Bukhu la alangizi odzipeleka a mmudzi ogwira ntchito ngati ma

para-legal pofuna kuchepetsa nkhanza za m’banja ndinso HIV.

Cholinga cha Bukhuli .......................................................................................................................................................................2

Kagwiritsidwe nchito kake .............................................................................................................................................................4

Gawo 1: Kumvetsetsa kuti nkhanza zochitirana kamba koti wina ndi mwamuna kapena

nkazi ndi chani?, nkhnza kwa amayi, nkhanza kwa okondedwa, nkhanza za mbanja, jenda,

chikhalidwe komanso mgwirizano wake ndi edzi ........................................................................ 6

Ndime yoyamba: kufotokozela za maphunzirowa ...............................................................................................................6

Ndime yachiwiri: kodi kusasiyana mphanvu pakati pa mayi ndi abambo, ufulu wa amayi ndi chikhalidwe

zimatanthauzanji? Ndipo Nzofunika bwanji? .........................................................................................................................8

Ndime yachitatu: mgwirizano wa pakati pa kufanana mphanvu pakati pa amayi ndi abambo, chikhalidwe,

ufulu wa amayi ndi edzi ..................................................................................................................................................................9

ndime yachinayi: kumvetsetsa nkhanza zochitirana kamba koti wina ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, nkhanza

kwa amayi, nkhanza kwa okondedwa komanso nkhanza za m’banja ....................................................................... 12

Ndime yachisanu: mgwirizano wa pakati pa nkhanza zochitirana kamba koti wina ndi mwamuna kapena

mkazi, nkhanza kwa amayi, nkhanza kwa okondedwa, nkhanza za m’banja ndi HIV .......................................... 13

Gawo 2: Malamulo ndi ndondomeko zoteteza/kuchepetsa HIV ndi nkhanza za m’banja ......15

Ndime yoyamba: kutanthauzila malamulo ndi ndondomeko ...................................................................................... 15

Ndime yachiwiri: Ndondomeko ndi malamulo owona za nkanza za m’banja ndi HIV ......................................... 16

Ndime yachitatu: gawo la madera pa malingaliro, ziganizo ndi zokhazikitsa ......................................................... 22

Gawo 3: Kupeza zofanana ndi zosiyana pa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a pachikhalidwe ogwirizana ndi nkhanza za m’banja ndi kufala kwa HIV-ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza za m’banja ndi HIV .............................................................................................................................24

Ndime yoyamba: kupeza zofanana ndi zosiyana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe .. 24

Ndime yachiwiri: ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza ndi HIV ndi chani? .............................................................................. 26

Ndime yachitatu: kodi para-legal/ msintha zinthu ndi ndani Ndipo udindo wake ndi otani?........................... 28

Ndime yachinayi: alangizi/athandizi amudzi ngati zida zobweretsa kusintha, khoti la mmudzi komanso

opereka thandizo ........................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Zamubukhuli

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Cholinga cha phunzilo la mu bukhuli ndi kupereka upangili, luso ndi luntha pankhani za malamulo ndi ndondomeko zokhudza kuthetsa HIV ndi nkhanza za m’banja kwa alangizi a mmudzi (ma volontiya)

Bukhuli lapangidwa pofuna kupeleka luso ndi luntha kwa alangizi a mmidzi, atsogoleri a mmadera ndi atsogoleri a zipembedzo kuti athe kuthandizira pa nkhani izi:

• kupeleka uphungu ndi thandizo kwa amayi ndi atsikana amene akumana ndi nkhanza za m’banja..• Kuthandizila ndi kuunikila ma khoti a ku mudzi pa nkhani za malamulo a dziko pomwe ma

khothiwo afuna kupeleka chigamulo pa milandu yokhudzana ndi nkhanza za m’banja. • Kulimbikitsa kunena za kuipa kwa nkhaza za m’banja kudzera mu kupanga malo omwe anthu

angapeze thandizo pa za malamulo a boma ndi a chikhalidwe pa nkhani za nkhanza.

Phunzilo lili mu bukhuli lagona pa nkhani izi:• Kusanthula malamulo a boma ndinso achikhalidwe ndi kupeza mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa

malamulowa ndi chikhalidwe, jenda ndi HIV.• Kumemeza magulu ofunikira (alangizi, atsogoleri a mmudzi ndi a zipembedzo, mabungwe a

kumudzi, apolisi, ogwira ntchito ku chipala) kuti agwirizane kuteteza amayi ndi atsikana ku HIV ndi nkhanza za m’banja.

Cholinga:Kupeleka luntha ndi luso kwa Alangizi, atsogoleri a mmudzi ndinso a mipingo, azachitetezo ndi anthu owonetsetsa kuti lamulo likutsatidwa komanso anthu azaumoyo pa nkhani za malamulo a dziko ndi achikhalidwe, ndondomeko ndi zikhazikitso zokhuzana ndi nkhanza za m’banja ndinso HIV zomwe zilimbikitse kulimbikitsa kuteteza amayi ndi atsikana ku nkhanza za m’banja.

Zolinga za zing’onozing’ono:Izi zikwanitsidwa kudzera mu njira izi:

• Kupeleka luntha ndi luso lotanthauzila ndi kupeleka uphungu pa ndondomeko ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi HIV komanso nkhanza za m’banja kwa alangizi, atsogoleri a mmudzi ndinso a zipembedzo mu kagwiridwe kawo ka ntchito.

• Kulimbikitsa kunena za kuipa kwa nkhaza za m’banja kudzera mu kupanga malo omwe anthu angapeze thandizo pa za malamulo a boma ndi a chikhalidwe pa nkhani za nkhanza

Zoyembekezereka pamathelo a phunzilo la mu bukhuli:Pakutha pa kuphunzila za mu bukhuli, ophunzira (alangazi) adzakwanitsa kupanga izi:

• Kupeleka uphungu ndi chithandizo woyambirila pa malamulo okhudzana ndi nkhanza kwa amayi ndi atsikana omwe akhudzidwa ndi mchitidwewu.

Lingalilo la phunzilo la mu bukhuli

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• Kuthandiza ma khoti ndi uphungu wa malamulo a dziko pamene makhotiwo afuna kupeleka chigamulo pa milandu yokhudzana ndi nkhanza za kwa amayi ndi atsikana.

• Kulimbikitsa kunena za kuipa kwa nkhaza za m’banja kudzera mu kupanga malo omwe anthu angapeze thandizo pa za malamulo a boma ndi a chikhalidwe pa nkhani za nkhanza

Mbili ya ophunziraOphunzila adzakhala alangizi (ma volontiya) a mmadera omwe akugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ena olimbikitsa kuthetsa nkhanza. ophunzila ena adzasankhidwa kuchokera ku maofesi aboma omwe ali mderalo, komanso mmudzi ndi mmadera amfumu yaikulu omwe alangiziwa akugwirako ntchito.

Zopezeka mu maphunzilowa.Aliyense mwa ophunzila adzalandira zinthu izi akadzachita nawo mwayi wa maphunzirowa:

• Kabukhu kokamba ndi kufotokozera za HIV, nkhanza zochitidwa kwa amayi ndi atsikana, chikhalidwe ndi ufulu wa amayi.

• Kabukhu koomba mkota pa ka ndondomeko ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi HIV komanso nkhanza za m’banja.

• Pulogalamu ya maphunziro• Mafunso a mukafukufuku wapoyamba ndi pamathero a maphunzilo• Pepala lofuna kuona ngati maphunzilo akwanilitsa zolinga zake• Ndondomeko ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi maphunzilo

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Bukhuli lagwawidwa mu zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri. Gawo lililonse lili ndi mutu wake, ngakhale mituyi ili yofananiranapo ndinso yogwirizana. Ndi chofunikira kuti Alangizi aphunzire magawo onse a mu bukhuli kuti akakwanilitse kuchita

zomwe maphunzilowa akufuna kukwanilitsa.

Understand the following:

1.

Uwu ndi mutu wa gawo limene mukhale mukuphunzila; ndichofunikila kuti mumvetsetse mutuwu kuti muthe kulumikiza mutu ndi zimene zikambidwe mkati mwa gawoli.

2.

Izi ndi zolinga za gawo: mkati mwa gawo mudzikhala zinthu zimene Alangizi/ophunzila ayenera kukumbukira ndi kusunga mu mtima mwawo nthawi zonse mpaka pamathelo pa gawo.

3.

Nthawi zonse mukuaona mawu awa, ganizilani za dera lanu. Kodi nkhani imene ikhale ikukambidwayo ikugwirizana bwanji ndi dera lanu? Ndi chani chikusowa mu dera lanu?

4.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali ntchito yoti alangizi/ ophunzila achite. Ophunzitsa akutsogolerani ngati kuli kufunika kuigwira mu magulu kapena payekha payekha. Ntchitoyi idzitsatilana ndi zokambilana komanso zoyankhula ku gulu.

Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka bukhuli

Gawo 1:

ZOLINGA:

Ganizani!

NTCHITO

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AIDS Edzi ndi chipwirikiti cha matenda Mthupi

CBV Alangizi odzipeleka wa mmudzi

CEDAW Msonkhano othetsa kusala amayi

CPWA Lamulo loteteza umoyo wa ana

CRC Msonkhano owona za ufulu wa ana

DV Nkhanza za M’banja

GBV Nkhanza zochitidwa chifukwa wina ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi

HIV Kacholombo koyambitsa Edzi

IPV Nkhanza kwa okondedwa

NGOs Ma bungwe omwe si aboma

SRHR Ufulu pa nkhani zogonana ndi umoyo obeleka

UDHR Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zokhudza ufulu wa anthu

VAW Nkhanza kwa amayi

Zidule za mau

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Tsiku loyamba

Gawo 1:Kumvetsetsa za nkhanza zochitiridwa chifukwa wina ndi mkazi kapena

mwamuna, nkhanza kwa amayi, nkhanza kwa okondedwa, nkhanza za

m’banja, jenda, chikhalidwe andi mgwirizano wa nkhanzazi ndi HIV

Ndime yoyamba:

Kufotokozera za maphunzilo.Nthawi: phindi 45

Cholinga cha Ndime: Kalasili limakhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa nthawi yonse ya maphunzilowa omwe atenge masiku atatu. Mu nthawiyi ophunzitsa/otsogolera ndi ophunzira adzadziwana wina ndi mzake, komanso kugawana zomwe aliyense akuyembekezera kuchoka ku maphunzilowa. Zoyembekezerazi adzaziyika pomodzi ndi kuzifananiza.

