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Structural Variations in Inter-Sibling Affect

Author(s): Charles E. Bowerman and Rebecca M. DobashReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Feb., 1974), pp. 48-54Published by: National Council on Family RelationsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/350993 .

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StructuralVariations in Inter-SiblingAffect*CHARLESE. BOWERMAN**Washingtontate University

REBECCAM.DOBASHStirling University

Although sibling interaction is a very prevalentform of behavior, it has receivedrelatively ittle attention by sociologists.Thetopic is importantas one aspect of familybehaviorandfor the effects of the interactionon socializationand otherdimensionsoffamily interaction,such as husband-wiferelations. The present study analyzes datafrom over 8000 subjectson siblingaffect as relatedto sex of subjectandsibling,ageofsubject(junioror senior high), older versusyounger sibling,and family size. Femalesare more likely to have highaffect towardsiblingsthan males, the same-sexsiblingispreferred,affect is higher, on the average, toward older than younger siblings, itdecreaseswithage,and is stronger n two-child amilies.In comparisonwith the impressiveamount oftheoretical and empiricalinvestigationof hus-band-wife and parent-child interaction, it iscuriousthat so little attention has been paidtothe interaction between siblings.A numberofwriters have pointed to this gap in theliterature,and Irish 1964) has documentedthesituation in an article titled, "Sibling Inter-action: A Neglected Aspect in Family LifeResearch."In a way, thisneglect is understand-able. The husband-wiferelationshipundoubt-edly ratesa higherpriorityfor both theoreticaland practicalreasons,since that relationship smore central to family processand continuityand it involves people over a largerportion oftheir life span. The parent-child relationshipalso has a more critical influence on the groupinteraction as well as having significant con-sequences or the socializationprocess.A number of psychological studies haverelated variables uch as birth order andsiblingrivalry to psychologicalvariables,and anthro-pologistshave studied the ageand sex structureof siblings n the kinshipsystem. However,thesociological study of the effects of the siblingrelationship on the family system has beenalmost totally neglected. There are at leastthree ways in which the relationshipamongsiblings could be viewed as important in thestudy of the family. First, the kind ofrelationships the child has with siblings will

influence very strongly the level of personalsatisfactionhe obtains fromliving n the familyduring his early years. Most individualsspendapproximatelythe first fourth of their lives aschildren in a family along with one or morebrothersand sisters.Since a certainamount ofcontact and interaction with siblings is inevit-able in the joint livingspace they occupy, thekinds of activity and levels of affect whichcharacterize these relationships will play amajor part in determining whether he findsfamily living pleasant or unpleasant.Further-more, a numberof studies find that interactionamong adult kin is frequent, and that siblingsare among the most significant links in thisadult kin network. Bert N. Adams (1968) isamong those who have studied the amount ofsocial interaction among adult kin and finds itrelated to feelings of closeness that havedeveloped earlier. Almost half of his adultsubjects say that they feel close to theirsiblings, and, consistent with our findingsreported here, that females are more likely tofeel close to sisters than males are to brothers(61 percent to 39 percent). Relationshipswithsiblings during the early years may thereforehave lifetime significanceas well as affectingthe quality of life during childhood andadolescence.

Second, sibling interactionmay have signifi-cant effects on other interrelationshipsn thefamily. For example, Caplow(1968:98) statesthat "Hardlyany aspect of familylife hasbeenstudied less than the interaction of siblings,"and comments on the importance for familystudy of triadsand coalitionsinvolvingsiblings.Our own data show a moderatelyhigh relation-ship between subject'saffect towardsiblingand

*Data for this study were collected under PublicHealth Service Grant M-2045 from the NationalInstitute of Mental Health. Analysis was supported byProject 0170, Department of Rural Sociology, Wash-ington State University, and is Scientific Paper No.3552, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station.**Department of Sociology, Washington StateUniversity, Pullman, Washington 99163.

48 JOURNALOF MARRIAGEAND THE FAMILY February1974

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affect for both mother and father, as well asperception of sibling's affect toward motherand father. There is evidence that maritalsatisfaction may be a little lower, on theaverage, for couples with children, and thatthose with children decreased in satisfactionafter the first years of marriage.One explana-tory hypothesisis that conflict between siblingsreduces the level of harmonyin the familyandis a source of differenceof opinion,conflict ofinterest, etc., between the mother and father.Therefore, sibling relationshipsmay be worthstudying not only for the direct effect on thechildren involved, but for their consequencesfor other dyadic relationshipsand entirefamilyfunctioning.Finally, the possible influence of the siblingrelationshipon socialization duringchildhoodand adolescence has received scant attention.

