Campos magneticos mango

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CARRERA DE T. S. U. EN PROCESOS ALIMENTARIOS

“CAMPOS MAGNÉTICOS EN MANGO COMO TECNOLOGÍA DE

CONSERVACIÓN DE ALIMENTOS”

TESIS

Q U E P A R A O B T E N E R E L T Í T U L O D E

T.S.U. EN PROCESOS ALIMENTARIOS

P R E S E N T A

MARYCARMEN MARQUEZ GOMEZ.

ASESOR INTERNO:M.C. JORGE GUTIERREZ TLAHQUE.

ASESOR EXTERNO:

DR. GUSTAVO MENA NEVARES.


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AGRADECIMIENTOS

Agradezco primeramente a mi Dios Padre Celestial por ser mi guía y por

contribuir con su sabiduría y amor al permitirme la vida durante estos

20 años

A mi madre !aribel "#mez $ue con sus es%uerzos y traba&o me 'a dado

mis estudios y a mi padre Abra'am !ar$uez $ue tambi(n 'a contribuido

en ello A mi )ermano Abra'am $ue siempre de una u otra manera me

brinda su apoyo

A los pro%esores $ue 'an contribuido en mi %ormaci#n y con susenseñanzas y conse&os

A mi Padrino "erardo !endoza por sus conse&os $ue me 'a dado cuando

e' en%rentado diversos problemas

A mis *íos !ois(s !ar$uez y +arina ,ucas $ue siempre me 'an apoyado

y 'an estado al pendiente de mí Al igual el apoyo $ue me 'a dado mi tía

-n(s y mis padrinos .lanca e -gnacio

A mi abuelita Carmelita por cuidar de mí/ y mis abuelitos $ue ya estn

en el cielo/ a mi abuelito .erulo !ar$uez y ,iberia ,una/ y a mi abuelito

"uadalupe $ue siempre $uiso lo me&or para mí y me $uiso ver como

toda una pro%esionista

A mis amigos $ue me 'an acompañado durante estos años y me 'an

dado alegrías A todas esas personas buenas $ue 'e conocido/ $ue 'an

estado conmigo y me 'an de&ado buenos recuerdos

!uc'as "racias

DEDICATORIA


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Dedic# este traba&o a mi Dios Padre $ue me 'a permitido durante estos

años estar a$uí/ a mi irgencita de "uadalupe $ue siempre 'a cuidado

mi camino y 'a cuidado a mis seres $ueridos

A mis padres $ue me 'an dado todo lo $ue est en sus alcances/$ue me 'an cuidado y brindado su amor/ a mi padre $ue me

protege y a mi madre $ue con sus es%uerzos me 'a dado mis estudios A

mi 'ermano por compartirme su tiempo y pensamientos

A mi abuela $ue me cuid# de pe$ueñas y mis abuelitos $ue estn en el

cielo/ especialmente a mi abuelito "uadalupe $ue cuando lo tuve a mi

lado siempre me dio todo/ me cuido y protegi#/ y $ue s( $ue estar muy

orgulloso de mis logros

A mis tíos !ois(s y +arina $ue me bridan su cariño y apoyo/ y $ue 'an

estado al pendiente de mí/ a mi tía -n(s y padrinos .lanca e -gnacio $ue

esperan $ue yo me titule

A mi padrino "erardo por sus conse&os y apoyo en momentos di%íciles/

$ue aun$ue no es de mi %amilia por apellido/ yo lo siento como mi %amilia

por ese cariño $ue eiste entre nosotros

A todas las personas $ue e' conocido y 'an de&ado cosas buenas en mí

A mis amigos $ueridos y una persona $ue %ue muy importante en mi

vida

Dedicado para todos ustedes $ue son importantes en mi vida/ y $ue me

demuestran $ue el me&or (ito $ue puede tener una persona en la vida

es estar rodeado de sus seres $ueridos

ÍNDICERESUMEN

SUMMARY

MaryCarmen


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.! INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................................................"#

".! GENERALIDADES DE LA UACH....................................................................."$

2.1.- ANTECEDENTES............................................................................................27

2.2 UBICACIÓN......................................................................................................282.3.- MISIÓN Y VISIÓN DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOTECNIA....................................29

2.4.- OBJETIVOS...................................................................................................29

#.! REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA.............................................................................#

3.1.- MONOGRAFA DEL M ANGO.............................................................................31

3.1.1.- Aspectos generales...............................................................................31

3.1.2 Datos estadísticos...................................................................................32

3.1.2.1.- S!"#$%&' (#)*$+,+ '(#'/+,+..................................................32

3.1.2.2.- P$,!''&0 $#,&)................................................................32

3.1.2.3. V+$,+,#( "$,!'&,+(.....................................................................34

3.1.2.4. E(+,( "$,!'$#(.........................................................................3

3.1.2.. P$#'& )#,& $!$+.............................................................................3

3.1.2.5 C)#$'& #6#$&$ '(!) +"+$##............................................35

3.1.2.7 C#6 &#$+'&+.......................................................................38

3.1.2.8. P$&'&"+#( "+(#( "$,!'$#(........................................................43.1.2.9. P$&'&"+#( E6"$+,$#(..................................................................4

3.1.2.1. P$&'&"+#( I)"$+,$#(................................................................41

3.1.3 Taxonomía y descripción botnica..........................................................!2

3.1.!. "e#$erimientos climticos y de s$elo del mango..................................!3

3.1.% &ariedades de mango..............................................................................!3

3.2. ENFERMEDADES DE M AYOR RELEVANCIA........................................................44

3.2.1. Antracnosis.............................................................................................!!

3.2.2. 'anc(a negra )p$drición por alternaría*................................................!+

3.2.2.1 I)"$+'&+ ,&($&*!'&0.-................................................................47

3.2.2.2 A## '+!(+....................................................................................47

S# $++ ,# / A#$+$+ +#$++ :F$;


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3.2.2.4 E"&,#)&+....................................................................................47

3.2.2. R#(&(#'&+........................................................................................48

3.2.2.5 C$...............................................................................................48

3.2.3. En,ermedad rosada )in disease*........................................................!/

3.2.3.1 I)"$+'&+ ,&($&*!'&0..................................................................48

3.2.3.2 A## '+!(+....................................................................................48

3.2.3.3 S)+(............................................................................................48

3.2.3.4 E"&,#)&&+.-..................................................................................49

3.2.3. R#(&(#'&+........................................................................................49

3.2.3.5 C$...............................................................................................

3.2.!. 0idio........................................................................................................%

3.2.4.1 I)"$+'&+ ,&($&*!'&0..................................................................3.2.4.2 A## '+!(+....................................................................................

3.2.4.3 S)+(............................................................................................

3.2.4.4 E"&,#)&&+....................................................................................1

3.2.4. R#(&(#'&+........................................................................................1

3.2.4.5 C$...............................................................................................1

3.2.%. $driciones de la base del ,r$to )Stem end rots*...................................%2

3.2..1 I)"$+'&+ ,&($&*!'&0..................................................................2

3.2..2 A## '+!(+....................................................................................2

3.2..3 S)+(............................................................................................3

3.2..4 E"&,#)&&+....................................................................................3

3.2... R#(&(#'&+.......................................................................................3

3.2..5. C$..............................................................................................4

3.2. 'anc(a negra bacteriana )acterial lac Spot*....................................%!

