CẨM NANG NUÔI TÔM CHÂN TRẮNG

8/13/2019 CM NANG NUI TM CHN TRNG

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3 m nang nui tm chn trngCm nang nui tm chn trng

MC LC

LI NI U Trang5

1. MT SQUY NH CA BNNG NGHIP VPTNT VNUI TM CHN TRNG VIT NAM

1.1. Yu cu chung i vi vng nui v phng tr dchbnh 6

1.2. Cc bnh trn tm chn trng phi cng bdch7

1.3. Trch nhim ca chcsnui trong phng chng dch

7

2. TM HIU MT SC IM VTM CHN

TRNG2.1. Phn loi 8

2.2. c im sinh thi v tp tnh sinh sng 9

2.3. c im dinh dng v khnng tng trng 10

3. KTHUT NUI TM CHN TRNG

3.1. Chn a im 11

3.2. Xy dng hthng nui 11

3.3. Chun bao nui 13

3.4. Thging 15

3.5. Cho n v qun l thc n 15

3.6. Qun l mi trng 163.7. Qun l sc khe 18


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4 C m nang nui tm chn trngCm nang nui tm chn trng

3.8. Sdng v qun l thuc, ha cht 20

3.9. Thu hoch v xl 20

4. MT SBNH THNG GP V BIN PHPPHNG TR

4.1. Bnh do virut 21

4.1.1. Hi chng Taura 21

4.1.2. Bnh m trng 22

4.1.3. Bnh hoi tcquan to mu 224.2. Bnh do vi khun 23

5. THNG TIN KHC CN BIT 25-30

TI LIU THAM KHO 30


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LI NI U

Tm chn trng (P. vannamei) cng vi tm s (P.

monodon) v tm he Trung Quc (P. chinensis) l ba itng nui quan trng nht ca nghnui tm thgii tronggiai on hin nay. Nh c gi trdinh dng rt cao, dnui, ln nhanh v sn lng ln nn tm chn trng cnui phbin Ty Bn cu khng km g tm s Chu. Bn cnh tm s, tm chn trng v ang c ngitiu dng cc thtrng ln a chung. Ml thtrngtiu thtm chn trng ln nht, tip theo l thtrng Chuu v Nht Bn.

Tu nm 2008, c scho php ca BNngnghip v PTNT, nhiu a phng trong cnc pht trinnui tm chn trng nhm a dng i tng nui. Mc d,tm chn trng c nhiu u thhn so vi tm s nhng cng

i mt vi khng t nguy c. Trong , ng lo ngi nht lhi chng Taura khi bng pht thnh dch bnh slm tn hin cc loi tm bn a v gy mt cn bng sinh thi. Vth, cung cp thm thng tin cho ngi nui, nhm trang

bnhng hiu bit cn thit, hng ti sn xut m bo anton vsinh thc phm, an ton dch bnh, bo vmi trng

v bo vli ch ca ngi nui, gp phn pht trin nui bnvng, Trung tm Khuyn nng TP.HCM bin son cm nangNUI TM CHN TRNG (Penaeus vannamei).

Thay mt Ban bin tp, chng ti xin chn thnh cmn v mong tip tc nhn c cc kin ng gp qu buca cc cquan chuyn mn, ngi sn xut v b con nngdn, tip tc bsung cho ti liu hon chnh hn.

TS. Trn Vit M


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hnh ti Vit Nam do BNng nghip v PTNT cng b,m bo tiu chun vsinh th y.

Ch sdng con ging c ngun gc r rng, c-

chng nhn kim dch ca cquan th y.Ch c s nui khi pht hin thy sn nghi nhim-

bnh hoc cht bt thng phi bo ngay cho cn bth yx, huyn/trm Th y huyn.

Chp hnh cc quy nh vkim dch, bo co dch-bnh, thit lp v lu tr cc loi h s lin quan ti con

ging; thc n; thuc th y; ci to ao m; chm sc; qunl thy sn; xl cht thi (nc thi, bn thi v rc thi)theo hng dn ca cc cquan chc nng.

Hp tc vi cc cquan chc nng trong vic ly mu-kim tra cc chtiu mi trng, dch bnh.

c tham dcc kha tp hun vphng chng dch-

bnh thy sn, kthut nui do cc cquan qun l tchc.