Kulembetsa maina ndi kulandilidwaPamene ophunzira aliyense alowa mu chipinda chopangilamo maphunzilo, mupatseni moni mwansangala ndipo muwuzeni kuti ndinu ndani. ophunzira aliyense ayenera kupatsidwa timabukhu tonse toyenera (kuphatikizapo pepala la kafuna kudziwa za zolinga maphunzilo ndinso za kafukufuku wapoyamba ndi pomaliza maphunzilo). Mu mphindi zoyamba za kalasiyi, ophunzila ayenera kulemba mayina awo ndi zina zofunikira mu mabukhu a kalembela. Ophunzila ayenera kupatsidwa malo oti alembepo maina awo ngati chizindikilo chosiyanitsa wina ndi mzake. Ndikofunikila kuti katchulidwe kolondola ka maina a ophunzilawo kadziwidwe.

ZOLINGA:

• Kumvetstetsa mau akuluakulu ndi kudziwa matanthauzo ake, mau monga nkhanza zochitidwa chifukwa wina ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna, nkhanza kwa amayi, nkhanza kwa okondedwa komanso kupeleka kuthekera kulinganiza mauwa ndi kufunikira kwao pa chitukuko cha dziko lino.

• Kufotokozera kuti ufulu wa umuyo obeleka ndi kugonana ndi chani, mgwirizano wa ufuluwu ndi kufanana mphanvu pakati pa amayi ndi abambo komanso HIV ndinso kumvetsetsa mgwirizano wa miyambo ina ndi ufuluwu.

• Kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa kuika chidwi pa amayi ndi atsikana komanso kukhala ndi kuthekela kopatula magawo ena a chikhalidwe chathu omwe amapititsa patsogolo nkhanza za mtundu onse.

• Kupeza magulu a anthu amene ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu kuchitiridwa nkhanza.

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Ophunzila onse omwe akuyembekezeredwa kufika akafika, pitilizani kuwalandira monga mwa ndondomeko. Ngati ophunzila ena achedwelepo kubwera fotokozerani kwa omwe abwera kale kuti pulogalamu iyamba mochedweraponso kuti aliyense akhalepo pa nthawi yoyamba zonse. Ophunzitsa akhozano kudzifotokoza kuti iwo ndi ndani, ndipo akhoza kufotokozanso za maphunzilowo, kufunika kwake kwa maphunzilo kwa ophunzila komanso kuwalimbikitsa kuti akhale achidwi ndi odzipeleka. Mwa chisanzo ophunzitsa akhoza kuyamba ndi mau otele:

Moni kwa wina aliyense ali mchipinda chino, takulandirani ku maphunzilo athu a pankhani yothetsa HIV ndinkhanza za m’banja. Ine dzina langa ndi............... ndipo ndikhala otsogolera maphunzirowa kwa masiku atatu. ndakuthokozani chifukwa chobwera kumalo ano komanso chidwi chanu ndi kumvetsala kwanu ndipo ndili ndi chidwi chofuna kuohunzira kwa inu.

Kuyambitsa maphunziloPolankhula momasuka, mwachibale ndi mololera, ophunzitsa akhoza kutsogolera gululi kuti ligwire ntchito limodzi. longosolerani ku gulu kuti maphunzilowa ndioti wina aliyense ayenera kutengapo gawo, kotero anthu azigwira ntchito limodzi nthawi yonse ya maphunzilowa. Longosolani kuti izi zithandiza kuti wina phunzile kuchoka kwa mzake.

Tsindikizani kufunika kwa maganizo a aliyense yemwe ali mu chipinda cha maphunzirochi-ndipo kunena kuti ndemanga ya aliyense ndi yofunikira. apa mukhoza kuyambitsa ntchito yothandizira kuti wina adziwane ndi mzake komanso kuti aliyense ayambe kuganiza zomwe zili zofanana mwa iwo ndi anzawo ali mu gulu la ophunzilali. izi zilimbikitsa umodzi mu unyinji wa gululi.

Zolinga za maphunziloCholinga chachikulu cha phunzilo mu bukhulu ndipereka luso, maphunziro ndi luntha kwa alangizi, atsogoleri a mmadera ndinso a chipembedzo, mabungwe owona za chitetezo ndinso azachipatala pa malamulo ndi ndodnomeko zokhudzana ndi nkhani za nkhanza za m’banja ndi HIV zomwe zingateteze amayi ndi atsikana ku nkhanzazi.

Zolinga cha phunziloli ndi izi:• Kupeleka uphungu ndi chithandizo woyambirila pa malamulo okhudzana ndi nkhanza kwa amayi

ndi atsikana omwe akhudzidwa ndi mchitidwewu• Kulimbikitsa ndi kuthandiza ma khoti ndi uphungu wa malamulo a dziko pamene makhotiwo

afuna kupeleka chigamulo pa milandu yokhudzana ndi nkhanza za kwa amayi ndi atsikana• Kulimbikitsa kunena za kuipa kwa nkhaza za m’banja kudzera mu kupanga malo omwe anthu

angapeze thandizo pa za malamulo a boma ndi a chikhalidwe pa nkhani za nkhanza

Zomwe ophunzila akuyembekezera.........

Kukhazikitsa mwa ndi malamulo oyenera kutsatilidwa pa maphunzilowa.........

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Ndime yachiwiri:

Kodi kusasiyana pakati pa amayi ndi abambo, ufulu wa amayi ndinso chikhalidwe ndi chani? Nanga chifukwa chani chidwi chili pa zinthu tatchulazi?

Nthawi: Mphindi 45

Cholinga cha Ndime: Cholinga cha ndimeyi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzira kuti ophunzila amvetsetsa bwino lomwe za kusasiyana pakati amayi ndi abambo, ufulu wa amayi ndi chikhalidwe komanso kumvetsetsa udindo umene zinthu zitatuzi zilinawo pankhani za chitukuko.

1. Kodi Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi chani?Nthawi zambiri anthu amasokoneza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mau a kusasiyana pakati pa amayi ndi abambo ndinso mmene anthu timabadwira ena achimuna ndi achikazi. Izi sizili choncho poti ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana ndipo za matanthauzo awiri osiyananso.

Kusasiyana pakati amuna ndi akazi (Jenda):• Izi zimatanthauza magwiridwe a ntchito, makhalidwe ndi udindo umene umalimbikitsidwa

mwa amuna kapena akazi. Izi zimapangidwa kuchoka mu zikhulupiliro za mmadera.• Izi sizimangokamba za akazi okha, koma ubale wa pakati pa akazi ndi amuna ndi mmene

anthu amaunvetsetsela ubale umenewu.• Zimatanthauzanso ntchito ndi makhalidwe a amayi ndi abambo, komanso mphanvu ya

ubale wapakati pawo.

Kusiyana chilengedwe: kukhala mwamuna kapena mkazi:• Izi zimatantauza kusiyana ka chibadwa cha munthu, ngati mwauna kapena Mkazi. Kusiyana

kwa Izi kumachokera ku maliseche a mwamuna kapena mkazi.

Maudindo omwe madera athu amayembekezera kwa amuna kapena akazi . Zina mwa zisanzo za maudindowa ndi izi: Udindo wa amayi

• Kuphika• Kusamalira odwala• Kusamalira ana

Udindo wa amuna• Kuyang’anira banja ndi kupanga ziganizo zapabanjapo.

Zitsanzo za maudindo obwera kamba ka chibadwa:Izi zimakhudzana kwenikweni ndi nkhani ya ubeleki.

• Udindo wa amayi ndi kubeleka komanso kuyamwitsa• Udindo wa amuna ndi kupeleka pakati/mimba

2. Kodi ufulu wa amayi ndi chani?

• Ufulu wa munthu ndi chinthu chimene aliyense ayenera kukhala nacho posaganizira, chibadwa chake ngati mkazi kapena mwamuna, mtundu wa munthu, chipembedzo ndi zina zambiri zosiyana. Ufuluwu sungalandidwe kapena kuchotsedwa ndi wina aliyense.

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• pakhala pali kusiyana kwa chisamaliro ndi chitetezo kuchoka ku malamulo kwa amayi ndi abambo, kotelo kuti amayi anali ndi chisamaliro ndi chitetezo chochepa kuchoka ku lamulo, analibe maufulu oponya nawo voti, mwayi ndi ufulu okhala ndi malo awoawo ndipo amatengedwa ngati anthu osafanana ndi amuna. Kotelo nkofunikila kuchilimika ndi kulimbika mwapadera kuti amayi ndi amuna alandile ufulu mofanana.

• Msonkhano ofuna kuthetsa khanza za mtundu wina uli onse kwa amayi (CEDAW) unalongosola mwatsatanetsane za ufulu wa amayi. ufulu ndi monga

- Ufulu okhala ndi mwayi ofana komanso kusasalidwa- Ufulu ogwira ntchito ndi maphunzilo- Ufulu okwatila ndi kukhala ndi banja-komanso ufulu otenga njira za kulera

m’banja- Ufulu otetezedwa ku nkhanza-izi zikuphatikiza kukhala ndi mtendere wa

mmaganizo ndi thupi lathanzi komanso kulandira chithandizo cha kuchipatala.- Ufulu okhala ndi moyo.

3. Kodi Chikhalidwe ndi chani?Chikhalidwe ndi chiphatikizo cha zikhulipililo, zizindikiro, khalidwe ndi maganizidwe amene amasiyanitsa gulu limodzi la anthu ku gulu linzake.

Chikhalidwe chimagwilizana ndi mmene gulu la anthu limachitila zinthu zawo. Ndi chinthu chomwe chimasinthasintha malingana ndi nthawi komanso nyengo.

NTCHITO• Pogwira ntchito limodzi mmagulu, pezani ma udindo ndi ntchito zimene zimapatsidwa kwa abambo

mmalo mopatsidwa kwa amayi, komanso zomwe zimapatsidwa kwa anyamata mmalo mwa atsikana.

• Onetsani ntchito zimene aliyanse angathe kugwila posatengela kuti ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna.

• Kodi kagawidwe ka maudindo ndi ntchitozi zomakhudza motani ntchito zachitukuko mudera?

• Kodi tipangepo chani kuti zinthu zisinthe?

Ndime Yachitatu:

Mgwirizano wa pakati pa jenda, chikhalidwe, ufulu wa amayi ndi HIVNthawi: Mphindi 45

Cholinga cha Ndime: Kufotokozera ndi kulongosolera mgwirizano umene ulipo pkati pa jenda, chikhalidwe, ufulu wa amayi ndi HIV.

