of the cultural layer by ar-chaeological methods all over the hilltop.

The main sections of the 1963, Excavation were lo-cated to 'the South of poinl C. The profile of the initial exploring trench by Venes tempted us with undistw-bt:d settlement surface here. Sections E-J-G were con-sequently planted al this place. Some ~xploring trenches of the 1982. Excavation were also connected to the southern end of the first exploring trench.

On the basis of the first exploring trench Lasz.16 Vertes remarked in the excavation diary:

... the level of the cultural layer is getting deeper more fast. discordantly compared to the present sur-face. in squares :!-3 of se

- The average depth of the cultura l layer can be ac-cepted as 70 cm; significant differences were only found in che hearth level of the north-eastern clefL The loess covering the seulemeot surface by lhe end of sedimentation and the accumulation of the !oess was probably much thicker (see rhe lhickness of the cover sequences in the north-western sections). The lack of these sediments today indicate a strong denudarion. The: transformation of the surface. started in the Late Pleistoceoe was finished by intensive modem cultiva-tion and deep ploughing, destroying tbe glacial sedj-ments aJmost ti ll the base rock.

- By lhe time of the Upper Palaeolithic habitation, the loess formation of the preceding periods had al-ready Jevel led the andesite surface. The different depth the base rock from the current surface can be ex-plained by this.

Hearths On frle surface of the excavaced undisturbed settle-

ment parts there were many, more or less scorched, bwnt bone fragments found. Constructed hearths -deepened into the soil or built lo any small degree -were not found during the lwo excavation seasons.

The "hearths" were found on the margin of the hy-pochesed settlement surfaces (find concentrations). as-sociated with no finds at all or a very scanty number of fmds. They were found in section " F" of Vertes's 1963 excavalion and in trenches 3. and 8 in Unit l. of 1982. (Fig. 40). These '' hearths" were mainly irregu-lar, more smutty Lban burnt patches with a minimaJ quantity of charcoal in bad state of preservation.

The hearth place in trench 3.-8. was heavily burnt, like cerracona in a depth oflO cm. lt was accompanied by only very poor materiaJ, jusl enough to signal the presence of the cultural layer.

Verces .mentioned palmful dark patches on the in-tact settlement surfuce found in the loess. These ashy patches were rare but marked the presence of the cul-tural layer even on the parts void of fi nds. Vivid red spots occurred in all sections, however these were in-dependent of human activities being the weathering product of one type of the local rock.

Archaeological observations regarding the fauna

Apart from the palaeontological evaluation of lhe fauna, which was relatively rich and in adequate state of preservation. we could observe that limb bones and manmbles were fairly frequent within the material. The occurrence frequency of these two regions of the body depend on the way of utilisation of the booty,

The distribution of the bones is uneven on the sett-lement: probably, they were connected with the settle-ment patches I Units which could not be delineated precisely because of I.he modem disturbances.

Vestiges of mammoth were found on the southern pan of lhe settlement.

Though the section or surface colour of the settle-men1 surface did not suggest any artificial formation of lhc surface, i.e .. pit, around the mammoth jaw-bones, the base level o f the mammoth mandible was a definite walking level

The features around the mammoth mandible were interpreted by Vcrtes in the followings:

"Mammoth Mandible. The mandible of a mammoth was fuund in squares 1, 2, 4 and S of sutface G. It lay in the yellow loessy material, undi~turbed, C1pprox1-marelv 80-90 cm below the surface (Fig 41). U11der it was an entirely sterile stratum 40 cm thick The man-dible lay with the teeth downwards. forming an angle of 340 to the north-east. The mandible was damaged near the roots of teeth. The roots of the teeth were ex-posed, otherwise it is well-presened.

In the circle (with a ratlius of cca I meter which can be drawn around the mandible we found seven im-plements 22 ttnretouched blades. 3 Jwmmer~stone fragments made of sandstone pebbles and 30 flmt flakes on the same level. Among these a few rested on the bone. A part of the flint was (vi11g on a slam as if rhe mandible liad been in a shallow pir.

The excavation squares around the mandible of the mammoth were poor in bone finds. Generally speak-ing, few bones werefoimd in the westem secf1011 of the trenches. The single mammoth mandible in the shal-low pie surrounded by hanm2er-sto11es, implements and flint waste was most likely to have been a sorr of stool or anwl in a small workshop.

