Bt cau tao tu tieng Anh

BI TP CU TO T TING ANH

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The Windy

M HNG (Ch bin)

Bi tpBi tpBi tpBi tp

Dnh cho hc sinh THPT Dnh cho hc sinh luyn thi i hc, cao ng mn ting Anh Bao gm nhiu dng bi tp t d n kh.

NH XUT BN T IN BCH KHOA


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Bn c thn mn! Chng ti nhn thy c nhiu bn hc sinh, sinh vin cn lng tng khi

lm bi tp v cu to t ting Anh. l do cc bn cha c kin thc cn bn v cu to t ting Anh cng nh lm bi tp cha nhiu, trong khi nhng cun sch v cu to t ting Anh trn th trng hin nay thng ch c l thuyt, t bi tp.

V l do ny nn chng ti xin ra mt bn c cun BI TP CU TO T TING ANH nhm gip cc bn c kin thc tng qut v cu to t cng nh thc hnh nhiu dng bi tp t d n kh. Cun sch c cu trc n gin gm l thuyt v bi tp nhng s em n cho cc bn s thoi mi khi hc phn ny.

Chng ti ch mong nhng g chng ti c gng lm s c cc bn n nhn v ng h!, chng ti ch nhng kin ng gp hu ch t pha bn c.

Xin chn thnh cm n! The Windy


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I. S LC V CU TO T

Phn ln t ting Anh c s dng ngy nay khng phi l ting Anh gc. Nhng t ny bt ngun t cc ngn ng khc nh Latinh hay Hy Lp. Nu bit c gc t trong ting Anh th s rt c li cho chng ta khi hc cu to t. Chng ta c th on c ngha ca mt t chng ta cha h gp da vo vic bit ngha gc ca t . Thm vo chng ta bit c tin t v hu t ca t.

Mt t ting Anh c th bao gm 3 phn: gc t (cn ng - root), mt tin t (prefix) v mt hu t (suffix). Gc t l mt phn ca t cha ngha c bn hay nh ngha ca t . Tin t l mt thnh phn ca t c t trc gc t, n thay i ngha ca t hay to ra mt t mi. Hu t l mt thnh phn ca t c t sau gc t, n thay i ngha cng nh chc nng ca t.

Khi thm mt hu t vo mt t c mt m tit, nu gc t ca t kt thc ch" b#ng mt ph m ng trc mt nguyn m v nu hu t bt u b#ng mt nguyn m th ta gp i ph m . V d, khi thm hu t -ing vo t can, ta gp i ph m n thnh canning. Ta cng p dng quy tc cho t c nhiu m tit nhng ch" c p dng khi t c trng m $ m tit cui.

Vi nhng t kt thc b#ng e th khi hu t bt u b#ng mt nguyn m, ta b% e ri mi thm hu t. V d, khi thm hu t -ing vo t take, ta b% e ri thm ing thnh taking.

Khi thm mt hu t vo mt t kt thc l y v trc y l mt nguyn m th ta thm hu t v khng thay i g. V d, t obey + -ed = obeyed. Nu c mt ph m ng trc y th ta s chuyn y thnh i ri thm hu t (tr hu t -ing v -ish). V d, angry + ly = angrily, baby + ing = babying. Sau y l mt s tin t v hu t hay gp:

Tin t Ngha V d pre- before They will show a sneak preview of the movie. un- not The cafeteria will be unavailable tomorrow

morning. dis- not Mark disagreed with John's philosophy.


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re- again Are you going to renew your subscription? mis- not He has mismanaged the company. im- not With hard work and determination, nothing is

impossible. bi- two Henry recently received his first pair of

bifocals. de- not Many ecologists are concerned about the

deforestation of our world's rain forests.

Hu t Ngha V d -er doer I work as a computer programmer. -able able These glass bottles are recyclable. -ous full of Driving on the freeway can be dangerous. -ness state of

being At night, the earth is covered in darkness.

-ful full of The witness gave an honest and truthful testimony.

-ly or -y like James whistled happily on his way home from school.

-ment state of Mary sighed with contentment.

II. CC DNG BI TP V CC BC LM BI Cu to t l mt phn rt d& ghi im trong cc bi thi ting Anh nhng

nhiu bn cn ang lng tng v phn ny. Nhng thc ra nu cc bn bit quan st k th khng phi l kh v dng bi ny kim tra kin thc c bn cc loi t vng ting Anh cng nh v tr ca chng trong cu. lm tt phn ny th cc bn cn nm c mt s dng bi tp c bn ca cu to t, cc bc lm bi, cc quy tc thng dng ca cu to t v hn ht l lm tht nhiu bi tp v cu to t.