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1. Mgwirizano wa pakati pa jenda, chikhalidwe, ufulu wa amayi ndi HIV Popeza tafotokozera kale ku chikhalidwe, jenda ndi ufulu wa amayi ndi chani, kodi ufulu wa

umuyo wa ogonana ndi ubeleki ndi chani (SRHR)? Ufuluwu umatanthauza kukhala ndi luntha, luso, thandizo ndi kuthekera kopanga chiganizo mwanzeru, mwachidziwitso komanso modziteteza pakankhani yogonana.

• Umoyo wabwino okhudza ndi kugonana kumansno kubeleka umatanthauza kukhala odziwa bwino za kugonana ndi udindo zina zofunikira kudziwa, kukhala ndi kuthekera kosankha munthu oti ugonane naye kapena kukana kutelo.

• Zikutanthauzanso kuti munthu ali ndi mwayi opeza thandizo (ali ndi mwayi odziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi nkhaniyi, uphungu pa njira za kulera, kuthekera kopeza njira njira zakulerazo ndi zina zambiri)

• Munthu ayenera kutetza umoyo wake ndi wa ena ku chiopsezo cha mimba/pakati posakonzekera, HIV ndi matenda ena opatsirana kudzera mu njira yogonana, komanso kudziteteza ndi kukhala okhutitsidwa ndi chisankho chimene munthu asankha, kugonana kapena kusatelo.

2. Zitsanzo za ufulu wa umoyo ogonana ndi ubeleki (SRHR)

Ufulu okhala ndi moyo.• Izi zimagwirizana ndi ufulu wa amayi amene ali pachiopsezo chotenga pakati

posakonzekera. Ufulu okhala mosamangika ndi moyo otetezedwa.

• Uwu ndi ufulu wa amuna, amayi ndi ana amene ayenera kutetezedwa ku mchitidwe wa nkhanza zokhudzana kugonana .

• Ufuluwu umatanthauzanso kuti kudikira chilorezo kwa okondedwa kuti munthu akapeze thandizo la njira za kulera ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa ofuna thandizolo.

• Ufulu opatsidwa mwayi osiyanasiyana komanso kusasalidwa. Kusalidwa mukupeza chithandizo pakhani yogonana kumanso ubereki. Izi zimatanthauza kuti amayi sachita kufunika kupempha chilorezo kwa amuna awo kuti akapeze thandizoli.

Ufulu osungilidwa chinsinsi• Kuphwanyilidwa ufulu kukhoza kukhala: ogwira ntchito mchipatala kuulura za

chithandizo cha umoyo ogonana ndi ubeleki kugulu (mwachisanzo kuulura za HIV kugulu)

Ufulu osankha kukwatira kapena ayi komanso ufulu osankha njira zolera.• Kuphwanya ufuluwu kukhoza kukakamiza mwana kukwatiwa komanso kupimbira.• Ufuluwu umalimbikitsa munthu kutenga njira za kulera.

Nchifukwa chani chidwi chilli pa amayi ndi atsikana?Chikhalidwe chimafotokozera kapezedwe ka chuma, mwayi opanda nawo ndale, mauthenga komanso ufulu komanso kuthekera kopanga chiganizo kwa amayi. Amayi ambiri amakhala akugwira ntchito malingana ndi chikhalidwe mmene chinenera-kusamalira pakhomo, kutunga madzi kudyetsela ziweto ndi kupita nawo kumunda. Nthawi zambrir mwayi kwa amayi umapezeka malingana ndi kapezedwe ka amuna awo, makolo awo ndinso udindo umene amuna kapena makolo awo ali nawo mu deralo.

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Ganizani! • Ganizani mozama panokha za zomwe zikuchitika mdera lanu.

• Kodi chikhalidwe chimaonjezera bwanji mchitidwe wa nkhanza mdera lanu?

• Ndi anthu angati amene mukadziwa amene achitidwapo nkhanza-anali amayi, atsikana, anyamata kapena abambo? Kodi zidawathera bwanji? Ndipo lero lino ali kuti?

1 World Health Organization. 2002. WHO World report on Violence and Health. WHO, Geneva.

Zikhalidwe zonse zimagawi ntchito malingana ndi jenda. Zikhulupiliro ndi maganizo apa chikhalidwe chathu amagawa ntchito kuti izi ndi za amuna komanso izi za akazi, kagawidwe aka kamabweretsa kusiyana komwe pamakhala kukondera ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mwayi pakati pa amayi ndi amuna

Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo kwapangitsa kuti mchitidwe wa nkhanza kwa amayi kuti uganizilidwe kwambiri. Lero mwa anthu 40 miliyoni omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, theka kapena kuposera apo ndi amayi. Pali kuganizira ndi mgwirizano waukulu kuti chiopsezo ku matendawa mwa amayi ndi atsikana chimakula ndipo chakhazikika mu kusiyanakwa pakati pa amayi ndi abambo komanso kusaganiziridwa kwa amayi.

Kafukufuku waonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kufala kwa kachilombo ka HIV mwa amayi omwe adachitdwa nkhanza kusiyana ndi amene sadachitidwepo nkhanza. Machitsanzo tikamaganizira za kugwililidwa ambiri tiamngoganzira kugwililidwa ndi munthu wachiwembu osadziwika koma atsikana ndi mayi ambiri kugonana kwawo koyamba kumakhala kokakamizidwa, kwa atstikana achichepele izi zimakonda kuchitika kuchinamwali kusiyana ndi kwa amayi okulilapo.

Vutoli ndi lalikulu bwanji: kufala kwa nkhanza kwa amayi ndi atsikanaPadziko lonse lapansi, amayi 10 mpaka 69 mwa azimayi 100 alionse amakhala akukaneneza kuti achitiridwa nkhanza ndi wachikondi wawo. Kwa amayi aakulu 6 mpaka 47 mwa amayi 100 aliwonse amakanena za nkhanza zochitiridwa ndi achikondi awo mmoyo mwawo. Kwa atsikana ndi amayi achichepele, omwe alindi zaka za pakati pa 10 ndi 24, atsikana 7 mpaka 48 mwa atsikana 100 alionse, kugonana kwao koyamba kumakhala kokakamizidwa. 1

Kuomba mkota.• Kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi chikhalidwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuphanya

ufulu wa amayi makamaka ufulu umoyo wogonana ndinso ubeleki. Kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi chikhalidwe zimagawa ntchito komanso udindo omwe mudzi umatembekezera pa amayi komanso amuna, nthawi zambiri ntchito ndi udindowu zimalepheletsa amayi kukhala ndi ufulu tatchulawu.

• Mmadera ambiri, jenda ndi chikhalidwe zimapeleka mphanvu zambiri kwa abambo kuposa amayi ndipo amayi amatengedwa ngati ochepela kwa amuna.

• Zotsatila zake, amayi amakhala olephera kupeza maufulu ndi thandizo lodza kamba kokhala ndi maufuluwa.

• Miyambo yambiri ndi yowopsa kwa amayi ndipo imakomera amuna. Uku ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa amayi. mwachitsanzo miyambo monga kupita kufa, chimwanamaye chokolo, ndinso kupimbira.

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Ndime yachinayi:

Kumvetsetsa nkhanza zochitiridwa kamba koti wina ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna, nkhanza kwa okondedwa komanso nkhanza nkhanza za m’banja.Nthawi: ola limodzi.

Cholinga cha ndime: Kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzira amvetsetsa mfundo zofunikira zomwe zingathandize pofotokozera nkhanzazi ku anthu okhudzidwa a mudera lawo.

Kodi nkhanza zochitiridwa kamba koti wina ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna, nkhanza kwa okondedwa komanso nkhanza nkhanza za m’banja?

Poyamba yiyeni tifotokozera mawuwa kuti tikhale ndi kuthekera komvetsetsa mgwirizano wake ndi maufulu a amayi onse.

(a) Nkhanza zochitidwa kamba koti wina ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi: Izi ndi nkhanza zimene munthu amatha kuchitiridwa kamba ka chibadwa chake ngati mwamuna kapena mkazi. Amayi ambiri amachitiridwa nkhanza za mtundu umenewu kusiyana ndi amuna, ngankhale amuna amathanso kuchitilidwa nkhanza zimenezi. nkhanza za mtunduwu ndi monga zokhudzana ndi mchitidwe ogwiriridwa, zokhudzana ndi zachuma, mtendere wa mumtima kumanso kuvulazidwa pathupi.

Nkhanza zochitidwa okondedwa/ ndi okondedwa: Nkhanza za m’banja zimakhala zamtundu osiyanasiyana. Amayi ambiri amachitidwa nkhanza ndi okondedwa awo.

• Nkhanza zochitidwa kamba koti wina ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi zimagawina mu magulu awiri apaubale:

• Nkhanza za pakati pa munthu ndi mzake. Izi zimatanthauza nkhanza pankhani ya zachuma, kugonana, mtendere wa mumtima komanso nkhanza za mtundu wina zimene munthu wina angapangile munthu mzake.

• Nkhanza za pamalo, pabanja, kumpingo, pakampani kapena malo ogwirako ntchito ndi malo ena. Uku ndi kusalidwa ndi anthu apamalo amene munthu amapezekapezekapo. Pakhoza kukhala pamudzi, pabanja kapena mbumba.

• Magulu onsewa ankhanza amakhudzana ndi kutsogoza amuna kapena khalidwe lachimuna koposa ufulu wa anthu onse kuphatikizapo amayi.

(b) Nkhanza kwa amayi:Bungwe lamaiko onse apanso limafotokozera nkhanza kwa amayi ngati “nkhanza zimene zimazetsa kupwetekedwa kwa thupi lamunthu/kumenyedwa, nkhani yogonana komanso kusautsidwa mtendere wa mumtima. Mwa izi mtundu wa nkhanza umene umakonda kuchitika ndi kumenya kapena kupwetekana pa thupi la wina. Izi zimachitidwa ndi anthu monga mwamuna wa mkazi komanso chibwenzi.

Ndi mtundu wa nkhanza, zimene zimachitika pakati pa abwenzi. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika pakhomo komanso mu chibwenzi.

