Capitulo 1...Casi Listo

7/23/2019 Capitulo 1...Casi Listo

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REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAINSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO

“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA

IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE PROTECCIONES NUMÉRICAS EN LAS LÍNEASCARABOBO I Y CARABOBO II ENLACE QUE UNE A LAS SS/EE

CARABOBO Y PEDRO CAMEJO PARA ADECUAR LOSESQUEMAS A LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS

Trabajo Es!"#a$ %! Gra%o r!s!&'a%o "o(o r!)*#s#'o ar"#a$ ara o'ar a$

T+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a

Valenca! a"#$%# &'()

1

A*%#+ - A$!ja&%ro Bra.oT*%#+ Aca,-.c#- I&, E%,ar N01!2



APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR ACADÉMICO

E& (# "ar3"'!r %! T*'or A"a%4(#"o %!$ Trabajo Es!"#a$ %! Gra%o5r!s!&'a%o "o(o r!)*#s#'o ara $a ob'!&"#6& %!$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro

E$!"'r#"#s'a or !$ "#*%a%a&o Ale/an,+# 0#$- B+a1# Palac#$5 '#'*$ar %! $a

C4%*$a %! I%!&'#%a% N7 V89:;;<=9= "*>o '+'*$o !s- IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE

PROTECCIONES NUMÉRICAS EN LAS L2NEAS CARABOBO I 3

CARABOBO II ENLACE 4UE UNE A LAS SS5EE CARABOBO 3 PEDRO

CAME0O PARA ADECUAR LOS ES4UEMAS A LAS NUEVAS

TECNOLOG2AS Co&s#%!ro )*! !s'! r!0&! $os r!)*#s#'os > (4r#'oss*?#"#!&'!s ara s!r !.a$*a%o or ar'! %!$ j*ra%o !@a(#&a%or %!s#,&a%o

E& $a "#*%a% %! Va$!&"#a a $os 9 %+as %!$ (!s %! a,os'o %! <9

I&, E%,ar N01!2CI V8=;=

DEDICATORIA

2



A D#os To%oo%!roso or a"o(a1ar(! !& 'o%o (o(!&'o > ,*#ar (#s

asos

A (#s a%r!s > (# !r(a&o5 or ao>ar(! > (o'#.ar(! a s!,*#r "a%a %+a

a"#a a%!$a&'!5 or br#&%ar(! !$ ao>o (ora$ > !"o&6(#"o ara $o,rar (+s*!1o %! s!r *& ro?!s#o&a$5 or s*s "o&s!jos5 s* !%*"a"#6& > s*s .a$or!s5

'o%o !s'o a"! )*! "o& *(#$%a% *!%a %!%#"ar !s'! $o,ro a !$$os

A (#s "o(a1!ros %! !s'*%#o5 )*#!&!s s#!(r! "o(ar'!& s*

"o&o"#(#!&'o "o&(#,o > s*s "o&"!jos ara s!r *& b*!& ro?!s#o&a$ > *&a

,ra& !rso&a

A (#s Ab*!$as or s#!(r! s!r *& (o'#.o a s!,*#r a%!$a&'!5 >a )*! as'a

!& !$ !or (o(!&'o (a&'#!&!& s* so&r#sa #&'a"'a

Ale/an,+# 0#$- B+a1# Palac#$

AGRADECIMIENTOS

3



A D#os5 or %ar(! $a .#%a > %ar(! $a oor'*&#%a% %! '!r(#&ar $a "arr!ra5

(os'rar(! )*! a> *& (a1a&a or !$ "*a$ s!,*#r a%!$a&'!5 r!arars! > s!r

(!jor !rso&a

A (#s a%r!s5 J*a& C Bra.o > D#r&a Y Pa$a"#os5 )*#!&!s s#!(r! (!%#!ro& s* ao>o > "o&?#a&2a #&"o&%#"#o&a$(!&'! !& 'o%o (o(!&'o >

r#&"#a$(!&'! "*a&%o (3s $os ! &!"!s#'a%o5 > sobr! 'o%as $as "osas5 or

%ar(! $a !%*"a"#6&

A (# !r(a&o > 'o%os $os (#!(bros %! (# ?a(#$#a5 )*! s#!(r!

(a&#?!s'aro& s* #&'!r4s !& .!r(! s*r,#r "o(o !rso&a

A $os I&,!&#!ros Mar#o A,*#$ar > E$#2ab!' M!%#&a5 or s* as!sor+a5

ao>o > "o&?#a&2a !& $a !$abora"#6& %! !s'! 'rabajo > r#&"#a$(!&'! or %!(os'rar )*! so& (*> b*!&os ro?!s#o&a$!s

A $os TSU Jos4 B!'a&"o*r' > G*s'a.o Esa1a5 or 'o%o s* ao>o5 s*

'#!(o > $os (*"os "o&s!jos )*! a>*%aro& a "*$(#&ar !s'! 'rabajo %!

asa&'+as > a "r!"!r5 'a&'o "o(o !rso&a5 "o(o ro?!s#o&a$

A (# "o(a1!ro %! asa&'+as E$+as G*!.ara5 or (os'rar s* ao>o ara

o%!r "o&"$*#r !s'a !'aa

A (# '+o Da&#!$ Cas'#$$o or s* "o$abora"#6& a$ (o(!&'o %! #(r#(#r !s'!

ro>!"'o

A 'o%os (#s "o(a1!ros %! !s'*%#o5 Jor,! Go&23$!25 Joa& G*2(3&5

Fra&"#s"o V#$$!,as5 Car$os M!%#&a5 A$!@a&%!r Barr!'o5 A@!$ !ra5 L*#s

Na.arro5 R!>&a$%o a(ora > R#"ar% ao&'!

Y a 'o%as $as !rso&as )*! a& !"o os#b$! $a r!a$#2a"#6& %! !s'!

'rabajo5 )*! (! a& ao>a%o (ora$ > ?+s#"a(!&'!

A %#,#$! .*c6a$ "+aca$

Ale/an,+# 0#$- B+a1# Palac#$

4



2NDICE GENERAL

L#s'a %! C*a%ros HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

L#s'a %! F#,*ras HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL#s'a %! E"*a"#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

R!s*(!&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

I&'ro%*""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

CAP2TULO

I7 EL PROBLEMAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Co&'!@'*a$#2a"#6& %!$ Prob$!(aHHHHHHHH

Obj!'#.os %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

General HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

EspecíficosHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

J*s'#?#"a"#6& %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHH

II7 MARCO RE8ERENCIALHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

A&'!"!%!&'!s %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Bas!s T!6r#"asHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Bas!s L!,a$!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

D!?#&#"#6& %! T4r(#&os B3s#"osHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

III7 MARCO METODOLÓGICOHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Mo%a$#%a% %! I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHH

D#s!1o %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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Pob$a"#6& > M*!s'ra HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Va$#%!2 %!$ I&s'r*(!&'oHHH

T4"&#"as ! I&s'r*(!&'os %! R!"o$!""#6& %! Da'osHHHHHHHHH

Fas!s %! $a #&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

IV7 RESULTADOSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Fas! IHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Fas! IIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Fas! IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Fas! IVHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHFas! VHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

CONCLUSIONES 3 RECOMENDACIONESHHHHHHHHHHH

Co&"$*s#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

R!"o(!&%a"#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

RE8ERENCIAS BIBLIOGR98ICASHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

ANEXOSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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LISTA DE CUADROS

9 C$as!s %! r!"#s#6& %! $os Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! T!&s#6&HHHH C$as!s > Usos %! $os Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! M!%#%aHHHHHHH Por"!&'aj! %! ?a$$as !& !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"oHHHHHHH G!&!ra%or!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH I&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH I&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH; I&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH= Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a !$!.a%orHHHHHHHHHHHH: Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a r!%*"'orHHHHHHHHHHHH9< Tra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH99 Uso %! $os &0"$!os %!$ s!"*&%ar#o !& $os TPHHHHHHHHH

9Tra&s?or(a%or %! "orr#!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Uso %! $os &0"$!os %!$ s!"*&%ar#o %! $os TCHHHHHHHHH9Sa$#%as %! $+&!as P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Car,as (3@#(as !& a(!r#os %! S/E P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHH9Cara"'!r+s'#"as r#&"#a$!s %!$ r!$4 %! ro'!""#6& LHHHHH9;Es'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$a S/E P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHH9=I(!%a&"#as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $as $+&!asHHHHHHHHHHH9:Da'os %! $a S/E CaraboboHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<Es'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$a %! $a $a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6& P!%ro Ca(!joHH9Va$or!s bas! %!$ s#s'!(a !& !s'*%#oHHHHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as #&.o$*"ra%as "o& !$ s#s'!(a !& !s'*%#oHHHHHHAor'! 'r#?3s#"o %! $as SS/EE #&.o$*"ra%asHHHHHHHHHHAor'! (o&o?3s#"o %! $os SS/EE #&.o$*"ra%asHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as %! $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&osHHHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as r!?!r#%as a $a bas! &*!.aHHHHHHHHHHH;I(!%a&"#a %! $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os !& or *&#%a%HHHHHH=Vo$'aj!s %! $os &o%os %!$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHH:Corr#!&'!s !& or *&#%a%HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<Corr#!&'!s r!a$!s %!$ s#s'!(aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Co&'r#b*"#o&!s %! "a%a ar'! #&.o$*"ra%a a$ (o(!&'o %! $a ?a$$aHCorr#!&'!s %! "o&'r#b*"#6& !& .a$or!s r!a$!sHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as !& s!"*!&"#a os#'#.asHHHHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as !& s!"*!&"#a "!roHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHFr!"*!&"#as %! ?a$$asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"as %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a S#!(!&sHHHHHHHH;Pro'!""#6& r#&"#a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=Pro'!""#6& s!"*&%ar#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:Aj*s'!s or 2o&as %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHH<Cos'o %! $os !)*#osHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Tasa %! "obro %! Coro!$!" a &#.!$ #&%*s'r#a$HHHHHHHHH

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Pro(!%#o %! oras %! $as ?a$$asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCa$"*$o %! $o %!ja%o %! ?a"'*rar or !$ '#!(o s#& s*(#&#s'rar

!&!r,+aCo(ara"#6& %! #&.!rs#6& > ?a"'*ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHH

B!&!?#"#o %! $a !(r!saHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCab$!s r!)*!r#%os !&'r! !$ 'ab$!ro %! ro'!""#6& > (a&%oHHHH;D#s'r#b*"#6& %! '#!(o %! #($!(!&'a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHH=Co&!@#6& %!$ !)*#o %! r*!ba "o& !$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&H:Pr*!ba %! %#saro %!$ r!$4 S#!(!&s ara *&a ?a$$a %! *&a

$+&!a a '#!rra

LISTA DE 8IGURAS

9 S#s'!(a %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH E$!(!&'os %! *& S#s'!(a %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHH L+&!as %! Tra&s(#s#6& P$a&'a "!&'ro5 CaraboboHHHHH S/E E$4"'r#"aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Tra&s?or(a%or %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHH

D#s>*&'or o I&'!rr*'or %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHH; D#a,ra(a %! b$o)*!s %! *& s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6&HHHH= Co&!@#6& %! *& Tra&s?or(a%or %! Po'!&"#a$HHHHHHHH: Cor'! !s)*!(3'#"o %! *& TT Mo&o?3s#"oHHHHHHHHHHH9<Cor'! !s)*!(3'#"o %! *& TP Caa"#'#.oHHHHHHHHHH99 Es)*!(a %! *& Tra&s?or(a%or %! T!&s#6& Caa"#'#.o9Tra&s?or(a%or %! Po'!&"#a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Tra&s?or(a%or %! Corr#!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Co&!@#6& %! *& TCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9 I%!&'#?#"a"#6& %! bor&!s !& TCHH9R!$4 %! A'ra""#6& E$!"'r6&#"aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

9;R!$4 T#o Ba$a&"+&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9=D#a,ra(a %! b$o)*! %!$ r!$4 &*(4r#"oHHHHHHHHHHH9:o&as %! Pro'!""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<o&as %! Pro'!""#6& "o& 'ras$aoHHHHHHHHHHHHH9o&as %! Pro'!""#6& s#& 'ras$aoHHHHHHHHHHHHHT#!(o %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! '#!(o

#&s'a&'3&!o5 '#!(o %!?#&#%o > '#!(o #&.!rsoKHHHHHHHH

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C*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! $os r!$4s %! !s'a%o s6$#%oHHHHHS!$!"'#.#%a% %! $os r!$4s %! '#!(o %!?#&#%oHHHHHHHHHS!$!"'#.#%a% "o& r!$4 %! '#!(o #&.!rsoHHHHHHHHHHHS!$!"'#.#%a% "o& r!$4 %! '#!(o #&.!rso ! #&s'a&'3&!oHHHHH

;Co&!@#6& R!$4 Sobr!"orr#!&'!H…………………..……HHH=Co&!@#6& %! *& R!$4 Sobr!"orr#!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHH:$+&!as ara$!$as ro'!,#%as or r!$4s %#r!""#o&a$!sHHHHHHH<A"'*a"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! "o& ?a$$a a"#a a%!$a&'!HH9A"'*a"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! "o& ?a$$a a"#a a'r3sHHHHR!$4 !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o '#o ba$a&2aHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! "*a%ra'*raHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! "*a%ra'*ra <7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! "*a%ra'*ra 7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! r!$4 #$o #$o'oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;Co&!@#6& %! *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

=R!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *&a $+&!a ro'!,#%a or *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aH:R!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *&a $+&!a ro'!,#%a or *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a !&!$ $a&o %! #(!%a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

<Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9o&as %! ro'!""#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHo&a %! b$o)*!o %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"a %! #(!%a&"#a "o& *&#%a% %#r!""#o&a$HHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o a*'o o$ar#2a%aHHHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o "o& %!s$a2a(#!&'o > *&#%a%

%#r!""#o&a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > r!sa$%oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

;Pro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > r!sa$%oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=T#os %! Cor'o"#r"*#'osHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%orHHHHHHHHHHH<Co(o&!&'!s s#(4'r#"asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9I(!%a&"#a %! *&a $+&!a %! 'ra&s(#s#6&HHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'!s %! *&a $+&!a 'r#?3s#"aHHHHHHHHR!%!s %! s!"*!&"#a !& "o&!@#o&!s %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!sHHHHCo&!@#6& %! r!% %! s!"*!&"#a ara *&a ?a$$a (o&o?3s#"a a '#!rraCo&!@#6& %! r!% %! s!"*!&"#a ara *&a ?a$$a b#?3s#"aHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! r!% %! s!"*!&"#a ara *&a ?a$$a b#?3s#"a a '#!rraHH;R!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *& ?asorHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

=A&,*$o !&'r! ?asor!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:G!&!ra%or5 $a&'a P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<I&'!rr*'or %! o'!&"#a (ar"a S#!(!&sHHHHHHHHH9Tra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a FORTUNER ELECHHHHHHHHTra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a ALSTOMHHHHHHHHHHHTra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a$ AREVAHHHHHHHHHHHHTra&s?or(a%or %! "orr#!&'! ASEAHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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Car,as (3@#(as %! $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !& $a S/E P!%ro

Ca(!joCar,as (3@#(as %! $os "#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6& !& $a S/E P!%ro

Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;C#r"*#'os %! D#s'r#b*"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& %! #$o #$o'o ar'! ?ro&'a$HHHH:Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& %! #$o #$o'o ar'! 'ras!raHHHHHHH;<Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& L ar'! ?ro&'a$HHHHHHHHHH;9Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& L ar'! 'ras!raHHHHHHHHH;C*r.a '#o MO %!$ r!$4 LHHHHHHHHHHHHH;E'aas %! ro'!""#6& %! LHHHHHHHHHHHHH;Pa'#o S/E CaraboboHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;D#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar *'#$#2a%o ara !$ "3$"*$oHHHHHHHHHH;D#a,ra(a %! #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHH

;;D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHHH;=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! $os "#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6&HHHHHH=<D#a,ra(a %! s#(*$a"#6& %! $a ?a$$a F !& $a barra %! 99VHHH=9D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! $os ,!&!ra%or!sHHHHHHHHHH=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! $a "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $as $+&!as

Sa& D#!,o I > IIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! $a "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $as $+&!as

Carabobo I > II=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a $+&!a Va$!&"#aHHHH=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a $+&!a P$a&'a %!$ Es'!H=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! ara !$ !s'*%#o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o (o&o?3s#"oH=;D#a,ra(a %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH==D#a,ra(a ara !$ "3$"*$o *'#$#2a&%o '!.!&#&HHHHHHHHH=:T!.!&#& %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:<D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.aHHHHHHHHH:9T!.!&#& %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! s!"*!&"#a "!roHHHHHHHHHHH:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! '!.!&#& %! s!"*!&"#a "!roHHHHH:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&!@#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHH:Es'a%+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 LHHHHHHHHHHHH:Pr*!ba a$ r!$4 L "o& ?a$$as a"'*a$!sHHHHHHHHHHHH:;I(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHH:=L+&!as ara$!$as "o& ?$*jo %! A a"#a BHHHHHHHHHHHH::Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! *&a ?a$$a r!s#s'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHH

9<< Co(ara"#6& %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! ?a$$a r!s#s'#.a "o& !$ r!$4 %!"*r.a %! o!ra"#6& '#o (oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

9<9Co(ara"#6& %! *&a "*r.a (o "o& *&a "*a%r#$a'!ra$HHHHH9< C*r.a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a S#!(!&sH

9<Co(ara"#6& %! "*r.a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ "o& "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! ?a$$a

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r!s#s'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9< Pr*!bas %! ?a$$as "o& "*r.a %! r!$4 S#!(!&sHHHHHHHHH9< Aj*s'!s %!$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHH9< Ca$"*$o %! aj*s'! or 2o&asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

9<; E)*#o %! r*!ba O(#"ro&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9<= Co(ara"#6& ro'!""#6& "*r.a (o "o& "*r.a "*a%r#$a'!ra$HHH9<: Va$or!s (!%#%os or !$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&HHHHHHHH