(VERTES 1966, 13.)

The state of preserva tion of the finds On the basis of archaeological experiences, the em-

bedding sediment of the cultural layer of Bodrogke-reszttir-Henye resembled the classical loess of open air sites.

The Henye-hill loess is more suitable for the fossil-isation of the fauna than the weathered volcanic soil in the interior valleys of the mountain. ln the latter, or-ganic remains were co11sumed with the exception of some tooth enamel plates (experiences by L. Venes at Arka and K. Sim an at Hidasncmeti).

On the Bodrogkeresztur site, bones rcmaintld rela-tively completely. The difficulty is caused by the thick limy coating on the lower surface of tbe bones which could be detached only with part of the bone. This fea-ture did not help much in recognising and preserving worked bones.

The stone tools found "in s itu" within che cultural layer and, to some extent, also the surface finds were often covered with thick limy crust, sometimes 5 mm thick. For the precipitation of such a bulky lime coal-ing, a lime-rich cover layer of at least 70 cm thickness as well as long eluviation period was needed.

71

-...J N

~

~,~

-

UNIT I trenches 3 and 8 1:20 - 110 - 120cm hearths

3trench

Sm 7m 6m 5m 4m

~ burned surface

;~~:~:~ I charred __ __.N

fig. 4() HeartS and bumt sur.fuces in the trenches 3. and It

ll!lEquus jaw

' bone

-.I w

STRATIGRAPHY of the Mammuthus- jaw l

G

DIIIIJ humus rzzA ploughed

'"'""'"""' cultural layer

Fig. 41 SU-Jligraphica.I pos11ion of mammoth mandihle (after Vertcs L.)

A H

loessy sediment ~ andesite tuff

l I Mammuthus

-J

""" I O '

'

' ~ ... c:r

\ 0 ~

' . ~ .. \ ., 0

1m

~

C>

E section ff burned I Stone ll bone Ill tooth

N-----Verte~ ' t sectons 1963

Fig. 42 "E" !lection, Vertcs 1963

C:>

~

8 N ~ M

J 1 0 ~ ~

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(/)

c 0 ;::; () (/)

Cl I

u I'

al ...;

t= z ::>

N OQ ~ .... a> ...... c ~

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76

~

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l7

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.

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77

On the surface of obsidian tools, hydration crust could be observed. As the thickness of this crnst de-pend on, apart from the time elapsed since its shaping, the conditions of embedding to a large excent therefore the thickness of the hydration layer in itself cannot give i11fon11ation on the time of preparation of the tool. (BIRO-POZSGAI 1982. l32)

On the raw ma1erials which were ready to patinate, a thick layer of patina appeared on the whole surface of lhe tools. The surface of Northern I Erraric flint va-rieties, which were typically fine grained, homogene-OllS~ good quality raw materials were typically covered with bluish-white patina. The original colour of the raw material .could be observed on fresh fractures only.

Settlement units (Fig 5.) Scattered, marginal settlement features with "in

siru" finds covered the whole surface of the hill in a circle of250-300 m.

The density of finds can be considered average within Hungarian Palaeolithic settlements. After the quantity of swface finds, more tools were expected. The relative scarcity compared to expectations can also be explained that the " in silu" surface was found in the sections deepened at the starting point of the slope at the N ortbern, N 01tb-Westem part of the hill, and probably these pai.ts were already marginal. The scarcity of tools on the " in sicu" surfaces corroborate lhe hypothesis that the central pruts of lhe settlement was desrroyed over a large area which resulted in the appearance of a great number of tools ,on the surface. The centre of the campsite was probably settled imme-diately over the bedrock around the point "O" of the 1982. excavations. Due to erosion, the cultural layer and its cover used to be very thin here which was dis-turbed by ploughing, leaving a lot of flakes and tools on the surface. At the point where the hilltop turned into slope the Pleistocene layers were getting more thick, the original habicatiou surface was preserved -prutly, immediately over the bedrock, partly - at lower pruts - over more or less chick layer of loess. These pru.ts were, however, only lhe peripheral parts of the former settlement.

On the basis of the 1963. excavations V ertes sup-posed U1at the cenrral part of the settlement used to be to !he East of trench "A", on a small plateau of the Henye hiil (on the basis of the large number of finds found in the disturbed layers of section .. H"). Judging from tbe experiences of both excavations, this could be only one oftbe settlement units. Probably, it used ro comprise several comemporary settlement units.