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Nkhanza kwa amayi nazo zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe ndi zikhulupililo zathu. Khalidwe la anthu ambiri limaonetsa ndi kulimbikitsa mchitidwe kusiya kwa pakati pa abambo ndi amayi. Nkhanzazi zimalimbikitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chimene sichivomeleza kuti nchankhanza, chomwe chimalimbikitsa ndi kuvomeleza mchitidwe wa nkhanza ngati gawo limodzi la miyambo komanso chikhalidwe. Nkhanza kwa amayi zimaphatikizapo miyambo ngati kulowa kufa, kukakamiza mwana kukwatiwa, kukakamizidwa kukwatiwa, kusasa fumbi kumanso kuyensa ngati mtsikana ali virigo.

Nkhanza kwa amayi ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu komwe kumalimbikitsidwa ndi ndi zikhulupililo zimene zimaloledwa mmadera mwathu. Nkhanzazi zimachokera ku kuvomeleza kuti amayi ndi otsalira ndi ochepa mphanvu kusiyana ndi amuna. Kotelo amayi, atsikana ndi ana ali pa chiopsezo chichidwa nkhanza mmadera mwathu.

Ndime yachisanu:

Mgwilizano wa pakati pa nkhanza zochitiridwa kamba koti wina ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna, nkhanza kwa okondedwa komanso nkhanza nkhanza za m’banja ndi kachilombo HIV.Nthawi: Mphindi 45

Cholinga cha ndime: Cholinga cha ndimeyi ndi kufotokozera momveka bwino mgwirizano wa pakati pa nkhanza zochitiridwa kamba koti wina ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna, nkhanza kwa okondedwa komanso nkhanza nkhanza za m’banja ndi HIV.

Nkhanza kwa amayi pophatikiza kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu zimaonjezera chiopsezo chomwe amayi chotenga HIV mu njira izi.

(i) Kudzera mu zikhulupilo zina monga kuti kugonana ndi namwali kungachilitse muthu ku kachilombo ka HIV. Miyamboyi imaika amayi ndi atsikana ambiri pa chiopsezo chochitidwa chipongwe, kugwililidwa ndi anthu ena komanso achibale.

(ii) Nkhanza zimaika amayi ndi atsikana pachiopsezo chotenga HIV chifukwa amayi ndi atsikana amakhala opanda mphanvu ndu mpata oti anganene zovala makondomu: Izi zikhoza kupangitsa kuti amayi ndi atsikana alowe nawo mu kangaude wa anthu amene agona nawo kudzela mwa owachita chipongweyo; Izi zikhoza kusokonezanso mtendere wa muntima komanso thanzi lamunthu. Nthawi zina anthu ochita nkhanzazi amaletsa komanso kuopseza amayi ndi atsikana kukatenga thandizo lazachipatala komanso kukayezetsa magazi awo.

(iii) Ochita nkhanzayo amagwiritsa ntchito kudziwa kwake kuti iye mwini ali ndi kchilombo kapena kuti mayi/mtsikanayo ali ndi kachilombo:

• Kuopseza kuti afalitsa za mmene mthupi mwa mayi kapena mtsika mulili• Kukana kuthandiza ochitidwa nkhanza akadwala• Kunamiza mayi kapena mtsikana kuti iye mwini alindi kachilombo ka HIV ndi

cholinga choti banja kapena chibwenzi chipitililebe.• Kunyoza ndi kunena mayi kapena mtsikana kuti (ochita nkhanzayo kupatsidwa

matenda) wamupatsila matenda

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(iv) Kukhala ndi kachilombo kumaonjezera mavuto ena kwa ochitidwa chipongweyo makamaka pofuna kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi odzisamala. Izi zili chomwechi chifukwa nthawi zambiri bambo ochita nkhanzayo ndiyenso amakhala gwero lachuma pa banjapo ndipo mai amalephera kuwulura za mmene mthupi mwake mulili. Nthawi zinanso mai amachulukidwa ndi nkhawa kuti ana ake awasalamala bwanji akayamba kudwala kamba ka kachilomboka.

(v) Chifukwa cha kusalidwa kodza kamba ka kupezeka ndi HIV amayi omwe ali ndi akchilombo amakhala pa chiopsezo chochitidwa nkhanza kuposa amayi amene alibe.

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Ndime Yoyamba:

Defining Laws And Policies. Kufotokozera kuti malamulo ndi ndondomeko ndi chani?Nthawi: ola limodzi ndi Mphindi 30

Cholinga cha ndime: Kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzila akumvetsetsa malamulo ndi ndondomeko zofunikira zokhudzana ndi kuchepetsa HIV ndi nkhanza za m’banja.

Gawo 2:Malamulo ndi ndondomeka zochepetsa HIV ndi nkhanza zochitidwa

kwa amayi

ZOLINGA:

• Fotokozerani kuti malamulo ndi ndondomeko ndi chani ndipo ndi ofunikira bwanji?

• Siyanisani pakati pa malamulo aboma ndi malamulo a pachikhalidwe ndi mmene malamulo ndi ndondomeko zimapangidwira.

• Dziwani ndondomeko, njira ndi malamulo a boma zokhudzana HIV komanso nkhanza za m’banja, komanso mmene zinthuzizimagwirira ntchito pochepetsa nkhanza za m’banja ndi HIV, mdziko muno komanso mogwirizana ndi maiko ena ndinso kufunikira kwa ndondomeko, njira ndi malamulowa.

• Dziwani udindo wa Madera athu pakapangwidwe ka malamulo.

Tsiku lachiwiri

Kukambirana za zophunzila za dzulo.Nthawi: Mphindi 15

Lembani mau ofunukira kapena zidule za mau zinayi zomwe zakambidwa dzulo lake pa pepala, mukhoza kulembapo “ nkhanza zochitiridwa kamba koti wina ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, nkhanza kwa amayi, maufulu a umoyo ogonana ndi umoyo wa ubeleki”. Funsani ophunzila kuti akambirane pa mau mwalembawo mpaka mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe zinakambidwa dzulo lake zitatchulidwa.

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Titapeza mgwirizano wa pakati pa nkhanza za m’banja ndi HIV, ino ndi nthawi yoti tiganizire malamulo ndi ndondomeko zomwe zili mkalikiliki kuti zichepetse nkanza za m’banja ndi HIV. Koma poyamba tiyenera kufotokozera mawu ena ofunikira.

1. LamuloMu mudzi kapena dera lina lililonse, aliyense amayenera kutsatila lamulo. Aliyense ayenera kupanga zomwe lamulo likunena kapena kulandira chilango chomwe chimapelekedwa kwa ophwanya lamulo. Madera ali ndi malamulo kuti ateteze anthu ku mchitidwe oyipa wa nthu ena. Malamulo ndi omwe amapangitsa kuti mtendera ulimo mmadera mwathu. Malamulo apaelekanso ufulu. Malamulo amagwira ntchito ngati mmene zilili zoyenera kutsatila mu mpila wa miyendo. Zitsanzo za malamulowa ndi malamulo a boma komanso malamulo a pamalo/dera/mudzi.

2. NdondomekoNdondomeko ndi mgwirizano wa momwe zoyembekezera ndi zotsatila zikuganiziridwa zingakwanitsidwire. Mwachidule, ndondomeko ndi ganizo la mmene ntchito iti igwilidwire malingana ndi maganizo a boma, gulu, a biziness kapena munthu. Ndondomeko imaafotokoza lingaliro, ntchito, komanso kufotokoza zoti zichitidwe, nthawi yochitila zinthuzo komanso zifukwa zake malingana ndi bungwe limene lili ndi mphanvu zotelo.

Ndondomeko Imakhalanso ndi zolinga komanso masomphenya omwe bungwe limafuna kukwanilitsa komanso kulimbikitsa pofuna kukwanilitsa mu dera lawo. Zitsanzo za ndondomeko ndi: ndondomeko ya jenda, ndondomeko ya dziko lino ya HIV ndi AIDS, ndondomeko yowona za chitukukuo, ndinso ndondomeko ya masomphenya a 2020.

3. Kodi malamulo a pachikhalidwe ndi chani?Malamulo a chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe ndi njira zovomelezeka kuchoka ku makolo ndipo ndi chikhalidwe cha dera. malamulowa amatsogolera khalidwe la anthu ndipo ali ndi zilango zawo wina akaphwanya. Monga ngati chikhalidwa, malamulo a mtunduwu amachokera kw a makolo nkupilizidwa ndi mibadwo yotsatila, kudzera mu kuuzidwa ndi zintchito komanso amachokera ku miyambo yomwe chikhalidwe chimatsatila. Malamulowa alibe bukhu limene adalembedwamo.

Malamulowa si ofanana Malawi yense. Mmalawi muli zikhalidwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zilankhulo zosiyana zomwe zimapangitsa malamulowa kusiyana ndipo sangafanane.

4. Kufotokozera Malamulo aboma.Ili ndi gulu lamalamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi atsamunda. Malamulowa ali ngati zikhazikitso komanso ziweruzo za milandu ina yomwe idachitikapo.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo apachikhalidwe ndi malamulo a boma.

Kusiyana• Malamulo a pachikhalidwe alibe mabukhu amene andalembedwamo ndipo amagwira ntchito

malingana ndi dera komanso mtundu wa anthu, pomwe malamulo a boma amafikira ndipo amagwira ntchito paliponse.

• Malamulo apachikhalidwe samavomeleza kapena kulorela maufulu a anthu ndipo amalimbikitsa kupondelezedwa kwa azimayi, pomwe malamulo a boma amavomereza maufulu a anthu ndipo amalorela kufanana mwayi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.

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Kufanana• Malamulowa zolinga zawo ndi zimodzi mu madera athu.

5. Kodi amapanga malamulo ndi ndondomeko ndi ndani?(a) Malamulo ndi ndondomeko za pakhomo amapangidwa ndi amayi komanso abambo.(b) Malamulo ndi ndondomeko za mudera komanso pamudzi zimapangidwa ndi amfumu

kapena mtsogoleri wa mudera mothandizana ndi anthu a mmudzimo.(c) Malamulo ndi ndondomeko za mdziko zimapangidwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo kapena

nduna ndi mtsigoleri wa dziko.(d) Malamulo ndi ndondomeko za dziko lonse lapansi zimapangidwa ndi nthumwi zochoka

mu maiko onse

6. Nchifukwa chani payenera kukhala Malamulo ndi ndondomeko?• Malamulo ndi ndondomeko zimatiuza zomwe tiyenera kuchita ndi kusachita• Malamulo ndi ndondomeko zimatithandiza kuthetsa mavuto• Malamulo ndi ndondomeko ndi njira imodzi yokhazikitsila mgwirizano ndi khalidwe pamalo.