3.2.5.1 I)"$+'&+ ,&($&*!'&0..................................................................4

3.2.5.2 A## '+!(+....................................................................................4

3.2.5.3 S)+(............................................................................................4

3.2.5.4 E"&,#)&&+....................................................................................

3.2.5. R#(&(#'&+........................................................................................5

3.2.5.5 C$...............................................................................................5


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3.2.+ 'al,ormación...........................................................................................%+

3.2.7.1 I)"$+'&+ ,&($&*!'&0..................................................................7

3.2.7.2. A## '+!(+...................................................................................7

3.2.7.3 S)+(............................................................................................7

3.2.7.4 E"&,#)&&+....................................................................................8

3.2.7. R#(&(#'&+........................................................................................8

3.2.7.5 C$...............................................................................................8

3.2./ Seca de mango........................................................................................%4

3.2.8.1 I)"$+'&+ ,&($&*!'&0..................................................................9

3.2.8.2 A## '+!(+....................................................................................9

3.2.8.3 S)+(............................................................................................9

3.2.8.4 E"&,#)&&+....................................................................................53.2.8. R#(&(#'&+........................................................................................5

3.2.8.5 C$...............................................................................................5

3.2.4. 0tras en,ermedades com$nes del mango.............................................1

3.3 >ONGO COLLETOTRIC>UM GLOESPORIOIDES...................................................52

3.3.1 Importancia..............................................................................................2

3.3.2. 5bicación taxonómica del (ongo............................................................2

3.3.3 6eneralidades del patógeno...................................................................3

3.3.! Epidemiología..........................................................................................!

3.3.%.- Etiología del (ongo................................................................................

3.4.- M ANEJO DE LA ENFERMEDAD ANTRACNOSIS...................................................57

3.!.1 7ontrol pre cosec(a )campo*................................................................../

3.!.2.- 7ontrol postcosec(a..............................................................................4

3.4.2.1 F!&'&,+(.........................................................................................7

3.4.2.2.- M#,&,+( (& %!&'&,+(....................................................................72

3.4.2.3.- C+$................................................................................................73

3.4.2.4.- C$ B&0&'.............................................................................73

3. M AGNETISMO..................................................................................................74

3.%.1. 7ampo magn8tico...................................................................................+!

3.%.2.- 7ampo magn8tico esttico....................................................................+%


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3.%.3.- iomagnetismo......................................................................................+

3.%.! 7ampos El8ctricos $lsantes de Alta Intensidad....................................+/

3..4.1.- M#'+&()( ,# I+'&=+'&0 M&'$*&0&'+ "$ )#,& ,# C+)"(

E?'$&'( P!(+#( ,# A+ I#(&,+,.........................................................79

3.%.%.- Tecnología de $lsos de 9$: )9*......................................................../3

3...1.- M#'+&()( ,# I+'&=+'&0 ' P!(( ,# L!@ :PL;.....................84

3.%..- 7ampos magn8ticos oscilantes............................................................./%

3..5.1.- M#'+&()( ,# I+'&=+'&0 M&'$*&++ ' C+)"( M+?&'(

O('&+#(......................................................................................................85

%.! JUSTI&ICACIÓN................................................................................................''

(.! OBJETIVOS.......................................................................................................''

.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL........................................................................................88

.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECFICOS.................................................................................88

(.! MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS..............................................................................')

.1.- EPERIMENTO 1............................................................................................89

.2.- EPERIMENTO 2............................................................................................91

.3.- EPERIMENTO 3............................................................................................91

.4. V ARIABLES EVALUADAS...................................................................................94%.!.1. 8rdidas de peso....................................................................................4!

%.!.2. Incidencia de la en,ermedad..................................................................4!

%.!.3. Se;eridad de la en,ermedad..................................................................4%

5.7.- ANLISIS ESTADSTICO..................................................................................95

$.! RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN...........................................................................)$

7.1. RESULTADOS DEL EPERIMENTO 1..................................................................97

+.1.1. 8rdidas de peso....................................................................................4+

+.1.2. orcenta


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+.2.2. orcenta


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CUADRO 3 COMERCIO ETERIOR Y CONSUMO APARENTE DE M ANGO EN MICO

:MILES DE TONELADAS;.....................................................................................25

CUADRO 4 PRODUCCIÓN Y COMERCIO MUNDIAL DE M ANGO.....................................29

CUADRO PRODUCTOS P ARA EL M ANEJO DE ANTRACNOSIS :; Y CON TOLERANCIA

DE RESIDUOS :; EN EE.UU.............................................................................5

CUADRO 5 PUNTOS MEDIOS :PORCENTAJE DE D AO; P ARA C ADA CLASE.................8

CUADRO 7 COMPARACIÓN DE MEDIAS UE SE OBTUVO MEDIANTE LA PRUEBA DE TU


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CUADRO 13 COMPARACIÓN DE MEDIA OBTENIDA MEDIANTE LA PRUEBA DE TU


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CUADRO 21 COMPARACIÓN DE MEDIA OBTENIDA MEDIANTE LA PRUEBA DE TU


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FIGURA 1 SUPERFICIE SEMBRADA Y RENDIMIENTO DE MANGO EN MICO :FUENTE CON

BASE EN DATOS DE SIAP-SAGARPA;.....................................................................21

FIGURA 2RELACIÓN ENTRE RENDIMIENTO E NDICE DE SINIESTRALIDAD DEL MANGO

1994-29........................................................................................................23

FIGURA 3 PRINCIPALES ESTADOS PRODUCTORES DE MANGO EN MICO 2-29. 24

FIGURA 4 PRECIO MEDIO RURAL EN MICO..............................................................2

FIGURA PRECIO PROMEDIO ASOCIADO AL COMERCIO ETERIOR DE MANGO EN

MICO.............................................................................................................27

FIGURA 5 PRODUCCIÓN Y EPORTACIONES DE MANGO EN EL MUNDO..........................27

FIGURA 7 PRINCIPALES PRODUCTORES DE MANDO EN EL MUNDO EN 28..................29

FIGURA 8 EPORTACIONES DE MANGO EN EL MUNDO Y TMAC...................................3

FIGURA 9 PRINCIPALES IMPORTADORES DE MANGO EN EL MUNDO 28.....................31FIGURA 1 CICLO DE LA ANTRACNOSIS :ARAUH 2;............................................34

FIGURA 11 ANTRACNOSIS EN EDARDK....................................................................3

FIGURA 12 STEM-END ROT CAUSADO POR LASIODIPLODIA T>EOBROMAE....................5

FIGURA 13 ALTERNARA BLACINC>AMIENTO LISIS E INACTIVACIÓN CELULAR..............................................71

FIGURA 15 FORMA DE COLOCACIÓN DE MAGNETOS EN MANGO PARA EL TRATAMIENTO 2

EN EL EPERIMENTO 1 FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA.......................................79

FIGURA 17 FORMA DE COLOCACIÓN DE MAGNETOS EN MANGO TRATAMIENTO 3

EPERIMENTO 1. FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA...............................................79


EPERIMENTO 1 FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA................................................79

FIGURA 19 FORMA DE COLOCACIÓN DE MAGNETOS EN MANGO TRATAMIENTO





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EPERIMENTO 3................................................................................................81

FIGURA 23 FORMA DE COLOCACIÓN DE MAGNETOS EN MANGO TRATAMIENTO

EPERIMENTO 3................................................................................................82


EPERIMENTO 3................................................................................................82


EPERIMENTO 3................................................................................................82

FIGURA 25 ESCALA LOGARTMICA DIAGRAMATIHADA PARA EVALUAR ANTRACNOSIS

:COLLETOTRIC>UM GLOEOSPORIOIDES; EN FRUTOS DE M ANGO M ANILA.............8FIGURA 27 PORCENTAJES DE PRDIDA DE PESO EN FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA

TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMO. BLOUE 1. EPERIMENTO 1. FUENTE ELABORACIÓN

PROPIA.............................................................................................................87

FIGURA 28 PORCENTAJES DE PRDIDA DE PESO EN FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA


PROPIA.............................................................................................................87



PROPIA.............................................................................................................87

FIGURA 3 PROMEDIO GENERAL DE LOS PORCENTAJES DE PRDIDA DE PESO EN

FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA CON TRATAMIENTOS DE MAGNETISMO. EPERIMENTO 1.

FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA.........................................................................87

FIGURA 31 PORCENTAJES DE INCIDENCIA EN FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON

MAGNETISMO. BLOUE 1 EPERIMENTO 1 FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA..........9






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FIGURA 45 PROMEDIO GENERAL DE LOS PORCENTAJES DE INCIDENCIA EN FRUTOS DE

MANGO MANILA CON TRATAMIENTOS DE MAGNETISMO. EPERIMENTO 2. FUENTE

ELABORACIÓN PROPIA.......................................................................................99

FIGURA 47 PORCENTAJES DE SEVERIDAD EN FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON

MAGNETISMO. BLOUE 1 EPERIMENTO 2 FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA........12





FIGURA PROMEDIO GENERAL DE LOS PORCENTAJES SEVERIDAD EN FRUTOS DE

MANGO MANILA CON TRATAMIENTOS DE MAGNETISMO. EPERIMENTO 2 FUENTE

ELABORACIÓN PROPIA.....................................................................................12FIGURA 1 PORCENTAJES DE PRDIDA DE PESO EN FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA

TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMO. BLOUE 1 EPERIMENTO 3. FUENTE ELABORACIÓN

PROPIA...........................................................................................................1



PROPIA...........................................................................................................1



PROPIA...........................................................................................................1

FIGURA 4 PROMEDIO GENERAL DE LOS PORCENTAJES DE PRDIDA DE PESO EN

FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA CON TRATAMIENTOS DE MAGNETISMO. EPERIMENTO 3.

FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA.......................................................................1

FIGURA PORCENTAJES DE INCIDENCIA EN FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON

MAGNETISMO. BLOUE 1 EPERIMENTO 3. FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA.......18






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FIGURA 8 PROMEDIO GENERAL DE LOS PORCENTAJES DE INCIDENCIA EN FRUTOS DE


ELABORACIÓN PROPIA.....................................................................................18


MAGNETISMO. BLOUE 1 EPERIMENTO 3. FUENTE ELABORACIÓN PROPIA........111





FIGURA 52 PROMEDIO GENERAL DE LOS PORCENTAJES DE SEVERIDAD EN FRUTOS DE


ELABORACIÓN PROPIA......................................................................................111FIGURA 53 FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMO. TRATAMIENTO

TESTIGO DEL EPERIMETO 1.............................................................................121

FIGURA 54 FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMO TRATAMIENTO 3

DEL EPERIMENTO 1........................................................................................122


DEL EPERIMENTO 1........................................................................................122


DEL EPERIMENTO 1........................................................................................123

FIGURA 55 FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMO TRATAMIENTO

DEL EPERIMENTO 1........................................................................................123


TESTIGO DEL EPERIMENTO 2...........................................................................124

FIGURA 59 FRUTO DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMO TRATAMIENTO 2 DEL

EPERIMENTO 2...............................................................................................124


DEL EPERIMENTO 2........................................................................................12


DEL EPERIMENTO 2........................................................................................12


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DEL EPERIMENTO 2........................................................................................125


TESTIGO DEL EPERIMENTO 3...........................................................................125


DEL EPERIMENTO 3........................................................................................127

FIGURA 7 FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMOS TRATAMIENTO 3

DEL EPERIMENTO 3........................................................................................127


DEL EPERIMENTO 3........................................................................................128


DEL EPERIMENTO 3........................................................................................128FIGURA 78 FRUTOS DE MANGO MANILA TRATADOS CON MAGNETISMO TRATAMIENTO 5

DEL EPERIMENTO 3........................................................................................129


DEL EPERIMENTO 3........................................................................................129


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RESUMEN

E '!&= ,# )+ #%$#+ ,&=#$(( "$*#)+( ,!$+# (! )+# "(-'(#'/+

#$# ( )( &)"$+#( (# #'!#$+ + +$+'(&( !# #( + #%#$)#,+, )(

&)"$+# ,# )+ # $#+( ,# "$,!''&0 /)#,+(. A( # "$#(## $+*+

# ') *#&= ,##$)&+$ + $+'&0 )( #%#'&=+ ,# ( '+)"(

)+?&'( #(&'( # "+$#( "+$+ # '$ ,# +$+'(&( # %$!( ,# )+.E )+#$&+ =##+ (# *!= ,# + '#$+ ,# +*+(( ,# + '&!,+, ,# M?6&'

,,# (# #(+*#'&0 ! #6"#$&)# *!#( + +@+$ ' 3 $#"#&'&#( 12

$++)(. S# $#+&@0 ! +&(&( ,# =+$&+@+ !+ "$!#*+ ,# ')"+$+'&0 ,#

)#,&+( "$ + "$!#*+ ,# T!Q# ' ! =.% ,,# '+,+ $++) &=!'$0

,&%#$##( $+'&#( ,# ( )+#( ' !+ &#(&,+, ,# 2. #(+( ,,#

# )" ,# #6"(&'&0 #( ,# 3 )&!( "$ '+,+ $++) !+ &'!+'&0

,# 1 UFC) :161; ,# 7olletotric($m gloeosporioides # (!'&0. L+ '!+

(# +("#$0 + ( %$!( # ! =!)# ,# 5.5 ) "$ $++) #!&=+## +

555555.55 #("$+( $++). L+( =+$&+*#( ,# $#("!#(+ !# (# #=+!+$

%!#$ "?$,&,+ ,# "#( "$'#+#( ,# &'&,#'&+ (#=#$&,+, ,# ( %$!( # (

,+( 7 9 ,#("!?( ,# '(#'/+ :,,';. A $#+&@+$ ! +&(&( #(+,(&' ,# (

,&%#$##( $++)( (# *!= !# # $++) 2 ,# #6"#$&)# 1 "$#(#0

)#$ ,+ # '!+ + "$'#+# ,# (#=#$&,+, ' ! =+$ ,# 5.9 ,#("!?(

,# !#=# ,+( ,# '(#'/+ ')"+$+, ' + (#=#$&,+, ,# #6"#$&)# 2

$++) !# "$#(#0 ! =+$ ,# 2.4 ,!$+# # )&() +"( ,#

+)+'#+). P$ + ( $++)( ' '+)"( )+?&'(

$#"$#(#+ !+ "'&0 ') )#,& ,# '$ ,# +$+'(&( # )+ ,!$+#

(! +)+'#+).


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P++*$+( C+=# A$+'(&( 7olletotric($m gloeosporioides> C+)"( )+?&'(#(&'(

SUMMARY

T/# '!!$# % /+,# %+'#( ,&=#$(# "$*#)( ,!$& /&( )++& "(-/+$=#((

*### /# )( &)"$+ /#$# &( /# +$+'(&( /&'/ &( /# )( &)"$+

,&(#+(# % /# /+,# & /!)&, +$#+( % "$,!'&. T/&( + /# "$#(# $Q /+(

+( +&) ,##$)&# /# )( #%%#'&=# $+& % /# )+#&' (+&' %,( &

'!"#( %$ /# '$ % +$+'(&( & %$!&( % /+,#. T/# =##+*# )+#$&+

+( *+&#, % /# /#+, %%&'# % (!""( % /# '& % M#6&' /#$# +

#6"#$&)# #(+*&(/#, *'Q( + $+,) &/ 3 $#"#&&( +, 12 $#+)#(. A

++(&( % =+$&+'# +( $#+&@#, +, + #( % ')"+$&( % +=#$+#( %$ T!Q#(#( &/ + PW. /#$# #=#$ $#+)# &==#, ,&%%#$# $+&( % /#

)+#( &/ + &#(& % 2. #(+( /#$# /# &)# % #6/&*&& &( 3 )&!#(

%$ #=#$ $#+)# +, + &'!+& % 1 UFC) :161; C#$&'/!)