On the basis of the surface concentration of finds and tbe intact settlement surface details, four settle-ment units were reconstructed witb great probability. The limits oflhe sett lement patches are not sharp, the fmds decrease gradually.

78

The four supposed settlement patches were the fol -lowing:

I. The southern part ofVertes's (1963) trench "A''. together wilh sections, E-J-G oflhe 1963. excavations, in section" J", the small hearth and in section E", the mammoth mandible and the surrounding workshop assemblage (Fig. 42). The trenches opened after Vertes's inruitions to the west of this area, the surface of the sections of unit lll in 1982 (Fig. 43) belong ro this settlement unit. It is remarkable that to the soulh of the geodetic poim surfaee collected tools abounded in stone marrow items.

2. Some 4~50 m from these parts and exactly to the North of Lhe geodetic point, 8 exploring trenches were opened in one stripe during the 1982 excava-tions. These sections were opened to unfold the cul-tural layer appearing in exploring trenches 2. and 5., of these, s~ttlement u ni1 l. of 1982. was separated in sec-tins "B-C-D- E '" (Fig. 44) .

3. Settlement Unit II. of the 1982. excavations was found 80-100 m to the North-West of point 0. lr was less intensive than the former one but concained a con-tinuous surf.ace which was possible ro open com-pletely .in trench 4. and further finds in adjacent trenches marking the level of the settlement (Fig. 45).

The depth of settlement units I culmral layers I, 2, 3 was about the same from the present surface, i.e., the plateau-like top of the Henye hill used to be, probably, a plateau in U1e time of the habilation as well and the factors forming the surface bad even effect on che sediments.

4. Far from the central sections (around the geo-detic spot height), in a distance of 1O~Ll3 rn on the South-Eastern slope of the Henye hi1~ pieces of char-coal, blades and several animal bones were found in the usual depth (70 cm). Their archaeological evalu-ation is not possible because of low quantity of finds. I. VO'ros placed Unit 1 V here because of the significant faruna and the obviously authentic settlement features.

On the basis of Lhe distance of the settlement units from each other, partly measured partly calculated and their arrangement, the extension of the Bodrogker-eszllir-Henye Upper Palaeolithic settlement reached or slightly exceeded 200 rn diameter and incorporated the plateau-like hi II top and a part of the South Eastern slope.

Three heanh opened at unusually deep position at rhe supposed north-eastern margin of the settlement have to be mentioned speciaJ ly. They were found in section 'F'' in lhe 1963 excavation by Verles 1963 and in two marginal conjoining trenches (3. and 8.) at Unit l. of 1982. (see ground plan). They contained no ar-cllaeological faurristical finds. Probably, these hearths did not be long to the main culniral layel' of the: the great difference in depth between the cultural layi:r of Unit I and the level of the hearths cannot be explained

gi\lea lbe few meters' dhtance between them. The dif-Terence is bigger than between che culrural layer and tht! CLtrrent surface. These buml patches can be even the traces of natural lire as well.

l11e two hearths wer:e separated by a stripe void of finds (Unit L trenches 5. and 7.) from the central areas of the settlement. The level of the base rock (andesite) he.re:: is about one meter deeper than in the ne ighbour-ing trenches. We can justly suppose that permanent camp fire was placed here, sheltered by a natural clefl or ridge (the soil was buml in a lhickness of I 0-15 cm).

These find concentrations, sertlemem units ex-ceeded the extent of usual tent bases generally found on temporary hunting-camps. The disturbances spreading the finds on the surface effected only t11e objects on the surface. ln case of the in situ" objects, the horizontal array and the identification of at least four contemporary settlemem units corroborate the natural strategical importance resulting from the geo-graphical position of Bodrogkeresztlir-Henye.

Though the specific settlement features that would prove a permanent I winter camp were missing and there were no traces of anificial conscructions found. even in the " in situ" Bodrogkeresz1ur-Henye was ob-viously more than a Lransitional camp-site used for one hunting season.

Horizontal distribution of tools. b.alf products a nd flakes

Bodrog_keresztiJr-Henye hill was more or less cov-erod with finds around the geodetic spot height. The places where some concentration of finds were ob-served were opened by authenticating excavations. Thus approximarely three settlement patches were de-Li neated.

