Các vùng khai thác chung trong luật quôc tế hiện đại-2008

8/14/2019 Cc vng khai thc chung trong lut quc t hin i-2008

1/9

Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t - Lut 24 (2008) 67-75

67

Cc vng khai thc chung trong Lut Quc t hin i

Nguyn B Din**

Khoa Lut, i hc Quc gia H Ni,144 Xun Thu, Cu Giy, H Ni, Vit Nam

Nhn ngy 27 thng 5 nm 2008

Tm tt. Cc vng khai thc chung trn bin v quy ch php l iu chnh i vi chng ngycng pht trin trong thc tin v trong Lut Quc t hin i. Tuy nhin, y li l vn kh mi

m trong l lun v thc tin khng ch i vi ngi dn m c i vi nhiu chuyn gia php lVit Nam. gp phn lm sng t mt s vn v cc vng khai thc chung trong Lut Quc thin i, trong bi vit ny, tc gi phn tch tm quan trng ca khai thc chung; vic thit lp ccvng khai thc chung gia cc quc gia theo cc gc : i) Thit lp khu vc khai thc chung nh lmt trong nhng kh nng la chn i n thit lp mt ng bin gii, ii) Cc vng khai thcchung nh l yu t b tr cho vic phn nh v qun l ng phn gii trn bin; v s iuchnh ca Lut Quc t i vi hot ng khai thc chung trn cc vng bin (vng chng ln thmlc a v vng c quyn kinh t). Bi vit kt lun rng, ch php l cho vng khai thc chungd ht sc a dng v phc tp nhng cc quc gia hu quan cn c gii php ti u cho vic xydng mt quy ch php l hiu qu nhm bo m li ch cng bng cho cc bn, tun th trit cc quy nh ca Lut Quc t, c bit l Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982.

1. Tm quan trng ca khai thc chung*Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca

khoa hc k thut v s pht trin ca kinht, kh nng khai thc bin ca con ngingy cng c m rng. ng thi vi qutrnh ny l nhn thc ca con ngi v tmquan trng ca bin i vi s sng, s phttrin ca kinh t v an ninh quc phng cacc quc gia cng c nng ln. V vy,chin lc chung ca loi ngi th k XXIdng nh c xy dng trn c s camt trong nhng xu th ch o nht: xu thtin ra bin v lm ch bin.

______*T: 84-4-5650769

E-mail: [email protected]

Tim nng v giao thng vn ti, v dulch v v ti nguyn thin nhin em linhng li ch kinh t rt ln. c bit, ngunli v hi sn v vic pht hin cc m duem li li ch to ln cho s pht trin kinh tl nhng ng lc thc y cc quc gia mrng ch quyn ca mnh ra bin. Xu th nypht trin nhanh chng k t sau Chin tranhth gii th hai. Cng c Ginev nm 1958v thm lc a a ra mt quy tc catp qun quc t (bt ngun t Tuyn b caTng thng M Truman nm 1945 v cctuyn b tng t ca cc quc gia khc) [1],quy nh rng cc quc gia ven b c chquyn thm d v khai thc cc ngun tinguyn thin nhin thuc thm lc a camnh trong phm vi su 200m hoc vt


2/9


3/9


4/9

Nguyn B Din / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t - Lut 24 (2008) 67-7570

ng ranh gii gia khu vc A v khu vcB l ng ng su 1500m; ng ranh giigia khu vc B v khu vc C li l ng

trung tuyn gia ng Timor v Australia.Nh vy, c rnh ngm Timor v ngtrung tuyn u c s dng thit lpvng hp tc nhm dung ha quan im caAustralia v s m rng lnh th t lin vinguyn tc ng trung tuyn caIndonesia. Hip nh c hiu lc trongkhong thi gian 40 nm, ht thi hn ny cth c gia hn thm 20 nm tip theo, chon khi hai quc gia t c tha thun vmt ng bin gii vnh vin (iu 33).