Clausen, for example (1968:146), notes thatsiblingsare an important part of the socializa-tion setting, but that the social interaction ofthe child with his sibs"hasbeen little studied."Elder (1968) also points to the paucity ofresearchon siblinginteractionthat canbe citedin the context of adolescent socialization. Aswell as being a direct source of influence andlearning,the sibling may serve to validate andreinforceparentalnorms and beliefs, especiallyduringa period when adult credibilitymay bequestioned. A seminar project at WashingtonState University provides evidence that theamount of siblinginfluence may be consider-able. In analysis of data from 350 collegefreshmen and sophomores with at least onebrother or sister, Kathleen Marrafound thatsiblingswere perceived as having several kindsof influence, mostly favorable,on the subjects.About 60 per cent said siblingsmadehome lifemore pleasant, 38 per cent were said to havehelpedthe subjectbe moreconfident(versus20per cent less confident), 41 per cent said theyhad more friends because of siblings, only 23per cent of siblings were said to have noinfluence on beliefs, attitudes, ideas of rightand wrong,and of those perceivedashavinganinfluence it was "mostly for the good" in 70per cent of cases.For 15 percent, the influenceof siblingsand parents was reported as aboutequal on opinions, ideals, and values,while inanother 8 per cent, siblings were thought tohave more influence than parents.Marraoundthat older siblingswere seen as moreinfluentialthan younger siblings, in most respects, andthere was a moderate association betweenamountof influence and a measureof affect forsibs

The present study deals with one of thefundamental questions in the study of siblinginteraction-the level of affect among siblings.As a basis for other levels of analysis,we wishto document some of the variationsin siblingaffect due to certain structural differences inthe family, namely, sex of subject and ofsibling, age of adolescent (early versus lateradolescence), whether affect is towardan olderor youngersibling,and size of family.The data for this study were obtained byquestionnaire as part of a larger study ofadolescentsin Ohio and NorthCarolina.Abouthalf of the subjectscame from each state, halfwere from cities of over 100,000 population,and the remainder from smaller cities andcentralizedcounty systems. All students fromthe seventh through twelfth grades who werein attendance on the day of administrationwere questioned in their classrooms. Sincethe proportion of nonwhite students in thesample was small, they were eliminated fromthis analysis. All data reported here are forstudents who reported living with both realparentsand who had no step or half siblings.Table 1 gives the per cent of subjectsreportingthat they felt close to their next olderand next youngersibling,cross-classified y thefive descriptivecategoriesused in our analysis.Closeness was indicated by a response of"extremely close" or "quite close" to thequestion, "How close is your relationshipwithyour older brother or sister(next oldest, if youhave more than one)?" The alternateresponsecategorieswere "somewhatclose," "not partic-ularly close," and "not at all close." The samequestion was later asked about the nextyoungerbrother or sister.Sex of the next olderor younger siblingwas determined romanitemasking whether siblings of the subject wereolder, younger, or both, and in each casewhether brothers, sisters, or some of each. Inorder to identify sex of siblingunambiguously,we have used only cases whose older and/oryounger siblingswere all of the same sex. Thisalso eliminates he stickyproblemsof dealingatthis stage with the interaction effects ofmultiple siblingsof both sexes. After eliminat-ing subjects for reasons mentioned, and thosewho were only children or lackingidentifyinginformationon all six of our variables,we wereleft with 8168 responses for which clear-cutcomparisons could be made. Since approxi-mately 1100 of these subjects answered boththe older siblingand the younger sibling tems,the total numberof subjects ncludedwascloseto 7100.

February1974 JOURNALOF MARRIAGEAND THE FAMILY 49

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TABLE 1. PER CENT OF SUBJECTS REPORTING CLOSE FEELINGS TOWARD SIBLING, BY SEX AND AGE OF SSIBLING, AND SIZE OF FAMILYMale Subjects

Male FemaleSibling Sibling Total STwo-Child Family

Subs. Older 64.50 62.45 63.48 Older7-9th Grades Sibling [262] [261] Sibling [Younger 75.81 64.58 69.60 YoungerSibling [310] [384] Sibling [Total 70.63 63.72 66.97 Total

Subs. Older 59.83 70.27 65.66 Older10-12th Grades Sibling [117] [148] Sibling [Younger 59.17 50.50 54.76 YoungerSibling [289] [299] Sibling [Total 59.36 57.05 58.15 Total

Three or More Child FamilySubs. Older 60.81 55.93 58.65 Older7-9th Grades Sibling [296] [236] Sibling [

Younger 65.48 51.02 58.98 YoungerSibling [420 ] [343] Sibling [Total 63.55 53.02 58.89 Total