The exact position of rhe surface finds col lec1ed during several years cannot be identified any more. On the s urface, agricultural cultivation of the soil re-worked the fiads coming from the three senlement units and spread them al 1 over the plateau, covering up the (possible) barren stripes. The significance of ob-servations concerning the settlement structure was not evident at the beginning of the excavations. The other reason why lhese considerations are only of informa-tive value is also rooted in heavy disturbances: the size

of the authentic, exca\ ated cultural layer surface at the different sculemeni patches vary to a large extent.

The percentage distribution of different cypc groups collected from the surface and the different excavation units is given below:

Surface v cncs.1.26.l Dobosi I Dobosi Type groups Oobosi- wli1..1 wliL.ll. .uniUll Tools 17 15.8 18,2 23,2 - -archaic cle- 2.8 2.4 3A 1.7

lmenlS -Blades 14,4 11.9 18,7 9.1

Flakes 62 67 52,7 64,3 -

Cores 3,1! 2,9 7,0 I 1.7

Vertes 1963 and Dobosi 1982 Unit W: mainly workshop character, low number of finished tooJs and many flakes: il could be a refreshing, resharpening place because the number of cores is also low

Unil 1: among all setllement patches. most of the ar-chaic tools were found here. The relatively high ratio of blades and cores indicate primary tool-producing workshop activity

Unit 11: the highest ratio of finished tools was found here, especially that of burins which is double the value o f the two other units. The number of half -pro-dUcJS and cores is low.

T11e results are reliable in tbe basic tendencies: there were only minor differences within the cype spectra of surface collected finds and the three find concentrations. T he close values within the settlement patches of Bodrogkereszt:Ur-Henye indicate uniform functions.

The evaluation of the nearest. analogy in all sense (topography, chronology, serrlement features) Megya-sz6-Szelesteto gave significantly different data: ratio of tools is less than half bere (7%), ratio of blades lower (5%) but the amount of flakes is much higher (over 80%)

At Bodrogkeresztilr, the statistics of surface finds did not show eminent values, surface collection can be considered as a representative sample.

79

4. Analogies (FigA6)

4.1. Contcmponry sites in Hungary

The (approximately) contemporary sites to Bod-rogkeresztur were the following: Megyas26, Hidas-nemcti. Saj6szcntperer-Margitkapu, Pl!spokhatvan, Ront/Parassa 111. Nadap. Among these, only rhe maw-rial of Megyasz6 and Hidasnemeri can be compared sra1istically, due ro several reasons:

- lm:v number of finds: e.g. Nadap (le.ss than I 00 typical mols)

- asymmetrical rool kit due to special settlement funcllnn, !!.g. Pihpiikhacvan

- n1ateriaJ not publish~ yet, e.g.: s~j6szenipelerMargitkapu or Hom

MegyaszO-Szelesteco (DOBOSl-SIMAN 1996)

The Sz.erencs hills rue co11nectecl to the south-west-ern macgin of the Tokaj-Eperjes (Zemplen) Mts. as a lbre-hill l-angc with ~ia.'

00

.. 1 -~-') - ~-:7~

..:t.

~ ~JJ~

-~"" . ' /i . , ll

_'-.__

l

Fig. 46 Main upper Palaeolithic Sites in 1he Carpathian Basin Bodrogkeresztur-Henyc I. Wlllendorf, 2. Aggsbuch, 3. Krems, 4. Langcnlois, 5, Grubgraben. 6 Dolni Vestonice. 7. Milovice. 8. StillfTied, 9. MomvMy nad Vahom (ukovska, Podkovica), I 0. K.a5ov, 11. Cejkov. 12. Beregovo. 13. Korolevo. 14. Oas, 15. Mi1oc, 16. Molodova, 17. Kadar, 18. Nadap, 19. Mogyorosbnny:i, 20. Esztergom, 21. Puspt\khalvan.

22. Sajos.zentpeter, 23 Megyasz6. 24. Arka, 25. Hidasnemeli, 26. Sagv3.r

Sajoszentpeter-MargitkapudiitO (RINGER 1994, 76-78.)