#("$&&,#( & (!&. /&'/ +,,#, /# %$!&( & + =!)# % 5.5 ) %$

$#+)# #!&=+# 555555.55 ("$#( $#+)#. T/# =+$&+*#( % $#("(#

/+ #$# #=+!+#, #$# (( % #&/ "#$'#+#( % &'&,# +, (#=#$& %

/# %$!&( & /# / 7 +, 9 +%#$ '$" :,,';. O /+=& $#+&@#, + (+&(&'+

++(&( % /# ,&%%#$# $#+)#( /#$# +( *+&#, /+ /# $#+)# 2 % /#

#6"#$&)# 1 )&$ "$#(##, I ,+)+# +( %$ "#$'#+# % (#=#$& &/ + =+!#

% 5.9 +%#$ &# ,+( % '$" ')"+$#, &/ /# (#=#$& % /# #6"#$&)# 2

$#+)# /+ /#$# "$#(##, + =+!# % 2.4 ,!$& /# (+)# ("+'# %

($+#. T/#$#%$# /# $#+)#( &/ )+#&' %,( $#"$#(# + "& +( +

% '$ % +$+'(&( & /+,# ,!$& /&( ($+#


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.! INTRODUCCIÓN

E &'$#)# # + ,#)+,+ ,# "$,!'( "$'#(+,( ' !+ '+&,+, (&)&+$ +

+ ,# ,&'/( "$,!'( %$#('( +( ') + + "$,!''&0 ,# +&)#( &*$#( ,#

,+ ?$)&' ,& !+$ + ,#(+$$ ,# ( "$'#(( ?$)&'(. E +( =#++("#'&+#( !# /+ (&, &,#&%&'+,+( "+$+ # !( ,# '+)"( )+?&'( #

"$'#(+, ,# +&)#( (# #'!#$+ )&)+ ,#$+,+'&0 "$ '+$

$#!#$&) ##$?&' $#,!'&, $++) ,# "$,!' #=+(+,. L(

$+*+( $#"$+,( (*$# # !( ,# '+)"( )+?&'( ,# ++ &#(&,+, "+$+ #

"$'#(+, ,# +&)#( ( &)&+,( # &'(&(##(.

E )+ :Mangifera indica L.; #( ! %$!+ ,# &)"$+'&+ ('&#'0)&'+ #

+( $#&#( $"&'+#( (!*$"&'+#( ,# )!,. E M?6&' (! &)"$+'&+$+,&'+ # + '+&,+, ,# )+ ,# *$+ !# $#!$# "+$+ (! "$,!''&0 +( ')

# +( ,&=&(+( !# ##$+ ,#*&, + ( =)##( ,# #6"$+'&0 :GIIM 1998;. L+

"$,!''&0 ,# )+ # M?6&' ,!$+# # 2 '!" # (#!, !+$ ,#("!?(

,# ( '$&'( (!"#$ + '!&= ,# "+ ,#$ ,# ( "$&'&"+#( '!&=(

"#$##(. D!$+# #(# )&() + + (!"#$%&' ,#,&'+,+ + #(# '!&= %!# ,#

155 /+ ' !+ "$,!''&0 + ,# 1 19978 ! $#,&) "$

/#'$#+( ,# 9.389 . L( "$&'&"+#( #(+,( "$,!'$#( '!+ + (!"#$%&'

'!&=+,+ %!#$ # $,# ,# &)"$+'&+ V#$+'$!@ M&'/+' N++$& C/&+"+(

G!#$$#$ O+6+'+ S&++ :CEA 2;. D# + "$,!''&0 +'&+ ,# )+ #

85 (# ,#(&+ + )#$'+, &#$ # $#(+# 14 + )#$'+, ,# #6"$+'&0.

C+*# (#++$ !# ( "$&'&"+#( #6"$+,$#( ( S&++ M&'/+' N++$&

( '!+#( ''#$+ # 8 ,# + #6"$+'&0 + ,# "+"&( :EME 21;.

A!!# # "$'#+# ,# #6"$+'&0 #( )! (&&%&'+&= #(# /+ (&,

(!%&'# "+$+ ''+$ + M?6&' ') ! ,# ( "$&'&"+#( #6"$+,$#(. S!(

,#(&( ,# #6"$+'&0 &'!# + E(+,( U&,( C++, U&0 E!$"#+

:F$+'&+ I+#$$+ S!&@+ E("++ >+,+; J+"0 !#=+ H#+,+ A!($+&+

C/&# : 1997;.

E '!&= ,# )+ #%$#+ ,&=#$(( "$*#)+( ,!$+# (! )+# "( '(#'/+

#$# ( )( &)"$+#( (# #'!#$+ ( %&"+0&'( ( %&(&0&'( !#


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23

,#)#$&+ + '&,+ ,# %$! + +%#'+$ (! +"+$'&+ #(?&'+ "$ # ,##$&$ ,#

+( '+$+'#$(&'+( $+?"&'+(. E$# ( %&"+0&'( (# #'!#$+

Colletotrichum Gloesporioides P#@. !# '+(&+ + #%#$)#,+, ''&,+

') + +$+'(&(. E(+ #%#$)#,+, $#"$#(#+ ! "#&$ "#'&+ "+$+ ,+(

+( @+( "$,!'$+( ,# )+ # # )!, ,#*&, + + ,&()&!'&0 ,# +

"$,!''&0 ,##$&$ ,# + '+&,+, ,# %$! %!#$#( "?$,&,+( "( '(#'/+. P$

+ (# '(&!# ') # "$&'&"+ %+'$ &)&+# "+$+ + #6"$+'&0 ,#

"$,!'( ,# '+&,+, :D#$*(/&$# S/&"+ 1978;. E M?6&' #(+ #%#$)#,+,

(# #'!#$+ ,&($&*!&,+ # ,+( +( @+( "$,!'$+( ,# )+ '+(&+

++!#( (#=#$( # %$+'&0 %$!'&%&'+'&0 "( '(#'/+X # &,!'# + "#$,&,+ !#

%!'+ ,# 1 + :B#'#$$+-L#$ 199;.

L+ +$+'(&( #( + #%#$)#,+, )( &)"$+# ,# )+ # $#+( ,#

"$,!''&0 /)#,+( :A$+!@ 2X D,, et al . 1997X L&)


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%!&'&,+( #("#'&+)## '!+, + #($+#&+ "+$+ (! '$ /+ (&, # !(

&#(&= ,# %!&'&,+( ' )#'+&() ,# +''&0 ) (&& :+'+ # !

"'( "$'#(( )#+*0&'( ,# /; ') '!$$# # +!+( $#&#(

"$,!'$+( ,# )+ # M?6&' # ,,# (# !&&@+ "$&'&"+)## %!&'&,+

*#@&)&,+@#( "+$+ # '$ ,# + +$+'(&( '#&'&+ :oídi$m mangi,erae;

:O$@' 1992X V#+ 1994X B#'#$$+ 199;. P$ !# + "$#(&0 ,# (##''&0

(*$# C. Gloesporioides #( )+$ "$*+*#)## '$&*!# + + #6"$#(&0 ,#

+ $#(&(#'&+ ') &,&'+ D#QQ#$ :1977; D#" :198;.


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2


26/136

2

".! GENERALIDADES DE LA UAC5

"..! A+6//,/+6/4

L+ +'!+ U&=#$(&,+, A!0)+ C/+"& :UAC/; # (!( $##( # +

E('!#+ N+'&+ ,# A$&'!!$+ :ENA; + '!+ %!# %!,+,+ # %$)+ %&'&+ # 22

,# F#*$#$ ,# 184 # # C=# ,# S+ J+'& D.F. P(#$&$)## + ENA

(# $+(+,0 + + #6 /+',+ ,# C/+"& ,,# &&'&+ (!( +'&=&,+,#( # ,+ 2

,# N=)*$# ,# 1923. E #(# "$'#( ,# '+)*& + #('!#+ +,"+ # #)+

ENSEAR LA EPLOTACIÓN DE LA TIERRA NO LA DEL >OMBRE )&()

!# (# #'!#$+ "+()+, # (! A'+ ,# I+!!$+'&0 # C/+"&.

S# $#+&@+$ '+)*&( )! &)"$+#( # 1941 ' $#+'&0 + + "&'+ ,#

+,)&(&0 ,# + E('!#+ "!#( "+$+ &$#(+$ + + )&()+ (# #6&# ') $#!&(& +

'!)&+'&0 ,# ( #(!,&( + &=# (#'!,+$&+X ,# #(+ %$)+ (# #(+*#'&0 +

P$#"+$+$&+ A$'+ ,# $#( +( + E("#'&+&,+, ,# '!+$ +(.