Ndime yachiwiri:

Ndondomeko ndi malamulo owona za nkhanza za m’banja ndi HIVNthawi: maola awiri ndi mphindi 30.

Cholinga cha ndime: Ndime imaneyi ikuwunikira malamulo ndi ndondomeko zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa kuti zithetse nkhanza za m’banja komanso HIV.

Pali malamulo ndi ndondomeko zingapo zogwirizana ndi nkhani za HIV ndinso nkhanza za m’banja. Ndondomekozi ndi zamdziko lathu lino komanso zopangidwa mogwirizana ndi maiko akunja. Cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa nkhanza za m’banja komanso kuthetsa kufala kwa HIV

1. Malamulo a maiko a mdziko lapansi. Malamulo a maiko a mdziko lapansi ndi mapangano a maufulu a anthu komanso nfundo zomwe zidapangidwa ku misonkhano ikuluikulu. Maiko omwe adasaiyinira nawo mapanganowa amayenera kutsatila nfundo zomwe mapanganowa akukamba pokhazikitsa ndi kuzilimbikitsa mmalamulo awo a mmdziko. Potengera nkhani ya nkhanza za m’banja pali mapangano angapo. Koma mokhudzana ndi maphunzilo athu, mapangano ochepa ndi amene tikambirane.

(a) Msonkhano owona zothetsa nkhanza za mtundu wina uliwonse zochitika kwa amayi (CEDAW)• Msonkhanowu udafotokozera kuti kufanana mwayi pakati pa mayi ndi amuna ndichani

ndipo kungakwanilitsidwe bwanji. Msonkhanowu pophatikiza kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wa amayi udakambaponso za mmene ntchito yolombikitsa ufuluwu ingagwilidwire mu maiko osiyanasiyana.

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• Msonkhanowu umalimbikitsa maiko pa ntchito zimene angakhazikitse pofuna kusintha makhalidwe ndi miyambo kuti kusinthaku kuthetse kuponderazana kwa amayi kapena abambo.

(b) Mgwirizano ndi malumbilo a pankahni za chuma, ndi maufulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu.• Aliyense ali ndi ufulu “ osangalala kwa muyezo wapamwamba kuthupi komanso mumtima-

---ufulu ulamulira thanzi, umoyo ndi thupi lake (kuphatikizapo kudziteteza) komanso kukhala omasuka ku mchitidwe wa kuzunza kulikonse kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati poyeselela mankhwala mwa kafukufuku”

2. Ndondomeko za mmaiko a mdziko lapansiNdi ndondomeko zowerengeka zingapo zothana ndi mchitidwe wa nkhanza za m’banja komanso HIV zakhazikitsidwa. Mwa ndondomekozi zopatsa chidwi ndi izi: (i) Msonkhano wa ku Beijing wolimbikitsa ntchito wa mchaka cha 1995

Msonkhanowu umalimbikitsa maiko kuti akhazikitse njira ndi ntchito zothetsela nkhanza kwa amayi paliponse.

(ii) Chikhazikitso cholimbikitsa kuthetsa nkhanza kwa amayi mchaka cha 1993 Chikhazikitsochi chimalimbikitsa kupeza njira njira mu dziko zolimbikitsa ntchito

zotukula ndi kulimbikitsa kuteteza amayi ku mchitidwe wa nkhanza za mtundu wina uliwonse, izi zikuphatikiza kulimbikitsa njira zimene zidakonzedwa kale kuti zithandize kuthetsa nkhanza.

Maiko amalimbikitsidwa kuzuzula mchitidwe wa nkhanza kwa amayi ndi kuzuzula

miyambo, ndi chikhalidwe choyipa kapena chipembezo zomwe zimalimbikitsa nkhanza. Kulimbikitsa malamulo aboma, apamalo a ntchito komanso kukhazikitsa zilango mu malamulo owona za nkhanza pakulanaga komaso zipepeso kwa olakwilidwa.

(iii) Chikhazikitso cha bungwe la maiko a mdziko lonse lapansi pa nkhani za HIV ndi AIDS cha mchaka cha 2001

Kukhala ndi dziko lomwe ufulu wa anthu amalekezedwa ndinso mtendere wa wina aliyense ndi maziko ochepetsa chiopsezo cha HIV. Kotero boma la Malawi layikapo mtima kuti lichite zinthu izi:

• Kukhazikitsa njira zimene zipititse patsogolo amayi komanso kuti amayi azisangalala ndi ufulu wawo, kupitsa patsogolo udindo wa amauna ndi amayi kuti adziteteze pogonana komanso kupatsa mphanvu amayi kuti akakhale ndi mphanvu ndi ufulu pankhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kuwayenereza ndi kuwapatsa mphanvu kudziteteza ku matenda opatsilana pogonana komanso HIV.

• Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ndi njira zopeleka mphanvu kwa amayi, kuteteza ufulu wawo ndikuchepetsa nkhanza za mtundu wina uliwonse kwa amayi kuphatikizapo miyamabo yoyipa.

• Kukhazikitsa njira zopatsa mphnavu ndi kuthekera kwa amayi ndi atsikana kudziteteza ku matenda podzera mukukhala ndi mwayi wa thandizo lakuchipatala, ndithandizo ku nkhanza kwa amayi, ufulu pa nkhani zogonana, komanso maphunzilo opititsa patsogolo kufanana mphanvu kwa amayi ndi abambo.

(iv) Malamulo a maiko onse otsogolera pankhani za HIV/AIDS ndi ufulu wa anthu. Maiko ayenera kuchitapo kanthu pokhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa malamulo owonetsetsa

kusasalana ndi kuteteza anthu ku kusalidwa paliponse ndinso kwa mtundu uliwonse.

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Maiko, mogwirizana ndi madera okhala anthu, ayenera kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa malo abwino okhala amayi ndi atsikana ndi magulu ena a anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo ku nkhanza, pothetsa kusalana ndi kupondelezana pakati pa amayi ndi abambo. Izi zikhoza kutheka polimbikitsa kukamabilana mmudzi, komanso kukhazikitsa magulo owona nkhani za umoyo wa anthu, thanzi ndinso kuthandiza amayi ndi atsikana.

Boma liyenera kulimbikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa njira zomwe zimapeleka ufulu pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi HIV, anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka ka HIV komanso mabanja awo ndi madera.

3. Malamulo ndi ndondomeko zokhazikitsidwa ndi Maiko a mdera LimodziNdondomeko ndi malamulo a maiko a mdziko lonse lapansi amalimbikitsidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi ndondomeko ndi malamulo opangidwa ndi maiko oyandikana.

(a) Ndondomeko ya mgwirizano wa mu Africa pankhani za ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa amayi ya mchaka cha 2003:

• Ndondomekoyi imalimbikitsa maiko kukhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa njira zomwe zimaonetsa kuti ufulu wa mtundu wina uliwonse ukutetezedwa ndipo amayi akulemekezedwa munjira zonse.

• Imalimbikitsanso maiko kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi njira zina zomwe zionetsetse kuti kuchepetsa nkhanza, kupeleka zilango kwa olakwa komaso kuthetsa nkhanza za mtundu uli onse kwa amayi zikutheka mmaiko.

• Ndondomekoyi imalimbikitsa kuthetsa miyambo yoyipa ngati mdulidwe wa amayi ndinso ina zikuletsedwa.

(b) Ndondomeko ya mudera la SADC pankhani jenda ndi chitukuko. Ndondomekoyi Imalimbiktsa maiko kupanaga izi:

• Kukhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa malamulo oletsa nkhanza za m’banja mtundu wina uliwonse.

• Kuonetsetsa kuti onse opanga nkhanza za m’banja kuphatikizapo nkhanza za m’banja, kugwililira, nkhanza za amuna zokupha amayi popanda chifukwa china koma kuti ndi amayi komanso kuti opalamulawa akuweruzidwa ndi makhoti odziwa ntchito yawo.

• Kuonetsetsa kuti Milandu yokhudzana ndi nkhanza za m’banja zikuweruzidwa ndi anthu odziwa zakuti pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.

• Kuchita zotheka kuti maiko akhazikitse ndi kulimbikitsa maiko akupanga ndondomeko zokhudzana ndi HIV/AIDS ndinso ma pulogalamu, komanso kukhazikitsa malamulo amene achepetse, kuthandiza ndi kusamala anthu mu nkhani zokhudzana ndi HIV.

(c) Ndondomeko yowona za umoyo mu SADC. Pofuna kuthana ndi nkhani za HIV/AIDS komanso matenda opatsilana kudzera mu

kugonana, maiko ayenera kuluzanitsa ndondomeko zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupewa ndi kuchepetsa matenda, kuphatikizapo kugwirizana ndi kupeza njira zochepetsela kufala kwa matenda opatsilana pogonana komanso HIV.

(d) Ndondomeko ya achinyamata a mu Africa Ndondomekoyi imalimbikitsa maiko kukhazikitsa ma pulogalamu omwe ntchito zake ndi

kulimbikitsa malamulo ndinso chithandizo cha uphungu ndi thandizo lina kwa amayi ndi atsikana amene akhudzidwa ndi nkhanza ndi kuzunzidwa kotero kuti akhoza kukhala ndi muyo wabwino pankhani ya zachuma ndinso kakhalidwe kabwino.

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(e) Msonkhano wa nduna zowona za Umoyo mu Africa wa mchaka cha 2007. Msonkhanowu udakhazikitsa njira zochepetsela nkhanza mu Africa. Msonkhanowu

udapeza kuti amayi ndi atsikana ndi amene amachitidwa nkhanza kwambiri. Msonkanowu udaika njira ngati, kuchepetsa nkhanza, kutukula ntchito zakati pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kuthandiza anthu ochitilidwa nkhanza komanso kuchita kafukufuku.

4. Kufunikira kwa ndondomeko za maiko a dera limodzi komanso mgwirizano wa maiko onse apansi ku dziko laMalawi.

Izi ndi zofunikira chifukwa zimakhazikitsa zoyenera kutsata pa maufulu a anthu. Kutero kupeleka kuthekera kopanga malamulo a dziko ndi ndondomeko pa nkhani za nkhanza za m’banja ndinso HIV.

5. Ndondomeko ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi nkhanza za m’banja komanso HIV mMalawi.

Kukwanilitsa ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo za ndondomeko zomwe dziko lidasayinila nawo ndi maiko ena kuti izikwanilitsa ndi kuchita kumatanthauza kusandutsa mfundozo ngati malamulo komanso ndondomeko za mdziko. Ku Malawi apa mpomwe bukhu la malamulo a dziko lino limayambila kuphatikizapo malamulo ena apadera ndi ndondomeko zina.