LISTA DE ECUACIONES

9 R!$a"#6& %!$ Va$or U(bra$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH R!$a"#6& %!$ Va$or *(bra$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Va$or U(bra$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Corr#!&'! %! ?a$$a5 ?#&a$ %! $+&!aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Corr#!&'! %! ?a$$a5 "o(#!&2o %! $+&!aHHHHHHHHHHHHH

R!$a"#6& !&'r! '#!(os %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHH; Tor)*! %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH= Tor)*! %! r!s'r#""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH: Co&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9<Co&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH99 Co&%#"#6& o!ra'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Vo$'aj! %! ?a$$aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9L!> %! o(HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Ca&'#%a% or *&#%a%HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Ca&'#%a% or *&#%a%HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9 I(!%a&"#a @HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

9; I(!%a&"#a bas! @HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9=I(!%a&"#as ,!&!ra%as or $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&osHHHHHHHH9:Ca(b#o %! bas!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<Ca(b#o %! bas!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Corr#!&'! r!a$ %!$ s#s'!(aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCorr#!&'! %! ?a$$aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAINSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO

“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA

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IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE PROTECCIONES NUMÉRICAS EN LAS L2NEASCARABOBO I 3 CARABOBO II ENLACE 4UE UNE A LAS SS5EE

CARABOBO 3 PEDRO CAME0O PARA ADECUAR LOSES4UEMAS A LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOG2AS

L+&!a %! I&.!s'#,a"#6&- D#s!1o E$4"'r#"o5 Pro'!""#o&!s E$4"'r#"as

A*%#+ - A$!ja&%ro Bra.o

T*%#+ Aca,-.c#: E%,ar N01!2

Re$*.en

E$ r!s!&'! Trabajo %! Gra%o '#!&! "o(o obj!'#.o r#&"#a$I($!(!&'ar ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II!&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5 (!%#a&'! !$ *so %!&*!.as '!"&o$o,+as ara #&&o.ar $os !s)*!(as a"'*a$!s

A$ r!s!&'ars! *&a ?a$$a5 %!b#%o a )*! &o s! "*!&'a "o& $a '!"&o$o,+ar!)*!r#%a5 !s'a &o !s a#s$a%a !& !$ '#!(o (+&#(o &!"!sar#o5 'a$ !.!&'*a$#%a%s! %!b! 'a(b#4& a $a obso$!s"!&"#a %! $os !)*#os )*! "o&?or(a& $os!s)*!(as a"'*a$!s $os !$!(!&'os %! !s'! !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& '#!&!&aro@#(a%a(!&'! *&os < a1os %! ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a?!"'a&%o !$ s#s'!(a !&,!&!ra$ )*! !& !s'! "aso or !s'ar !& *&a 2o&a #&%*s'r#a$ !s ?*&%a(!&'a$ >r!)*#!r! $a (!&or "a&'#%a% %! ?a$$as os#b$!s5 !s or !$$o )*! s*r,! $a

&!"!s#%a% %! a"!r $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! &*!.os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s!$4"'r#"as5 ar'#!&%o %! $a ?as! I "o& *& %#a,&os'#"o o %!'!""#6& %!&!"!s#%a%!s5 !$ %#a,&6s'#"o %! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 !& $a ?as! II s! .a& a&a$#2ar $os %a'os ob'!&#%os !&!$ %#a,&os'#"o !"o a&'!r#or(!&'!5 ob'!&#!&%o %a'os #(or'a&'!s >a )*! a'ra.4s %! !s'os s! s!$!""#o&a $a ro'!""#6& a *'#$#2ar5 !& $a ?as! III s!roo&!& &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara,ara&'#2ar !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a&'! ?a$$as %! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5 !& $a ?as!IV s! a"! *&a !.a$*a"#6& %! $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% '4"&#"o8!"o&6(#"a %!$ "a(b#o %!ro'!""#o&!s > !& $a V ?as! s! $a&'!a $a I($!(!&'a"#6& %! Pro'!""#o&!sN*(4r#"as5 (!%#a&'! !$ Ca(b#o %! I&,!&#!r+a > E)*#os ara a%!"*ar $os

Es)*!(as a $as N*!.as T!"&o$o,+asDe$c+;%#+e$: S*<e$%ac#ne$! P+#%ecc#ne$ El-c%+ca$! Rel-7

11



INTRODUCCIÓN

E& $+&!as ,!&!ra$!s5 $a (a>or+a %! $os !@!r'os5 !&'r! !$$os $os

#&,!&#!ros !$4"'r#"os "o&s#%!ra& )*! $as ?a$$as !& $os s#s'!(as !$4"'r#"os %!

&*!s'ro a+s5 "a%a .!2 s! (*$'#$#"a& Las (#s(as so& o"as#o&a%as or

"or'o"#r"*#'os5 sobr!"ar,a5 !&.!j!"#(#!&'o5 r!"a$!&'a(#!&'o5 or a""#6& %!

a,!&'!s )*+(#"os5 arbo$!s5 %!s"ar,as a'(os?4r#"as5 !&'r! o'ras E& !s'! or%!& %! #%!as ara %ar r!s*!s'a a $as ?a$$as (!&"#o&a%as

!@#s'!& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 $os "*a$!s "o&s'#'*>!& *& "o&j*&'o %!

%#sos#'#.os #&s'a$a%os %! (a&!ra !s'ra'4,#"as sobr! !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a

"o& $a ?#&a$#%a% %! #&'!rr*(#r !& ?or(a #&(!%#a'a !$ s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a

"*a&%o s! r!s!&'a& %#"as ?a$$as > ara !$$o "o(0&(!&'! s! ro'!,! a$s#s'!(a %#.#%#!&%o !& 2o&as %! ro'!""#6& a ?#& %! )*! s! %!s#&"oror!&

so$a(!&'! $os s!"'or!s a?!"'a%os or ?a$$as5 %!ja&%o !$ r!s'o %!$ s#s'!(a

o!ra'#.o Es %! r!sa$'ar )*! ara so$*"#o&ar $a rob$!(3'#"a %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o

or#,#&a%o or !s'as ?a$$as5 $os !@!r'os r!"*rr!& a $a r!#&,!&#!r+a5 !($!a&%o

$os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& &*(4r#"a ara a%!"*ar$os a $as &*!.as

'!"&o$o,+as D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o s! %!s'a"a& $as %!b#$#%a%!s )*! !@!r#(!&'a&

$as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II !& *& &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& %! 99 V5 !&$a"!

)*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5 !s'as r!s!&'a& %!'!r#oro

or !$ '#!(o !& s!r.#"#o > ?*&"#o&a& !& *& (*> bajo or"!&'aj!5 $o "*a$ a"!

)*! !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o baj! s* "a$#%a% > o&,a !& !$#,ro $a .#%a 0'#$ %!

!s'os !)*#os Par'#!&%o %! $o a&'!s !@*!s'o5 !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& '#!&! "o(o obj!'#.o

#($!(!&'ar ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as ara a%!"*ar $os !s)*!(as a $as

&*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $as $+&!as %!s"r#'as "o& a&'!r#or#%a% Para *&a (!jor "o(r!&s#6& %!$ !s'*%#o5 !$ (#s(o s! %#.#%! !& "*a'ro

Ca+'*$os5 s#!&%o !$ Ca+'*$o I5 !$ r!?!r#%o a $a "o&'!@'*a$#2a"#6& %!$ rob$!(a

> abar"a s* j*s'#?#"a"#6& * $os obj!'#.os ,!&!ra$!s > !s!"+?#"os5 )*!

(ar"ara& !$ "a(#&o a s!,*#r !& !$ %!sarro$$o %!$ !s'*%#o E$ Ca+'*$o II 'ra'a

1



a"!r"a %!$ (ar"o '!6r#"o5 !$ "*a$ "o&s#%!ra $a r!.#s#6& %! a&'!"!%!&'!s

r!$a"#o&a%os "o& $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 #&"$*>! a%!(3s $as bas!s

'!6r#"as5 "o&"!'*a$!s > $!,a$!s )*! ?*&%a(!&'a& !$ !s'*%#o E$ Ca+'*$o III

"orr!so&%! a $a %!s"r#"#6& %! $a (!'o%o$o,+a )*! s! !($!ar3 !& $a#&.!s'#,a"#6&5 > r!?#!r! a$ '#o %! #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 !$ "*a$ ob!%!"!r3 a *&

ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!5 !$ %#s!1o s! r!a$#2ar3 bajo !$ !&?o)*! %! "a(o %! '#o

%!s"r#'#.o5 > s! %!sarro$$ar3 !& 'r!s ?as!s- Fas! I- #&"$*>! !$ %#a,&6s'#"o %!

$a s#'*a"#6& > !$ !s'*%#o %! $as !s'a%+s'#"as %! ?a$$as5 $a Fas! II- !& $a "*a$ s!

#%!&'#?#"a $a #&,!&#!r+a %! %!'a$$! a"'*a$ a 'ra.4s %!$ a&3$#s#s %! $os %a'os

r!"o#$a%os !& !$ %#a,&6s'#"o5 !& $a ?as! III- s! roo&!& &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as

!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara ,ara&'#2ar !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a&'! ?a$$as%! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5 o'#(#2a&%o !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& > $os aj*s'! !& $os

ar3(!'ros5 !& $a Fas! IV- s! !.a$0a $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% '4"&#"a > !"o&6(#"a %!$

ro>!"'o > $a Fas! V- !& !s'a s! a$#"ar3 $a r!#&,!&#!r+a > $as r*!bas ara $a

*!s'a !& s!r.#"#o %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I >

II5 !&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo As#(#s(o5 $a (!'o%o$o,+a a"! r!?!r!&"#a a $a ob$a"#6& a !s'*%#ar5

'4"&#"as ! #&s'r*(!&'os ara r!"o$!"'ar $a #&?or(a"#6&5 .a$#%!2 > "o&?#ab#$#%a%

%!$ #&s'r*(!&'o5 > $a ?or(a "o(o s! a&a$#2ara& $os %a'os r!"aba%os Por 0$'#(o s! #&"orora& $as r!?!r!&"#as b#b$#o,r3?#"as "orr!so&%#!&'!s

2



CAP2TULO I

EL PROBLEMA

C#n%e=%*al>ac?n ,el P+#<le.a

E& $a a"'*a$#%a% $as 'ra&s?or(a"#o&!s > $os "a(b#os a& asa%o a s!r *&!$!(!&'o ?*&%a(!&'a$ !& $a so"#!%a% > $a !"o&o(+a5 %! a$$+ )*! $as

!(r!sas ! #&s'#'*"#o&!s %!b!& a%a'ars! > a%!"*ars! a $os (#s(os5 >a &o

so$o r!a""#o&a&%o a&'! $os !"os "o&s*(a%os %! $a (a&!ra (3s r3#%a >

?$!@#b$! os#b$!5 s#&o a%!(3s a&'#"#3&%os! !s'ra'4,#"a(!&'! a !$$os5 s# %!

.!r%a% )*#!r!& 'r#*&?ar (!%#a&'! *&a (a>or r!&'ab#$#%a% > (!jorar

r!s*!s'as %! sa'#s?a""#6& a $os "$#!&'!s

Es %! a"!r &o'ar )*! a !s'! !s"!&ar#o %!s"r#'o s! $! s*(a& $os

a"!$!ra%os "a(b#os %!(o,r3?#"os > !& !$ "*a$ !$ &#.!$ %! !@#,!&"#a %! b#!&!s

> s!r.#"#os or ar'! %! $os *s*ar#os a !@!r#(!&'a%o *&a "r!"#!&'!

%!(a&%a sobr! 'o%o s# s! 'ra'a %! a)*!$$os )*! so& #&%#s!&sab$!s ara

sa'#s?a"!r $as &!"!s#%a%!s5 "o(o $o !s !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o "o&s#%!ra%o !$

(o'or ?*&%a(!&'a$ )*! (*!.! 'o%as $as a"'#.#%a%!s %! "*a$)*#!r a+s5

&a"#6& o !s'a%o D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o !s #(or'a&'! %!s'a"ar )*! !$ ro"!so a 'ra.4s

%!$ "*a$ $a !&!r,+a s! 'ra&s?or(a !& !$!"'r#"#%a% r!)*#!r! 'a&'o %! *&"o&'#&,!&'! %! !rso&as "a$#?#"a%as "o(o %! *& "o&j*&'o %! r!"*rsos

(a'!r#a$!s %!&'ro %! $os "*a$!s s! !&"*!&'ra& %#.!rsos !)*#os5 s#& $os

"*a$!s $a !$!"'r#"#%a% &o *%#!ra $$!,ar as'a 'o%os $os *s*ar#os5 or 'a&'o $os

(#s(os 'a(b#4& &!"!s#'a& %! *& "o&s'a&'! (a&'!&#(#!&'o ara s* %!b#%a

3



ro'!""#6&5 "o& (#ras a as!,*rar s* ?*&"#o&a$#%a%5 6'#(o r!&%#(#!&'o > .#%a

0'#$ D!&'ro %! $os !)*#os a&'!s (!&"#o&a%os !s'3& $os !s)*!(as %!

ro'!""#6&5 $os "*a$!s s! *'#$#2a& !& $os s#s'!(as !$4"'r#"os %! o'!&"#a ara!.#'ar $a !r(a&!&"#a %! ?a$$as )*! o%r+a& #&#"#ars! %! (a&!ra s#($! >

!@'!&%!rs! s#& "o&'ro$ Los !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& %!b!& a#s$ar $a ar'!

%o&%! s! a ro%*"#%o $a ?a$$a b*s"a&%o !r'*rbar $o (!&os os#b$! $a r!%5

!.#'ar !$ %a1o a$ !)*#o ?a$$a%o Los !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& os!!& "ara"'!r+s'#"as (*> ar'#"*$ar!s

"o(o so& s!$!"'#.#%a%5 s!,*r#%a%5 .!$o"#%a%5 s#($#"#%a% > !"o&o(+a

Por o'ra ar'!5 $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& s! *!%!& *'#$#2ar !&ro'!""#o&!s %! ,!&!ra%or!s5 !& (o'or!s5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s > $+&!as %!

'ra&s(#s#6& LTK s#!&%o 4s'a 0$'#(a %! 0'#$ #(or'a&"#a !& *& s#s'!(a %!

o'!&"#a > !s'3& %!s'#&a%as a 'ra&sor'ar $a !&!r,+a5 %!s%! s* ,!&!ra"#6&

as'a !$ *&'o %! %#s'r#b*"#6& ara s* "o&s*(o

R!?#r#4&%os! a$ "aso %! V!&!2*!$a5 $a !(r!sa !&"ar,a%a %! $$!.ar !$

s!r.#"#o %! !$!"'r#"#%a% as'a $os *s*ar#os !s $a Corora"#6& E$4"'r#"a

Na"#o&a$ CORPOELECK5 "o(ara&%o s* "aa"#%a% %! ,!&!ra"#6& #&s'a$a%a!& $as "!&'ra$!s !@#s'!&'!s5 "o& !$ a"!$!ra%o "r!"#(#!&'o %! $a %!(a&%a %!

!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a5 s! obs!r.a )*! !@#s'! *& ,ra& %4?#"#' %! %#"a "aa"#%a%

#&s'a$a%a Es'o s! a .!&#%o r!?$!ja&%o "o& $as ?r!"*!&'!s #&'!rr*"#o&!s !&

!$ s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a5 $o "*a$ 'ra! "o(o "o&s!"*!&"#a5 $a

&!"!s#%a% %! %!sarro$$ar "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& )*! "*!&'!& "o& !s)*!(as

%! ro'!""#6& a%!"*a%os a $os r!)*!r#(#!&'os

Co(o !ra %! !s!rars!5 %!&'ro %! $a ,!o,ra?+a V!&!2o$a&a !$ !s'a%o

Carabobo5 *b#"a%o !& $a r!,#6& "!&'ro &or'! %!$ a+s > "o&'a&%o "o& $a 2o&a

#&%*s'r#a$ (3s ,ra&%! %! 'o%o !$ a+s5 &o )*!%a !@!&'o %! $as ?a$$as r!!'#%as

$as "*a$!s o"*rr!& !& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o %! $os %#?!r!&'!s (*&#"##os )*! $o

"o&?or(a&

4

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http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_el%C3%A9ctricos_de_potencia&action=edit&redlink=1



E& $a 2o&a #&%*s'r#a$ %! Va$!&"#a s! !&"*!&'ra *&a S/E $$a(a%a P!%ro

Ca(!jo !r'!&!"#!&'! a CORPOELEC5 4s'a r!"#b! $+&!as 'ra&s(#s#6& %! $as

SS/EE Va$!&"#a5 P$a&'a %!$ Es'!5 Sa& D#!,o > Carabobo5 !r'!&!"#!&'!s a$

S#s'!(a E$4"'r#"o Na"#o&a$ %! V!&!2*!$a "o(o *!%! .!rs! !& !$ %#a,ra(a*&#?#$ar V!r a&!@o AK D#"a S/E 'a(b#4& aor'a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a$ S#s'!(a

I&'!r"o&!"'a%o Na"#o&a$ a 'ra.4s %! s* $a&'a %! ,!&!ra%ora5 "o& a$r!%!%or

%! << M !s'os !&.#a%o %!s*4s %! s!r !$!.a%os a *&a '!&s#6& %! 99 V

a $a S/E Sa& D#!,o a 'ra.4s %! %os $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&5 !ro 'a(b#4&

"o&s'a "o& s* a'#o %! %#s'r#b*"#6& !$ "*a$ !s %! *&a ,ra& #(or'a&"#a >a )*!

a$#(!&'a !(r!sas (*> #(or'a&'! !& !$ s!"'or #&%*s'r#a$5 ,ra"#as a s*

*b#"a"#6& !s'a S/E !s r#or#%a% %!$ S#s'!(a E$4"'r#"o Carabob!1o 'a&'o or !$ "o&s*(o %! %#"as !(r!sas "o(o $a "o&!@#6& )*! $o,ra a"!r5