Bi tp v cu to t c chia lm 2 dng c bn:

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- Dng 1 thuc phn t vng (C 4 phng n c a ra th chng ch" c th thuc vo trong cc t loi: danh t, ng t, tnh t, trng t).

- Dng 2 thuc phn ng php cc la chn u lin quan n cu trc ng php trong cu.

lm dng bi tp ny cc bn ch" cn nm chc cc loi t vng ting Anh, v tr ca chng trong cu v cch dng nh th no.

Sau y s l mt s m(o nh% khi lm phn cu to t vng: * Cu to t thuc lnh vc t loi. B"c 1: Xc nh t loi - c qua cu h%i v quan st tht k v tr ca t cn in. Vic xc nh t loi ca t cn in vo ch) trng l im quan trng nht c tnh quyt nh n chnh xc ca p n. V d# 1: Life here is very _____.

A. peace B. peaceful C. peacefully D. peacefulness

- Sau ng t to be (is) c 2 t loi l tnh t v danh t. Tuy nhin do c trng t ch" mc very nn t loi cn in phi l mt tnh t. V d# 2: Some species of rare animals are in _____ of extinction.

A. danger B. dangerous C. dangerously D. endanger


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- Nu bn khng bit thnh ng to be in danger (ang b e da, ang trong tm nguy him) th hy r#ng v tr ca t cn in khng th l mt t loi no khc ngoi danh t (gia 2 gii t).

B"c 2: Quan st p n v chn p n ng - Sau khi xc nh c t loi ca t cn in cc bn quay li quan st 4 phng n cho, thy t no ph hp vi t loi c xc nh th chnh l p n. Trong v d 2 ch" c danger l danh t v cng l p n ca cu. (Dangerous l tnh t, dangerously l trng t, endanger l ng t). Trong v d 1 peaceful l tnh t duy nht trong cc t cho v cng l p n ca cu. - Khi 4 phng n A, B, C, D u thuc cng loi t vng (danh t hoc tnh t) th cc em phi xem xt ngha ca tng t chn p n chnh xc nht. V d#: Computer is one of the most important _____of the 20th century.

A. inventings B. inventories C. inventions D. inventors

- Sau one of phi l mt danh t s nhiu. Tuy nhin inventories li c ngha l bn tm tt, bn kim k trong khi inventions l s pht minh, sng ch. p n ca cu ng nhin l inventions. Nu khng cc bn hy ch n ui tion, mt cch cu to danh t ch" vt t ng t rt thng dng cng c th suy ra p n ca cu. *Lu : Nu 4 phng n l 4 t loi khc nhau th vn tht n gin. Tuy nhin cng c nhng cu m ng*i ra i h%i th sinh phi kt hp c kin thc ng php. Xt v d sau y:

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There are small _____ between British and American English. A. differences B. different C. difference D. differently

Sau khi xc nh t loi ca t cn in l mt danh t nhng khi quan st cc phng n cc bn li thy c 2 danh t differences v difference. Vy t no mi l ng? Lc ny cc bn mi cn n th ca ng t trong cu to be c chia $ s nhiu (are) do p n ca cu phi l mt danh t s nhiu differences. - Ngoi ra cc bn cng phi xem xt ngha ph nh ca t. Khi thm cc tin t nh in, un, ir, dis... th ngha ca t b o ngc hon ton. Da vo cc yu t cc bn c th nhn bit c ngha ca t l kh+ng nh hay ph nh. Tuy nhin m)i mt t ch" c th kt hp vi mt loi ph t nht nh. V d responsible ch" kt hp vi tin t ir-, illegal ch" kt hp vi tin t il-... V d#: I think its very _____ of him to expect us to work overtime every night this week.

A. reason B. reasonable C. unreasonable D. inreasonable

T cn in l mt tnh t. Cm t work overtime every night this week mang hm ph nh nn tnh t ca cu cng mang ngha ph nh unreasonable. (Reasonable ch" kt hp vi tin t un- to nn t tri ngha). lm dng bi tp ny cc em phi lin h t cn in vi cc cm t khc trong cu nhn bit c ca cu l kh+ng nh hay ph nh ri t xc nh dng thc ca t.