E 22 ,# F#*$#$ ,# 199 (# '$#+ # C#& ,# P($+,!+,( ,# + E('!#+

N+'&+ ,# A$&'!!$+ :)( +$,# ?(# (# #(+*#'# ') $+&()

&,#"#,#; !# '(&!0 ! &)"!( %!,+)#+ "+$+ # ,#(+$$ ,# +

#,!'+'&0 +$'+ (!"#$&$ ,# "+(.

D!$+# ( +( ,# 1952-53 + #'#( S#'$#+$+ ,# A$&'!!$+ G++,#$+

# ,&$#'$ ,# + ENA ,#'$#+$ + ,#(+"+$&'&0 ,# + P$#"+$+$&+ A$'+. S&

#)*+$ # 1955 # >. C(# D&$#'&= ,#'&,# $#+*$&$+ %+=$#', ' # #

&$#( ,# +!)( "$=##( ,# +( $#+( $!$+#( ,# "+(X + "+$&$ ,#

#'#( (# +'#"+ # &$#( ,# #(!,&+#( !# /+ ''!&, # &=#

(#'!,+$&+ "$#"+$+$&+.

E 1959 *+ ! +)*# ,#)'$&' (# &&'&+ + ,#(+"+$&'&0 ,# + ,&('&"&+

)&&+$ # 1973 (# $+ # #(+*#'&) ,# + +!,&('&"&+. E #(+ ?"'+ (#

#(+ &)"$+#( $#%$)+( # +( "&'+( ,# *$ ,# + #('!#+ (

"$#(#+,( ,( "$#'( "+$+ + $+(%$)+'&0 ,# + #('!#+ + !&=#$(&,+,X

?(( %!#$ # UNRAM # UNAC> (, # &) # !# %!# #=&+, + +(


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25

C)+$+( L#&(+&=+( ,# "+( "+$+ (! +&(&( +"$*+'&0. E 3 ,# D&')*$#

,# 1974 +"+$#'# # # D&+$& O%&'&+ ,# + F#,#$+'&0 + "$)!+'&0 ,# + LEY

UE CREA LA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA C>APINGO.

E "$'#( ,# $+(%$)+'&0 ,# #('!#+ + !&=#$(&,+, '!)&+ # 1978 ' +%$)!+'&0 ,# E(+! ,# + U&=#$(&,+, A!0)+ C/+"&X + "+$&$ ,#

#'#( ,+( +( +'&=&,+,#( "+#+)( "&'( &/#$##( + +

&(&!'&0 (# $&# + $+=?( ,# ,&'/ E(+!. E #(# + &&'&+ (!( +'&=&,+,#(

' ( (&!#( ,#"+$+)#( P$#"+$+$&+ A$'+ B(!#( E')+

A$'+ F&#'&+ I,!($&+( A$'+( I$$&+'&0 P+$+(&+ A$'+

S'&+ R!$+ S!#( H+( $&,+( H#'&+.

D#(,# (! '$#+'&0 + !&=#$(&,+, /+ #6"#$&)#+, ! "$'#( ,# #6"+(&0 #'!+ + +( ,&%#$##( $+'&#( ,# + +$)+ + + &=# &'#'&+!$+

') # "($+,. E( +( ') (# /+ '$#+, +( '+$$#$+( ,# A$#'+

M#'&'+ A$'+ E(+,(&'+ F$#(+ I,!($&+ F$#(+ R#(+!$+'&0

F$#(+ A,)&&($+'&0 ,# E)"$#(+( A$"#'!+$&+( C)#$'& I#$+'&+ ,#

P$,!'( A$"#'!+$&( E')+ A$'+ P+#+'&0 M+# ,# (

R#'!$(( N+!$+#( R#=+*#( A$0) E("#'&+&(+ # H+( T$"&'+#(

S&(#)+( P#'!+$&( S&(#)+( A$'+( ,# H+( $&,+(. D#$ ,# "$"& (#

!&=#$(&+$& (# /+ '$#+, +( M+#($+( # C'&+( # E')+ ,# D#(+$$

R!$+ S'&+ R!$+ P$,!''&0 A&)+ P$#''&0 V##+ C'&+(

F$#(+#( D#(+$$ R!$+ R#&+ >$&'!!$+ ( D'$+,( # C'&+(

# E')+ A$'+ # C'&+( A$+$&+(.

"." U7-1-8+


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".#.! M-4-8+ 9 V-4-8+ ,/ D/;1261


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• P$"&'&+$ + &*$# &=#(&+'&0 + $+=?( ,# + "+$&'&"+'&0 ,# +!)(

"#$(+ +'+,?)&' # ! "$'#( #,!'+&= +*$ + ,+( +( '$$#(

,# "#(+).• P$)=#$ + %$)+'&0 ,# "$%#(&+#( ,# + &=# '%$)# + (

"$$+)+( +'+,?)&'( ,# &=#(&+'&0 !# '+*$# + #(+*#'&)

,# !+ #($+#&+ =&+*# "+$+ ')*+&$ # (!*,#(+$$.• P!+$ "$!# +( &=+'&#( '%&'+( #'0&'+( #!#

"$!+)## + (#'$ $!$+ + %& ,# "$)=#$ # '+)*& ('&+ "+$+

$+$ ! )#$ &=# +'+,?)&' '!!$+ ,# (!( ))*$(.• P$'!$+$ # '$,&+'&0 ' $+( I(&!'&#( ,# '+$'#$ +$'+ !+

+,#'!+,+ "+&%&'+'&0 ,# + +$&'!!$+ #("#'&+)## + ,# #)"$+

+#,, + ( +("#'( #'0&'( ,# '$?,& )#'+&@+'&0 +$'+

"#$%#''&+) ,# (!( ?'&'+( ,# "$,!''&0 # &,!($&+&@+'&0

%#$&&@+#( (+&,+, =##+ (#!$&,+, +$'+ ')#$'&+&@+'&0 +$'+

%$)+( ,# $+&@+'&0 (#$=&'&( +(&(#'&+#( $( + %& ,##+$ +

"$,!'&=&,+, &$#(( &=##( ,# =&,+ ,# ( '+)"#(&( $(

$+*++,$#( ,# '+)".


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#.! REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA

#..! M3+3?21@1 ,/ M1+?3

3.1.1.- A("#'( ##$+#(

D#('$&"'&0 E )+ :'angi,era indica; #( ! %$! (!'!# '+$( ,# %$)+

=+ ,# + 1 ') ,# &!, '$ =#$,( +)+$&# $&@ ,# (+*$ ,!'#X

#'$$+ ! /!#( $+,# +"++, $,#+, ,# !+ '!*$+ #(+.

C&)+ E %$! (# ,#(+$$+ # '&)+( '&,( (#'( !# (# #'!#$+ ,#(,# +

@+ '(#$+ ,# $# '#$ ''&,## ,# "+( /+(+ @+( ,# )#,&+ +!$+

' !+ #)"#$+!$+ ,# 25 + 32Z C !+ "$#'&"&+'&0 "$)#,& ,# 1 + 1)).

S)*$+ L( )+( (# "!#,# (#)*$+$ "$ (#)&+ "$ &#$. E "$&)#$ '+(

#( +'(#+*# ,#*&, + !# (# '(#$=+ +( '+$+'#$(&'+( ,# + "++

)+,$# "$ # + "$"++'&0 "$ )#,& ,# &#$ #( # (&(#)+ !&&@+, "+$+

,+( +( =+$,+,#(.

U(( E )+ (# '(!)# + ') %$!+ %$#('+ ,#(/&,$++,+ !(

/#+,( ,!'#( )#$)#+,+( '(#$=+( #'. I,!($&+)## (# "$'#(+ #

"!"+ #'!$&,( "$,!'( '#+,(. F!## SIAP- SAGARPA

C#6 N+'&+ E )+ '!"+ # (#!, !+$ # (!"#$%&' (#)*$+,+ #$#

+( %$!+( ,# !#($ "+( # '!+$ !+$ # =!)# ,# "$,!''&0. S!

"+$&'&"+'&0 # + (!"#$%&' # =!)# "$,!'&, ,# %$!+#( +'+@0 #

"$)#,& 13. 9.4 $#("#'&=+)## #$# ( +( 2-29. E(+ %$!+ #(

!+ ,# +( "$#%#$&,+( # !#($ "+( # # )!, ,#*&, + (! (+*$

!$#(.