J\ 6 meter high. profile opened in a quarry pit in the interior parts of the village, the opening of a small ac-tive side~valley of the river Saj6 was studied here by A. Ringer. On the terrace-like shoulder of the valley at 155 m. a.s.1. a series of palaeo-soils was observed, dissected by thin loess-like sediments. Layer 2 counted from upwards (at a depth of-80-120 cm) was described as a cemozem-like dark grey fossil soil which could be correlated with the Stilfried B soil ho-rizon. Within ihis soil, an Aurignaco-Gravettian in-dustry utilising mainJy local wooden opalite raw mate-rials was found. Most characteristic types were high crested .end-scrapers, blunted blades and Gravette-points. The site is unpublished.

Pilismar6t (DOBOSJ J 996)

Loess terraces of both side of the Danube-bend. have been investigated for more Ulan sixty years. l'bere are several, unique stray finds known from dif-ferent local itieS that can be classified on typological basjs lo the Older Blade industry ofthe Gravetrian en-tity. Sueh items include pieces collected from the loess profile of the Basaharc Bt:ickyards and :field survey and sondage on the Basaharc plateau The great .Pllis-mar6t series. (from Palrt till the Oregek di.Ho site) be-long to tbe younger blade industry, the Epigravettian cullural facies.

The small patches of settlement excavated in a dis-tance of 800-1 OOO m of each other along the terraces framing lhe allqvial plane of.the Danube were typical representatives of srnaJI transitional hunters' camp-sites planted atong the route of reindeer migration. The modest faunislical mateiial of Pilismar6tPalret was classified, in accordance with this view as "kill and depot site" by I. VOROS (see Chapter C., Envi-ronment and hunting strategies in I.his monograph).

Nadap (DOBOSI- IUNGBERTR- RINGER- VOROS 1988)

The site is located at the south-eastern entrance of the valley transseccing the Velcnce Mts., at the margin of the foot-hill s lope. facing the plains (later to be oc-cupied by the shallow Velence-lake).

The site is weU stratified, lying within the loess se-quence Dunaujvaros-Tapi6si.iiy, becween the Mende Upper and Tapi6stlly H2 soil horizons. 'the quarry pit planted for the cxtta0tion of sandy loess destroyed a large parl of the settlement. The extent of the settle-ment must have been much larger than the surface opened by authentic excavation~, judging from !he quru1tiLy of lhe faunal remains alone. Among the 1100

82

pieces of artefacts found, part ly during Lhe ex.c.avalion, partly in course of field surveys there were only 7.7 pieces of tools in the strict sense (according to the type list. of Sonnevi lle-Bordes); calculating percentage ra-tios therefore is not meaningful

lt is remarkable that about half of the tools (38 pieces) we.re blade points and blunted blades. The function of the settlement ii; undoubtedly reflected in the scanty material: hunting camp of a community specialised on hunting Eqz.cus. The average dimension of the tools is 42 mm.

Raw material of artefacts comprise 65% "Erratic flinr", more exactly it is called erratic without know-ing primary or secondary geological source. This ma terial is bluish-white palmated, very fine texture, silky grey and 35% li'ver-cmloured Gerecse rad iota.rite.

Fauna: 31 Equus germanicus, 4 Equus sp. II, 2 Asi-nns, 4 Rangifer and Bi.son

Hidasnemeti (S.IMAN 1989,)

The site was ex.cavatcd by K. Siman on the right side (Western) terrace of the river Hemad. The indus-try shows typological similarity to. the Pavlovjan (more exactly, cultuntl layer W9 of Willendorf). Shouldered blade points lend a unique character to the industry among the contemp.orary Hungarian sites. Living in almost identical natu.rcil milieu to Bodrogke-reSztt'.lr and A.rka, it is different from both sites in ty-pological composition as well as raw material basis. Chronologically the sire was dated between Bodrog-keres.ztur and Arka The cultural assignatjon of K. Simao was corroborated by receat studies. Accepting the most reL"enl arrangement of the -Pavlovian culruce by J. K Ko:z;towski, ~he "group with shouldered blades" is Ute youngest facies of U1e Pavlovian(24.- 20 kyear BP, 1996). On a mere typological basis, Hidas-nemeti is the only known representative of this cul-tural fades in Hungary so far.

lo lhe first publication of th.e site Bocirogkeresz.L'llr Henye by Vertes, Ark.a licr7.Saret (vERTES 1964/65, 79-132.) was the most important - and al most only - site comparable to Bodrogkereszrur (Fig. 47).