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* Cu to t thu!c lnh vc ng php. - Dng th 2 trong bi tp cu to t l phn bit dng thc b tr ca ng t, tnh t, trng t hay phng thc so snh. Trong dng bi tp ny cc bn phi nm vng c cu trc ng php, loi b tr ca ng t cng nh cc hnh thc so snh. Dng 1: Tnh t -ed hay ing V d#: We are _____ of the long journey.

A. tire B. tiring C. tired D. to tire

- Ch) trng cn in mt tnh t nhng trong bn phng n li c hai tnh t l tiring v tired, vy t no mi l p n ca cu. Lc ny chng ta li vn dng kin thc ng php gii quyt vn . Khi ch ng l ng*i chng ta dng qu kh phn t; khi ch ng l s vt, hin tng chng ta dng hin ti phn t. p n ca cu trn l tired. Dng 2: B tr ca ng t - Quan st cu trc ng php ca cu V d 1: The equipment in our office needs _____.

A. moderner B. modernizing C. modernized D. modernization

Cu c ch ng l vt (The equipment) nn sau need s l mt V-ing p n ca cu l modernizing.

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- M)i mt loi ng t ch" i vi mt dng b tr nht nh. Khi cc bn bit c cu trc ca n ri th vic xc nh cu to ca t i sau n rt d& dng. - Cc ng t nh: mind, enjoy, avoid, finish, keep...th ng t i sau n lun l V-ing. Cc ng t nh: agree, aim, appear, ask, attempt, decide, demand...th b tr lun l ng t nguyn th c to. Dng 3: Dng thc so snh V d 1: Sara speaks so _____ that I cant understand her.

A. fast B. fastly C. faster D. faster

- Khi trong cu c cc du hiu nh more hoc than th tnh t hoc trng t trong cu phi $ dng so snh hn, c the hoc most trc trng th tnh/ trng t phi $ dng so snh nht. Xt cu trn khng c cc du hiu ca cu so snh, nn trng t fast l p n (Lu r#ng fastly khng tn ti trong ting Anh). V d 2: That is the most _____ girl Ive seen.

A. beautifuler B. beautiful C. beautifulest D. beautifully

- T cn in l mt tnh t b ngha cho girl. Trc v tr trng l the most du hiu ca so snh nht. n y nhiu bn s chn beautifulest v ngh r#ng tnh t $ dng so snh nht thm est cui t nhng quy tc ny ch" p dng vi tnh t ngn, i vi tnh t di (hai m tit tr$ ln) th cu trc s l the most + nguyn m,u tnh t.


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III. CU TRC CU TING ANH 1. Cu trc thng thng ca mt cu ting Anh: hc tt phn cu to t th vic nm c cu trc c bn ca mt cu ting Anh cng gip ch rt nhiu. Trc ht chng ta xem xt v cu n. Thng th*ng mt cu gm 3 yu t cn bn l: S (ch t), V (ng t), O (tc t). Ch t l ng*i/vt thc hin hnh ng (ng t). Tc t l ng*i / vt m ng t tc ng ln. V d: I buy a book. Ta s h%i: Ai thc hin hnh ng mua (buy)? Cu tr l*i l ti (I), vy I l ch t. Ta h%i: Mua ci g? Cu tr l*i l a book (quyn sch), vy quyn sch l tc t. Ngoi 3 yu t cn bn trn, cu cn c th c thm ni chn, th*i gian. V d: I bought a book in a bookshop yesterday.

Cng d& thy a bookshop l ni chn, v yesterday l th*i gian. Tr$ li 3 yu t chnh S, V, O. Khng phi lc no mt cu cng i h%i 3 yu t ny v vi ring ng t ta c th phn lm 3 loi: + Ngoi ng t: L ng t lun lun lc c mt tc t theo sau. V d: - I like it (ti thch n). Ta khng th ni: I like (ti thch) ri ngng li.

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Mt s ng t lun l ngoi ng t nh: Allow (cho php) Blame (trch c, l%i) Enjoy (thch th) Have (c) Like (thch) Need (cn) Name (&t tn) Prove (chng t')

Remind (nhc nh() Rent (cho thu) Select (la chn) Wrap (bao bc) Rob (c"p) Own (n) Greet (cho) ....