TM HIU MT SC IM VTM CHN2.TRNG

Phn loi2.1.

Ngnh:- Arthropoda(Chn khp)

Lp:- Crustacea(Gip xc)B:- Decapoda(Mi chn)

H:- Penaeidae(Tm he)

Ging:- Litopenaeus

Loi:- Litopenaeus vannameiBoone, 1931 hayPenaeus

vannameiBoone, 1931Tn ting Anh: White leg shrimp-


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t ao nui phi c kt dnh nhm hn chti a-vic thm thu gia cc ao, gia mng cp, mng thotv ao nui.

Xy dng hthng nui3.2.

Cng trnh nui tm chn trng c kt cu ging nhcng trnh nui tm s nhng c su ln hn v mt thcao hn. M hnh nui c nng sut, hn chri ro l m hnhnui t thay nc. Hthng nui tm chn trng bao gm:

Ao nui- :Hnh vung, hnh trn hoc hnh chnht, c din+

tch 0,4 - 1ha, nu l hnh chnht: chiu di/chiu rng < 2,thun tin cho vic to dng chy khi qut nc.

y ao bng phng, nghing 15+ ovpha cng thot.Nn y bng phng, c nn cht.

su tt nht 1,8 2,5m hoc ti thiu phi cha+c 1,2m nc.

Khng br rnc ttrong ao ra ngoi v ngc+li.

Ao cha- (ao lng): chim 25 30% tng din tch,dng cha, xl nc trc khi cp vo ao nui, nhm

hn ch, ngn nga cc tc nhn c hi cho ao nui nhmmbnh, tm c tp, Nu c iu kin, nn xy ao cha ccao trnh cao hn ao nui c thcp nc m khng cndng my bm nhm tit kim chi ph nhin liu.

Ao xl thi- : chim 5 10% tng din tch, dng xl nc thi tao nui sau khi thu hoch trc khi xra

mi trng ngoi.


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Bi thi- : l ni cha cc cht thi tkhu vc nui nhrc thi, mn y ao. Cc cht thi ny cn c xl thnhphn bn hoc chuyn n ni tp trung khc trnh

nhim mi trng khu vc nui v mi trng xung quanh.

Hnh 2, 3: Ao nui tm chn trng

Chun bao nui3.3.

Cng tc chun bao c tin hnh ln lt theo cc bc

Ra ao:-Ao c: Ht sch bn y vo khu vc cha thi+

Ao mi: Ly nc vo ao, ngm 2 3 ngy ri tho+cn, thc hin lp li 2 - 3 ln

Gia cb, lt bt;-

Bn vi: Loi vi bn v liu lng ty vo pH-

ca nn y

pH ca tBt vi

CaCO3(kg/ha)

Vi CaO(kg/ha)

> 6,5 1.000 2.000 500 1.0005 6,5 2.000 3.000 1.000 1.500

< 5 3.000 5.000 1.500 2.500


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Kim tra mi trng trc khi thging-

Thging vo sng sm-

p dng k thut thging chung: ngm bao ging-trong ao nui cn bng nhit trc khi th.

Cho n v qun l thc n3.5.

Sdng thc n chuyn dng cho Tm chn trng,-m > 26%.

Tng cng hm lng vitamine, khong, acid amine-

thit yu bng cch trn bsung trc tip vo thc n.B sung ch phm sinh hc tng cng h vi sinh-

ng rut, ci thin tiu ha thc n cho tm.

iu chnh lng thc n d kin 3 ngy/t, t l-tng 3 % sau mi t iu chnh. Tuy nhin lng thc nthc tc iu chnh hng ngy, da vo kt qukim tra

sn n sau mi ln cho n 120 150 pht.Khi thi tit thay i, nhit qu nng hay qu lnh-

u nh hng n sc n ca tm. V th, cn thay ilng thc n gia cc ln cho n trong ngy ty vo thitit, trn nguyn tc tm n mnh nht vo lc mt m. Do, nhng ngy nng nng, lng n tp trung nhiu vo

sng sm hoc bui ti, ngc li, vo nhng ngy tri lnh,khng nn cho n vo sng sm, nn cho n nhiu vo buitra, khi thi tit m li.

tng cng sc khe cho tm v pht huy sc tng-trng mnh trong thi gian u, nn cho tm n tch cctrong 01 thng nui u chu k.