d) Hip nh vng xm gia Na Uy vLin X (c). Hip nh ny c k kt nm1978 nhm thit lp vng nh bt hi snchung vi din tch 67.500km2 pha Nam bin Barent. Theo tha thun ny, tng slng nh bt cc loi c trong vng cquyt nh bi y ban ngh c hn hp caNa Uy v Lin X; sau c chia u chomi bn kt c. Tha thun ny cng baogm cc iu khon khc iu chnh v cc

quy chun (v cc loi kch c cc loi c,li nh bt). Mc d tha thun c thihn 01 nm nhng c xem xt b sung vgia hn hng nm cho n khi cc bn tc tha thun v ng ranh gii thm lca hoc vng c quyn kinh t [8].

e) Tha thun GhinBitxao - Xngan.Trong khi cha t c mt iu c quct v phn nh ranh gii vng c quynkinh t, ngy 14/10/1993, hai ncGhineBitxao v Xngan cng k kt mt

tha thun v khai thc chung (sau ngy12/6/1995, tha thun ny c b sungbng mt tha c v t chc v hot ngca c quan qun l chung). Tha thunngy 14/10/1993 xc nh mt vng binchung bao trm ln 2400 theo iu c knm 1960 to thnh mt hnh r qut c gc

480 vi ng bn knh l 200 hi l tnh ttm mi Roxo.

iu ng ch l tha thun ny c

thit lp cho c vic khai thc chung ccngun li hi sn v cc ti nguyn phi sinhvt ca vng. Theo , ngun li nh bthi sn c chia u cho hai bn, cn cc tinguyn khc ca vng c chia theo t l85% cho Xngan v 15% cho GhinBitxao;tuy nhin, nu pht hin thm c ccngun ti nguyn mi th t l ny c thc xem xt li (iu 2). Theo tha thunny, hai bn nht tr thit lp mt c quanhn hp nhm qun l v gim st vic khai

thc chung vng bin ny vi thi hn hiulc ca tha thun l 20 nm. Ht thi hn, cc bn s tip tc m phn hoc chuynvic phn nh vng bin ny cho ta nquc t.

g) Tha thun Colombia - Jamaica. Hipnh phn nh bin gia Jamaica vColombia ngy 12/11/1993, ngoi vic phnnh ranh gii trn bin, gia hai nc cnthit lp mt Vng khai thc chung nhng

ni hai bn cha t c tha thun v vicphn nh ranh gii trn bin. Khu vc cch chung (JRA) c din tch khong4.500 hi l vung l ni m c hai bn cngnhau qun l, kim sot, thm d v khaithc ti nguyn sinh vt cng nh phi sinhvt. Hip nh khng quy nh v thi hnhiu lc.

1.2. Cc vng khai thc chung nh l yu tb tr cho vic phn nh v qun l ngphn gii trn bin. C nhiu tha thun vvic thit lp vng khai thc chung ni ngbin gii (ranh gii) c xc nh nh lmt hnh thc b sung cho vic thc thi chquyn quc gia trn bin c k kt.

a) Tha thun gia Bahrain v SaudiArabia. Ngy 22/12/1958, Bahrain v Saudi


5/9

Nguyn B Din / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t - Lut 24 (2008) 67-75 71

Arabia cng nhau k kt Hip nh phnnh thm lc a trong Vnh Arabian. nnm 1974, sau khi pht hin m du Fa Abu-

Safah, hai nc k vi nhau tha thunkhai thc chung m du ny. Theo , Chnhph Saudi c trao quyn tin hnh khaithc v vi iu kin s phi chuyn giao choBahrain 50% gi tr thu c t .

b) Hip nh gia Php v Ty Ban Nha.Ngy 29/01/1974, Php v Ty Ban Nha kkt Hip nh phn nh lnh hi, vng tipgip v thm lc a trong Vnh Biscay. iu3 ca Hip nh ny quy nh rng cc bnk kt c p dng quy trnh b sung c

quy nh trong Ph lc II cho vic quy nhv cc quyn thm d v khai thc cc ngunti nguyn trong khu vc c xc nh bicc ng a cht ni cc im c ta km theo. Do , khu vc khai thc chungc xc nh nm vt ngang qua on gpkhc cui cng ca ng ranh gii thm lca, vi din tch l 814 hi l vung(1).