!&'r!$a23&%os! "o& $a S/E Carabobo > %3&%o$! as+ $a s!,*r#%a% a !s'a 2o&a

'a& #(or'a&'! ara !$ %!sarro$$o > $a !"o&o(+a %! &*!s'ro !s'a%o

Es %! a"!r &o'ar 'a(b#4& )*! !s'a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo .#!&!&

r!s!&'a%o %!'!r#oros !& $os !)*#os a 'ra.4s %!$ '#!(o5 >a )*! "*!&'a "o&

(3s %! < a1os %! $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o > !$ (a&'!&#(#!&'o a s#%o r!$a'#.o5

$o,ra&%o !s'o )*! $os !)*#os s! !&"*!&'r!& obso$!'os > ?*&"#o&a&%o !& *&

or"!&'aj! (*> bajo5 $o )*! "o$o"a !& !$#,ro !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o &a"#o&a$ >

a s* .!2 $os !)*#os )*! $a "o&?or(a&

Es as+ "o(o !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II5 !s'3& o"*rr#!&%o

#rr!,*$ar#%a%!s or#,#&a%as or *& "o&j*&'o %! %!b#$#%a%!s )*! obs'a"*$#2a& !$

"*($#(#!&'o !?#"a2 > !?#"#!&'! %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o D#"as %!b#$#%a%!s

!s'3& aso"#a%as %! (a&!ra %#r!"'a "o& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s

#&s'a$a%os a"'*a$(!&'! ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$- #$o #$o'o > ro'!""#6& %!

r!sa$%o- %! %#s'a&"#aK5 $os "*a$!s &o a& a"'*a%o %! (a&!ra "orr!"'a a&'!$as ?a$$as )*! s! r!s!&'a& !& $a a"'*a$#%a%

As#(#s(o $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& )*! "o(*&#"a& $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo

"o& $a S/E Carabobo5 "*!&'a& "o& *&a $o&,#'*% %! <<('s5 s#!&%o !s'a

%#s'a&"#a (*> "or'a > $a ro'!""#6& so$aa $as %!(3s ro'!""#o&!s r!?!r#%as a

5



$as $+&!as O'ra %! $as "a*sas or $o "*a$ s! %a or#,!& a $a rob$!(3'#"a !s

)*! !$ !s)*!(a %! %#?!r!&"#a$ %! #$o P#$o'o or !s'ar ?*!ra %! $a S/E

abor%a%a5 ?*! obj!'o %! *r'o > or $o 'a&'o s! !&"*!&'ra& ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o5

%! a$$+ )*! $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ &o !s'4 'rabaja&%o s#!&%o $a ro'!""#6& %!r!sa$%o $a 0&#"a !& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a*&)*! !s'a "*!&'a "o& *& '!"&o$o,+a

>a &o (*> *'#$#2a%a

Por o'ro $a%o5 $o (!&"#o&a%o5 $$!,a as'a $+(#'!s a$ar(a&'!s >a )*! &o

s! "*!&'a "o& $a '!"&o$o,+a r!)*!r#%a > s* ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o s! .*!$.!

#(r!"#so5 $as "a*sas "o(o >a a&'!s s! (!&"#o&aro& s! %!b!& !&'r! o'ros

(o'#.os a $a obso$!s"!&"#a %! $os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6&5 'o%os !s'os

!s)*!(as >a asa& $a .#%a 0'#$5 &o soor'a& (3s r!ara"#o&!s or s!r s*(a(!&'! %!$#"a%os5 >a &o s! !&"*!&'ra& r!*!s'os !& !$ (!r"a%o > or

s**!s'o &o "*($!& "o& $a s*!r.#s#6& > "o&'ro$ )*! s! r!)*#!r! ara $a

ro'!""#6& %! $os !)*#os > %!$ s#s'!(a5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& $as ?a$$as a&

!.o$*"#o&a%o a 'ra.4s %!$ '#!(o5 $o,ra&%o &o s!r %!'!"'ab$! or $os !)*#os

#&s'a$a%os !& $a a"'*a$#%a%

To%a !s'a s#'*a"#6& 'ra! "o(o r!s*$'a%o5 r!'raso !& $as r!ara"#o&!s or

"*a&'o $a &o'#?#"a"#6& %! $as ?a$$as &o $$!,a a '#!(o o &o %!$#(#'a s* or#,!&5

'a(b#4& 4r%#%a %! '#!(o %!$ !rso&a$ !& b*s"ar "*3$ %! $os !)*#os s!

!&"*!&'ra %a1a%o >/o )*! ?a$$a r!s!&'a Es'a s#'*a"#6& !r(#'! )*! !$

a&3$#s#s %! ?a$$as s!a (*> $!&'o $o "*a$ or#,#&a )*! s! r!#'a& $as (#s(as

a&'!s %! %!'!r(#&ar s* or#,!& > $o,rar so$*"#o&ar$a ara )*! &o o"*rra

&*!.a(!&'! O'ra "o&s!"*!&"#a !s )*! $os !)*#os s*?r!& (3s %! $o &or(a$

> *!%!& $$!,ar !& 'a$ "aso a %a1ars! or "o($!'o $o "*a$ s*(ar+a o'ra

rob$!(3'#"a (3s

Es %! a"!r &o'ar )*! or $a *b#"a"#6& %! $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo > $a#&'!r"o&!@#6& "o& $a $a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6& %!$ (#s(o &o(br!5 %!s!j!s &o

s!$!"'#.os 'ra!r+a& "o(o "o&s!"*!&"#a 4r%#%as %! ,ra&%!s b$o)*!s %!

"ar,a !& !$ S#s'!(a I&'!r"o&!"'a%o Na"#o&a$ SINK

6



Fr!&'! a $os $a&'!a(#!&'os !@*!s'os5 "ab! ?or(*$ars! $as s#,*#!&'!s

#&'!rro,a&'!s-

Q*4 a""#o&!s s! %!b!& !j!"*'ar ara "orr!,#r $as %!b#$#%a%!s !&"o&'ra%as

!& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo IIC*3$!s !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& #($!(!&'ar ara (!jorar $a r!s*!s'a

a&'! $as ?a$$as )*! ?r!"*!&'a& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I >

Carabobo II

7



O</e%1#$ ,e la In1e$%"ac?n

O</e%1# "ene+al

I($!(!&'ar ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I >

Carabobo II !&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5

(!%#a&'! !$ *so %! &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as ara #&&o.ar $os !s)*!(as a"'*a$!s

O</e%1#$ e$;ec@c#$

9 D#a,&os'#"ar $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os !s)*!(as %!

ro'!""#6& a"'*a$!s !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II !&$a"! )*!

*&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo

A&a$#2ar $os ar3(!'ros ob'!&#%os ara obs!r.ar !$ "o(or'a(#!&'o %!

$os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s #&s'a$a%os a"'*a$(!&'! r!a$#2a&%o

!s'*%#os %! "or'o"#r"*#'os

Proo&!r &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara

,ara&'#2ar !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a&'! ?a$$as %! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5

o'#(#2a&%o !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& > $os aj*s'!s !& $os ar3(!'ros

E.a$*ar $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% T4"&#"a8E"o&6(#"a %! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! $as

ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II

Ej!"*'ar !$ "a(b#o %! !)*#os r!a$#2a&%o r*!bas %! a"!'a"#6& ara $a

*!s'a !& s!r.#"#o %! $os &*!.os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !& $as $+&!as

Carabobo I > Carabobo II %! '!"&o$o,+a &*(4r#"a0*$%cac?n ,e la n1e$%"ac?n

8



E& $os 0$'#(os a1os5 !$ s!r.#"#o %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a s! a .#s'o a?!"'a%o

or *&a ,ra& "a&'#%a% %! #&'!rr*"#o&!s %!b#%o a )*! $as ro'!""#o&!s

a"'0a& "*a&%o &o %!b!r+a& a"!r$o5 !s'o a "o&s!"*!&"#a %! $a

obso$!s"!&"#a %! $os !s)*!(as a"'*a$!s > !$ "r!"#(#!&'o %! $a %!(a&%a !&$os "#r"*#'os a 'ra.4s %!$ '#!(o5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& s! .! a?!"'a%o !$ s!r.#"#o

!$4"'r#"o or ?a"'or!s "$#(3'#"os )*! %!s(!jora& !$ ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! $os

!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s

La r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 "o&'!($a $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! !s)*!(as

%! ro'!""#o&!s ara a%a'ar $os a"'*a$!s a $as &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as5 a 'ra.4s

%! $a r!"o#$a"#6& %! #&?or(a"#6& &!"!sar#a > %! %#a,&6s'#"os !& $a (!%#"#6&

%! ar3(!'ros %! o!ra"#6& > !.a$*a&%o ?a$$as )*! s! a>a& r!s!&'a%o5ara as+ o%!r (a&'!&!r $a "o&'#&*#%a% %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o r!s'a%o or $a

!(r!sa s*(#&#s'ra%ora %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a CORPOELEC

Es'a (o%!r&#2a"#6& $o,r6 *&a (!jora !& !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o %! o'!&"#a5

!r(#'#!&%o %!'!r(#&ar "*3&%o o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a !& !$ s#s'!(a "o& (3s

r!"#s#6&5 s! #($!(!&'6 *& s#s'!(a %! "o(*&#"a"#6& 0&#"o !& $as

ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as )*! $o,ra ?a"#$#'ar $a (!%#"#6&5 $a s*!r.#s#6& > !$

"o&'ro$ %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o5 ro'!,#!&%o %! *&a (!jor (a&!ra $os !)*#os5

> a$ (o(!&'o %! *&a ?a$$a o%!r %!'!r(#&ar "o& !@a"'#'*% %o&%! s! *b#"a >

"*3$ !s $a "a*sa )*! $a or#,#&a

To%o !s'o s! !?!"'*6 "o& !$ *so %! &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $os !s)*!(as

%! ro'!""#6&5 $as r*!bas %! 'o%os $os !s)*!(as "o& $os !r(#sos

r!)*!r#%os > $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o5 %a&%o as+ *&a so$*"#6& a $a rob$!(3'#"a

$a&'!a%a

D!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a so"#a$5 !@#s'! *& b!&!?#"#o "o&"r!'o 'a&'o ara $a

!(r!sa "o(o ara $os *s*ar#os %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 >a )*! s! (#&#(#26$as #&'!rr*"#o&!s )*! a?!"'a& "o& ?r!"*!&"#a $as %#?!r!&'!s a"'#.#%a%!s %! $a

.#%a "o'#%#a&a5 !& "!&'ros "o(!r"#a$!s5 !s"o$ar!s5 so"#a$!s > !s!"#a$(!&'!

!& 2o&as #&%*s'r#a$!s5 #&"#%#!&%o !& $a "a$#%a% %!$ s!r.#"#o > as+ "o(o

9



'a(b#4& !& $a "a$#%a% %! .#%a %! $os *s*ar#os5 j*s'#?#"3&%os! as+ $a r!a$#2a"#6&

%!$ !s'*%#o

D!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a a"a%4(#"o5 $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! bas6 !&

r!*&#r $a !@!r#!&"#a %! .ar#os !s!"#a$#s'as %! !(r!sas !$4"'r#"as5$abora'or#os5 #&,!&#!r+as > *&#.!rs#%a%!s5 "*>os !s?*!r2os !s'3&

"o&"!&'ra%os b3s#"a(!&'! !& !@$#"ar5 %! ?or(a '!6r#"a > r3"'#"a $a

o'#(#2a"#6& %! !)*#os %! ro'!""#6& bas3&%os! !& &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as D!

!s'! (o%o "obra #(or'a&"#a !$ aor'! )*! *!%! s#,&#?#"ar ara o'ros

!s'*%#os s#(#$ar!s )*! s! r!a$#"!& !& !$ I&s'#'*'o U&#.!rs#'ar#o Po$#'4"&#"o

Sa&'#a,o Mar#1o5 s#r.#!&%o %! r!?!r!&"#a a !s'*%#a&'!s > %o"!&'!s %!

#&,!&#!r+a %! !s'a > o'ras "asas %! !s'*%#o As+ "o(o 'a(b#4& s! r!'!&%!)*! $os r!s*$'a%os > "o&"$*s#o&!s %! !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s#r.a& %!

"o($!(!&'o a $a ?or(a"#6& a"a%4(#"a %!$ #&.!s'#,a%or > !r(#'a s*

"r!"#(#!&'o !rso&a$ > ro?!s#o&a$

10



CAP2TULO II

MARCO TEÓRICO RE8ERENCIAL

An%ece,en%e$ ,e la In1e$%"ac?n

To%a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! %!b! %!sarro$$ar !& s* ?as! #&#"#a$5 r!"o#$a&%o5!@a(#&a&%o > "o&s*$'a&%o 'o%o !$ (a'!r#a$ b#b$#o,r3?#"o )*! *!%a aor'ar

%a'os5 '!or+as o #%!as )*! !r(#'a& "$ar#?#"ar > br#&%!& a$,0& $#&!a(#!&'o a $a

#&.!s'#,a"#6& or r!a$#2ar Es or !$$o )*! a$ $$!.ar a "abo *&a r!.#s#6& %! $os

a&'!"!%!&'!s r!$a"#o&a%os "o& $a rob$!(3'#"a $a'!a%a5 ?*! os#b$!

"o&s'a'ar 'a&'o a &#.!$ &a"#o&a$ "o(o #&'!r&a"#o&a$5 $a !@#s'!&"#a %! a$,*&as

#&.!s'#,a"#o&!s a ?#&!s "o& !$ r!s!&'! !s'*%#o

Es as+ "o(o $.ar!25 J <9K !& s* Trabajo %! Gra%o r!a$#2a%o !& $a

Es"*!$a Po$#'4"&#"a Na"#o&a$5 ara o'ar or !$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a5

!$ "*a$ $$!.a or '+'*$o- “Estudio e implementación del sistema de

protecciones eléctricas de los alimentadores primarios de la subestación La

Carolina de EMELNORE !."# $uito Ecuador% Es'! !s'*%#o '*.o "o(o

obj!'#.o !s'*%#ar ! #($!(!&'ar s#s'!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as %! $os

a$#(!&'a%or!s r#(ar#os %! $a S/E s!1a$a%a

D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o !$ %!sarro$$o %!$ !s'*%#o ar'#6 %! $a &!"!s#%a%

%! r!.#sar $os ?$*jos %! o'!&"#a > "or'o"#r"*#'o "o& !$ s#(*$a%or CYMDIST ara+2 %! *& "o&j*&'o %! ?a$$as !.#%!&"#a%as !& $os a$#(!&'a%or!s r#(ar#os

a&'!s (!&"#o&a%os5 s#'*a"#6& )*! "o&%*jo a$ #&.!s'#,a%or a !.a$*ar !$

s#s'!(a a"or%! a $a r!,*$a"#6& << /<9 %!$ CONELEC %! "a$#%a% %!$

ro%*"'o !& "*a&'o a &#.!$ %! .o$'aj! ara $o "*a$ s! !($!6 r!"o&!"'a%or!s

11



r!$4s !$!"'r6&#"os (*$'#?*&"#6&5 ?*s#b$!s '#o SF8T > "o(o &o.!%a% ara $a

!(r!sa5 $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! s!$!""#o&a%or!s

Co(o s! *%o obs!r.ar !$ #&.!s'#,a%or "o&"$*>! )*! *&a .!2 r!a$#2a%a

$a !.a$*a"#6& %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o > "o&s#%!ra&%o $a "oor%#&a"#6&sa'#s?a"'or#a or "*a&'o &o *bo a$'!ra"#6& a$ "oor%#&ar$o "o& $os %!(3s

!)*#os ro"!%#6 a $a o(o$o,a"#6& %! ?*s#b$!s5 ara $as %!r#.a"#o&!s

ro'!""#o&!s ara $a 'ro&"a$ > r!"o&!"'a%or!s %o&%! ?*!s! ?a"'#b$! r!a$#2ar$o

L*!,o %! r!.#sar !$ !s'*%#o s! "o&s'a'6 $a r!$a"#6& "o& $a r!s!&'!

#&.!s'#,a"#6& >a )*! a(bos #&.!s'#,a%or!s *'#$#2aro& *& !$!(!&'o #(or'a&'!

!& $o )*! a ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as s! r!?#!r!5 $os r!$4s5 *!s !s'os s! *'#$#2a&

!& !$ ro"!so %! ro'!""#6& > $a (a>or+a %! $as .!"!s so& *sa%os "o& !$ro6s#'o %! br#&%ar *& (!jor s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 sa'#s?a"!r $as %!(a&%as %!

$os *s*ar#os5 $o )*! r!%*&%ara !& *&a (!jor "a$#%a% %! $os (#s(os5 (3@#(o

"*a&%o !& $os 0$'#(os (!s!s5 !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o a s#%o s!r#a(!&'!

"*!s'#o&a%o or ,ra& ar'! %! $os ab#'a&'!s5 sobr! 'o%o %!$ !s'a%o

Carabobo5 !& !$ "*a$ $as "o&'#&*as #&'!rr*"#o&!s (a&'#!&!s !& 2o2obra a $as

!rso&as !& %#?!r!&'!s "o(*&#%a%!s

O'ro %! $os 'rabajos r!$a"#o&a%os "o& !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& !s !$ %! O$#.!'5

A <9<K )*#!& $$!.o a "abo *& Trabajo %! Gra%o %!&o(#&a%o “&ropuesta de

redise'o de las protecciones eléctricas en los circuitos de salida del

transformador uno ()*# S/E uno ()* en "limentos &olar Comercial &lanta

Limpie+a% 5 r!a$#2a%o !& !$ I&s'#'*'o U&#.!rs#'ar#o Po$#'4"&#"o Sa&'#a,o Mar#1o5

ara o'ar or !$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a

E$ obj!'#.o %! !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& ?*! roo&!r !$ r!%#s!1o %! s#s'!(as %!

ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as !& $os "#r"*#'os %! sa$#%a %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or *&o 9K

S/E *&o 9K !& A$#(!&'os Po$ar Co(!r"#a$5 P$a&'a $#(#!2a Es'! !s'*%#o s!%!sarro$$6 s#,*#!&%o $os $#&!a(#!&'os %! *& ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!5 bajo *&

!&?o)*! %! #&.!s'#,a"#6& %! "a(o

Por ob!%!"!r a *& ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! !s'! s! !?!"'*6 !& 'r!s K ?as!s $a

?as! I !r(#'#6 !$aborar *& %#a,&6s'#"o %! "ar,as !$4"'r#"as ara .!r#?#"ar !$

12



!s'a%o a"'*a$ %! $as (#s(as E& $a ?as! II s! ro"!%#6 a "a$"*$ar $as

"orr#!&'!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'o (!%#a&'! "3$"*$os (a'!(3'#"os > !& $a ?as! III s!

$a&'!6 !$ r!%#s!1o %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as

Los r!s*$'a%os !.#%!&"#aro& )*! $as ?a$$as r!s!&'a%as &o ?*!ro&%!'!"'a%as or $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$5 'a$ !.!&'*a$#%a% !& $a $a&'a $#(#!2a

s! r!?$!j6 !& !$ #&'!rr*'or r#&"#a$ %! sa$#%a %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or5 $o "*a$

o"as#o&6 )*! $os s#!'! ;K "#r"*#'os a$#(!&'a%os )*!%ara& s#& s!r.#"#o

!$4"'r#"o O'ra %!b#$#%a% %!'!"'a%a !s $a r!?!r#%a a )*! a$,*&as ro'!""#o&!s

'#!&!& *& '#!(o "!r"a&o a $os 9 a1os %! #,*a$ (o%o !& !s'! a(b#!&'! s!

r!.4 $a a($#a"#6& %! $a $a&'a %! %!'!r,!&'!s5 !s'o r!)*#!r! %! &*!.as

"ar,as5 $o )*! $$!.a a a*(!&'ar $a "aa"#%a% #&s'a$a%a E& .#r'*% %! 'o%as $as ?a$$as %#a,&os'#"a%as !s )*! !$ a*'or $$!,a a $a

"o&"$*s#6& %! roo&!r *& r!%#s!1o %! s#s'!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s "o& $a

?#&a$#%a% %! ,ara&'#2ar $a s!$!"'#.#%a%5 "o&?#ab#$#%a% > ra#%!2 %!$ '#!(o %!

%!s!j! !.#'a&%o as+ %a1os a $os !)*#os > r!s!r.a&%o $a #&'!,r#%a% %! $as

!rso&as )*! $abora& !& %#"a $a&'a

Es %! %!s'a"ar )*! $a #&.!s'#,a"#6& r!s!&'a%a s! !&"*!&'ra

r!$a"#o&a%a "o& !s'! !s'*%#o or "*a&'o $as %os !rs#,*!& obj!'#.os

s!(!ja&'!s %!b#%o a )*! !s'*%#a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& "o(o *&a %!

$as so$*"#o&!s (3s r3#%a ara %ar r!s*!s'a !& (!&or '#!(o a$

r!)*!r#(#!&'o > %!(a&%as %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 )*! r!"$a(a& $os *s*ar#os

As#(#s(o a(bos a*'or!s r!'!&%!& ro'!,!r $os !)*#os !& $as %#.!rsas

SS/EE ar'#!&%o %! $a .#%a 0'#$ %! $os (#s(os5 (3s a*& s# s! 'o(a !& "*!&'a

)*! !s'os '#!&!& (3s %! 9 a1os %! s!r.#"#o

Ta(b#4& G6(!25 F <<:K r!a$#2o *& Trabajo %! Gra%o '#'*$a%o- Estudio

de la coordinación de protección en los e,uipos de ))- /# 01.- / 2 )0.3 /

en la S/E ocu2ito de COR&OELEC# re4ión 5 +ona Carabobo%. E$ (#s(o ?*!

!$abora%o !& !$ I&s'#'*'o U&#.!rs#'ar#o Po$#'4"&#"o Sa&'#a,o Mar#1o5 ara o'ar

or !$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a E$ !s'*%#o '*.o "o(o obj!'#.o !s'*%#ar $a

"oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s !& $os !)*#os %! 99 V5 V > 9= V

13



!& $a S/E To"*>#'o %! CORPOELEC

E$ !s'*%#o s! !&(ar"o bajo $a (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! > s! a"o,#6

a *& %#s!1o %! "a(o S! !?!"'*6 !& 'r!s K ?as!s $a r#(!ra ?as! !r(#'#6

a$ a*'or r!"o#$ar 'o%a $a #&?or(a"#6& '4"&#"a r!?!r!&'! a $os !)*#os )*!"o(o&!& $a S/E (!&"#o&a%a5 $a s!,*&%a ?as! s! !s'*%#6 !$ so?'ar!5 $o

"*a$ ?a"#$#'o !$ "o&o"#(#!&'o %! ro,ra(as r!so&sab$!s %! $a o!ra"#6& %!

$os %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& > !& $a '!r"!ra ?as!5 s! r!a$#26 !$ !s'*%#o %!

"oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s a$#"a&%o !$ ro,ra(a S#s'!(a I&'!,ra%o %!

D#s'r#b*"#6& SIDK

E& !s'! s!&'#%o $os a$$a2,os %!s'a"aro& $a &!"!s#%a% %! aj*s'ar $a

ro'!""#6& a %#s'a&"#a %! $as $+&!as !s'*%#a%as !& 99V > a$ #%!&'#?#"ar "o&.!ra"#%a%5 $as .ar#ab$!s #&?$*>!&'!s !& $a so$*"#6& %! $a rob$!(3'#"a5 or $o

"*a$ s! "o&"$*>! )*! !s #(os'!r,ab$! br#&%ar (a>or "o&?#ab#$#%a% >

"o&'#&*#%a% !& !$ s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a $os ob$a%or!s %!$

(*&#"##o L#b!r'a%or5 !s'a%o Carabobo5 a 'ra.4s %!$ !s'*%#o %! $a

"oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as

Cab! r!sa$'ar )*! !@#s'! *&a .#&"*$a"#6& %#r!"'a !&'r! !$ !s'*%#o r!.#sa%o

> $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6& >a )*! a(bos abor%a& !$!(!&'os sobr! $as

ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as5 'a& &!"!sar#as !& aras %! $o,rar !$ a%!"*a%o

?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o !& $os %#.!rsos a(b#!&'!s %o&%!

s*"!%! $a rob$!(3'#"a5 !& !s'! "aso !& $a S/E To"*>#'o > !$ !&$a"! )*! *&!

$as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo %! CORPOELEC

14



Ba$e$ %e?+ca$

S$%e.a ,e P#%enca

E$ 6nstitute of Electrical and Electronics En4ineer (6EEE* "o&'!($a )*!

!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a s! %!?#&! "o(o *&a r!% ?or(a%a or *&#%a%!s

!$4"'r#"as5 "ar,as >/o $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& %! o'!&"#a5 #&"$*>!&%o !$ !)*#o

aso"#a%o5 "o&!"'a%o !$4"'r#"a(!&'! o (!"3&#"a(!&'! a $a r!% V!r ?#,*ra 9K

Las 'ar!as %! *& S#s'!(a %! Po'!&"#a so& r!a$#2a%as !& V!&!2*!$a or

$a Corora"#6& E$4"'r#"a Na"#o&a$ CORPOELECK5 > $as a"'#.#%a%!s )*! $o

"o&?or(a& so&-

9 G!&!ra"#6&

Tra&s(#s#6& D#s'r#b*"#6&

Los s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a so& !s'r*"'*ras "o($!jas > !@'!&sas5 >

%!b#%o a (0$'#$!s ?a"'or!s !s'ra'4,#"os5 !"o&6(#"os5 !&'r! o'rosK &o

o!ra& %! (a&!ra a#s$a%a s#&o )*! or !$ "o&'rar#o5 s! !&"*!&'ra&

r!$a"#o&a%os !&'r! s+5 "o&s'#'*>!&%o $o )*! s! %!&o(#&a *& S#s'!(a

I&'!r"o&!"'a%o

U& s#s'!(a #&'!r"o&!"'a%o so& %os o (3s s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a )*! s!

!&"*!&'ra& "o&!"'a%os !$4"'r#"a(!&'! !&'r! s+5 $os "*a$!s so& $a&#?#"a%os >o!ra%os %! (a&!ra )*! s! *!%a s*(#&#s'rar $a !&!r,+a %! *&a ?or(a

"o&?#ab$! > !"o&6(#"a a s*s "ar,as > "o&s*(#%or!s5 "o(b#&a&%o5 "o& $os

$a&!s %! !@a&s#6&5 (!jora > (a&'!&#(#!&'o %! "a%a s#s'!(a5 "o& !$

obj!'#.o %! $o,rar "r!"!r a $a ar %! $a "ar,a

Las #&'!r"o&!@#o&!s ?a"#$#'a& $a "oor%#&a"#6& %! $as a"'#.#%a%!s %!

$a&#?#"a"#6& > o!ra"#6& %! $os s#s'!(as %! ,!&!ra"#6& > 'ras(#s#6& %! $os

s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a5 #&'!,ra $os s*bs#s'!(as a !?!"'os %! !@a&%#r > o!rar !$ s#s'!(a #&'!r"o&!"'a%o Y as+ sa'#s?a"!r $a %!(a&%a %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a

Las ar'!s ?*&%a(!&'a$!s )*! "o&?or(a& *& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !&

V!&!2*!$a so&- "!&'ra$ %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 S/E %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 $+&!as %!

15



'ra&s(#s#6&5 S/E %! 'ra&s(#s#6& o !&$a"!5 S/E %! %#s'r#b*"#6&5 "ar,as o

"o&s*(#%or!s > !$ s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6&

Figura 1: Sistema de Potencia. Fuente: Dialineth Corrales (2012).

Ele.en%#$ ,e *n S$%e.a ,e P#%enca

E& $a ?#,*ra s! r!r!s!&'a& !& ?or(a !$!(!&'a$ *& s#s'!(a %!

o'!&"#a5 "o&s#s'! !s!&"#a$(!&'! %! *&a "!&'ra$ ,!&!ra%ora5 *& s#s'!(a %!

'ra&s(#s#6&5 *& s#s'!(a %! s*b'ras(#s#o& > *& s#s'!(a %! %#s'r#b*"#6& E& $a !s'a"#6& ,!&!ra%ora $os ,!&!ra%or!s G9 > G 'ra&s?or(a& !&!r,+a

(!"3&#"a !& !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a E$ .o$'aj! %! sa$#%a %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s

,!&!ra$(!&'! !s'3 "o(r!&%#%o !&'r! 9=V > V La '!&s#6& %! $os

,!&!ra%or!s s! !$!.a (!%#a&'! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s T95 T ara )*! $a

!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a *!%a s!r 'ra&s(#'#%a a %#s'a&"#as "o&s#%!rab$!s "o&

4r%#%as ra2o&ab$!s Los .o$'aj!s %! 'ra&s(#s#6& so& (*> .ar#ab$!s5 s#!&%o

'+#"os $os .a$or!s 99V5 <V5 <<V > =<<V ;VK Las $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6W& L95 L $!.a& !&!r,+a %! $a "!&'ra$ ,!&!ra%ora

a $a S/E S s#'*a%a !& *& *&'o #&'!r(!%#o !&'r! $a "!&'ra$ > !$ "!&'ro %!

"o&s*(o E& !s'a S/E !$ .o$'aj! s! r!%*"! (!%#a&'! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s T

> T E$ .o$'aj! %! sa$#%a !& S 'a(b#4& !s .ar#ab$!5 s#!&%o '+#"os $os .a$or!s

16



<V5 99V5 :V > 5V

La S/E S a$#(!&'a .ar#as $+&!as %! s*b'ra&s(#s#o&5 %! $as "*a$!s s!

a& #&%#"a%o L5 L > LK F#&a$(!&'!5 (*> "!r"a a$ *&'o %! "o&s*(o s!

a"! *&a &*!.a r!%*""#6& %! .o$'aj! (!%#a&'! !$ 'ra&s?or(a%or T E$ .o$'aj!%! sa$#%a %! T !s .ar#ab$!5 s#!&%o '+#"o !$ .a$or 9=V Es'! 0$'#(o

'ra&s?or(a%or a$#(!&'a .ar#as $+&!as %! %#s'r#b*"#6& "o(o T > T; La '!&s#6&

%! sa$#%a %! !s'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %!!&%! %!$ '#o %! "ar,a- r!s#%!&"#a$ o

#&%*s'r#a$ S# $a "ar,a !s r!s#%!&"#a$ !$ .o$'aj! !s "as# s#!(r! %! 9<V/<=V

9< V !&'r! ?as! > &!*'ro > <=V !&'r! $+&!asK S# $a "ar,a !s #&%*s'r#a$ s!

*!%!& '!&!r .ar#os .a$or!s %! .o$'aj! s#!&%o !$ (3s '+#"o !$ .a$or %! =<V

Figura 2: Elementos de un Sistema de Potencia. Fuente: Carlos Romero (U!).

17



Gene+ac?n ,e Ene+"@a El-c%+ca

Es !$ ro"!so (!%#a&'! !$ "*a$ s! ob'#!&! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a ar'#r %!

o'ras ?or(as %! !&!r,+a5 !& s# s! or#,#&a !& *& ,!&!ra%or %! !&!r,+a

!$4"'r#"a (!%#a&'! *&a (a)*#&a (o'r#2 )*! %a $a %!&o(#&a"#6& a$ '#o %!"!&'ra$ ,!&!ra%ora Los '4r(#&os "!&'ra$ o $a&'a !$4"'r#"a s! a&

,!&!ra$#2a%o > s! !&'#!&%! )*! so& $os $o"a$!s %o&%! s! ,!&!ra $a !&!r,+a

E$ s#s'!(a %! ,!&!ra"#6& !s $a ar'! b3s#"a %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5

!s'a s! !&"ar,a %! !&'r!,ar $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a$ s#s'!(a5 !s'o a ar'#r %! $a

'ra&s?or(a"#6& %! %#s'#&'os '#os %! !&!r,+a r#(ar#a Es'as s! *b#"a&

%!!&%#!&%o $as "o&%#"#o&!s ?+s#"as %! $a ?*!&'! r#(ar#a %! *'#$#2a"#6&

T+an$.$?n ,e Ene+"@a El-c%+ca

La *b#"a"#6& %! "!&'ra$!s %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 ob$#,a& a 'ra&sor'ar ,ra&%!s

b$o)*!s !&!r,4'#"os ,!&!ra%os a 'ra.4s %! $ar,as %#s'a&"#as5 %! (a&!ra )*!

$$!,*!& a $os "!&'ros %! "o&s*(o

Los ,ra&%!s r!"*rsos #%r3*$#"os !& V!&!2*!$a s! *b#"a& !& $a r!,#6& %!

G*a>a&a5 (#!&'ras )*! $as "!&'ra$!s '4r(#"as s! !&"*!&'ra& !& $a 2o&a

"!&'ra$5 %! 'a$ ?or(a )*! ara *&#r 'o%as !s'as ?*!&'!s %! ,!&!ra"#6& "o& $os

%#s'r#b*#%os "!&'ros %! "o&s*(os5 s! !($!a $as r!%!s %! 'ras(#s#6& %!

o'!&"#a !$4"'r#"a

E& V!&!2*!$a $as 3r!as )*! "o&?or(a& !$ S#s'!(a I&'!r"o&!"'a%o

Na"#o&a$ SINK s! !&"*!&'ra& *&#%as a 'ra.4s %! *& s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6&

)*! a$"a&2a $os &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& %! 995 <5 << > ; V

Ca%a *&o %! !s'os s#s'!(as r!"#b! !$ &o(br! %! $a r!% 'ro&"a$ %!

'ra&s(#s#6& r!s!&'a&%o $o&,#'*%!s ar!"#ab$!s "o(o !$ !&$a"! )*! !@#s'!

!&'r! G*a>a&a8C!&'ro )*! os!! aro@#(a%a(!&'! < (

La (#s#6& %! !s'a ar'! %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !s 'ra&sor'ar $os

,ra&%!s b$o)*!s %! !&!r,+a %!s%! $os "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& a 'o%os $os

18



*&'os %!$ s#s'!(a5 a%!(3s %! #&'!r"o&!"'ar $as %#?!r!&'!s "!&'ra$!s >/o

%#?!r!&'!s s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a

E$ r#&"##o b3s#"o %!$ or)*! s! !$!.a !$ .o$'aj! ara 'ra&s(#'#r $a

!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a .#!&! %a%o or $a $!> %! o(5 $a "*a$ %#"! )*! a (a>or "orr#!&'! (!&or .o$'aj! > .#"!.!rsa5 !s %!"#r5 )*! a$ !$!.ar !$ .o$'aj! a>

(!&or "orr#!&'! > !s'o a"! )*! !$ (!%#o %! 'ra&sor'! s!a %! (!&or

'a(a1o >a )*! !$ "a$#br! %!!&%! %! $a "a&'#%a% %! "orr#!&'! )*! *!%a

soor'ar > "o&%*"#r s#& "a$!&'ars! or !?!"'o jo*$! Ta(b#4& a$ %*$#"ar .o$'aj!

%! *&a $+&!a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& s! "*a%r#$#"a $a o'!&"#a5 or !$$o "a%a .!2 $as

'!&s#o&!s %! o!ra"#6& so& (a>or!s5 !s %!"#r5 a> (3s os#b#$#%a% %!

'ra&s(#'#r (3s o'!&"#a a$ !$!.ar !$ &#.!$ %! $a '!&s#6& !& $as $+&!a Los s#s'!(as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !s'3& "o&s'#'*#%os or *&a S/E %o'a%a %!