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3.1.2 D+( #(+,(&'(

3.1.2.1.- S$per,icie sembrada y cosec(ada.

L+ (!"#$%&' (#)*$+,+ ,# )+ +'+@0 # 29 +( 184 )& /#'$#+(. E$# #

+ 2 29 + (!"#$%&' +!)#0 15.3 !# (&&%&'0 !+ +(+ )#,&+

+!+ ,# '$#'&) :TMAC; ,# 1.7. S# #(&)+ !# # # + 21 + (!"#$%&'

+'+'# 183 )& /#'$#+( '&%$+ !# $#"$#(#+$+ !+ ,&()&!'&0 ,# .5

$#("#' + $#"$+, # + "$#=&. E $#+'&0 ' + (&($+&,+, #

"$)#,& ,!$+# 2-29 /!* "?$,&,+ ,# .9 ,# + (!"#$%&' (#)*$+,+

'+,+ +. :F&!$+.1;

F&!$+ 1 S!"#$%&' (#)*$+,+ $#,&) ,# )+ # M?6&' :%!## ' *+(## ,+( ,# (&+"-(++$"+;

3.1.2.2.- rod$cción y rendimiento

L+ "$,!''&0 ,# )+ (# /+ )+#&, $#+&=+)## '(+# #$# # +

2 29. E # + 29 (# "$,!#$ 1.1 )&#( ,# #+,+( ,# )+

# # "+( !# $#"$#(#0 !+ ,&()&!'&0 ,# 12.1 $#("#' + + +#$&$

# =&(+ ,# !# (# (&($0 # 7. ,# + (!"#$%&' (#)*$+,+ +. S& #)*+$


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32

'&%$+( "$#&)&+$#( &,&'+ !# # 21 + "$,!''&0 +'+@+$ 1.52 )&#( ,#

#+,+( '!+ &)"&'+$+ ! &'$#)# ,# 7.5 $#("#' + 29 :C!+,$ 1;.

C!+,$ 1 P$,!''&0 ,# )+ # M?6&'

E "$)#,& #$# # + 2 29 # 3.4 ,# + "$,!''&0 ,# )+ %!#

(#)*$+,+ *+ + ),+&,+, ,# $ :5 )& #+,+( +!+#(; # 54.5

$#(+# %!# ++)## =!#$+*# + %+'$#( '&)&'( + (#)*$+$(# *+',&'&#( ,# #)"$+.

L( $#,&)( +'+@+,( "$ # '!&= ,# )+ /+ =+$&+, +)"&+)##

,#*&, + + (&($+&,+, ,# + (!"#$%&'. E$# # + 2 + 29 # "$)#,&

(# +'+@+$ 9. /+ (& #)*+$ # # + 2 # !# # ,&'# ,#

(&($+&,+, %!# )! *+ :2.; (# +'+@+$ 1.1 /+ )$+( !# #

29 !# (# != ! ,&'# ,# (&($+&,+, + :7.; (# +'+@0 !

$#,&) ,# &'+)## 8.9 /+. :F&!$+. 2;


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F&!$+ 2R#+'&0 #$# $#,&) # ,&'# ,# (&($+&,+, ,# )+ 1994-29

3.1.2.3. &ariedades prod$cidas

E$# +( =+$,+,#( )( "$,!'&,+( # # "+( (# #'!#$+ mango 'anila> !#

$#"$#(#0 # 29 # 23.5 ,# + "$,!''&0 ,# )+ # 2.7 ,# =+$

##$+, "$ #(+ %$!+ # !#($ "+(X # mango Ata$l,o !# $#"$#(#0 #

19. ,# + "$,!''&0 # 2.5 ,# =+$X # mango ?aden ' # 13.

14.3 ,# + "$,!''&0 =+$ $#("#'&=+)##X # mango Tommy Atins !#

!= !+ "+$&'&"+'&0 ,# 12.8 1.4 ,# ( ''#"( +#( )#'&+,(.

E$# #(+( '!+$ =+$,+,#( ,# )+ (# ''#$0 # 59.4 ,# =!)# ,#

#(+ %$!+ # 29 # 75.1 ,# =+$ ,# "$,!''&0. :C!+,$ 2;


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C!+,$ 2 V+$,+,#( "$,!'&,+( # M?6&' 29

3.1.2.!. Estados prod$ctores

E$# ( "$&'&"+#( #(+,( "$,!'$#( ,# )+ # # "+( (# #'!#$+G!#$$#$ S&++ N++$& O+6+'+ C/&+"+(. E '! "$,!#$ # 72.3

,# )+ +'&+ #$# 2-9 :1.2 )&#( ,# #+,+( +!+#(;. E(

&)"$+# $#(++$ !# # &,#$+@ ,# #(+, ,# G!#$$#$ (# ,#*&0 + + +

#6#(+ (!"#$%&' (#)*$+,+ ') + *!# $#,&) ,# '!&=. :F&!$+.3;

F&!$+ 3 P$&'&"+#( #(+,( "$,!'$#( ,# )+ # M?6&' 2-29

3.1.2.%. recio medio r$ral .

L+ #,#'&+ ,# "$#'& !# (# "++ + "$,!'$ ,# )+ :"$#'& )#,& $!$+;

%!# +'&(+ #$# # + 2 29. E "$#'& (# &'$#)#0 ,# [1934.8 "$


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#+,+ # # + 2 + [2544.9 # 29 !# &)"&'0 !+ TMAC ,# 3..

:F&!$+.4;

F&!$+ 4 P$#'& )#,& $!$+ # M?6&'

3.1.2. 7omercio exterior y cons$mo aparente

M?6&' #( ! #6"$+,$ # ,# )+. L+( #6"$+'&#( ,# #(+ %$!+ %!#$

# "$)#,& #$# 2 29 ,# 223 )& #+,+( +!+#( )$+( !# +(

&)"$+'&#( %!#$ # "$)#,& # #(# "#$&, ,# &'+)## 2 )& #+,+(

+!+#(. :C!+,$ 3;

C!+,$ 3 C)#$'& E6#$&$ Y C(!) A"+$## D# M+ E M?6&' :M&#( D#

T#+,+(;

L+( #6"$+'&#( ,# )+ '$#'$ + !+ +(+ )#,&+ +!+ ,# 3.9 #$#

2-9 '',(# # 227 )& #+,+( # # + 29 !# $#"$#(#0 !

&'$#)# ,# 1.9 $#("#' + + "$#=&. T)+, # '!#+ # +=+'# ,# +(


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#6"$+'&#( + )#( ,# !& ,# 21 (# #(&)+ !# + '$$# ,# + ?(+(

+'+'# 29 )& #+,+( #( #( ! 13.8 )( !# +( $#&($+,+( # # +

29.

E(+,( U&,( #( # "$&'&"+ ,#(& ,# +( #6"$+'&#( ,# )+ )#6&'+"!#( #$# 28 29 $#'&*&0 # 8.8 ,# "$,!' #6"$+,. C++, J+"0

$#"$#(#+ # (#!, #$'#$ !+$ ' # 11.2 2.1 ,# +( #6"$+'&#( #

#(# "#$&,. O$( "+(#( + ( '!+#( (# #6"$+ )+ ( >+,+ F$+'&+

A#)+&+ C(+ R&'+ #$# $(.

E $#+'&0 ' +( &)"$+'&#( ?(+( '$#'$ + !+ TMAC ,# 13. #$#

2 29 '',(# # 29 # 3 )& #+,+(. T)+, # '!#+ (!