Theo cc iu khon c p dng chokhu vc khai thc chung ti Ph lc II ca

Hip nh, hai quc gia khuyn khch vickhai thc ti nguyn trong khu vc da trnnguyn tc cng bng. Ph hp vi nguyntc ny, hai bn cam kt m bo v khuynkhch cc doanh nghip ca hai nc thamgia khai thc trong vng khai thc chung datrn s bnh ng v ng gp ti chnh chohot ng tng xng vi li ch mi bn.Hai quc gia cn khuyn khch vic p dngcc phng thc thch hp nhm thit lp ccvng khai thc chung trong tng lai.

c) Tha thun gia Saudi Arabia vSudan. Hip nh ngy 16/5/1974 gia SaudiArabia v Sudan nhm thit lp mt khu vckhai thc chung cc ngun ti nguyn cay bin v trong lng t di y Bin .

______(1)The Geographer, 1997: 15.

Khu vc chung (Common Zone) l mt khuvc ca y bin nm bn tri khu vcgia Bin , sau khi cc quyn ch quyn

ca mi quc gia c duy tr ti ni c su 1000m (vng bin t su 1000m tr ral thuc khu vc khai thc chung). iu nyquy nh cho vic phn nh ranh gii thmlc a cng nh vic thit lp khu vcchung. Trong khu vc chung, hai quc gia cch quyn bnh ng vi tt c cc ngunti nguyn thin nhin v nhng quyn nyl c quyn i vi h (iu 5).

Mt y ban chung c thnh lp nhmm bo vic thc y hot ng khai thc

ca khu vc c hiu qu. y ban ny c thmquyn rt rng nh iu tra, phn nh ranhgii ca khu vc chung, m bo vic nghincu lin quan n vic thm d v khai thc khu vc chung; xem xt, quyt nh vchuyn giao cng ngh v nhng quyn linquan n vic thm d v khai thc; thchin nhng bc cn thit cho vic tin hnhkhai thc, kim tra, gim st hot ng khaithc; a ra cc quy nh khi cn thit cho

vic thc hin nhng nhim v c giao;thc hin bt k nhim v no khc khi cchnh ph hai nc giao (iu 7). V vn ti chnh cho hot ng ca y ban chung,Saudi Arabia m nhn mt vic cung cpngn sch v thu li t doanh thu do khaithc c trong khu vc chung v theo thathun c th gia hai chnh ph (iu 12).

d) Tha thun gia Libye - Tuynisia nm1988. Sau cc phn quyt ca Ta n cng lquc t nm 1982 v nm 1985 v thm lc

a, Libya v Tunisia k kt 03 iu cquc t nhm thc thi phn quyt ca Ta nquc t v thnh lp mt lin doanh nhmthm d v khai thc khu vc khai thcchung. Nhng vn bn chnh thc v thathun khai thc chung khng c cngb chnh thc, nhng t cc ngun thng tin


6/9

Nguyn B Din / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Kinh t - Lut 24 (2008) 67-7572

khc nhau cng b, khu vc khai thcchung gi hai quc gia ny dng nh cchia lm hai phn, c phn chia trn c s

phn quyt nm 1982 ca Ta n quc t.Mi bn s c thm quyn tham gia vngkhai thc chung thng qua cc cng ty cnhng quyn. Cc bn s tin hnh thit lpmt y ban t vn cho cc hot ng trongkhu vc khai thc chung. Bng tha thunny, Tunisia nhn c 10% ca thu nhp cc t vic sn xut t cc m du kh trongthm lc a ca Libya, tng ng vi phnpha Ty ca khu vc khai thc chung [9].

2. Khai thc chung v s iu chnh caLut Quc t

Theo Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982,trong khi ch i k kt cc tha thun vhoch nh ranh gii trn bin, cc quc giahu quan, trn tinh thn hiu bit v hp tc,lm ht sc mnh i n cc dn xp tmthi c tnh cht thc tin v khngphng hi hay cn tr vic k kt cc tha

thun dt khot trong giai on qu ny(khon 3 iu 74, khon 3 iu 83).