'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 )*! !$!.a& !$ .o$'aj! %! ,!&!ra"#6& a o'ro (3s a$'o5 *&

'!&%#%o %! "o&%*"'or!s soor'a%os or !s'r*"'*ras !s!"#a$!s5 > SS/EE

r!%*"'oras #&'!r(!%#as %o&%! s! r!%*"! &*!.a(!&'! !$ .o$'aj! a '!&s#o&!s

%! *'#$#2a"#6& r3"'#"a Los .o$'aj!s %! 'ra&s(#s#6& %!!&%!& %! $a %#s'a&"#a >

.o$*(!& %! $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a 'ra&sor'ar

La ?#,*ra (*!s'ra *&a $+&!a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& a *& &#.!$ %! < V

19



Figura ": #neas de $ransmisi%n Planta Centro& Cara'o'o. Fuente: !na D#a (2011).D$%+<*c?n ,e Ene+"@a El-c%+ca

E& !s'a ?as! %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a s! !&"*!&'ra& $as '4"&#"as >

s#s'!(as !($!a%os ara $a "o&%*""#6& %! $a !&!r,+a as'a $os *s*ar#os

%!&'ro %!$ 3r!a %! "o&s*(o

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20



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21

http://www.endesaeduca.com/Endesa_educa/recursos-interactivos/conceptos-basicos/funcionamiento-de-los-transformadores

http://www.endesaeduca.com/Endesa_educa/recursos-interactivos/conceptos-basicos/funcionamiento-de-los-transformadores



Figura : S5E El-c%+ca7 8*en%e: Pa%# S5E San Diego (201).L@nea$ ,e %+an$.$?n

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22



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?#,*ra K

23



Figura *: $rans+ormador de Potencia. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

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24

http://www.educarchile.com/

http://www.educarchile.com/



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25



Figura : Dis/untor o nterrutor de Potencia. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

E&'r! $os #&'!rr*'or!s a*'o(3'#"os %! o'!&"#a (3s "o&o"#%os '!&!(os-

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26



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27



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28



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9 Corr#!&'! Vo$'aj! A&,*$o !&'r! .o$'aj! > "orr#!&'! D#r!""#6& %! ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a

I(!%a&"#a Fr!"*!&"#a; Va$or!s %! .ar#a"#o&!s %! $as "a&'#%a%!s a&'!r#or!s

Para o%!r *'#$#2ar $os ar3(!'ros a&'!r#or!s !s &!"!sar#o (!%#r$os Es'a

(!%#"#6& s! a"! (!%#a&'! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a5 $os "*a$!s

29



r!ro%*"!& a !s"a$! r!%*"#%a $os .o$'aj!s > "orr#!&'!s %!$ s#s'!(a %!

o'!&"#a Es'os .a$or!s r!%*"#%os s! a$#"a& a $os r!$4s )*! s! !&"ar,a& %!

a&a$#2ar$os > %!'!r(#&ar s# !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !s'3 o!ra&%o

&or(a$(!&'! o5 s# or !$ "o&'rar#o5 a o"*rr#%o *&a ?a$$a E& $a ?#,*ra ; s!!@$#"a !& ?or(a !s)*!(3'#"a $o %#"o a&'!r#or(!&'!

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e Me,,a

E$ 'ra&s?or(a%or !s *&a (a)*#&a !s'3'#"a "*>a ?*&"#6& !s 'ra&s?!r#r

!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a %! *& s#s'!(a a o'ro Los %! (!%#%a so& %!s'#&a%o a $a

a$#(!&'a"#6& %! #&s'r*(!&'os %! (!%#%a5 "o&'a%or!s5 r!$4s %! ro'!""#6&5

!&'r! o'ros5 !r(#'#!&%o as+ *&a s!ara"#6& ,a$.3&#"a !&'r!s $os #&s'r*(!&'os> $a r!% !$4"'r#"a %! a$'a '!&s#6&

Figura : Diagrama de 'lo3ues de un es3uema de rotecci%n. Fuente: !utoC!D.

Los aara'os %! (!%#%a > $os r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& &o *!%!& soor'ar or

$o ,!&!ra$5 &# !$!.a%as '!&s#o&!s &# !$!.a%as "orr#!&'!s5 >a )*! %! $o

"o&'rar#o5 s! !&"ar!"!r+a sobr!(a&!ra s* "o&s'r*""#6& Por o'ra ar'! !s

30



"o&.!&#!&'! !.#'ar $a r!s!&"#a %! !$!.a%as '!&s#o&!s !& a)*!$$os

%#sos#'#.os )*! .a& a !s'ar a$ a$"a&"! %! $as !rso&as

So& 4s'as $as r#&"#a$!s ra2o&!s ara $a *'#$#2a"#6& %! $os

'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a > ro'!""#6&5 a 'ra.4s %! $os "*a$!s s! *!%!&$$!.ar s!1a$!s %! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'!5 %! *& .a$or roor"#o&a$ (*> #&?!r#or a$

.a$or &o(#&a$5 a $os %#sos#'#.os %! (!%#%a > ro'!""#6& S! "o&s#,*!

a%!(3s *&a s!ara"#6& ,a$.3&#"a %! $os !$!(!&'os !r'!&!"#!&'!s a $os

"*a%ros %! (a&%o5 (!%#%a > ro'!""#6& "o& $as "o&s#,*#!&'!s .!&'ajas !&

"*a&'o a s!,*r#%a% %! $as !rso&as > %!$ !)*#o s! r!?#!r!

Co(o $as (!%#"#o&!s > !$ a""#o&a(#!&'o %!$as ro'!""#o&!s s! a$$a&

r!?!r#%as5 !& 0$'#(a #&s'a&"#a5 a $a ar!"#a"#6& %! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'!5 s!%#so&! %! %os '#os ?*&%a(!&'a$!s %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a > ro8

'!""#6&-

9 Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a$ TPK Tras?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! TCK

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e ;#%encal

S!,0& aa'a Jos4 <99K5 So& aara'os !& %o&%! $a '!&s#6&

s!"*&%ar#a %!&'ro %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s &or(a$!s %! o!ra"#6& !s

r3"'#"a(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a $a '!&s#6& r#(ar#a5 a*&)*! *& o"o %!s?asa%a

S* r#&"#a$ ?*&"#6& !s 'ra&s?or(ar $a '!&s#6& > a#s$ar $os #&s'r*(!&'os %!

ro'!""#6& > (!%#"#6& "o&!"'a%os a $os "#r"*#'os %! a$'a '!&s#6& E$ r#(ar#o

%!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or s! "o&!"'a !& ara$!$o a$ "#r"*#'o or "o&'ro$ar > !$

s!"*&%ar#o !& ara$!$o "o& $as bob#&as %! '!&s#6& %! $os aara'os %!

(!%#"#6& > ro'!""#6& V!r ?#,*ra =K

31



Figura 4: Cone5i%n de un $rans+ormador de Potencial. Fuente: !utoC!D.

S!,0& E&r#)*! Mar"o(bo 9::K5 U& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& !s *&

%#sos#'#.o %!s'#&a%o a $a a$#(!&'a"#6& %! aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > /o

ro'!""#6& "o& '!&s#o&!s roor"#o&a$!s a $as %! $a r!% !& !$ *&'o !& !$ "*a$

!s'3 "o&!"'a%o E$ r#(ar#o s! "o&!"'a !& ara$!$o "o& !$ "#r"*#'o or

"o&'ro$ar > !$ s!"*&%ar#o s! "o&!"'a !& ara$!$o "o& $as bob#&as %! '!&s#6&

%! $os %#?!r!&'!s aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > %! ro'!""#6& )*! s! r!)*#!r!

!&!r,#2ar Ca%a 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& '!&%r35 or $o 'a&'o5 '!r(#&a$!s

r#(ar#os )*! s! "o&!"'ar3& a *& ar %! ?as!s o a *&a ?as! 2 '#!rra5 >

'!r(#&a$!s s!"*&%ar#os a $os "*a$!s s! "o&!"'ar3& a)*!$$os aara'os E&

!s'os aara'os $a '!&s#6& s!"*&%ar#a5 %!&'ro %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s &or(a$!s %!

o!ra"#6&5 !s r3"'#"a(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a $a '!&s#6& r#(ar#a5 a*&)*!

$#,!ra(!&'! %!s?asa%aD!sarro$$a& %os ?*&"#o&!s- 'ra&s?or(ar $a '!&s#6& > a#s$ar $os

#&s'r*(!&'os %! ro'!""#6& > (!%#"#6& "o&!"'a%os a $os "#r"*#'os %! a$'a

'!&s#6&

32



Los TP or $o ,!&!ra$ os!!& *&o 9K o %os K &0"$!os s!"*&%ar#os5 >

*!%!& s!r %! %os K '#os-

9 D! '#o #&%*"'#.o5 *'#$#2a%o ,!&!ra$(!&'! !& .o$'aj!s %! 9= > V%o&%! 'a&'o !$ r#(ar#o "o(o !$ s!"*&%ar#o so& %!.a&a%os > a#s$a%os

!&'r! s+ D! '#o "aa"#'#.o5 "o(0&(!&'! *'#$#2a%o !& '!&s#o&!s #,*a$!s o

s*!r#or!s a 99V5 !& %o&%! s! a"! *& %#.#sor %! '!&s#6& "o& %os

"aa"#'or!s !& s!r#! ara r!%*"#r $a '!&s#6& r#(ara

T+an$#+.a,#+ ,e Ten$?n In,*c%1#

U& Tra&s?or(a%or %! T!&s#6& I&%*"'#.o TTK "o&s#s'! !& *& arro$$a(#!&'or#(ar#o > *& arro$$a(#!&'o s!"*&%ar#o %#s*!s'os sobr! *& &0"$!o (a,&4'#"o

"o(0& Los '!r(#&a$!s %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o s! "o&!"'a& a *& ar %!

?as!s %! $a r!%5 o a *&a ?as! > a '#!rra o &!*'ro Los '!r(#&a$!s %!$

arro$$a(#!&'o s!"*&%ar#o s! "o&!"'a& a $os aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > / o

ro'!""#6& )*! "o&s'#'*>!& $a "ar,a La '!&s#6& r#(ar#a %! *& TT !s !$!,#%a

%! a"*!r%o a $a '!&s#6& %! $a r!% a $a "*a$ !s'3 %!s'#&a%o La '!&s#6& &o(#&a$

s!"*&%ar#a %! *& TT %!!&%! %! $a 2o&a o a+s5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& !$

?abr#"a&'! > !$ *so "orr!so&%#!&'!5 s*!$!& '!&!r *&a '!&s#6& &or(a$#2a%a %!

9<< V o 99<. E$ 'a(a1o %! $os TT !s'3 ?*&%a(!&'a$(!&'! %!'!r(#&a%o or $a

'!&s#6& %!$ s#s'!(a > $a a#s$a"#6& %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o a (!&*%o !@"!%!

!& .o$*(!& a$ arro$$a(#!&'o (#s(o

U& TT %!b! !s'ar a#s$a%o ara soor'ar sobr!'!&s#o&!s5 #&"$*>!&%o

'!&s#o&!s %! #(*$so S# s! %!b! $o,rar !so "o& *& %#s!1o "o(a"'o5 $a

'!&s#6& %!b! !s'ar %#s'r#b*#%a *&#?or(!(!&'! a 'ra.4s %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o5 $o

"*a$ r!)*#!r! *&a %#s'r#b*"#6& *&#?or(! %! $a "aa"#%a% %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o o $aa$#"a"#6& %! aa&'a$$a%o !$!"'ros'3'#"o U& TT "o&.!&"#o&a$ '#!&!5 !& $a

(a>or+a %! $os "asos5 *& so$o arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o5 "*>a a#s$a"#6& r!s!&'a

,ra&%!s rob$!(as ara '!&s#o&!s a$'as Esos rob$!(as so& so$*"#o&a%os

33



"o& $os TT !& "as"a%a r!ar'#!&%o $a '!&s#6& r#(ar#a !& .ar#as !'aas

s!ara%as

E& $a ?#,*ra : s! (*!s'ra *& "or'! !s)*!(3'#"o %! *& TT (o&o?3s#"o

Figura 6: Corte es3uem7tico de un $$ mono+7sico. Fuente: Enri3ue 8arcom'o (166).

Par'!s %!$ TT (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra :-

9 Bor&! '!r(#&a$ r#(ar#o F*!$$! (!'3$#"o %! !@a&s#6& Ta6& or#?#"#o $$!&a%o a"!#'! A#s$a%or %! or"!$a&a Caja %! bor&!s s!"*&%ar#os Bor&!s s!"*&%ar#os; V3$.*$a %r!&aj! a"!#'!= T!r(#&a$ %! '#!rra: P$a"a %! sa$#%a "ab$!s9<Oja$!s ara #2aj!99 I&%#"a%or &#.!$ %! a"!#'!

9B*s#&, #&'!r#or9Bob#&a%os s!"*&%ar#os9Bob#&a%o r#(ar#o9Do(o %! a$*(#&#o9Ta&)*! (!'3$#"o %! A$9;N0"$!o (a,&4'#"o

34



Cla$cac?n ,e l#$ %+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e %en$?n7

La "$as#?#"a"#6& r#&"#a$ %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! '!&s#6& s! basa !& !$

%!s'#&o o *'#$#2a"#6& %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or %#s'#&,*#4&%os! $os s#,*#!&'!s '#os-

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e %en$?n ;a+a .e,,a: So& $os "o&"!b#%os ara

a$#(!&'ar !)*#os %! (!%#%a U&a %! s*s "ara"'!r+s'#"as ?*&%a(!&'a$!s !s

)*! %!b!& s!r !@a"'os !& $as "o&%#"#o&!s &or(a$!s %! s!r.#"#o E$ ,ra%o %!

!@a"'#'*% %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! (!%#%a s! (#%! or s* "$as! o r!"#s#6&# $a

"*a$ &os +&%#"a !& 'a&'o or "#!&'o !$ (3@#(o !rror )*! s! "o(!'! !& $a

(!%#%a La &or(a IEC !s!"+?#"a )*! $a "$as! o r!"#s#6& %!b! (a&'!&!rs!

"*a&%o $a '!&s#6& )*! s! a$#"a !& !$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o s! !&"*!&'r!"o(r!&%#%a !& *& ra&,o )*! .a %!$ =< a$ 9< X %! $a '!&s#6& r#(ar#a

&o(#&a$5 as#(#s(o 'a(b#4& %!b! (a&'!&!rs! %#"a r!"#s#6& "*a&%o $a

"ar,a "o&!"'a%a a$ s!"*&%ar#o %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or !s'4 "o(r!&%#%a !&'r! !$

> !$ 9<< X %! $a "ar,a &o(#&a$ > "o& *& ?a"'or %! o'!&"#a %! <5=

#&%*"'#.o Las "$as!s %! r!"#s#6& &or(a$!s ara $os TT (o&o?3s#"os ara

(!%#%as so&- <9 < < 9< < V!r "*a%ro 9K

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e %en$?n ;a+a ;+#%ecc?n: So& a)*!$$os %!s'#&a%os a

a$#(!&'ar r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& S# *& 'ra&s?or(a%or .a a !s'ar %!s'#&a%o ara

(!%#%a > ro'!""#6&5 s! "o&s'r*>! &or(a$(!&'! "o& %os arro$$a(#!&'os

s!"*&%ar#os5 *&o ara (!%#%a > o'ro ara ro'!""#6&5 "o(ar'#!&%o !$ (#s(o

&0"$!o (a,&4'#"o5 !@"!'o )*! s! %!s!! *&a s!ara"#6& ,a$.3&#"a Por !s'a

ra26&5 !& $a &or(a IEC5 s! !@#,! )*! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! ro'!""#6&

"*($a& "o& $a "$as! %! r!"#s#6& %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a

L@.%e$ ,e e++#+ ,e %en$?n ,e Fn"*l# ,e a$e7

E$ !rror %! '!&s#6& > %! %!s?asaj! a $a ?r!"*!&"#a &o(#&a$ &o %!b!

s*!rar $os .a$or!s %! $a 'ab$a V %! $a IEC

35



C*a,+# (

Cla$e$ ,e ;+ec$?n ,e l#$ T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e Ten$?n

Cla$e ,eP+ec$?n

L@.%e$,e%enc?n

E++#+ ,e%en$?n H

An"*l# ,ee++#+ en .n

An"*l# ,ee++#+ enc.+a,

<59 <5= 95 U& Z<59 Z Z<59

<5 <5= 95 U& Z<5 Z9< Z<5<

<5 <5= 95 U& Z<5 Z< Z<5<

95< <5= 95 U& Z9 Z< Z95<

5< 9 U& Z 8888 8888

9ota: $omado de la 9orma E.

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e %en$?n ca;ac%1#$

Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! '!&s#6& .#s'os as'a aora basa& s*

?*&"#o&a(#!&'o !& $a #&%*""#6& %! *&a '!&s#6& !& bor&!s %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o

s!"*&%ar#o a ar'#r %! *& "a(o (a,&4'#"o .ar#ab$! ,!&!ra%o or !$

arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o5 !s %!"#r5 so& 'ra&s?or(a%or!s #&%*"'#.os. C*a&%o s!

a %! 'rabajar "o& '!&s#o&!s &o(#&a$!s !$!.a%as5 s*!$!& *'#$#2ars!'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.os Es'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s s! "o(o&!&

b3s#"a(!&'! %! *& %#.#sor %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.o "o&s#s'!&'! !& .ar#os

"o&%!&sa%or!s "o&!"'a%os !& s!r#!5 "o&'!&#%os %!&'ro %! a#s$a%or!s *!"os

%! or"!$a&a5 "o& !$ ?#& %! ob'!&!r *&a '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a E& !s'! *&'o %!

a""!so a $a '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a %!$ %#.#sor %! '!&s#6& s! "o&!"'a *&

'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a# #,*a$ )*! *&o #&%*"'#.o5 a 'ra.4s %! *&a

#&%*"'a&"#a )*! "o(!&sa $a r!a"'a&"#a "aa"#'#.a %!$ %#.#sor E$

'ra&s?or(a%or *!%! '!&!r 95 o s!"*&%ar#os %! *'#$#2a"#6& s!,0& $os

"asos > (o%!$os V!r ?#,*ra 9<K

Es'! '#o %! 'ra&s?or(a%or s! *!%! *'#$#2ar !@a"'a(!&'! #,*a$ )*! *&

'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& #&%*"'#.o5 "o& $a sa$.!%a% %! )*! !& !s'! "aso s!