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Hnh 4, 5: Chun bthc n v kim tra sn

Qun l mi trng3.6.Kim tra cc yu tmi trng:-

Kim tra 2 ln/ngy cc yu tpH, nng oxy ha+tan (DO), nhit

Kim tra 1 ln/ngy cc yu t: kim, trong+

Kim tra 1 ln/tun cc yu t: NH+3, NO

2, mn

Kim tra 1 ln/thng cc yu t: BOD+ 5hoc CODKim sot, iu chnh pH, tng kim trong ao nui-

bng Dolomite (MgCaCO3) hoc vi (CaCO

3), nht l vo

thi gian tm lt xc.

Cc chtiu mi trng nc quan trng cn n nh-nhsau:

pH: 8+ + 0, 3, dao ng pH trong 1 ngy m khng qu 1

kim trn 80 mg CaCO+3/l

NH+3< 0,1 mg/l

H+2S < 0,03 mg/l

DO > 4mg/l+

mn: 10 20 %0+COD < 6 mg/l+


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Vsinh trang tri nui: Khng xrc, xnc thi+sinh hot, phng uba bi (phi c khu vsinh v t vtr thch hp, khng gy nhim cho khu vc nui); Khng

nui gia sc, gia cm trong khu vc nui; Dng c, trangthit bsdng ring bit cho tng ao; Ch vsinh cacng nhn, kthut lao ng trong tri.

Phng php tnh tlsng-

C thdon tlsng ca tm theo cng thc:+

Stm TB/chiTlsng = --------------------------- x din tch ao (m2) x K Din tch chi (m2)

Trong , hsK phthuc vo su ao v kch ctm.

Mc nc (m) Ctm (cm/con) HsK

16 - 7 1,48 - 9 1,2

1,26 - 7 1,58 - 9 1,3

Hnh 8 - 9: Chi kim tra sc khe tm


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MT S BNH THNG GP V BIN PHP4.PHNG TR

Bnh do Virus4.1.

Hi chng Taura (TSV Taura Syndrome virus)4.1.1.

Bnh TSV do virus thuc ging- Piconavirusgy ra.

Bnh thng xy ra giai on u nin t14 - 40-ngy tui, c thgy cht n 90%.

Triu chng ni bt nht tm bnh: cthc mu-hng sng hoc , nht l ui v cc chn bi. Mt stmbmm v, phng mang, rut rng. Tm thng cht sau khilt xc.

Bnh m trng (WSSV White Spot Syndrome4.1.2.Virus)

Bnh WSSV do virus thuc ging- Baculovirusgy ra.

Bnh thng xy ra trong 2 thng nui u. Bnh gy-tlcht rt cao, c thln n 100% trong 3 7 ngy.

Du hiu c trng ca bnh: c th tm xut hin-

cc m trng, trn, di lp vkitin, tp trung nhiu gip

Hnh 10: Thu hoch tm Hnh 11: Ht bn ysau thu hoch


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u ngc v t bng cui cng. Tm bnh gim n r rt,bi gn b.

Bnh hoi tcquan to mu (IHHNV Infectious4.1.3.hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis)

Bnh do virut Parvovirus gy ra.-

Tm b bnh thng dng mn tnh vi cc triu-chng nhci cc, ddng cc bphn cth(chy, ru, v,), tm chm ln v tlphn n cao. Bnh ny khng nh

hng n tlsng ca tm nhng nh hng rt ln n snlng tm nui.

Cc bnh do virus nu trn c thly nhim theo c2trc ngang v dc. Bnh c truyn ttm bmsang controng sn xut ging hay ly nhim t tm bnh sang tmkhe hoc tsinh vt mang mm bnh khc ly nhim sang

tm nui.Bnh virut l bnh gy thit hi nng nnht v l tr

ngi rt ln cho tm nui ton thgii. n nay vn chac bin php iu trbnh do virus. V th, bin php phngbnh c xem l yu thng u trong thc tsn xut.Mt sbin php phng bnh nhsau:

Chn tm ging sch bnh, qua kim dch-Phng trnh sxm nhp ca virus vo ao bng cch:-

lm tt cng tc ty dn, vsinh trc v sau mt vnuidit virus tdo, cc sinh vt mang virus (cua, cng, tmhoang d, ), st trng nc trc khi cp vo ao nui.