Subs. Older 61.54 56.60 59.44 Older10-12th Grades Sibling [1431 [106] Sibling [Younger 50.97 46.92 49.15 YoungerSibling [259] [211] Sibling [Total 54.73 50.16 52.78 TotalTotal % 62.98 56.94 60.04All Subjects N 2096 1988 4048

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RESULTSSixty-five percent of oursubjectsreportthatthey feel close to their siblings;about two-thirdsof these said"quiteclose" andthe otherswere "extremelyclose." At the other extreme,only about three per cent said they were"'not

al all"close, andten percent "not particularly"close. The picture, then, is one of fairly highlevels of affect amongthe majorityof brothersand sisters, with relativelyfew livingin a stateof conflict and rivalry producing negativefeelings. The per cent respondingin the twonegativecategoriesvaried ittle by age or sex ofsubject or for older versusyounger siblings.Bycomparison,the samequestionwas asked aboutclosenessto mother,father,andbest friends;71per cent said they felt close to theirmother,61per cent to father, and 68 per cent to bestfriends. These items appeared n differentpartsof the questionnaire,and their relative consis-tency, along with the direction of differences,lends support to the validityof the assessment.Another bit of evidencefor validityof the itemis the fact that it scaled along with seven otheritems in three scales of affectional orientationtowardsmother, father,andfriends.Table 1 shows considerable variability incloseness associatedwith the independentvari-ables. Four of the 32 cells have percentagesover 75, six are betweeen 70 and 75, five

between 65 and 70, seven between 60 and 65,six between 55 and 60, and four are under55;the standarddeviationof percentages n the 32cells is 8.6. The data in this table aresummarized n Table 2 in orderto look at theeffect of each of the structuralvariables inglyand in combination.Since we are interestedinthe effect of these variablecombinations ondifferencein closeness,rather than the propor-tion of people of varioustypes who are close,the summariesin Table 2 were obtained byaveragingunweightedpercentagesn the cells ofTable 1. Thus, for example, the 62.24 per centfor male subjectsanswering or male sibsis theunweightedaverageof the eight percentages nthe first columnof Table 1. The arrangement fthese summariesin Table 2 first controls forsibling sex composition in the four rows, thendifferences in percentages are given for theother three descriptive conditions singly andwith each of the other two variables ontrolled.Sex of SiblingWith the exception of age, sex compositionisprobably the most important characteristicofthe siblingstructure o be takeninto account inthe study of sibling relationships.Averagesibcloseness for the four sex combinations isshown in the first column of Table 2. Femalesare somewhat more likely than males to feelclose to their siblings of either sex. Also, as

TABLE 2. PER CENT OF SUBJECTS REPORTING CLOSE FEELINGS TOWARD SIBLINGS: SUMMARYOF VARIABLES IN TABLE 1 Relative Age ofRelative Age School Grade SiblingGraderadeof Subjectof Sibling of SubjectSex Sex 7-9 10-12of of Younger Older Younger Older Younger OlderSub- Sib- Total Sib Sib 7-9 10-12 Sib Sib Sib Sibject ling (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)M M 62.24 62.86 61.67 66.65 57.88 70.65 62.65 55.07 60.68F M 66.20 64.49 67.90 69.47 62.92 67.89 71.05 61.08 64.75M F 57.29 53.26 61.31 58.50 56.07 57.80 59.19 48.71 63.43F F 72.34 68.08 76.59 74.20 70.47 73.17 75.23 62.99 77.94Total 64.52 62.16 66.87 67.21 61.83 67.38 67.03 56.96 66.70

Relative Age of Grade ofFamily Size Sibling by Family Size Subject by Family Size2 3+ 2 3+ 2 3+Child Child Child Child Child ChildSex Sexof of Younger Older Younger OlderSub- Sib- Sib Sib Sib Sib 7-9 10-12 7-9 10-12ject ling (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)

M M 64.83 59.70 67.49 62.17 58.23 61.18 70.15 59.50 63.15 56.26F M 67.14 65.24 67.07 67.21 61.90 68.68 69.24 65.04 69.70 60.79M F 61.95 52.62 57.54 66.36 48.97 56.27 63.52 60.39 53.48 51.76F F 75.74 68.93 72.66 78.82 63.50 74.35 76.39 75.09 72.01 65.84Total 67.42 61.62 66.19 68.64 58.15 65.09 69.83 65.01 64.58 58.66February1974 JOURNALOF MARRIAGEAND THE FAMILY 51