(a) Constitution. (a)Bukhu lamalamulo oyendetsera dziko Bukhu lamalumulo oyendetsela dziko lino limavomereza ndi kutukula ntchito zolimbikitsa

kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ngati njira imodzi yopititsila patsogolo umoyo ndi chitukuko cha anthu mMalawi.

• Ndime 13 ya malamulo oyendetsela dziko lino imakamba za mfundo za mu ndondomeko ya dziko. Mogwirizana ndi kufana mphanvu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, boma lilimbikitsa kufanana mphanvuku mu njira izi:

• Kupatsa amayi mwayi ogwira nawo ntchito mmalo osiyanasiyana molingana ndi mwayi wa abambo; kukhazikitsa mfundo zoletsa kusalana ndinso njira zina zofunikira.

• Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zina zothana ndi mavuto a tsiku ndi tsiku monga nkhanza za m’banja, chitetezo, kusowa kwa thandizo la kuchipatala la uchembere, koponderezana pankhani za chuma komanso malamulo akagawidwe ka katundu.

Ndime 20 imaletsa kusalana. anthu onse pamso pa lamulo ali ofanana ndipo ngotetezedwa ku mchitidwe osalana.

• Lamulo likhoza kukhazikitsidwa kuthetsa kusalana mmadera a mdziko ndipo kwa ochita mkhalidwe osalana ayenere kulangidwa ndi lamulolo

Ndime 24 imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za ufulu wa amayi. makamaka gawo 2 la

ndimeyi limanena kuti lamulo lili lonse lomwe limasala amayi ndilopanda ntchito ndipo padzakhazikitsidwa lamulo lochotsa lamulo lotere komanso miyambo yomwe imasala amyi, miyambo ngati:

• Khanza zokhudzana ndi nkhani zogonana, mnyozo ndinso kuzunza.• Kusalana pantchito, bizinesi ndi malo ena antchito• Kulanda katundu

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(b) Lamulo loletsa nkhanza za m’banja (PDVA) Lamuloli limaletsa nkhanza za m’banja, ndipo limateteza anthu omwe adachitidwapo

nkhanza. cholinga cha lamuloli ndi kuonetsetsa kuti Malawi akuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuthetsa nkhanza zochitidwa kamba koti wina ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi zochitika mu maubwenzi, komanso kupeleka njira zotetezera ndinso chithandizo china kwa okhudzidwa ndi nkhanza.

Zina mwa njirazi mu lamuloli zili ngati mlandu wa pakati pa munthu ndi mzake, osati munthu ndi boma. Ndipo ndi Izi:

• Chiletso choteteza• Chigamulo chobwezeretsa munthu pantchito• Chigamulo chopeleka malo okhala kwa munthu

Lamuloli limalimbikitsatso malamulo ena okhudzana ndi upandu. Ngati nkhanza yachitidwayo ndimlandunso mu bukhu la milandu yoletsedwa ndi boma, kupatula kuweruzidwa ngati mlandu wankhanza za m’banja, olakwayo akhozanso kuimbidwa mlandu monga mwa magawo ena mu malamulo a boma.

Tsatanetsane wa mtundu wa nkhanza za m’banja ndi otere:-• Kumenya mkazi kapena mwamuna• Nkhanza zokhudzana ndi nkhani zogonana• Mnyozo ndinso kusowetsa mtendera mu mtima• Kuzunzana

(c) Bukhu la Zilango pa malamulo a bomaBukhuli limafotokozera mchitidwe ngati kugwiririla, kuba munthu, kugwirira ana, kuvulazana, kupha, kupha munthu mwangozi ndi mchitidwe wina ngati malandu mu malamulo a boma.

(d) Ndondomeko yotukula ntchito zachitukuko (MDGS II) Ndondomekoyi imafalikira mugawo angapo mMalawi ndi cholinga chothandizira opanga

ma pulogalamu a chitukukuko ndi ndondomeko zina mu boma, mmakampani, maiko a kwa azungu othandiza dziko lino, abwenzi a dziko lino komanso aMalawi pankhani ya chitukuko komanso umoyo ndi zachuma.

Cholinga chachikulu pankhani yakuti pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mu ndondomekoyi ndi kuluzanitsa nkhani za chitukuko cha dziko ndikuti pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa kuti amuna ndi akazi agwire ntchito limodzi kutukula dziko lino. Izi zimabweretsa mgwirizano odziwika bwino pakati pa ndondomekoyi ndi ndondomeko yakuti pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.

(e) Ndondomeko yoona kuti pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi-2008 Zolinga za ndondomekoyi ndi:

• Kuonetsetsa kuti nkhani ndi nkhawa zonse zakuti pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi zokhudzana ndi umoyo zikuyankhidwa.

• Kuonetsetsa katu nkhawa ndi nkhani zonse zakuti pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mu ntchito zonse za HIV zikuyankhidwa

• Kuthetsa nkhanza za m’banja mmadera a mMalawi.• Kuchepetsa umphawi pakati pa amayi ndi magulu ena a anthu amene akudutsa

mu ziphinjo zachuma powalimbikitsa.

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(f) Ndondomeko ya AIDS. Imavomereza za AIDS ndipo imodzi mwa nfundo zake ndi, kupititsa patsogolo ndi kuteteza

maufulu a anthu amene kufanana mwayi kwa amuna ndi akazi ngati yankho kunkhani za HIV.

Ndime yachitatu:

Udindo wa Madera popanga ndondomeko, mgwirizano ndi Ziganizo. Nthawi: Maola 2 mphindi 30.

Cholinga cha ndime: Ndime imeneyi iwunikira malamulo ndi ndondomeko zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa kuti zithetse nkhanza komanso HIV.

Kukhulupilika ndi chani ndipo udindo wa Madera ndi chani mukulimbkitsa kukhulupilika? Kukhulupilika ndi ganizo lokhudzana ndi boma ndipo nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi mau monga kuwayankha anthu mafunso ogwilizana ndi ntchito za boma, kukhala opanda mulandu, komanso kudalilika. Mogwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma, zimagwirizana ndi nkhani zaochitika mmboma ndi ndi makampani. Mu kayendetsedwe ntchito wa boma, kukhulupilika ndi ndi kuvomereza ndi kuvala udindo wa ogwira ntchito, kupanga ziganizo, ndondomeko komanso kukhazikitsa ma pulogalamu a boma.

NTCHITO• Kodi ndi zinthu ziti mudera lanu, zopangidwandi malamulo kapena miyambo, zomwe

mumalakalaka zikakhala mwa ntundu wina?

• Kodi mumwabwerEtsa bwanji kusintha mudera lanu? Ndi njira zanji zimene mumagwiritsa ntchito? Ndi anthu ati amene ali ndi mphanvu kusintha zinthu mudera lanu?

Kodi Madera angawiritse bwanji ntchito malamulo ndi ndondomeko kuti apititse patsogolo, kulimbikitsa ndi kuteteza amayi ndi atsikana mu kukhala ndi dera lopanda nkhanza?

Ngati chida chomemela anthu komanso kulimbikitsa anthu kuti asinthike, ndinso chida chowonetsetsa kuti ufulu wawo ukusamalidwa monga mwa zikalata zochoka ku boma. Madera ali ndi kuthekera kolankhulapo ndi kutsindika kufuna kuti maufulu awo akwanilitsidwe monga mmene adalembedwela mu mabuku a malamulo. Malamulo ndi ndondomekozi zipeleka kuthekela kwa madera kuti agwiritse ntchito lamulo polimbikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa njira/zida zotetezera maufulu awo komanso kudziwitsa anthu ena amdera lawo za ufulu wawo ndinso kuti ufuluwu sukuphwanyidwa.

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Ganizani!• Kodi mukuganiza kuti malamulo ndi njira zina zolimbikitsila

kutsatidwa kwa malamulo zingakhudze bwanji malamulo a dziko?

• Kodi pano poti madziwa za njira ndi zida za mmaiko a dziko lapansi kodi mukuganiza kwanu, kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi mmadera mwanu kungathandize bwanji pa nkhondo yothana ndi nkhanza komaso HIV ndi AIDS?

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Ndime yoyamba:

Kupeza kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo apachikhalidwe.Nthawi: Mphindi 40.

Cholinga cha ndime: Ndime iyi ikuwunikira zosiyana ndi zofanana pakati pamalamulo a boma komanso a pachikhalidwe komanso mgwirizano wa malamulowa ndi nkhanza za m’banja komanso HIV

Gawo 3:Kupeza zofanana ndi zosiyana pakati pa malamulo a dziko ndi

malamulo a pachikhalidwe ndi ubale wawo ku nkhanza za m’banja

komanso kufala kwa HIV-ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza ndi HIV.

ZOLINGA:

• Kupeza kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo apachikhalidwe komanso mgwirizano wake ndi nkhanza za m’banja ndi kufala kwa kachilombo ka HIV.

• Kupeza mavuto mu malamulo ndi ndondomeko komanso ma pulani a mmudzi ofuna kuludzanitsa malamulo a boma ndi apachikhalidwe

• Kumvetsetsa kuti ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza ndi HIV ndi chani, udindo wake ndi otani komanso kupeleka maganizo ku boma pofuna kukwanilitsa ganizoli.

Tsiku lachitatu

Kukambilana ndi kukumbitsila zomwe zaphunzilidwa dzulo lakeNthawi: Mphindi 15

Lembani mawu kapena zidule za mau ochokera pa zomwe zaphunzitsidwa dzulo lake pa pepala, machitsanzo mukhoza kulemba “ Lamulo, ndondomeko, malamulo a dziko, malamulo apachikhalidwe, kulolerana, udindo wa dera/mudzi, ndondomeko yoteteza nkhanza”. Funsani ophunzila kuti akambilane zomwe akudziwa ndi kukumbukira pa mawu mwalembayi.

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Zofanana ndi zosiyana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndinso a pachikahalidwePali ndondomeko ndi malamulo angapo amene amakhudzana ndi nkhanza za m’banja ndinso HIV. Ndondomekozi ndi za mudziko muno komanso maiko ena akunja. Cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa nkhanza za m’banja komanso kuchepetsa kufala kwa HIV.