IG ~ IGl\fl ~ 18 1Bd jBlll

1 -' . I 10 20 ao o GO 110 ro 80 0 Pig. 47 Technological indices ofBodrogkcre~zrur and

Arka (VERTES 1966, f 0)

In spite of geographical proximity and t he partly identical raw material basis the two sices cannot be connected

in age in settlement function in raw material basis in technological criteria (i.e., size, thickness of

Lool base forms and different techniques te5ulting, partly, from dJfferent raw material basis)

Disregarding the different impression an the ge-neral image of the two iudustries, there are no

significant differences between the type list of the two. sires: moreover, the type distribution percen-tages are surpris ing ly similar.

Among Lhe known Hungarian Upper Palaeoli thic sites, the find material or only a few can be used for slatislical calculations. These sites are: Me&ryasz6 and Hidasnemeti from the Pavlovian /Old Blade industry, Sagvar and Mogyor6sbanya from the Sagvariao I Pebble Gravettian, Esztergom and Arka from the Younger Blade industry I Epigravettian fa-cies.

Comparison of type lists :from Hungarian sit.es suitable for statistical evaluation

l Types after Bodroglre- Mcgyasz6 Sonneville-Bordes reszttlr Cod~ I type name % %

I

l-16 I end-scrapers I& 26,8 17-19 I end-scraper-burins 3,3 -20-26 Borers 1,7 1.7

27-44 Burins 29 21

45-50 blade-points 4 5

51 - 57 Shouldered 1,7 1,4 points

58-68 Retouched 24 35,8 blades

l 69-72 Poi.o'ts 0,2 0,2 encoche, piece 74-76 esqui!ICc- 3 0,4

77-78 Side-se-rapers 4,2 7,4

79- 83 Geometrical - -Microliths

84-91 Microliths - -I 92 Otl1e.rs I 10.3 +

In the category " others", we can find tools missing from the Sonneville-Bordes list, which are, however, decisive for the image of the industry (archaic types, hand-axes, pebble tools)

Esztergom: DOBOSl-KOVECSES-VARGA 1991, 233-255.

Mogyor6sbanya: DOB OST 1992, 5-17. Sagvar: CSONGRADl 1997, 17-44 In the comparison, sites of the Sagvarian I Pebble

Gravettian arc definitely detached from the type

Esztergom I --

Hidas- Sagvar Mogyor6s- Ark.a oemerf b~ya

% % % % %

38,S 10 0.4 23,.3 26,8

2.7 4.2 0,4 I 0,01

2,7 3 2 1,8 1,7

23.8 2(:),2 2,2 20,1 21

0,6 10,4 6,1 1.5 5

1 0.1 0,7 2,3 1.4

2,3 1,8 57,5 12,7 35,8

- 0,05 - 0.5 0.2-

l ,6 5.9 0,2 5 0.01

4,3 3.0 1,7 1,8 7,$

- 2;7 - - -

.12,I 10.l 0.4 3.1 -28,5 18,4 26,9 - -

composition of Blade (Older and Younger) indust'ries, Le., Pavlovian and Epigravettian sites. This dif-ferentiation js present in all measurable criteria (average length, ratio of lengthtwidth, i.e. laminarisa-tion)

The picture of the large-enough Hungarian Upper Palaeolithic sites, according the Otte's large catego-ries, is the following: (1. and 2.: debitage and dechers contracted, OTTE 1981, 72.)

83

Bodrog- I Mcgyas71> Mogyo- Esztergom kt:reszrur pavlovian r6sbanya epigrav~t-pavlovian

Sligva-tian rian

Debi Lage. dec.he.ts 74% 84% 87% 6.0% de fabri-cation

Outils "a ' 3 9 4 5 oostcriori'' I Outils I

faconnes 23

' 7 9 35

The statistical investigations onJy support the facts visible to the naked eye. The pereentage rati0 of Otte's 1-11 categories is highest at Mogyor6sbaaya. fo this sense. the fragmentary character of Sagvarian is re-flected which served as a primary faccor in the separa-tion of the industry. The high ratio of deb.itage can be a signal of abundant raw materials but also it can show that pebbles were Jess suited for the production of Up, per Palaeolithic types. Just the opposite is valid for Esztergom where excellent quality raw material was used with great efficiency to produce perfe

pared to Bodrogkercsznir if data of their publication made it possible.

Finds of the younger seLllement horizon were nec-essarily different. The exact definition, expression of these differences, however, contributed to finding the exact character of the Bod