Thnui tm ng theo lch thi vnhm trnh ma-

m bnh thng xut hin.


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Khi bnh xy ra, cn dng thuc st trng vi nng-cao: Chlorine >70ppm dit virus v sinh vt mang virustrc khi thi ra mi trng hn chsly lan trn din

rng.Lp tc bo ngay cho c quan qun l thy sn -

c hng dn xl v dp dch.

Bnh do vi khun4.2.

Cc bnh do vi khun gy ra thng gp nht tm-

chn trng l cc bnh t ru, phng mang, en mang vbnh phn trng.

Tc nhn chnh l vi khun thuc ging- Vibrio.

Hin tng cht c thxy ra khi bnh mc cp-tnh. Nu mn tnh c thgy chm ln, phn n, mm v...nh hng n nng sut v cht lng tm thu hoch.

Vi khun- Vibrioxm nhp vo ao nui theo mt scon ng: ngun nc, tm ging, thc n, c bit l thcn ti sng v ty ao nu cng tc ty dn cha tt.

Phng php phng bnh: vic phng bnh do vi-khun tm chn trng cng tng tnhphng bnh dovirus. Ngoi ra, cn lm tt mt sni dung sau:

Nn p dng tng hp cc bin php hn chs+pht trin ca Vibrionh: nh kdng chphm vi sinh(Probiotic), gim mn nc ao nui xung 15 20%

0,

qun l tt hphiu sinh trong ao tc qun l tt mu ncao.

Trnh ly nc bin vo ao trong cc ngy bin ng+

do bo, gi ma hay p thp nhit i v khi mt Vibrio


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trong nc bin ven bc thtng ln nhiu ln so vi bnhthng.

Tng cng hmin dch tnhin ca tm bng qun+

l mi trng tt v bsung mt ssn phm nhvitaminC, A, E, . vo thc n.

Phng php trbnh- : nn p dng ng thi theo 2hng sau:

Dit vi khun cm nhim bn trong cthbng cch+trn khng sinh vo thc n nh: sulfamethoxine, bactrim,

cotrim vi liu lng 15 20g/kg thc n, cho n lin tctrong 5 7 ngy.

Gim mt vi khun trong nc v ci thin iu+kin mi trng bng mt sbin php kthut nh: xiphony, thay nc mi, st trng nc bng cc loi thuc ditkhun nh: Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), Iodine, vi...


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THNG TIN KHC CN BIT5.

Danh sch cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh ging5.1.tm chn trng t iu kin theo Quy nh ca BNngnghip v Pht trin nng thn.

STT TN CS A CH INTHOI

NHA TRANG

1 Cty TNHH QuctHi M

Thn Ct Li,x Vnh Lng- TP Nha Trang

0913.462.058

2 Cssn xuttm ging L LanCng


058.3839.081

3 Cty TNHH KinThng


058.3839.903

4 Cty TNHH thy

sn N & T

Thn Ct Li,

x Vnh Lng- TP Nha Trang

058.3839.761

5 Cty TNHH VnTy

Thn Thym x NinhThy, H. Ninh

Ha

058.3670.502


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- Chi cc Qun l cht lng v Bo vngun li thy sn

a ch:s126H Phan ng Lu, phng 3,qun Ph Nhun.

in thoi: 38 441 384

TI LIU THAM KHO

Vin nghin cu nui trng thy sn II, 2003,(1)

Tm chn trng (Lito-penaeus vanamei), ti liusu tm.

Thng tin Khoa hc cng nghs3/2002, 4/2002,(2)7/2002

Tp ch ca Vin nghin cu sc khe ng vt(3)

thy sn, trng i hc Kasetsart, Bang Kok,Thi Lan, 2002,Nui tm he chn trng ThiLan, trch bi Kim Vn Vn

FAO, 2004,(4) Introductions and movement ofPenaeus vannamei and Penaeus Stylirostris in

Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 2004

http://www.nongnghiep.vn/nongnghiepvn//(5)Upload/Image/2007/12/25/tom2.jpg (Hnh: tmchn trng)

http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/(6)tiengviet/sbn_14/2009/44743/


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