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expected, each sex feels closer to a sibling ofthe same sex. The combination of these twoprinciplesgivesthe largestdistinction-about 15per cent-between attitude of male and femalesubjects toward a female sibling. Females aresomewhat more likely than males to feel closeto a same-sexsibling,and in cross-sexrelationsthere is a strong asymmetrysince females aremore likely to feel close to a male siblingthanmales are to a female sib. It can be seen thatthese differences hold up, with minor varia-tions, within the variouscontrol categoriesinthe remainderof the table.Onemight hypothe-size a rank ordering of sibling structuresfavorable for family unity ranging from allfemale children,all male children,mixed withjust one of each, to the least favorable ituationof two or more of each sex with increasedprobabilityof opposingcoalitions.RelativeAge of SiblingandAge of Subject

Comparing attitudes toward older andyounger siblings(Columns two and three) wefind an average difference of almost five percent in favor of the older sibling. Thisdifferenceis most pronounced n the feelingofboth male and female subjects toward sisters,whereas there is little difference in closenesstoward older and younger brothers,with theother variablesnot controlled. Lookingnext atthe effect of increasingage (Columnsfour andfive), over 67 per cent of the seventh-to-ninthgraders feel close to their siblings while lessthan 62 per cent of those in the tenth totwelfth grade say they feel close. Again thereare sex differences in this trend; decrease inclosenesstowardsistersis slight duringthisageperiod, whereas the per cent of both sexesfeelingclose to a brotherdecreasesconsiderablymore as subjects get older, with the largestdecrease nine per cent) betweenbrothers.Whenwe look at the joint effects of sex, age,and birth order, several significant structuralfeatures of the relationship emerge (Columnssix to nine). We have noted that subjects aremore likely to feel close to an older sister thanto a younger sister.Whenwe control for age ofsubjects, however, we see that this differencealmost disappears or the juniorhigh subjects,but that there is a 15 per cent difference inpreferenceof both older males and femalesforthe older ratherthan younger sister. The samedirectionof changeoccursin closeness betweenbrothers, where eight per cent of the youngerboys feel close to a youngerbrother,but overfive per cent more of the older boys are closerto the older than to the youngerbrother.In all

comparisons, the ratio of older to youngercloseness increaseswith ageof subject.Thisagetrend in ratioof closeness s consistentwith theobservation that younger adolescents havegreater orientation toward the family andthereforetowardsthose younger siblingswith asimilarorientation,whereas n later adolescencethey are increasinglyoriented toward the peersociety and find more congenialityandsimilar-ity of interests with older siblings who havealreadyreached his stageof development.The principle ust expressed s supportedbylooking at the data in another way. Withincrease in age of subject, there is a slightdecrease in per cent feeling close to an olderbrother and a little increase n the percent whoare close to an older sister. During the sameperiod, however, there is an averagedecrease ncloseness to younger siblings of over 10 percent. The shift in older/youngerratio, then, isdue primarily o a decrease n closenesstowardthe younger sibling.At the sametime, the basisfor the relationship and feeling of closenesswith an older sibling may change in thedirectionsuggested.It was suggestedearlier hat the difference nattitude between girlsfor brothersandboys forsisters produced an asymmetry in the siblingrelationship that was a potential source ofconflict. Let us follow up on this idea byconstructinga crude index of asymmetryforeach age/sex combination.In column seven wehave 62.65 per cent for youngermales towardolder brothers, and in column eight there is55.07 for older malestowardyoungerbrothers;the differenceis 7.58. The same comparison nthe female-female ow gives 12.24 percent. Foran older male and younger female, the differ-ence is 71.05 - 48.71 = 22.34, while for theolder female and younger male it is59.19 - 61.08 = - 1.89. Comparison of thesedifferences suggests that the affectional rela-tionship between cross-sexsiblings s fairlywellbalancedwhenthe female is older,andthat it isloadedtowardthe oldersiblinga little bit in thecase of same-sex siblings. However, there isconsiderable asymmetry in the brother-sisterrelationship when the male is older, with adifference in closeness of over 22 per cent.Although this index does not control com-pletely for variationsin age of the older andyounger within classified categories,variationsshould cancel out amongthe four comparisons.Looked at in this way, the data indicate thatthe greatest contrast in sibling feeling, andhence the situation havingthe most potentialfor producing conflict, exists in the brother-sister relationshipwhen the brother is older,