+=+'# + )#( ,# !& ,# 21 (# #("#$+ !# + %&+#( ,# + +'+'# '#$'+ ,#

4 )& #+,+( #( #( ! 2 )( !# # 29. E$# 28-9 # 57.4 ,#

)+ &)"$+, "$ M?6&' "$=& ,# E'!+,$ # 13.9 ,# T+&+,&+ # 9.4

,# P#$ # 7.8 ,# B$+(& 1.4 ,# G!+#)++. C) "!#,# =#$(# # + $%&'+

+#$&$ +( #6"$+'&#( ,# )+ '&'&,# ' + #(+'&+&,+, ,# +

"$,!''&0 )#6&'++ %#*$#$ + (#")*$# )$+( !# +( )+$#(

&)"$+'&#( (# $#+&@+ + %&+#( ,# + '!*$#-,&')*$# + &&'&( ##$+ !# # #(# "#$&, (# # "$,!''&0 ,# )+ # !#($ "+(.

E "$#'& "$)#,& +('&+, + +( #6"$+'&#( ,# )+ +'+@0 # 29

US[52.5 + #+,+. E(# "$#'& (# /+ &'$#)#+, 27.1 ,#(,# 2. E #

'+( ,# +( &)"$+'&#( # 29 +'+@+$ ! "$)#,& ,# US[184. +

#+,+. D#("!?( ,# &'$#)# # "$#'&( #$# 2 27 ,# 45.9 +(

&)"$+'&#( ,&()&!#$ /+'&+ 29 # 24.3. P+$+ 21 (# #("#$+ !#

'!$$+ ! '+)*& (&&%&'+&=. :F&!$+. ;


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F&!$+ P$#'& "$)#,& +('&+, + ')#$'& #6#$&$ ,# )+ # M?6&'.

3.1.2.+ 7ontexto internacional

P$,!''&0 C)#$'& M!,&+ L+ "$,!''&0 ,# %$!+( $"&'+#( ') #

)+ #( !+ "'&0 =&+*# "+$+ ,&=#$(&%&'+$ # ')#$'& # ( "+(#( #

,#(+$$ !# /+ #6"#$&)#+, + ,&()&!'&0 # # "$#'& ,# #6"$+'&0 ,#

"$,!'( $+,&'&+#(. U +,#'!+, '$ ,# &'!&,+, '+&,+, +( ') #

'!)"&) ,# #($&'+( $)+( ,# '#$&%&'+'&0 %$)+ "+$# &)"$+# ,# ?6&

# + #6"$+'&0 ,# #(( "$,!'(. :F&!$+. 5;

F&!$+ 5 P$,!''&0 #6"$+'&#( ,# )+ # # )!,.


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36

L+ FAO #(&)+ !# # 28 (# "$,!#$ # # )!, +$#,#,$ ,# 82.7

)&#( ,# #+,+( ,# %$!+( $"&'+#(. E )+ $#"$#(#0 + )+$

"$"$'&0 ,# #(+( ' '#$'+ ,# 4 ,# + "$,!''&0 )!,&+ :31. )&#(

,# #+,+(; + "&+ # 2 + "+"++ # 1 # +!+'+# # 4. E '/ +(

+ "$,!''&0 )!,&+ ,# )+ # # )!, (# &'$#)#0 41.8 + "+(+$ ,#

22.2 )&#( ,# #+,+( ##$+,+( # # + 2 + 31. )&#( # 28

!# &)"&'0 !+ +(+ )#,&+ +!+ ,# '$#'&) ,# 4.. P+$+ 29 (# #(&)+

!# + "$,!''&0 '$#'&0 # .4 "+$+ #+$ + 31.7 )&#( ,# #+,+(.

C!+,$ 4 P$,!''&0 Y C)#$'& M!,&+ D# M+

D# +'!#$, ' # P+ R#'$ ,# S&(#)+ P$,!' M+ # M?6&' #6&(#

#=&,#'&+ ,# !# ( '(!)&,$#( ,# ( E(+,( U&,( +( ') ,# E!$"+

# #'/( #=&,##( "+$+ "++$ "$ "$,!'( ') # )+ # (! )#$'+,

*+ '+$+'#$(&'+( ,# "$!&,+, '+&,+,. E( ,#'&$ #6&(# ! "$*#)+ ,#

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E )#$ ,# %$#( )+('!&+( +)*&? +!)#+ '(&,#$+*#)##. E

'+(&#( + &%$#('#'&+ ,#(+$$+ /+( :%&,&+; '$ =#$,# :=&$#('#'&+;

"+$&'!+$)## # # =+$&. L+( &%$#('#'&+( +%#'+,+( "!#,# '&!+$

'$#', /+(+ # %&+ ,# + #(+'&0 # &'!( !+ =#@ )+$'/&+( "#$(&(# ')

)+(+( #$+( (*$# ( $*#( +%#'+,(. L( *$#( ' )+%$)+'&0 %$+

"!#,# '#6&(&$ # ! )&() $* ! ' ( ,# )+%$)+'&0 =##+&=+.

3.2.+.! Epidemiologia

E "+0# ( "+$#'# $+()&&$(# ,# %$)+ "$ &#$ + $+=?( ,# )+#$&+ ,#

=&=#$ &%#'+,. S! ,&("#$(&0 ,#$ ,# +( "++'&#( ')#$'&+#( # *+(+#

#+ "$*+*#)## "$!# +( '&,&+( ,# / )!#$# '!+, (# #6"# +

+ !@ (+$ ''&?,(# '+$+)## (! )#'+&() ,# ,&($&*!'&0 # +(

"++'&#( ')#$'&+#(. E( '+$ !# +( /#$&,+( %+'&&+ + &%#''&0

,#(+$$ "(#$&$ ,# + #%#$)#,+, :P#@ G$#$ 1993;. E ++!# ,#

/ "+$#'# )#$ # "#$&,( '+#( (#'( :

3.2.+.% "esistencia

N (# /+ (#++, '!&=+$#( $#(&(##( + #(# /.

3.2.+. 7ontrol

E )#$ (&(#)+ '(&(# # + #6'!(&0 #( #( #=&+$ + #$+,+ ,# #(+

#%#$)#,+, + $+=?( ,# ! $&!$( '$ '!+$##+ ,# )+#$&+ =##+. L+

#$$+,&'+'&0 ,# )+#$&+ +%#'+, #( +)*&? "(&*# ,+, # # ,#(+$$ ,#

#(+ #%#$)#,+, "+$&'!+$)## (& (# $#+&@+ !+ ,##''&0 "$#'@. U "$$+)+

,# #$$+,&'+'&0 ,#*# '(&(&$ # +",+ (&(#)&'+ ,# ,( ( *$#(

+%#'+,( + =##+&=( ') %$+#( "$ )#,& ,# !+ ",+ !# $#+&'# !

'$# + )#( $#( !,( "$ ,#*+ ,# ( *$#( +%#'+,(. E )+#$&+ ",+,

,#*# $#&$+$(# ,# ( /!#$( !#)+$(#. E ( (&&( ,,# (# /+ "$+'&'+,

#(+ +*$ /+ *+(+, 2-3 +( "+$+ $#,!'&$ ,$(&'+)## #(# "$*#)+ (& *

!# (# $#!$# + $#+&@+'&0 ,# '/#!#( "#$&0,&'( "$!+( ",+( ,# (

*$#( +%#'+,( !# #=#!+)## "!,$+ +"+$#'#$ :P#@ 1994+;. S&


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#)*+$ #(# (&(#)+ ()"$# /+ (&, #%&'+@ ,# /#'/ + '#''&0 ,#

V'+& C##$ # R#/= /!* ,# (#$ ,#($!&,+ ')"#+)## # ( +(

'/#+ "+$+ #$$+,&'+$ # "$*#)+ :S. G+@&. T/# >#*$# U&=#$(& % J#$!(+#).

C)!&'+'&0 P#$(+;. >+(+ # ))# (# ''# $++)(

%!&'&,+( "+$+ # '$ ,# #(+ #%#$)#,+, +!!# #( #=&,## !# ! *!#

'$ ,# '+$( "+$+ #=&+$ !# +( /#$&,+( !# #(( "$,!'# "!,$+

%+=$#'#$ # ++!# ,# F!(+$&!) +!,+ + ! )#$ '$ ,# #(+ #%#$)#,+,.