Palibe kufanana kulikonse kapena kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa malamulo aboma ndi apachikhalidwe okhudzana ndi nkhanza kwa amayi komanso kufala kwa HIV. Izi nzotero chifukwa malamulo apachikhalidwe, amene anazikika mu miyambo ndi zikhalidwe, amatenga amayi kukhala ochepa mphanvu kusiya ndi amuna. Kagwiridwe ntchito malamulo a pachikhalidwe, m’banja kapena pa katundu amakomera amuna, kotelo amalimbikitsa kupondelezana pakati pa amayi ndi amuna. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo apachikhalidwe samavomeleza amayi kutenga katundu amuna awo akamwalira.

• Malamulo a pachikhalidwe salorela mfundo za maufulu a anthu kotelo malamulowa amalimbikitsa nkhanza kwa amayi komanso kuwaika pa chiopsezo cha HIV. Mfundo za kufanana kwa mwayi/mphanvu pakati pa mayi ndi amuna sizipezeka mu malamulo apachikhalidwe.

NTCHITO• Kupeza kufunikira kwa malamulo a pachikhalidwe. Kodi malamulowa amathandiza bwanji pa

chitikuko cha dziko lino?

• Kodi zoyipa za malamulo apachikhalidwewo ndi otani? Kodi nkofunikira bwanji kuti miyambo yoyipa ichotsedwe mu Madera athu?

Ndondomeko yoluzanitsa malamulo a boma ndi apachikhalidwe mu dera

Malamulo ndi ndondomeko zikhodza kuludzanitsidwa ndi malamulo apachikhalidwe mudera lathu munjira izi:

• Kumemeza atsogoleri ammadera. Kutengelapo mwayi pa mphanvu zimene atsogoleri ammadera ali nazo pa anthu awo, izi zikhoza kuthandiza kulimikitsa kwa ntchito zotetza ndi kulimbikitsa ufulu wa amayi, kuthetsa nkhanza ndi HIV, komanso kuchepetsa miyambo yomwe imaonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a HIV.

• Atsogoleri a mmadera ali ndi mwayi ofikira anthua ambiri kudzera mu misonkhano yomwe amapangitsa. kotelo mpofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa iwowa kuti anthu awuzidwe kuipa kwa nkhanza komanso HIV pa misonkhano.

• Dera liyenela kulimbikitsa kukambilana poyela za miyambo ndi makhalidwe kuti anthuwo apeze miyambo Imene imalimbikitsa kapena kuchepetsa nkhanza kwa amayi ndinso HIV.

Zomwe boma liyenera kuchita pokwanilitsa kuluzanitsaku:Boma liyenela kusintha malamulo, kapena kupanga malamulo omwe ali ndicholinga choletsa miyambo yomwe imalimbikitsa nkhanza kwa amayi komanso imaika chiopsezo cha HIV kwa amayi.

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NTCHITO• Kodi mukudziwa ndondomeko za boma zina zili zonse? Ndondomeko ziti? Kodi ndondomekozi

zimakukhudzani bwanji?

• Kodi mukudziwa za malamulo ena ali onse opangidwa ndi aphungu a mdziko la Malawi? Kodi malamulowa amakukhudzani bwanji?

• Kodi ndi malamulo ati a kumudzi amene mumawadziwa? Ndi chani chimene mumafuna mutasintha pa malamulowa?

Ndime yachiwiri:

Kodi ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza ndi HIV ndi chani?Nthawi: Mphindi 40.

Cholinga cha ndime: Cholinga cha ndime iyi ndi kufotokozera kuti ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza ndi HIV ndi chani komanso imatanthauzanji?

Ganizoli lili mu ndondomeko ya maiko angapo a dziko lapansi yofuna kuthetselatu nkhanza zochitidwa kamaba koti wina ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna. Ganizoli likulimbikitsa kunena kuti “ Toto” ku nkhanza zotele.

Nchifukwa chani ganizoli lidakhazikitsidwa?Kukhazikitsa ganizoli ndi njira imodzi yolemekezera ufulu wa anthu, makamaka wa amayi, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa umoyo ogonana ndi ubeleki. Kuti ganizoli likhazikitsidwe mwa nthunthu moganizira zonse zofinikira, komanso kuti mavuto apadziko lonse okhudza nkhanza kwa amayi ndi ana komanso HIV amveke ndi kuthetsedwa, pakuyenera kukhala kuvomereza kwa dziko lonse lapansi kuti vutoli lilipodi ndipo dziko lonse likuyenera kutengapo gawo ndi kukhala achidwi pothetsa vutoli.

Mzaka zapitazi maiko ambiri akhala akubwerezabwereza kukamba pa khama lawo lothetsa mliri wa nkhanza kwa amayi. Mwachitsanzo, msonkhano owona za chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chitikuko omwe udachitikira ku Cairo mdziko la Egypt, mchaka cha 1994, unakhazikitsa kuti nkhanza kw amayi ndi ngodya imodzi yofunikira pokamba nkhani za ubeleki ndipo msonkhanowu udaphatikizapo kuchepetsa komanso kuthana ndi nkhanza kwa amayi mu ndondomeko yawo yofuna kokunza mavuto okhudzana ndi ubeleki.

Mu chaka cha 2001, msonkhano waukulu wa maiko onse apansi pa nkhani ya HIV/AIDS (UNGASS) udavomereza gawo lomwe nkhanza kw amayi zimatenga pakufalitsa HIV ndipo nthumwi ku msonkhano anabwera poyenra nalonjeza kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhaniyi chisanafike chaka cha 2005, pokhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zothetsa mchitidwe wina ulionse wa nkhanza, komanso nkhanza za mtundu wina uliwonse kwa amayi ndi atsikana, kuphatikizapo miyambo yoyipa ya chikhalidwe chathu imene imaonjezera kukuzuna, kugwilira kumanso kuzembetsa ndi kugulitsa amayi ndi atsikana.

Maiko a mu Afrika mwa iwo okha, atengapo gawo pofuna kuthetsa nkhanzazi ndipo atero polumikiza nkhani ya nkhaza ku nkhondo yothana ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Pokonzekera msonkhano waukulu wa maiko onse a dziko lapansi, maiko a mu africa adapanga upo, nakonza msonkhano wawo pa mfundo za kupewa ndi kuteteza anthu awo ku HIV, chithandizo ndi chisamaliro kwa omwe ndi kachilomboka komanso kuzindikira kufunikira kokambapo pa za nkhanza mokhudzana ndi mliri wa HIV. Ku msonkhano wawo wa ku Brazzaville, omwe udali msonkhano okamba za kupewa ndi kuteteza anthu awo ku HIV, chithandizo ndi chisamaliro kwa omwe ndi kachilombo mu africa, maiko a mu Africa adavomereza kupititsa patsogolo

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“malamulo ndi ma pulogalamu amene adzathane ndi chiopsezo cha nkhanza kwa amayi ndi atsikana”. Ndipo mu mgwirizano wina wa maiko a mu Africa onse, omwe udachitika pokonzekera msonkhano wa maiko onse amdziko lapansi, bungwe la mgwirizano wa maiko onse a mu Africa (AU) lidakhazikitsa “ kupanga ndi kulimbikitsa njira zopangidwa mwapadera pofuna kuchepetsa zinthu zimene zimaika chiopsezo cha HIV/AIDS kwa amayi”.

Kodi ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza ndi HIV nchani?Kudzipeleka kwa andale komanso kumemeza kupeza thandizo Kudzipeleka kwa andale kukhoza kukhala kwa padziko, maiko angapo komanso mu mabungwe omwe si aboma. kudzipeleka kwa maiko angapo kukhoza kuoneka podzera munjira yopanga bungwe la maiko angapo lothetsa nkhanza kwa ana ndi amayi, mu bungwe limeneli muyenera kukhala anthu ochoka ku mabungwe opeleka thandizo ku maiko, anthu ochoka ku bungwe la maiko onse a dziko lapansi, anthu ochoka mmaiko okhudzidwa ndi anthu a mmabugwe omwe si aboma. Ma pulogalamu omwe amathandizidwa ndi mabungwe a ndalama ammaiko onse monga mapulogalamu omwe akuona zothetsa kusalana kamba ka HIV, kufuna kupewa ndi kuthetsa HIV komanso ma pulogalamu othetsa nkhanza ayenera kupatsidwa thandizo la ndalama lambiri ndiponso lokwanira. Ma pulogalamuwa ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti akwanilitse zolinga zawo monga kuti mankhala otalikitsa moyo akhale akufikira anthu onse pofika mchaka cha 2010. Ma pulogalamu okhudzana ndi za edzi ayenera kulandira thandizo lochulukirapo kuti athe kuphatikizapo kuthana ndi mchitidwe wa nkhanza kwa amayi komanso ana.

Kuunikanso malamulo ndi zokhudzana ndi malamulo: Maiko ayenera kupanga ndi kulimbikitsa kutsatidwa kwa malamulo amene amapangitsa nkhanza za mtundu wina uliwonse kukhala mlandu waukulu ku boma, malamulo amene awunikire anthu kuvomereza kuti nkhanza zilipo ndipo zikuyenera kuthetsedwa komanso kuphunzitsa za nkhanza kwa ogwira ntchito za malamulo.

Kusintha zinthu mbali ya za umoyo: Kusintha kumbali ya zaumoyo nkofunika kwambiri kuti nkhanza kwa amayi ziganiziridwe zithe ndipo amayi athe kupeza thandizo la kuchipatala komanso akhale ndi ufulu wa umoyo ogonana komanso ubeleki. Kusintha zinthu mbali ya zamaphunzilo: Maiko ayenera kukhazikitsa maphunzilo a kufanana mphanvu kwa mayi ndi abambo ndi nkhanza mu sukulu zonse kuti nkhani za nkhanza ndi ndondomeko za nkhanza zikhale zokhazikika masukulu onse nagti njira imodzi yotetezera madera ku nkhanza.

Kumemeza madera kuthetselatu nkhanza ndi HIV: Atsogoleri a mmadera ndi alangizi alimbikitse anthu awo pokhazikitsa mabungwe omwe adzafufuza, kupeza ndi kuthana ndi nkhanza komanso kulankhulapo motsutsana ndi mchitidwe wa nkhanza kwa amayi.

NTCHITO• Kodi inu mutengapo gawo lanji ndipo mupangapo chani pa ganizo lothetselatu nkhanza?

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Ndime yachitatu:

Kodi Munthu obweretsa kusintha/para-legal (palaligo) ndi ndani?Nthawi: Mphindi 30

Cholinga cha ndime: Cholinga cha ndimeyi ndi kufotokozera makhalidwe ndi ntchito ya munthu obweretsa kusintha komanso udindo wa uthenga pakubweretsa kusintha.