36



r!s!&'a& o'ros ?a"'or!s )*! a?!"'a& a $a r!"#s#6& %!$ (#s(o5 "o(o or

!j!($o5 .ar#a"#o&!s %! ?r!"*!&"#a5 .ar#a"#o&!s %! '!(!ra'*ra > !s'ab#$#%a%

!& !$ '#!(o La r!s*!s'a %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.o !&

r4,#(!& 'ra&s#'or#o &o !s 'a& r3#%a "o(o $a %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or #&%*"'#.o5or $o )*! &o s! r!"o(#!&%a s* *'#$#2a"#6& "*a&%o $as !@#,!&"#as %! $as

ro'!""#o&!s s!a& $as %! *&as r!s*!s'as r3#%as or ar'! %!$

'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& S#& !(bar,o5 aar'! %! s* *'#$#2a"#6& ara (!%#%a

> ro'!""#6&5 $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! '!&s#6& !r(#'!& *'#$#2ar $a $+&!a %! a$'a

'!&s#6& ara "o(*&#"a"#6& > '!$!(a&%o %a%a s* !s!"#a$ "aa"#%a% ara $a

s#&'o&#2a"#6& %! o&%as or'a%oras %! a$'a ?r!"*!&"#a

Es'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s s! ?abr#"a& ara s!r.#"#o #&'!r#or o !@'!r#or5 > a$#,*a$ )*! $os %! "orr#!&'!5 s! ?abr#"a& "o& a#s$a(#!&'os %! r!s#&as s#&'4'#"as

ara '!&s#o&!s bajas o (!%#as5 (#!&'ras )*! ara a$'as '!&s#o&!s s! *'#$#2a&

a#s$a(#!&'os %! a!$5 a"!#'!5 or"!$a&a o "o& ,as SF

E& $a ?#,*ra 99 s! *!%! ar!"#ar *& !s)*!(a b3s#"o %! *&

'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.o- %o&%! U9 !s $a '!&s#6& !& !$ $a%o

r#(ar#o5 U# '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a5 U '!&s#6& !& !$ $a%o s!"*&%ar#o5 C9 > C

"o&%!&sa%or!s %!$ %#.#sor %! '!&s#6&5 L# #&%*"'a&"#a %! "o(!&sa"#6&5 TT#

'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a5 > $a #(!%a&"#a )*! r!r!s!&'a $a

"ar,a

37



Figura 10: Corte es3uem7tico de un $P Caacitio. Fuente: Encicloedia CE!C.

E$ 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.o !s'ar3 "o(*!s'o %! *&o o .ar#as

*&#%a%!s "aa"#'#.as %!!&%#!&%o %!$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& %o&%! r!s'ara

s!r.#"#o

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a%!r#%a a $a or"!$a&a Es'! '#o %! (o&'aj! o'or,a *&a a$'a r!s#s'!&"#a

(!"3&#"a a $os !s?*!r2os %! s#s(#"#%a% E$ a*(!&'o %! '!&s#6& !& !$

'ra&sor'! %! !&!r,+a a"! )*! $os &#.!$!s %! a#s$a(#!&'o5 s!,*r#%a% >

"ara"'!r+s'#"as (!"3&#"as s!a& "a%a .!2 (3s !@#,!&'!s To%o !s'o a

"o&%*"#%o $a b0s)*!%a %! &*!.os (o%!$os %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s )*! %!& *&a

r!s*!s'a a%!"*a%a a $os rob$!(as $a&'!a%os

38

9 Ma&6(!'ro %! r!s#6& %! a"!#'! U&#%a%!s "o&%!&sa%oras A"!#'! a#s$a&'! A#s$a%or %! or"!$a&a S!$$o D#a?ra,(a !$3s'#"o ara !@a&s#6&%! a"!#'!; Ta&)*!= C#r"*#'o %! a(or'#,*a(#!&'o "o&'ra!?!"'os ?!rrorr!so&a&'!s: Tra&s?or(a%or #&%*"'#.o %! (!%#a'!&s#6&9< Caja %! '!r(#&a$!s s!"*&%ar#os5

N > '!r(#&a$!s %! a$'a ?r!"*!&"#a99 I&%*"'a&"#a s!r#!



Figura 11: Es3uema de un trans+ormador de tensi%n caacitio. Fuente: Enri3ue 8arcom'o (166).

E& $a ?#,*ra 9 s! obs!r.a *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a$ *b#"a%o !& $a

S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo

Figura 12: $rans+ormador de Potencial. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e c#++en%e

Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! TCK s! *'#$#2a& ara 'o(ar (*!s'ra %!

"orr#!&'! %! $a $+&!a > r!%*"#r$a a &#.!$ s!,*ro > (!%#b$!5 ara $as ,a(as

&or(a$#2a%as %! #&s'r*(!&'os5 aara'os %! (!%#%a5 * o'ros %#sos#'#.os %!

39



"o&'ro$ Los .a$or!s &o(#&a$!s %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'!s

r#(ar#as a "orr#!&'! s! %!?#&!& "o(o r!$a"#o&!s %! "orr#!&'!s r#(ar#as a

"orr#!&'!s s!"*&%ar#as U&as r!$a"#o&!s '+#"as %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %!

"orr#!&'! o%r+a& s!r <</5 =<</59<<</ Los .a$or!s &o(#&a$!s %!$s!"*&%ar#o %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! so& %! A > 9A V!r ?#,*ra

9K E& a$,*&os !)*#os5 $a s!1a$ %! sa$#%a !s %! (#$#.o$'#os (VK

Figura 1": $rans+ormador de Corriente. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

S!,0& $a !&"#"$o!%#a CEAC5 $os 'ras?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a %! "orr#!&'!

So& aara'os !& )*! $a "orr#!&'! s!"*&%ar#a5 %!&'ro %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s

&or(a$!s %! o!ra"#6&5 !s r3"'#"a(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a $a "orr#!&'! r#(ar#a5

a*&)*! $#,!ra(!&'! %!s?asa%a D!sarro$$a& %os '#os %! ?*&"#6&- 'ra&s?or(ar

$a "orr#!&'! > a#s$ar $os #&s'r*(!&'os %! ro'!""#6& > (!%#"#6& "o&!"'a%os a

$os "#r"*#'os %! a$'a '!&s#6& E$ r#(ar#o %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or5 )*! "o&s'a %! (*>

o"as !s#ras5 s! "o&!"'a !& s!r#! "o& !$ "#r"*#'o "*>a #&'!&s#%a% s! %!s!a

(!%#r > !$ s!"*&%ar#o s! "o&!"'a !& s!r#! "o& $as bob#&as %! "orr#!&'! %! $os

aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > %! ro'!""#6& )*! r!)*#!ra& s!r !&!r,#2a%os Las

40



!s#ras %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o s*!$!& s!r *&a o .ar#as5 $as "*a$!s s!

*!%!& a s* .!2 %#.#%#r !& %os ar'!s #,*a$!s > "o&!"'ars! !& s!r#! o

ara$!$o ara "a(b#ar $a r!$a"#6&5 > a'ra.#!sa& !$ &0"$!o (a,&4'#"o5 "*>a

?or(a s*!$! s!r "!rra%a '#o 'oro#%a$ o *!%! '!&!r *& "#!r'o !&'r!#!rro5sobr! !$ "*a$ s! arro$$a& $as !s#ras %!$ s!"*&%ar#o %! *&a ?or(a *&#?or(!5

"o&s#,*#!&%o as+ r!%*"#r a$ (+&#(o !$ ?$*jo %! %#s!rs#6& Es'! arro$$a(#!&'o

!s !$ )*! s! !&"ar,a %! a$#(!&'ar $os "#r"*#'os %! #&'!&s#%a% %! *&o o .ar#os

aara'os %! (!%#%a "o&!"'a%os !& s!r#! S! *!%! %ar 'a(b#4& $a !@#s'!&"#a

%! .ar#os arro$$a(#!&'os s!"*&%ar#os !& *& (#s(o 'ra&s?or(a%or5 "a%a *&o

sobr! s* "#r"*#'o (a,&4'#"o5 *&o ara (!%#%a > o'ro ara ro'!""#6& D! !s'a

?or(a &o !@#s'! #&?$*!&"#a %! *& s!"*&%ar#o sobr! o'ro S# !$ aara'o '#!&!.ar#os "#r"*#'os (a,&4'#"os5 s! "o(or'a "o(o s# ?*!ra& .ar#os

'ra&s?or(a%or!s %#?!r!&'!s U& "#r"*#'o s! *!%! *'#$#2ar ara (!%#"#o&!s )*!

r!)*#!r!& (a>or r!"#s#6&5 > $os %!(3s s! *!%!& *'#$#2ar ara ro'!""#6&

Por o'ro $a%o5 "o&.#!&! )*! $as ro'!""#o&!s %#?!r!&"#a$!s %! "ab$!s o

'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a > %! %#s'a&"#a s! "o&!"'!& a 'ra&s?or(a%or!s

%! "orr#!&'! #&%!!&%#!&'!s V!r ?#,*ra 9K

Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! *!%!& s!r %! (!%#"#6&5 %!

ro'!""#6&5 (#@'os o "o(b#&a%os

C#ne=?n ,e $ec*n,a+#$

Los bor&!s %! $os arro$$a(#!&'os r#(ar#o > s!"*&%ar#o %!b!& o%!r s!r

#%!&'#?#"a%os "o& ?#ab#$#%a% Para !$$o5 !& $a &or(a IEC <9= s! #&%#"a !$

"r#'!r#o a s!,*#r ara s* &o(!&"$a'*ra5 s#!&%o a)*!$$os bor&!s )*! !(#!"!&

"o& & > C $os %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o5 > $os )*! !(#!"!& "o& ! $os %!$

arro$$a(#!&'o s!"*&%ar#o E& $a ?#,*ra 9 s! .#s*a$#2a& $os %#?!r!&'!s "asos9 Tra&s?or(a%or %! s#($! r!$a"#6& Tra&s?or(a%or "o& 'o(a #&'!r(!%#a !& !$ s!"*&%ar#o Tra&s?or(a%or "o& %os s!""#o&!s !& !$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o ara s*

"o&!@#6& !& s!r#! o ara$!$o

41



Tra&s?or(a%or "o& %os arro$$a(#!&'os s!"*&%ar#os > &0"$!os

#&%!!&%#!&'!s

Figura 1: Cone5i%n de un $C. Fuente !utoC!D.

E@#s'!& %os os#b#$#%a%!s %! #%!&'#?#"a"#6& %! $os bor&!s s!"*&%ar#os

To%os $os '!r(#&a$!s #%!&'#?#"a%os "o& P95 S9 > C9 %!b!& '!&!r $a (#s(a

o$ar#%a% !& !$ (#s(o #&s'a&'! Los bor&!s '!r(#&a$!s %!b!& (ar"ars! o

#%!&'#?#"ars! "$ara ! #&%!$!b$!(!&'! sobr! s* s*!r?#"#! o !& s* #&(!%#a'a

.!"#&%a% La #%!&'#?#"a"#6& "o&s#s'! %! $!'ras s!,*#%as5 o r!"!%#%as %o&%!

?*!ra &!"!sar#o5 or &0(!ros Las $!'ras %!b!& s!r s#!(r! (a>0s"*$as

42



Figura 1*: denti+icaci%n de 'ornes en $C. Fuente: Enri3ue 8arcom'o (166).

Los TC so& 0&#"a(!&'! %!$ '#o #&%*"'#.o > %! a"*!r%o a s* %#s!1o *!%!&-

9 T!&!r *&a o .ar#as !s#ras !& !$ r#(ar#o )*! s! "o&!"'a !& s!r#! "o&

!$ "#r"*#'o "*>a #&'!&s#%a% s! %!s!a (!%#r

T!&!r r#(ar#os )*! s! "o(o&!& %! *&a5 %os o "*a'ro s!""#o&!s!r(#'#!&%o *&a5 %os o 'r!s #&'!&s#%a%!s r#(ar#as &o(#&a$!s

(!%#a&'! !$ a%!"*a%o a"o$a(#!&'o %! $as (#s(as". T!&!r *&o o .ar#os arro$$a%os s!"*&%ar#os bob#&a%os "a%a *&o sobr!

s# "#r"*#'o (a,&4'#"o o &0"$!oK D! !s'a (a&!ra &o !@#s'! #&?$*!&"#a

%! *& s!"*&%ar#o sobr! !$ o'ro

Cla$e$ ,e ;+ec$?n

Ta&'o $os TC "o(o $os TP os!!& %os K '#os %! &0"$!os-

9 N0"$!o ara M!%#"#6&- La "$as! %! r!"#s#6& s! %!s#,&a "o(o s!

(*!s'ra !& !$ "*a%ro

C*a,+# &

43



Cla$e$ U$#$ ,e l#$ T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e Me,,a

Cla$e$ U$#$

C$as! <9 Labora'or#osC$as! < Pa'ro&!s or'3'#$!s > "o&'a%or!s %! ,ra& r!"#s#6&

C$as! < Co&'a%or!s &or(a$!s > aara'os %! (!%#%a

C$as! 9 Aara'os %! "*a%ro r!,#s'ra%or!sK

C$as! Para *so s#& r!"#s#6&

9ota: $omado del $ra'a-o de ;rado de ;%me& F (2006).

Para !$ "aso %! $os TC5 4s'os os!!& *& ?a"'or %! s!,*r#%a% !$ "*a$

,*ar%a r!$a"#6& "o& $a "*r.a %! sa'*ra"#6&5 $a %#sos#"#6& "o&s'r*"'#.a %! $os

&0"$!os > !$ (a'!r#a$ (a,&4'#"o *'#$#2a%o5 '!&#4&%os! as+ )*! $os &0"$!os

ara M!%#"#6& #!r%!& $a r!"#s#6& a 9 @ I& s#!&%o I&5 $a #&'!&s#%a%

&o(#&a$K > s! sa'*ra& a @ I&5 "o& $a ?#&a$#%a% %! &o %a1ar $os #&s'r*(!&'os

"o& $as !$!.a%as "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$as Es'os &0"$!os or $o ,!&!ra$ (a&!ja&

o'!&"#as !$!.a%as %!$ or%!& %! < a < VA ara $os TC > %! 9<< a 9< VA

ara $os TP

N0"$!o ara ro'!""#6&- La "$as! %! r!"#s#6& s! %!s#,&a %! $a

s#,*#!&'! (a&!ra-

C$as! P "o& *& !rror %! 9X a I& > X a$ .a$or (3@#(o %! "orr#!&'!

#&%#"a%a5 or !j!($o- P< #&%#"a )*! !@#s'#r3 *& !rror %! X a <@$&

C$as! 9<P "o& *& !rror %! X a I& > 9<X a$ .a$or (3@#(o %! "orr#!&'!

#&%#"a%o5 or !j!($o-

9<P<5 #&%#"a )*! !@#s'#r3 *& !rror %! 9<X a <@9& Es'os &0"$!os(a&!ja& o'!&"#as %!$ or%!& 9< a VA ara $os TC > %! < a 9< VA

ara $os TP > ,ara&'#2a& $a !@a"'#'*% %! $as "orr#!&'!s %a ?a$$as ara $os

r!$4s %! ro'!""#6&

I.;#+%anca ,e *n e$*e.a ,e ;+#%ecc?n

44



E$ obj!'#.o %! *& s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o %! o'!&"#a !s ,!&!rar > s*(#&#s'rar

$a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a $os "o&s*(#%or!s E$ s#s'!(a %!b! !s'ar %#s!1a%o >

o!ra%o ara !&'r!,ar !s'a !&!r,+a a $os *&'os %! *'#$#2a"#6& 'a&'o "o&

"o&?#ab#$#%a% "o(o "o& !"o&o(+a S# $os "or'!s %! !&!r,+a so& ?r!"*!&'!s oro$o&,a%os5 s! .! a?!"'a%a $a r*'#&a &or(a$ %! $a so"#!%a%5 or $o )*! s!

%!b! a"!r 4&?as#s !& $a "o&?#ab#$#%a% > s!,*r#%a% %!$ s*(#&#s'ro Ya )*! $os

r!)*!r#(#!&'os %! "o&?#ab#$#%a% > !"o&o(+a so& a($#a(!&'! o*!s'os5 !$

%#s!1o %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !s #&!.#'ab$!(!&'! *& "o(ro(#so

U& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a "o(r!&%! %#.!rsos !$!(!&'os M*"os %!

!s'os !$!(!&'os so& (*> "os'osos5 or !so !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a

r!r!s!&'a *&a ,ra& #&.!rs#6& %! "a#'a$ Para (a@#(#2ar !$ r!'or&o %! !sa#&.!rs#6&5 !$ s#s'!(a %!b! *'#$#2ars! !& $o os#b$!5 %!&'ro %! $os "o&'ro$!s

a$#"ab$!s %! s!,*r#%a% > "o&?#ab#$#%a% %!$ s*(#&#s'ro M3s #(or'a&'!5 s#&

!(bar,o5 !s )*! !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a %!b! s!r o!ra%o %! *&a ?or(a

s!,*ra 'o%o !$ '#!(o

No #(or'a )*4 'a& b#!& %#s!1a%o s!a5 $as ?a$$as s#!(r! o"*rr#r3& !& *&

s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 > !s'as ?a$$as *!%!& r!r!s!&'ar *& !$#,ro ara $as

!rso&as >/o ara $as ro#!%a%!s E$ o%!r %!s'r*"'#.o %!$ ar"o %! *&a ?a$$a

%! a$'a "orr#!&'! !s bas'a&'! !$!.a%o *!%! ?*&%#r $os "o&%*"'or!s o so$%ar

$as $3(#&as %!$ &0"$!o %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s o ,!&!ra%or!s !& *& '#!(o

(*> "or'o5 !& '#!(os %! (#$#s!,*&%os A0& $!jos %! $a ?a$$a (#s(a5 $as a$'as

"orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$a *!%!& "a*sar %a1o !& *&a $a&'a s# !$$a "o&'#&0a or (3s

%! *&os o"os s!,*&%os La ro.#s#6& %! *&a ro'!""#6& a%!"*a%a ara

%!'!"'ar > %!s"o&!"'ar !$!(!&'os %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !& !$ !.!&'o %!