3.2.8 S#'+ ,# )+

3.2./.1 Importancia y distrib$ción

A!!# #(+ $#($&&, '+(& # #6'!(&=+ + B+(+ :$&*#&$ 1993; (# $++ ,# +

#%#$)#,+, )( ,#($!'&=+ ,# )+ # # #(+, ,# S+ +!+ # + )+$

"+$# ,# ( #(+,( ,# B$+(& :D# T#, P&@+ A$!#( R&*#&$ 1995; "!#,#

#+$ + '+!(+$ + )!#$# ,# $*.

3.2./.2 Agente ca$sal

S# $++ ,# / C#$+'(&( %&*$&++ E&( # >+(#, $)+)## +('&+, '

(! =#'$ # &(#' >"'$"/+!( )+&%#$+# S#**&. E / "!#,# ##$

+)*&? +''#( + $+=?( ,# +( $+'#( "+$+ !# (# #'#(&+ # =#'$ '&+,.

3.2./.3 Síntomas

P+$# +?$#+.- C(&(# # # +)+$&#+) )+$'/&#@ )!#$# ,# +( /+( (#

&&'&+ $)+)## # !+ $+)+ #$)&+ ,# + '"+. L+ $+)+ ++'+,+ "$,# (!

'$ $)+ ('!$#'&?,(# #6!,+, )+. A '$+$ + $+)+ (# *(#$=+ (

#&,( &#$( +)## +%#'+,(. L+ #%#$)#,+, #$)&+ "$ ,++$ + +

"$&'&"+ '+(&+, + )!#$# ,# + "++.

3.2./.! Epidemiologia

E / ++' ,&=#$(+( #("#'( +#( ') # '+'+ # M?6&' C+%? #

C)*&+ '$sa spp> +)#,$ )#'#$ +!+'+# + C. %&)*$&++

') (! &(#' =#'$ (# #'!#$+ +)"&+)## #6#,&,( # # )!, "$

!# (# #,# )! * # /#'/ ,# !# ( #+ &)"$+'&+ # B$+(&. S!


59/136


60/136

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3.2.9. O$+( #%#$)#,+,#( ')!#( ,# )+

L+ $+ ,# )+ :Elsinoe mangi,erae B&+'!$ +, J#Q&(; # ! "$*#)+

# +!( =&=#$( "#$ "!#,# '$+$(# ' +"&'+'&#( ,# %!&'&,+( +#(

') )+#* @&#* "$,!'( '"$&'( :P#@ et al.> 1994*;. E ( /!#$(

')#$'&+#( * $++,( '$+ $+( "++( #%#$)#,+,#( + $+ (!## (#$

! "$*#)+. C!+, #(# / ++'+ + ( %$!( "$,!'# ! "&' +'$'/+,

+$+, !# &)"&,# + #6"$+'&0 ,# ( %$!( !# !#,+ &#( ( "+$+ #

"$'#(+,.

E / Aspergill$s niger T/ '+!(+ "!,$&'&#( #$+( )/(+( )!

'+$+'#$(&'+( # # %$! ,# )+ "+$&'!+$)## # I,&+ :S, 199;.

S# '$+ * ' ( $++)( %!&'&,+( $)+)## !(+,( "+$+ $(

/( +)*&? # "('(#'/+ )+#, ( %$!( + 1-1`C. L(

$++)( "('(#'/+ ' +!+ '+# %!&'&,+( +)*&? $#,!'# +

&'&,#'&+ ,# #(+ #%#$)#,+, :P+,# et al.> 198;.

E ++ 7ep(ale$ros ;irescens


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1

,&()&!# + &'&,#'&+ ,# + )&()+ ,# %$)+ )( #%&'+@ !# ( $++)(

' "$,!'( '"$&'( :J.M. F+$$#. L+ M+$+ CSIC. E("++ 1999;.

#.# H3+?3 C3/6362-50< G3/4;32-3-,/4

3.3.1 I)"$+'&+

7olletotric($m gloeosporioides P#@ #( + +## '+!(+ ,# !+ ,&=#$(&,+, ,#

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%#0&'+( ,# '!&=. E +!+'+# '+(&#( "?$,&,+( ,# 4 + 7 # "(

'(#'/+ :V&,+#( 1997; # '$&'( $#,!'# # $#,&) /+(+ # 49 :O$@'-

S+( 1984;X # )+ +( "?$,&,+( %!'+ ,# 1 + :B#'#$$+-L#$

199;. :M$+#(-G+$'+ 1995; $#"$0 ,&%#$##( =+$&+#( ,# 7olletotric($m

gloeosporioides> !# (# *!=$ ,# %$!( ,# +!+'+# ' ,&%#$##( &"( ,#

()+( !+$#( ,# "$'#,#'&+ !# $#%#0 ! $+, ,# =+$&+*&&,+, +

#$# +( "*+'&#( ,# #(# "+0#. P+$+ 1992 (# $#''$ 9 #("#'(

,# 7olletotric($m '#$'+ ,# 5 =+$&+#( ,# 7olletotric($m gloeosporioides

:B+&# J#$#$ 1992;. B,# et al . :1991; ,&(&!$ =+$&+( %$)+(

"+?&'+( *+(+,+( # ( /("#,#$( #("#'%&'( '+$+'#$(&'+( '!!$+#(

3.3.2. U*&'+'&0 +60)&'+ ,# / :A$&( 1995

R#& F!

D&=&(&0 II E!)&'+

S!*,&=&(&0 4 D#!#$)&'&+

C+(# C#)&'##(

O$,# M#+'&+#(

G?#$ C#$&'/!)

E("#' V+$&+(


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2

3.3.3 G##$+&,+,#( ,# "+0#

E ?#$ 7olletotric($m ')"$#,# !+ +)"&+ +)+ ,# #("#'( ,# ,,# 7.

gloeosporioides> 7 ac$tat$m y 7. orbic$lare ( +( )( &)"$+#( :C+ #

+. 2; ?(# "$#(#+ ! )&'#& $+)&%&'+, &)#$( (#"+, !# )+'$+'&0 /&+&+ /+(+ ! '+(+ "&,.

E +'?$=! #( (!*'!&'!+$ #"&,#$)+ %$)+, ( /&+&( + =#'#(

'+(+( ' ! "+$#, ,#(+ $!#(+.

L+( (#+( "$#(##( +!(##( $&&+)## &$$#!+$#( )( )#( %!#$#(

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'$ '+(+ '+$ ')"#+)## /&+&( "$#(#+ '&,&+( /&+&+(

+'#"+,+( ,# %$)+ '&,$&'+ %!(&%$)# !# ,!$+# + #$)&+'&0 (# $+ ,#

'$ '+(+ "&, %$)+ # +"$#($& :>&,+ 199;

L+ "$#(#'&+ +!(#'&+ ,# (#+( "!#,# ,&%#$#'&+$ ( ?#$( 6loeospori$m ,#

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3.3.4 E"&,#)&+.-

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&,!'&,+ "$ ',&'&#( ,#(%+=$+*#( ,#('$&+( "$ B+&# :1992; >+=&(

:1994; '&+, "$ A$+@+@! # +. :1998;


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L+( ',&'&#( +)*+#( !# %+=$#'# + &%#''&0 &=!'$+ ! $+ ,#

#)"#$+!$+ #$# 22`C 32`C !+ /!)#,+, $#+&=+ )+$ + 92 A( )&()

+( !=&+( %$#'!##( %+'&&+ + ,&(#)&+'&0 ,# +( '&,&+( # # '+)". E

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/ "$,!'# #'#( '#$=!( #(( '(+ ,# ! #($)+ )&'#&+ !#

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$('#+ "!#,# (#$ $+("$+,( "$ + !=&+ # = ( &(#'( :OaC#

# +. 2;

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)&'#& #("$+(X '!+, (# %$)+ +( +('("$+( "$,!'# #(&#( "$&)+$&+(

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L+ +$+'(&( +%#'+ /+( %$#( %$!( # &0'! #( "$#(## ,!$+# ,# +.

F&!$+ 12 S#)-#, $ '+!(+, "$ +(&,&",&+ /#*$)+#

F&!$+ 13 A#$+$+ *+'Q (" '+!(+, "$ +#$+$+ +#$++

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