Nh vy, vic thit lp khu vc khai thcchung bi iu c quc t gia cc quc giahu quan l ph hp v tun theo nhngquy nh chung ca Lut Quc t. C hai vn cn phi lm r l cc vng khai tc chungphi tun th nhng quy nh no ca LutQuc t khi chng c thit lp ti: i) ni cthm lc a chng ln; v ii) ni c s chng

ln c thm lc a v vng c quyn kinh t.

2.1. Vng khai thc chung c thit lp ti nithm lc a chng ln

Cng c quc t v thm lc a nm1958 (iu 2), Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982(iu 77) v tp qun quc t u quy nh

rng, mi quc gia u c quyn i vithm lc a, khng ph thuc vo s chimhu thc s hay danh ngha cng nh vo

bt c tuyn b chnh thc no. Quyn thucch quyn ca quc gia ven b i vi thmlc a l vn c, ng nhin (iu 2.3Cng c Geneve 1958 v iu 77.1 Cngc Lut Bin nm 1982). Trong thm lc aca mnh, cc quc gia ven b c c quyni vi vic thm d hoc khai thc tinguyn thin nhin (gm du v kh) vkhng mt quc gia no c quyn i vivic thm d hoc khai thc nhng tinguyn m khng c s chp thun ca

quc gia ven b (iu 2.1.2 Cng c Geneve1958 v iu 77.1.2 Cng c Lut Bin nm1982). Tuy vy, vic thit lp khu vc khaithc chung trn thm lc a v ch php l ca n khng c vt qu giihn phm vi cc quyn m Lut Bin quc tquy nh. Do , v nguyn tc, khng mtch nh no ca vng khai thc chung cvt ra ngoi quy nh chung ca Lut Quct. Trong vic khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn

khong sn khu vc khai thc chung, ccquc gia hu quan cng s thc thi ccquyn tng ng m h c c trong thmlc a ca mnh. Nhng quyn ny bao gmquyn xy dng v thc thi ch quyn ivi cc trang thit b c s dng cho hotng khai thc ti nguyn nh lp t dnkhoan, cc o nhn to (iu 5.2.4 Cngc Geneve 1958 v iu 80 Cng c LutBin nm 1982).

Bn cnh cc quyn, cc quc gia trong

vic thit lp v vn hnh khu vc khai thcchung, cn c ngha v khng can thip mtcch bt hp l i vi cc quyn t do binc ca quc gia th ba trong vng khai thcchung (iu 5.1 Cng c Geneve 1958 viu 78.2 Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982).Nhng quyn t do ny bao gm t do hng


7/9


hi, t do hng khng v lp t cc dy cpv ng dn ngm. Tuy nhin, quyn t dycp v ng dn ngm ca quc gia th ba

khng phi l tuyt i. iu 4 Cng cGeneve nm 1958 quy nh rng cc quc giaven b khng th cn tr vic t dy cp vng dn ngm; tuy nhin quyn ca cc qucgia khc trong lnh vc ny li cn tuthuc vo cc quyn ca quc gia ven btrong vic a ra cc quy chun thch hpcho vic thm d v khai thc cc ti nguynthin nhin thm lc a. Cng c LutBin nm 1982 lp li quy nh ny v nhnmnh thm rng tuyn ng dn t thm

lc a cn c tho thun ca quc gia venbin (iu 79.3).

Nhm ngha v th hai lin quan n ccthit b, cng trnh phc v khai thc ccngun ti nguyn thm lc a (gm c khuvc khai thc chung). Lut Bin quc t quynh rng, khng mt trang thit b, cngtrnh no c th c xy dng ni c thnh hng n hot ng hng hi quc t(iu 5.6. Cng c Geneve 1958 v iu 80

Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982). ng thi,khi t dy cp v ng dn ngm, cc qucgia phi tnh n cc dy cp v ng dn c lp t trc ; c bit cn lu khng lm phng hi n kh nng sacha cc ng dy cp v ng dn ngm (iu 79.5 Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982).