*&a ?a$$a !s or $o 'a&'o *&a ar'! #&'!,ra$ !& !$ %#s!1o %!$ s#s'!(a %!

o'!&"#a So$o %! !s'a (a&!ra s! *!%!& "*($#r $os obj!'#.os %!$ s#s'!(a%! o'!&"#a > $a #&.!rs#6& *!%! !s'ar ro'!,#%a

Es'a !s $a (!%#%a %! $a #(or'a&"#a %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&

a$#"a%os !& $os s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a

45



La ?*&"#6& r#&"#a$ %! *& !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& !s %!'!"'ar > a#s$ar $as

?a$$as )*! o"*rr!& !& !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a

La "a&'#%a% %! ?a$$as )*! o"*rr!& !& !$ s#s'!(a %!!&%! %!$ !$!(!&'o

?a$$a%o V!r "*a%ro K

C*a,+#

P#+cen%a/e ,e alla$ en el $$%e.a el-c%+c#

Ele.en%# 8alla$ H

L+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& X

E)*#os %! (a&#obra 9<X

E)*#os %! ,!&!ra"#6& ;X

E)*#os %! 'ra&s?or(a"#6& 9X

R!%!s %! %#s'r#b*"#6& :X

9ota: $omado de gerencia de transmisi%n Cara'o'o.

S! "o&"$*>! )*! *& !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& !s *& "o&j*&'o "o($!'o %!

!)*#os %! ro'!""#6& r!$4sK > o'ros %#sos#'#.os TP[s5 TC\s5 ba'!r+as5 (#&#

#&'!rr*'or!s5 !'"K r!)*!r#%os ara $o,rar *&a ?*&"#6& !s!"+?#"a "o& bas! !&

$a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$

Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$ ,e *n E$*e.a ,e P+#%ecc?n

E$ %#s!1o %! *& !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&5 %!!&%! %! $a "o&?#,*ra"#6& %!$

S#s'!(a %! Po'!&"#a "*a$)*#!ra )*! s!a !s'! !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& %!b!

'!&!r $as s#,*#!&'!s "ara"'!r+s'#"as b3s#"as-

46



9 S#($#"#%a%- "o&s'#'*>! o'ra %! $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $os !s)*!(as

%! ro'!""#6& or r!$4s > "orr!so&%! a *&a ?or(a s!&"#$$a ara

o!rar !& "*a&'o a *& %#s!1o %! ro'!""#6&

S!$!"'#.#%a%- S! %#"!5 )*! *& !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& !s s!$!"'#.o5"*a&%o so$o a"'0a& $os !$!(!&'os &!"!sar#os ara %!s!jar *&a

?a$$a5 r!'#ra&%o 0&#"a(!&'! $a ar'! a?!"'a%a V!$o"#%a%- D!b! %!'!r(#&ar "o& )*4 ra#%!2 !s &!"!sar#o

%!s!jar $a ?a$$a > os!!r .!$o"#%a% a%!"*a%a ara a"!r$o Co&?#ab#$#%a%- Por "*a&'o $as ?a$$as )*! a?!"'!& a$ s#s'!(a s!

r!s!&'a& "o& r!$a'#.a o"a ?r!"*!&"#a5 !s &!"!sar#o )*! s* %#s!1o

,ara&'#"! )*! a$ r!s!&'ars! *&a ?a$$a s* o!ra"#6& s!a "orr!"'a S!,*r#%a%- s! r!?#!r! a$ ,ra%o %! "!r'!2a !& !$ "*a$ *& !s)*!(a %!

ro'!""#o&!s &o a"'*ar3 bajo "o&%#"#o&!s ara $as "*a$!s &o ?*!

%#s!1a%oJ7 E"o&o(+a- "*a&%o s! %#s!1a *& s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6& $o r#(!ro

)*! s! %!b! '!&!r !& "*!&'a !s !$ "os'o %! $os !$!(!&'os a

ro'!,!r M#!&'ras (3s !$!.a%o s!a !$ "os'o %! $os !$!(!&'os > $a

"o&?#,*ra"#6& %! $a #&'!r"o&!@#6& %! !s'os s!a (3s "o($!ja5 !$

"os'o %!$ s#s'!(a s!r3 %! (a>or (a,&#'*%

E*;#$ ,e ;+#%ecc?n

Las %!?#&#"#o&!s s#,*#!&'!s so& *'#$#2a%as ,!&!ra$(!&'! !& r!$a"#6& "o&

$a ro'!""#6& %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a-

E)*#o %! ro'!""#6&- *& "o&j*&'o %! %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& r!$4s5

?*s#b$!s5 !'"K S! !@"$*>!& %#sos#'#.os "o(o TC\s5 (#&# #&'!rr*'or!s5

"o&'a"'or!s5 !'"

Para "*($#r $os r!)*!r#(#!&'os %! ro'!""#6& "o& $a ra#%!2 6'#(a ara

$os %#?!r!&'!s '#os %! "o&?#,*ra"#o&!s5 "o&%#"#o&!s %! o!ra"#6& >

"ara"'!r+s'#"as %! "o&s'r*""#6& %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 a s#%o &!"!sar#o

47



%!sarro$$ar (*"os '#os %! r!$4s )*! r!so&%a& a .ar#as ?*&"#o&!s %! $as

.ar#ab$!s %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a "orr#!&'!5 .o$'aj!5 ?r!"*!&"#a5 o'!&"#a5

#(!%a&"#a5 !'"K

Por !j!($o5 $a (!%#%a %! $a (a,&#'*% %! $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a !ss*?#"#!&'! !& a$,*&os "asos5 !ro $a (!%#%a %! $a o'!&"#a o $a #(!%a&"#a

*!%! s!r &!"!sar#a !& o'ros "asos Fr!"*!&'!(!&'! $os r!$4s (#%!&

?*&"#o&!s "o($!jas %! $as .ar#ab$!s %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 $as "*a$!s

so$a(!&'! s! *!%!& $!!r o !@r!sar %! ?or(a ,r3?#"a o (a'!(3'#"a

Los r!$4s s! *!%!& "$as#?#"ar %! a"*!r%o "o& $a '!"&o$o,+a *'#$#2a%a-

9 E$!"'ro(!"3&#"o Es'3'#"o

D#,#'a$

N*(4r#"o

Es'os %#?!r!&'!s '#os '#!&!& "aa"#%a%!s %#s'#&'as5 %!b#%o a $as

$#(#'a"#o&!s %! $a '!"&o$o,+a *'#$#2a%a

E& (*"os "asos &o !s os#b$! ro'!,!r "o&'ra 'o%as $as ?a$$as "o& *&

r!$4 )*! r!so&%a a *&a so$a .ar#ab$! %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a S! r!)*#!r!

*& arr!,$o )*! *'#$#"! %#?!r!&'!s .ar#ab$!s E& !s'! "aso5 s! *!%!& *sar

.ar#os r!$4s )*! r!so&%a& a *&a so$a .ar#ab$!5 o (3s "o(0&(!&'!5 *& so$o

r!$4 )*! "o&'!&,a .ar#os !$!(!&'os5 "a%a *&o r!so&%#!&%o a *&a .ar#ab$!

%#s'#&'a

T;#$ ,e Rel-$ ,e P+#%ecc?n $e"n $* Tecn#l#"@a

Rel- Elec%+#.ecFnc#

Es'os ?*!ro& $as ?or(as #&#"#a$!s %! r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& )*! s! *'#$#2aro&

!& $os s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a F*&"#o&a& "o& !$ r#&"##o %! $a ?*!r2a

(!"3&#"a )*! "a*sa $a o!ra"#6& %! *& "o&'a"'o !& r!s*!s'a a *& !s'+(*$o

48



La ?*!r2a (!"3&#"a s! ,!&!ra a 'ra.4s %!$ ?$*jo %! "orr#!&'! !& *&o o (3s

%!.a&a%os %! *&a o .ar#as bob#&as5 %! a+ !$ &o(br! !$!"'ro(!"3&#"o

So& r!$4s )*! 'rabaja& %#r!"'a(!&'! "o& (a,&#'*%!s %! '!&s#6& >

"orr#!&'! a 'ra.4s %! bob#&as )*! #(*$sa& ar'!s (6.#$!s Es'os s! *!%!&"$as#?#"ar %! a"*!r%o a s* r#&"##o %! o!ra"#6& !&-

A%+acc?n Elec%+#.a"n-%ca

So& $os r!$4s )*! *'#$#2a& "o(o bas! %! s* o!ra"#6& r#&"##os

!$!"'ro(a,&4'#"os5 a$ #,*a$ )*! $os "o&'a"'or!s

E$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& %! !s'! r!$4 !s %! '#o #&s'a&'3&!o o a""#6&

#&(!%#a'a E& $os r!$4s %! a'ra""#6& %! ar(a%*ra $as s!1a$!s ro%*"!&

"a(os (a,&4'#"os )*! so& *'#$#2a%os ara (o.!r *&a !s'r*"'*ra E$

(o.#(#!&'o %! $a !s'r*"'*ra abr! o "#!rra $os "o&'a"'os %!$ r!$4

P*!%!& s!r %! %os K "$as!s- So$!&o#%! > Ar(a%*ra

E& !$ r!$4 %! So$!&o#%! *'#$#2a *& #.o'! %o&%! $a barra s! (*!.! "*a&%o

$a ?*!r2a !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"a !s (a>or )*! $a ?*!r2a r!s#s'!&'! %!$ r!sor'!5 $a

"orr#!&'! s*!ra $a a""#6& %!$ r!sor'!

E& !$ r!$4 %! Ar(a%*ra s! "o(ara $a a""#6& %!$ "a(o (a,&4'#"o %! $a

"orr#!&'! ara $!.a&'ar *& &0"$!o "o&'ra $a a""#6& %! $a ,ra.!%a%5 !$ r!$4

"#!rra s* "o&'a"'o "*a&%o $a a""#6& %! $a "orr#!&'! s*!ra a $a ,ra.!%a% .!r

?#,*ra 9K

In,*cc?n Elec%+#.a"n-%ca

P*!%!& s!r %! %os K "$as!s- D! %#s"o > %! "oa

E$ r!$4 %! #&%*""#6& %!$ '#o %#s"o5 !s %! baja #&!r"#a5 )*! o!ra bajo !$

r#&"##o %! $os (o'or!s %! o$os %! so(bra o bob#&as %! so(bra5 !& !s'! s!"o(ara !$ 'or)*! !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o "o& !$ 'or)*! ro%*"#%o or *& r!sor'!

!& !s#ra$5 !$ r!$4 "#!rra !$ "o&'a"'o "*a&%o !$ 'or)*! !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o

s*!ra a$ %!$ r!sor'! > a"! ,#rar a$ %#s"o

49



Figura 1: Rel< de !tracci%n Electromagn<tica. Fuente: ;um7n (201).

E& $a ?#,*ra 9; s! .! *& '#o %! r!$4 !$!"'ro(!"3&#"o %! #&%*""#6& "o& *&

"o(o&!&'! !s!&"#a$ $$a(a%o ba$a&"+&

E$ r!$4 %!$ '#o %! "oa5 "o& "o&s'r*""#6& s#(#$ar a$ (o'or b#?3s#"o %!

"o&'ro$ $a ?*&"#6& %! $a "oa %!$ &0"$!o "!&'ra$ ?#jo !s r!%*"#r $a #&!r"#a >ob'!&!r r!$4s %! a$'a .!$o"#%a% %! r!s*!s'a E& !s'os r!$4s s! "o(ara a$

#,*a$ )*! !& !$ a&'!r#or !$ 'or)*! !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o "o& !$ 'or)*! %! *&

r!sor'! !& !s#ra$5 !$ r!$4 "#!rra !$ "o&'a"'o "*a&%o !$ 'or)*!

!$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o s*!ra a$ %!$ r!sor'! > a"! ,#rar $a "oa

Rel- Elec%+?nc#

So& r!$4s )*! r!a$#2a& !.a$*a"#6& %! $os ar3(!'ros !$4"'r#"os a 'ra.4s

%! !$!(!&'os %! !$!"'r6&#"a %#s"r!'a 'ra&s#s'or!s5 r!s#s'!&"#as5

"o&%!&sa%or!s > a$,*&os "o(o&!&'!s #&'!,ra%osK "o&.#r'#!&%o $as

(a,&#'*%!s !& s!1a$!s %! o&%as "*a%ra%as5 )*! s! "o(ara "o& *&a

"o&%#"#6& r!!s'ab$!"#%a

50



Figura 1: Rel< $io =alanc#n. Fuente: ;um7n (201).

So& $os r!$4s !& %o&%! $os ro"!sos s! r!a$#2a& or (!%#o %! !$!(!&'os

!$!"'r6&#"os5 !s'os '#o %! r!$4s r!r!s!&'a $a .!&'aja %! )*! s*

"ara"'!r+s'#"as %! o!ra"#6& s! *!%! (o%#?#"ar ?3"#$(!&'!5 > or $o 'a&'o5 s!

*!%!& ob'!&!r '#!(os #&s'a&'3&!os o r!'ar%a%os ! #,*a$(!&'! s! *!%!&

ob'!&!r "ara"'!r+s'#"as #&.!rsas )*! s! %#,a&

Rel-$ N*.-+c#$ D"%ale$

Los r!$4s %#,#'a$!s #&'ro%*j!ro& *& "a(b#o #(or'a&'! %! '!"&o$o,+a Los

"#r"*#'os a&3$o,os *'#$#2a%os !& $os r!$4s !s'3'#"os5 ?*!ro& r!($a2a%os or

(#"roro"!sa%or!s > (#"ro"o&'ro$a%or!s5 ara #($!(!&'ar $as ?*&"#o&!s %!

$os r!$4s V!r ?#,*ra 9=K

Co(ara%os "o& $os r!$4s !s'3'#"os5 $os r!$4s %#,#'a$!s *'#$#2a&

"o&.!rs#6& a&3$o,a/%#,#'a$ A/DK %! 'o%as $as .ar#ab$!s a&3$o,as (!%#%as

Los r!$4s &*(4r#"os so& %!sarro$$os %! $os r!$4s %#,#'a$!s "o(o r!s*$'a%o %!$

a.a&"! %! $a '!"&o$o,+a T+#"a(!&'! *'#$#2a& *& ro"!sa%or %! s!1a$ %#,#'a$

DSPK5 a"o(a1a%o %! *& so?'ar! aso"#a%o

51



La "o&'#&*a r!%*""#6& !& !$ "os'o %! $os (#"roro"!sa%or!s > %! $os

!$!(!&'os %#,#'a$!s aso"#a%os5 $$!.a &a'*ra$(!&'! a )*! *& so$o !)*#o !s

*'#$#2a%o ara ro.!!r *& ra&,o %! ?*&"#o&!s )*! a&'!r#or(!&'! !ra&

#($!(!&'a%as or !)*#os s!ara%os

Figura 14: Diagrama de 'lo3ue del rel< num<rico. Fuente: conceto '7sicos de

rotecciones (201").

Da%a $a #(or'a&"#a )*! "o(#!&2a a '!&!r $a a$#"a"#6& %! !s'os '#os %!

r!$4s &*(4r#"os > !& ra26& %! )*! #&"orora& $a a$#"a"#6& %! *&a &*!.a

'!"&o$o,+a !& !$ "a(o %! $a "o&s'r*""#6& %! r!$4s !s #&'!r!sa&'! "o&o"!r

$os r#&"##os b3s#"os %! o!ra"#6& %! !s'os r!$4s

E$ r!$4 &*(4r#"o basa s* o!ra"#6& !& 'o(ar $!"'*ras s!"*!&"#a$!s %!$

.a$or #&s'a&'3&!o %! $as s!1a$!s or#,#&a$!s a$(a"!&a%as !& s* (!(or#a ara

os'!r#or(!&'!5 ro"!sar$as !& *& (#"roro"!sa%or

52



E& ,!&!ra$ $os r!$4s &*(4r#"os !r(#'!& *&a ,ra& ?$!@#b#$#%a% or "*a&'o

#&"$*>!& !& s* $#br!r+a %! ro,ra(a"#6& $as ?*&"#o&!s %!- Pro'!""#6& %!

D#s'a&"#a5 A$'a I(!%a&"#a5 Sobr!"orr#!&'! &o %#r!""#o&a$5 C#!rr! Sobr! Fa$$a5

Sobr! Vo$'aj!5 Os"#$a"#6& %! Po'!&"#a5 F*!&'! D4b#$5 B$o)*!o or %!sba$a&"!%! T!&s#6&5 !&'r! o'ras5 $as "*a$!s *!%!& s!r a"'#.a%as or !$ *s*ar#o o

so$#"#'ar a$ ?abr#"a&'! )*! $a (#s(a s!a #&"$*#%a !& ?*&"#6& a $os

r!)*!r#(#!&'os > a ?*'*ro #ra a"'#.a&%o ?*&"#o&!s %! a"*!r%o a $os

r!)*!r#(#!&'os %!$ s#s'!(a E& $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& "o& ro'!""#o&!s a

%#s'a&"#a5 4s'as ro'!""#o&!s 'a(b#4& *!%!& #&"$*#r $as ?*&"#o&!s %!

r!"#!rr!5 !ro or "o&?#ab#$#%a% &o !s *sa%o s#&o )*! !s #&s'a$a%o *& r!$4

a%#"#o&a$

Ka+,a+e

E$ ar%ar! s! r!?#!r! a $os "o(o&!&'!s (a'!r#a$!s %! *& s#s'!(a

#&?or(3'#"o La ?*&"#6& %! !s'os "o(o&!&'!s s*!$! %#.#%#rs! !& 'r!s

"a'!,or+as r#&"#a$!s- !&'ra%a5 sa$#%a5 > a$(a"!&a(#!&'o Los "o(o&!&'!s

%! !sas "a'!,or+as !s'3& "o&!"'a%os a 'ra.4s %! *& "o&j*&'o %! "ab$!s o

"#r"*#'os $$a(a%o b*s "o& $a U&#%a% C!&'ra$ %! Pro"!sos CPU5 or s*s

s#,$as !& #&,$4sK %!$ or%!&a%or5 !$ (#"roro"!sa%or )*! "o&'ro$a $a

"o(*'a%ora > $! roor"#o&a "aa"#%a% %! "3$"*$o

E& $os r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& "o& r!s!"'o a$ ar%ar! o%!(os #%!&'#?#"ar-

9 U&#%a% %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! !&'ra%a U&#%a% %! "o&.!rs#6& a&a$6,#"o8%#,#'a$ U&#%a%!s %! !&'ra%a8sa$#%a b#&ar#as U&#%a% %! a$#(!&'a"#6& U&#%a% %! ro"!sa(#!&'o

U&#%a% %! "o&!@#6&; Caja > '!r(#&a$!s ara s!1a$!s a&a$6,#"as= Co&!"'or!s ara s!1a$!s b#&ar#as

S#%a+e

53



E$ soor'! $6,#"o o so?'ar! !s !$ "o&j*&'o %! #&s'r*""#o&!s o ro,ra(as

r!so&sab$!s %! )*! !$ ar%ar! r!a$#"! s*s ?*&"#o&!s Es'os ro,ra(as

s*!$!& a$(a"!&ars! > 'ra&s?!r#rs! a$ CPU a 'ra.4s %!$ ar%ar! E$ so?'ar!