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and that the least contrast is found in thebrother-sister elationshipwith an older sister,thus modifying our earlier hypothesis aboutconflict in cross-sex iblingrelationships.Size of FamilyIncreased size of family results in greatercomplexity of relationships,with potential forconflicts, coalitions, and diffusion of senti-ments. The romantic expectation of a largefamily being an exceptionally close-knitgroupis not supportedby our data. Thoseadolescentsin a two-childfamily are more likely, by aboutsix per cent, to report close feelings towardsiblingsthan are those in familieswith three ormore children(Columns 10 and 11). The effectof family size shows up most in closeness to ayounger sibling, where eight per cent more ofthe subjectsfeel close to the younger sibling na two-child family than in a family with threeor more children (Columns 12 to 15). Thecomparabledifferencetowardthe older siblingis just 3.5 per cent. This size difference incloseness to younger siblingsholds up for allfour sex combinationsof siblings;however, t isonly in the male toward older sister combina-tion that subjectswere appreciably loserto anolder sibling in a two-child comparedwith athree-childfamily, with a differenceof 10.1 percent.Comparingattitude toward sibling n each ofthe family size groupings, we note that intwo-child families preference for an olderfemale siblingholds up, but that the differencestoward a male sibling are mixed, with malesmore likely to feel close to a younger malesibling than to an older male sibling. In thethree-child families, preference for the oldersibling holds for all four sex combinations,though it is stronger in the case of an oldersibling who is female. This raises the questionof possibledifferences n larger amiliesdepend-ing on whether the subject is a middle child,with both older and younger siblings, or iseither the oldest or the youngest child in thefamily. It will be recalledthat our datain Table1 combined closeness toward the next oldersiblingfor subjectshavingonly an oldersiblingwith those also having a younger sibling, andtoward younger sibling of those only havingayounger siblingwith those also havingan oldersibling. In a special tabulation, those havingboth older and younger siblingswerecomparedwith subjectshavingonly olderor only youngersiblings. With the exception of males towardsisters, the middle child was very slightly morelikely to feel close to siblings comparedwiththe oldest or youngest child; for the six

comparisonsof the remaining hree sex combi-nations toward older and younger siblings,theaveragedifference was only 1.5 percent higherfor subjects with both older and youngersiblings. However, 4.7 per cent more malesreportedclose feelingstoward an older sisterifall sisterswereolder than if they had both olderand younger sisters,and an oldest male was2.3per cent more likely to feel close to a youngersister than a middlemalewho alsohad an oldersister. The same kind of analysis limited tosubjectsin familieswith three or morechildrenshowed an averageof 4.7 per cent more of themiddle children feeling close to siblings com-paredwith subjectswho were oldest or young-est in the family.It is interestingthat birth order, which hasbeen so much studied, has less apparentinfluence on siblingaffect than directionof agedifference, age of subject, sex combination,orfamily size. Possibly we have a clue here thatthe conflicting findings of the birth orderstudies may result-in part from failure to con-trol for these other structuralvariablesas wellas dynamicsof the relationship hat could mod-ify order effects.Finally, the controls used in columns 16 to19 indicate little effect of ageof subjecton thedifferences by family size that were reported,or of size of family on differencesby age ofsubject.

SUMMARYIt is evident that there is considerablevariabilityin the amount of affect that adoles-cents have toward their siblings.The majorityfeel at least moderatelyclose and relativelyfeware actually hostile to sibs. Females are morelikely to have favorablefeelingsthanaremales,the same sex sibling s preferred,on the average,subjects feel closer to an older than to ayounger sibling, affect toward sibs generallydeclines somewhatas adolescentsget older,andthere is a little more sibling closeness intwo-childthan in largerfamilies.A scale which

differentiated more degrees of affect wouldundoubtedly revealeven more variationwithinand between these structural ategories.Once again,the "furtherresearch s needed"plea can be made.If sibling nteraction s linkedin a significant way with other dimensions offamily behavior,as we have suggested,we needto know more about the reasons for thedevelopment of differences in the kinds ofinteractionand feelings among siblings,and weshould link siblingbehavior ystematicallywithother variableswhich are foci of family study.The development of more comprehensiveex-February1974 JOURNALOF MARRIAGEAND THE FAMILY 53

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planatory theories of the family would begreatlyenrichedby such research.REFERENCES

Adams, Bert1968 Kinship in an Urban Setting. Chicago:Mark-ham.Caplow, Theodore1968 Two Against One: Coalitions in Triads.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall.Clausen, John1968 "Perspectives on childhood socialization."Pp. 130-181 in John Clausen (ed.), Social-ization and Society. Boston:Little Brown.Elder, Glen1968 Adolescent Socialization and PersonalityDevelopment. Chicago:Rand McNally.Irish, D. P.1964 "Sibling interaction: a neglected aspect infamily life research." Social Forces

42:279-288.

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54 JOURNALOF MARRIAGEAND THE FAMILY February1974