Cui cng, c hai ngha v ca quc giaven b trong vic thc thi cc quyn v thmlc a ca mnh. Th nht, ngha v tn tmthc hinvic ngn chn nhim mi trng

bin bi vic khai thc ngun ti nguyn y bin thuc quyn ti phn ca mnh gy ra(iu 5.7 Cng c Geneve 1958 v iu 208Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982). Th hai, theoiu 82 Cng c Lut Bin nm 1982, qucgia ven bin c ngha v ng gp bng tinhay hin vt v vic khai thc ti nguyn

thin nhin khng sinh vt ca thm lc inm ngoi 200 hi l tnh t ng c s (vit l hng nm ti a l 7%). Do , i vi

nhng vng khai thc chung nm ngoiphm vi 200 hi l tnh t ng c s, ccquc gia thnh vin ca tho thun khai thcchung ng nhin phi chp hnh ngha vng gp ny.

Mt iu cn lu na, Lut Bin quc thin i cng nhn cc quyn ca qucgia trong khu vc khai thc chung (quyn tdo hng hi, quyn nh c, nghin cu khoahc). Nu mt trong cc quyn ca qucgia th ba b vi phm khu vc khai thc

chung, quc gia no s chu trch nhim? Vnguyn tc, tt c cc quc gia thnh vin catho thun khai thc chung s chu trchnhim. Tuy nhin, hu ht thc tin thothun khai thc chung t trc n nay trnth gii u a ra mt s iu khon nhmkhuyn ngh quc gia th ba chia s v thngcm trong trng hp quyn li ca hkhng c m bo y .

2.2. Vic thit lp khu vc khai thc chung tivng chng ln thm lc a v vng c quynkinh t

Theo quy nh ca Cng c Lut Binnm 1982, vng c quyn kinh t ca qucgia ven b c m rng ra khng qu 200hi l tnh t ng c s dng tnh chiurng lnh hi (iu 57). Nh vy, chiu rngca vng c quyn kinh t c m rngv hu nh bao trm ln c thm lc a.

Trong vng c quyn kinh t, quc gia venbin c cc quyn thuc quyn ch quyn vthm d v khai thc, bo tn v qun l ccti nguyn thin nhin, sinh vt hoc khngsinh vt, ca vng nc trn y bin, cay bin v lng t di y bin cng nhvic sn xut nng lng t nc, hi lu v


8/9


9/9


Ti liu tham kho

[1] R.R. Churchill, A.V Lowe, The Law of the Sea,Edition, 1988.

[2] iu 76 Cng c ca Lin hp quc v Lut Bin,NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, 1999.

[3] iu 56 Cng c ca Lin hp quc v Lut Bin,NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, 1999.

[4] D.M. Jonston, P.M. Saunders, Ocean boundaryissues and development in regional perspectives,Paris, 1998.

[5] M.J. Valencia, Taming Trouble Waters: JointDevelpement of Oil and Mineral Resources in

Overlaping Claim Areas , San Diego Law Review,1986.

[6] Japan/South Korea, Agreement concerning JointDevelopment of the Southern Part of the Continental

Shelf Adjacent to the TWO countries, 1974, Text inDerection in the Law of the Sea, 4 (1975) 117.

[7] Text of the Timor Gap Zone of Co-operation Treatybetween Australia and Indonesia, Agreed 6/12/1989.

[8] R.R. Churchill,Joint development of offshore oil andgas , The British Institute of International andComparative law, London, 1998.

[9] Masashiro Miyoshi, The Joint Development ofoffshore oil and gas in relation to maritime boundarydelimitation, Maritime Briefing, 1999.

Joint development in contemporary International Law

Nguyen Ba Dien

Faculty of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi,144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

Joint development zones in offshore and their legal status are developed day by day in

practice and modern international law. However, it is still a new issue in theory and practice fornot only Vietnamese people but many legal experts. In this paper, the author would like toanalyse the role of joint development, the establishment of joint development zones in practicebetween countries in the world and the adjudgement of International law for joint development.

Documents

Các vùng khai thác chung trong luật quôc tế hiện đại-2008