V d#: I rent. (sai) I rent a car. (ng)

+ Ni ng t l ng t khng cn c tc t theo sau Mt s ng t lun l ni ng t Faint (ngt) Hesitate (do d) Lie (ni di) Occur (xy ra)

Pause (dng li) Rain (ma) Remain (cn li) Sleep (ng )

V d#: I remain a book (sai) A book remains. (ng) I lie him. (sai) I lie. (ng) + Cc ng t va l ngoi ng t va l ni ng t Answer (tr li) Ask (h'i) Help (gip )) Read (c)

Touch (s) Wash (r*a) Write (vit) .....


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V d#: I read a book. (ng) I read. (ng) chc chn v cch s dng chng bn nn tra t in, nu thy ghi l: v.t (ch v l vit tt ca ch transitive) l ngoi ng t cn ghi l v.i (ch i l vit tt ch intransitive) l ni ng t. Cng c nhng m,u cu khng c ch t nh trong cu mnh lnh. V d#: Go! Chng ta cng tm tt li cc cu trc ca mt cu n qua cc v d di y:

Write! (V) Write it! (V + O) I write it. (S + V + O)

I buy a book in the bookshop. (S + V + O + NI CH.N) I bought a book in the bookshop yesterday. (S + V + O + NI CH.N + TH/I GIAN) Mu cu thng thng:

Subject + verb + complement + modifier

V d#: I did my homework last night. Ch ng (subject): L tc nhn hnh ng trong cu ch ng. Ch ngha l ng*i hoc vt thc hin hnh ng trong cu, v n th*ng i trc ng t.

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Ch : m)i cu ting Anh u phi c mt ch ng (trong tr*ng hp cu mnh lnh, ch ng you c hiu ngm). Ch ng c th l mt danh t n.

V d#: Milk contains calcium. Ch ng c th l mt danh t hoc mt ng danh t: V d#: This new car is Johns.

Trong mt s cu, ch ng tht khng ng $ v tr ch ng. There v "it'' c th c xem l ch ng gi trong cu. Ch ng tht th*ng ng sau ng t v s ca ch ng s quyt nh ng t $ dng s t hay s nhiu. V d#: There are many students in the room. There is a student in the room.

ng t (verb): ng t i sau ch ng trong cu trn thut. N th*ng ch" hnh ng ca cu. Ch : m)i cu phi c mt ng t. ng t c th l mt t n hoc mt ng ng t. V d#: Jane has been reading that book.


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B ng (complement): B ng hon ch"nh ngha cho ng t. Tng t nh ch ng, n th*ng l mt danh t hay mt ng danh t, tuy nhin n th*ng theo sau ng t khi cu $ th ch ng. Ch : khng nht thit cu no cng i h%i phi c b ng, b ng khng th bt u b#ng mt gii t. B ng tr l*i cho cu h%i ci g (What?) hoc ai (Whom?). V d#: He wants to drink some water. (what does he want to drink?) She saw John at the movie last night. (whom did she see at the movie last night?)

T b ngha (modifier): T b ngha ni v th*i gian, ni chn hay cch thc ca hnh ng. T b ngha th*ng l mt ng gii t. Ch : t b ngha v th*i gian th*ng $ v tr cui cng trong cu nu nh cu c nhiu t b ngha. V d#: I met her at the university last Monday. T b ngha cn c th l mt ph t hoc mt ng trng t. Lu : M)i cu khng bt buc phi c t b ngha. T b ngha khng phi nht thit lc no cng theo sau b ng. Tuy nhin, khi t b ngha l mt ng gii t n khng th xen vo gia ng t v b ng. V d#: Jill bought a book at the bookshop yesterday.

He was driving very fast. John drove the car on the street.

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2. Cc cu trc cu c bn trong ting Anh 1. It is + tnh t + (for smb) + to do smt

V d#: It is difficult for old people to learn English. 2. To be interested in + N / V_ing (Thch ci g / lm ci g)

V d#: We are interested in reading books on history. 3. To be bored with (Chn lm ci g)

V d#: We are bored with doing the same things every day.

4. Its the first time smb have (has) + PII smt

(y l ln u tin ai lm ci g) V d#: Its the first time we have visited this place.

5. Enough + danh t ( ci g) + (to do smt) V d#: I dont have enough time to study.

6. Tnh t + enough ( lm sao) + (to do smt) V d#: Im not rich enough to buy a car.

7. Too + tnh t + to do smt (Qu lm sao + lm ci g) V d#: Im too young to get married.

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Bt cau tao tu tieng Anh