Ofufuza: Kukhala limodzi ndi anthu komanso kudziwa khalidwe lawo ndi maganizidwe awo kumafunika kufufuza kuti umvetsetse chifukwa chimene chimapangitsa anthuwo kutelo. Munthu obweretsa kusintha amayang’anitsitsa mozama pazomwe zikulepheretsa anthu kusintha kuti adziwe mmene angapangire kuti achotse zolepheretsazo napeza zotsatila zimene zili mu masomphenya ake. Ngati ofufuza/tekitivi, amakhala tchelu konetsetsa komanso kufunsa mafunso.

Omemeza anthu: Dera lili lonse limafuna munthu amene amalankhula zabwino za derali ndipo amakhala tchelu ndi chidwi pa delaro. Munthu obweretsa kusintha ayenera kukometsela ndi kumemeza anthu kuti alorere ndi kutengapo gawo pa lingalilo lake. Munthu obweretsa kusintha samafooka, amalimbikira kuyimba ng’oma yobweretsa kusintha ngakhale ane onse ali otangwanika ndi zina. Omemeza anthu samatopa, amapilira ndi kulimbikira.

Phungu: Kusintha kumabwera pamene amthu asintha ntchito zawo, maganizidwe ndi makhalidwe awo. Anthu amadutsa mu zambiri ndipo kukhazikika kwa mtendere mu mtima kumakhala kovuta. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amakakamizidwa mwa iwo okha kupanga zisankho zomwe sakadapanga. Monga munthu obweretsa kusintha, mvetsetsani tanthauzo la zisankho zotele, mukhoza kuthandiza anthuwa kuti mmitima mwawo mukhale mtendere. Phungu amamvetsela ndipo amalimbikitsa.

Ophunzitsa: Ntchito imodzi ya munthu obweretsa kusintha ndi kupeza njira zobweretsera kusinthako. Munthuyu amafotokozera za kusintha kukufunikaku ndikupangitsa kuti ntchito yobweretsa kusintha ikhale yophweka. Ngati ophunzitsa, pangani njira ndi ndondomeko zomwe zingapangitse anthu kukhala ndi kuthekera kokwanilitsa kisintha zinthu. M’phuzitsi amakhala wamachawi ndinso othandiza.

Mkhalapakati: Magulu aanthu, ndi anthu amene akudutsa mukusinthika nthawi zambiri amakhala pa mkangano wa masankhidwe a zinthu zofunikira mmoyo mwawo. Muthu obweretsa kusintha akhoza kuchepetsa mkanganowu powunikira mbali zonse komanso popeza yankho la kusiyana maganizoku. Ntchito yotele imafunika kumvetsetsa ndi kuchepetsa mkangano pakati pa maguluwa kuti maguluwa agwile ntchito limodzi kusintha zinthu . Mkhalapakati amabweretsa mtendere.

Katswiri: Munthu obweretsa kusintha amadalira ukatswili wake pokhazitsa ulamuliro wake mu dera lomwe akugwira ntchito. Pogawana nzeru, amaonetsa kuti akhoza kudalilika potengera deralo kunjira yolondola ndinso yotukula deralo. Kugawana nzeru ndi anthu kumachitika mu maphunzilo komanso mmachezedwe a tsiku ndi tsiku ndinso mmisonkhano. Katswiri ndi munthu odzidalira komanso odziwa zinthu.

Lamulo: Munthu obweretsa kusintha amaonetsetsa kuti zolinga zake ndi masomphenya zikukwanilitsidwa mu nthawi yomwe ili yoyenera. Amaonetsetsa kuti anthu akutsatila zomwe adagwirizana. Munthuyu amapeza njira zopangira anthu kuti akhale omasuka ndi achilungamo komanso kuti mphoto ndi zilango zoyenerera zikupelekedwa poyenera kutero. Lamulo ndi lokhazikika komanso laumunthu.

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Udindo wa uthenga pa kubweretsa kusintha.Uthenga umatanthauza kudziwa ndi luso lomwe lapezedwa kudzera mukuphunzila komanso zokumana nazo munyengo ina yake yamoyo. Udindo wa uthenga ndi mu kubweretsa kusintha kwagona pa mphanvu ya uthenga., yomwe imalozera ku kumemeza dera ndi kusinthika kwa delaro. Poganizira nkhani ya nkhanza ndi HIV, uthenga ukhala ofunikira kwambiri posintha mchitidwe ndi madera amene amalimbikitsa kuponderezedwa kwa amayi ndi atsikana zomwe zimalimbikitsa HIV.

Uthenga ukhoza kusintha maganizo opondereza kuti pakhale kulorelana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Izi zimathandizanso kuwongolera, kulimbikitsa anthu ena kuti akwanilitse masomphenya a dera limene amayi ndi amuna ali ofanana. Nkofunikira kuzindikira kuti cholinga cha uthenga ndi ndi kubweretsa kusintha osati mu dera lokha komanso kusintha machitidwe umene sulimbikitsa kapena kupitisa patsogolo masomphenya a mlangizi.

Alangizi,kupeleka uthenga, kalondolondo ndi kupeleka malipoti a zotsatira.Izi ndi njira/ndondomeko zodalilika zolimbikitsa kukhazikitsa kusintha kumene kufunika. Njira izi zimaonetsetsa kuti zolinga zikukwanilitsidwa msanga, motsogoleredwa ndi moyang’aniridwa bwino motelo kuti mavuto ena okumana nawo pobweretsa kusinthaku akuthetsedwa mwamsanga.

• Kugawa mauthenga: Izi ndi monga kuonetsetsa kuti wina aliyense wa mu derali akudziwa za kusintha kumene kukufunikira muderamo. Izi zimalimbikitsanso anthu a mu deralo kuti atengepo gawo pa iwo okha kuti kusinthaku kutheke.

• Kalondolondo: Izi zimakhudzana ndi kuyendera ndi kufufuza pofuna kuona ngati masomphenya akukwaniritsidwa, ngati pali mavuto kapena pali kupambana, kalondolondoyu amachitika pa ntchito zimene zakhazikitsidwa mu dera ngati ngodya zothandizira kuti kusinthika kuja kutheke.

• Kupeleka malipoti: Izi zimakhudzana ndi kupeleka tsatanetsatane wa mmene ntchito yagwiridwira. Mu malipotimu mumakhalanso zotsatila zimene zapezeka molingana ndi masomphenya aja komanso china chilichonse chofinikira kuchikamba. Lipoti likhoza kukhala longokamba pakamwa kapena lolembedwa bwinobwino.

Ndondomeko tachula pamwambazi zimathandizira kukhala wachilungamo kugulu, komanso kuthandizira pa kafukufuku ndi kalondolondo ofuna kuona ngati kusintha kuja kwatheka.

Ndime yachinayi:

Alangizi ngati zida zobweretsa kusintha mmdera, makhoti a kumudzi komanso athandiziNthawi: Mphindi 30

Cholinga cha ndimeyi: Ndimeyi ikulongosola mmene ma para-legal (alangizi a mmudzi) angagwilire ntchito ngati zida zobweretsa kusintha mudera komanso ngati makhoti akumudzi.

Munthu obweretsa kusintha ndi amene amagwiritsa ntchito udindo ndi ntchito yake pakutsogolera ndi memeza anthu ena ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa chinthu china chake choikika. Munthuyu amapatsidwa mphanvu ndi kusinthika kwa iye mwini ndi cholinga chobweretsa kusintha mu dera lake. Kotelo alangizi ngati zida zobweretsa kusintha, makhoti a mmudzi komanso anthu opeleka chithandizo mu dera ali ndi udindo kusintha mu dera lawo, chifukwa amakhala akufuna kubweretsa kusinthika mu dera lawo.

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Kubweretsa kusintha kungatheke kudzera mu mndandanda wanjira zinayi izi: I. Kuzindikira vuto ndi kufunitsitsa kuthana nalo ndi kukhala osinthika. Njira iyi imafunika

machawi kuti mupeze vuto limene likufunika kuthana nalolo. II. Kukhazikitsa masomphenya atsopano. Njira iyi imalimbikitsa kupeza ndi khazikitsa yankho

kuvuto lija; yankho limene lidzathetseletu vutolo. III. Kumemeza ndi kulimbikitsa anthu ena. Masomphenya aja ayenera kufotokozeredwa kwa anthu

ena a mmdera lanu ndipo anthuwa ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kutengapo gawo kuti masomphenyawa akwaniritsidwe. Payenera kukhala kumvetsetsana pakati pa atsogoleri ndi anthu awo owatsatila/ anthu omvera uthengawu.

IV. Kukhazikitsa kusinthaku mmagawo angapo a mdera lanu. Njira imeneyi imakhudzana ndi kupanga ndondomeko ndi ma pulani okwanilitsila masomphenya aja. Ndondomekozi zimakhudzana ndi kubweretsa kusintha mdera ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito kumema anthu ndi kufalitsa uthenga. Kumema anthu kumaphatikiza kupempha anthu opanga malamulo a mmdera komanso a dziko lathu. Kumema ndi kulankhula ndi phungu oyimira dera ku nyumba ya paliyamenti, ogwila ntchito ku boma pankhani za malamulo, ndikumupanga munthuyu kuti amvetsetse ndi kutengapo gawo ndinso kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa lamulo ndi ndondomeko zobweretsa kusinthaku, kutsutsana ndi lamulo lolepheletsa kubweretsa kusintha komanso kuti phunguyu atengepo gawo kufotokozera anthu ammdera lanu za ubwino wa kusinthaku. Kufalitsa uthenga kumakhudzana ndi kupanga zinthu zodziwitsa anthu za masomphenya, izi zikhoza kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito misonkhano ya chiphunzitso komanso kubweretsa kusintha kumene kukufunikira muderali.

Ganizani!• Ganizani za uthenga ndi luntha limene mwaupeza lomwe

lasintha maganizidwe anu

• Mukuganiza kuti mukathandiza bwanji anthu a mmdera lanu kutengera ndi upangili mwapezawu?

• Ganizani za njira zimene mukagwiritse ntchito pogawa uthenga ndi kulangiza anthu

• Kodi zokhoma zimene mukuyembekeza kukakumana nazo ndi zotani popereka uphungu ndi kufalitsa uthengaku? Mukuganiza kuti mukathana nazo bwanji?

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