'a(b#4& r#,! $a ?or(a "o(o s! *'#$#2a !$ ar%ar!5 "o(o or !j!($o $a ?or(a%! r!"*!rar #&?or(a"#6& %! *& %#sos#'#.o %! a$(a"!&a(#!&'o

Z#na$ ,e P+#%ecc?n

C*a&%o o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a !& *& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 s*s !?!"'os s!

s#!&'!& !& (*"as ar'!s a $a .!2 s!r+a #$6,#"o %#s!1ar !$ s#s'!(a %!

ro'!""#6& ara or%!&ar $a a!r'*ra %! 'o%os $os #&'!rr*'or!s %o&%! s!

%!'!"'!& $os !?!"'os %! $a ?a$$a5 $o #%!a$ !s )*! !$ %!s!j! %!$ "or'o"#r"*#'oo"*rra abr#!&%o !$ (+&#(o &0(!ro %! #&'!rr*'or!s Es'o 0$'#(o s! $o,ra

%#.#%#!&%o !$ s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6& !& or"#o&!s %!&o(#&a%as 2o&as %!

ro'!""#6&

Es'as 2o&as !s'3& %!?#&#%as or $a *b#"a"#6& %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %!

"orr#!&'! > or !$ '#o > "a$#bra"#6& %! $os r!$4s *'#$#2a%os

Las 2o&as %! ro'!""#6& s! s*!$!& %!?#&#r a$r!%!%or %! ,!&!ra%or!s

'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 barras > $+&!as5 'a$ "o(o s! #&%#"a !& $a ?#,*ra 9: C*a&%o

o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a %!&'ro %! *&a 2o&a %! ro'!""#6& %!'!r(#&a%a s! or%!&a $a

a!r'*ra so$a(!&'! %! $os #&'!rr*'or!s )*! )*!%!& %!&'ro %! $a 2o&a o )*!

!s'3& "o&'ro$a%os or !$$a

Por !j!($o5 ara $a ?a$$a F95 s! or%!&a $a a!r'*ra %!$ #&'!rr*'or 9 ara

$a ?a$$a F 'a(b#4& s! or%!&a $a a!r'*ra %! !s! #&'!rr*'or ara $a ?a$$a F

s! or%!&a $a a!r'*ra %! 95 > ara F s! abr!& > 5 > ara F s! abr!&

95 5 >

S! *!%! obs!r.ar !& $a ?#,*ra 9:5 )*! ara $a ?a$$a F s! abr!& (3s#&'!rr*'or!s %! $os )*! so& &!"!sar#os5 !s'o s! %!b! a )*! $a ?a$$a o"*rr#6

!& *& *&'o %o&%! !s'3& 'ras$aa%as $as 2o&as > E$ 'ras$ao %! $as

2o&as s! $o,ra "o$o"a&%o 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! !& a(bos $a%os %!

$os #&'!rr*'or!s S#( !(bar,o5 or ra2o&!s !"o&6(#"as5 !s "o(0& "o$o"ar

54



!s'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s a *& so$o $a%o5 "o(o !& $a ?#,*ra < !s'o 'ra! "o(o

"o&s!"*!&"#a )*! a$,*&as ?a$$as &o *!%!& s!r %!s!ja%as "o& $a .!$o"#%a%

%!s!a%a

Figura 16: >onas de roteccion. Fuente: !utoC!D.

E& $a ?#,*ra <5 s! *!%! .!r )*! $a o!ra"#6& %! $a 2o&a ro'!""#o&

%! barrasK5 &o %!s!ja $a ?a$$a F95 or)*! "o&'#&*ar#a a$#(!&'a%a %!s%! a S/E

B5 >a )*!5 %!b#%o a $a *b#"a"#6& %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'!5 %#"a

?a$$a !s !@'!r&a !& 9 S# s! *b#!ra& "o$o"a%o $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %!

"orr#!&'! a a(bos $a%os %! $os #&'!rr*'or!s5 "o(o s! (*!s'ra !& $a ?#,*ra

95 $a ?a$$a F95 "a!r#a !& $as 2o&as 9 > 5 > s!r#a %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o $os

#&'!rr*'or!s 9 >

55



Figura 20: >onas de rotecci%n con traslao. Fuente: !utoC!D.

Figura 21: >onas de rotecci%n sin traslao. Fuente: !utoC!D.

P+#%ecc#ne$ en S$%e.a$ ,e T+an$.$?n

Es "o&.!&#!&'! a"$arar a$,*&as %!?#&#"#o&!s %a%as !& $a #&%*s'r#a

!$4"'r#"a r!s!"'o a$ s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& > %#s'r#b*"#6& No !@#s'! *&a

%!?#&#"#6& *&#.!rsa$5 !ro s! aro@#(a a*&'a&%o )*! *& s#s'!(a %!

'ra&s(#s#6& "o(r!&%! a)*!$$a ar'! %! *& s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o %! o'!&"#a )*!

"o&!"'a $os "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& "o& $os "!&'ros %! "ar,as A*&)*!

!@r!sa%o as+5 s! !s'ar+a #&"$*>!&%o a$ s#s'!(a %#s'r#b*"#6& !& $a %!?#&#"#6&D!&'ro %! $a #&%*s'r#a !$4"'r#"a s! a 'ra'a%o %! !s'ab$!"!r *& !&'!&%#(#!&'o

,!&!ra$#2a%o %! $o )*! !s 'ra&s(#s#6& > %#s'r#b*"#6& %! a"*!r%o a $os &#.!$!s

%! .o$'aj! !($!a%os > s! a !"o $a s#,*#!&'! "$as#?#"a"#6&-

9 D#s'r#b*"#6& #&%*s'r#a$- 5 V > (3s bajos .o$'aj!s

56



S*b'ra&s(#s#6&- !&'r! 5 V > 99 V Tra&s(#s#6&- (a>or a 99 V A$'a '!&s#6&- 99 a < V E@'ra a$'a '!&s#6&- a ; V

U$'ra a$'a '!&s#6&- (a>or a 9<<< V

Los .a$or!s %! .o$'aj!s #&%#"a%os r!r!s!&'a& $os .o$'aj!s '+#"os ?as! a

?as! &o(#&a$!s > r(s %!$ s#s'!(a5 !ro &o "o&s'#'*>!& *& s'a&%ar%5 a0&

!@#s'!& !& %!'!r(#&a%os s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a .a$or!s %! .o$'aj! %#?!r!&'!s a

$os #&%#"a%os a&'!r#or(!&'!

E$ %#s!1o > $a s!$!""#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s ara !$ s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6&

!s %#?!r!&'! a$ %! $os s#s'!(as %! %#s'r#b*"#6& %!b#%o a $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %!

"a%a s#s'!(a5 %!'!r(#&a%as or $os &#.!$!s %! .o$'aj!5 $o&,#'*%!s %! $+&!as >

a$#(!&'a%or!s5 &#.!$ %! "ar,a 'ra&sor'a%a5 #(or'a&"#a5 $+&!as ra%#a$!s o

(a$$a%as5 !'" Por !$$o !s "o&.!&#!&'! 'ra'ar s!ara%a(!&'! $as ro'!""#o&!s

ara 'ra&s(#s#6& > a)*!$$as ara %#s'r#b*"#6& La ro'!""#o&!s ara s#s'!(as

%! s*b'ra&s(#s#6& *!%! r!s*$'ar !& *&a (!2"$a %! a$,*&as %! $as

!($!a%as ara 'ra&s(#s#6& "o& o'ras 'a&'as *'#$#2a%as ara %#s'r#b*"#6&

D!&'ro %!$ "o&j*&'o %! ro'!""#o&!s ara *& s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& s!'#!&!-

9 Pro'!""#o&!s %! $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& Pro'!""#o&!s %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s > r!a"'or!s Pro'!""#o&!s %! barras Pro'!""#o&!s "o&'ra %!?!"'o %! #&'!rr*'or Pro'!""#o&!s "o&'ra 4r%#%a %! s#&"ro&#s(o Pro'!""#o&!s %! sobr!'!&s#6&

Pro'!""#o&!s %! $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&

9 R!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! R!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! %#r!""#o&a$ R!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a > !s)*!(as *&#'ar#os o %! '!$!ro'!""#6& R!$4 %#?!r!&"#a$ %! #$o #$o'o

T;#$ ,e +el-$ ,e ;+#%ecc?n $e"n $* *nc?n

57



E& $as SS/EE !@#s'!& *&a .ar#a%a ,a(a %! ro'!""#o&!s )*! '#!&!& *&a

%!'!r(#&a%a ?*&"#6& > !& s* "o&j*&'o "o&?or(a& *& !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&

)*! %!!&%!r3 %!$ !)*#o a ro'!,!r Es'os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& .a&

%!s%! $os &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& %! 9= V as'a ; V ara ro'!,!r !)*#os'a$!s "o(o- a*'o'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 ,!&!ra%or!s5 "aa"#'or!s

!& ara$!$o o s!r#!5 $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&5 barras > r!a"'or!s

Es'os s! "$as#?#"a& !&-

Rel- ,e S#<+ec#++en%e

Los r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! so& %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& $os "*a$!s

a"'0a& "*a&%o Ia "orr#!&'! )*! (#%!& sobr! asa "#!r'o .a$or5 !s'! .a$or (+&#(o %! o!ra"#6& !s $$a(a%o ].a$or *(bra$]#" *K > !s aj*s'ab$!

!@'!r&a(!&'! %!!&%#!&%o %! $a sobr!"orr#!&'! )*! s! %!s!a %!'!"'ar

E@#s'!& !& !$ (!r"a%o %#?!r!&'!s '#os %! r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!5 $a

%#?!r!&"#a $a "o&s'#'*>!& b3s#"a(!&'! s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a '#!(o8"orr#!&'!-

9 R!$4s #&s'a&'3&!os- Los r!$4s #&s'a&'3&!os "#!rra& s* "o&'a"'o %!

o!ra"#6& #&(!%#a'a(!&'! %!s*4s %! (!%#r *& .a$or %! "orr#!&'!

s*!r#or a s* .a$or *(bra$ !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& !s 'a& !)*!1o "o(o

$o !r(#'a !$ $+(#'! ?+s#"o %!$ %#s!1o )*! s! *'#$#"!K P*!%! s!r *&a *&#%a%

!$!"'ro(!"3&#"a '#o !(bo$o o ar(a%*ra5 !& $as "*a$!s !$ .a$or (+&#(a

%! ?*!r2a )*! a> )*! !j!r"!r sobr! Ia #!2a !(bo$o o ar(a%*raK )*!

'#!&! a"o$a%o !$ "o&'a"'o (6.#$5 so(!'#%a a $a ?*!r2a %! *& r!sor'! )*!

Ia s*j!'a5 a$ .!&"!r $a ?*!r2a (!"3&#"a %!$ r!sor'! s! $o,ra& "!rrar o abr#r

$os

"o&'a"'os

E& '4r(#&os (a'!(3'#"os s! *!%! %!"#r )*! !$ r!$4 o!ra "*a&%o s!

"*($!-

58



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Do&%! r !s $a ?*!r2a r!s'r#"'#.a %!$ r!sor'! > K I 2

!s $a ?*!r2a %!

o!ra"#6& ro.o"a%a or $a "orr#!&'! !& $a bob#&a Co(o *!%! #&?!r#rs! %!

$a !"*a"#6& a&'!r#or5 !$ .a$or (+&#(o %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 I* .a$!-

E"*

Es'! .a$or s! *!%! aj*s'ar a*(!&'a&%o o %#s(#&*>!&%o $a '!&s#6& )*!

!$ r!sor'! !j!r"! sobr! $a #!2a (6.#$5 > !$ ra&,o %! .ar#a"#6& %!!&%! %!$

%#s!1o %!$ "o&j*&'o "o($!'o

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'!(or#2a"#6& #&'!&"#o&a$ !& Ia o!ra"#6& D!&'ro %! !s'a "a'!,or+a %!

r!$4s !@#s'!& %os K '#os- $os %! '#!(o %!?#&#%o5 $os "*a$!s o!ra& !& *&

'#!(o r!!s'ab$!"#%o ara "*a$)*#!r "orr#!&'! s*!r#or a$ .a$or *(bra$ >

$os %! '#!(o #&.!rso5 "*>o '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& %#s(#&*>! r3#%a(!&'!"o& *& a*(!&'o %! Ia sobr!"orr#!&'! %!'!"'a%a !s %!"#r !$ '#!(o %!

a"'*a"#6& !s #&.!rsa(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a$ (6%*$o %! $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a

a7 R!$4 '!(or#2a%o %! '#!(o %!?#&#%o- *!%!& s!r "o&s'r*#%os "o& *&a

*&#%a% %! sobr!"orr#!&'! #&s'a&'3&!a > *& (!"a&#s(o '!(or#2a%o

59

K I 2> K r

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Figura 22: $iemo de oeraci%n del rel< de so'recorriente (tiemo instant7neo& tiemo

de+inido / tiemo inerso). Fuente: Concetos =7sicos de Protecciones (201").

Para !$ "aso %! r!$4s %! !s'a%o s6$#%o5 s! *!%! ob'!&!r *&a (a>or

.ar#!%a% %! "*r.as "o(o s! obs!r.a !& $a ?#,*ra 5 !& $a (#s(a s! (*!s'ra

$as "*r.as "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! '#!(o #&.!rso5 '#!(o (*> #&.!rso >

!@'r!(a%a(!&'! #&.!rso r!s!"'#.a(!&'!

Figura 2": Curas caracter#sticas de rel<s de estado s%lido. Fuente: Concetos

=7sicos de Protecciones (201").

A;lcac?n ,e +el-$ ,e $#<+ec#++en%e

E& "asos %! s!r *'#$#2a%os "o(o ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ !& a$,*&as r!%!s

%! s*b'ra&s(#s#6& ra%#a$!s5 $os r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! %!b!& #,*a$(!&'!

61



sa'#s?a"!r $os "r#'!r#os ,!&!ra$!s %! $os s#s'!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 !&'r! !$$as5 $a

s!$!"'#.#%a%

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'#!(os %! o!ra"#6& %! $os r!$4s5 %o&%! !$ r!$4 (3s "!r"a&o a $a ?a$$a %!b!o!rar r#(!ro Es'os r!$4s s! *'#$#2a& !& $+&!as ra%#a$!s o !& $+&!as

(a$$a%as5 %o&%! $os &#.!$!s %! "orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$as !& $as %#s'#&'as s!""#o&!s

%! $a r!%5 &o %#?#!r!& (*"o !&'r! s#

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ara ?a$$as "!r"a&as a $a ?*!&'!5 %o&%! $as (a,&#'*%!s %! "orr#!&'! so& (3s

!$!.a%as > s! %!b!r+a a"'*ar "o& (a>or ra#%!2 La "oor%#&a"#6& %! !s'os

r!$4s s! (*!s'ra !& $a ?#,*ra

Figura 2: Selectiidad de los rel<s de tiemo de+inido. Fuente: Flores (201*).

Selec%1,a, c#n +el- ,e %e.;# n1e+$# Para r!so$.!r $a %!s.!&'aja %!$ !s)*!(a a&'!r#or s! *!%! *'#$#2ar o'ro

!s)*!(a !($!a&%o r!$4s %! '#!(o #&.!rso5 %o&%! s! *!%! $o,rar *&a

"oor%#&a"#6& !& '#!(o "o(o s! #&%#"a !& $a ?#,*ra

62



Figura 2*: Selectiidad con rel< de tiemo inerso. Fuente: Flores (201*).

Es'a so$*"#6& !s a$#"ab$! ar'#"*$ar(!&'! "*a&%o !@#s'! *&a %#?!r!&"#a

ar!"#ab$! !&'r! $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a a$ ?#&a$ %! $a $+&!a L > $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a

a$ "o(#!&2o %! $a $+&!a D#"as "orr#!&'!s .#!&!& %a%as or $as s#,*#!&'!s

?or(*$as

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sÎ(!%a&"#a %!$ ,!&!ra%or

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S# s !s (*"o (a>or )*! L5 $os '#!(os %! o!ra"#6& so& (*>

ar!"#%os > &o '#!&! .!&'aja a$,*&a *'#$#2ar r!$4s %! '#!(o #&.!rso

Selec%1,a, c#n +el- ,e %e.;# n1e+$# e n$%an%Fne#Es'a so$*"#6& s! a$#"a "*a&%o !@#s'! *&a %#?!r!&"#a ar!"#ab$! !&'r! $as

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'#!(os %! %!s!j! %! ?a$$a5 (!jora&%o as+ $a s!$!"'#.#%a% > !s'ab#$#%a% %!$

s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a Los r!$4s #&s'a&'3&!os &o %!b!& .!r ?a$$as !& !$

!@'r!(o o*!s'o %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a5 or $o 'a&'o s! aj*s'a& a *& .a$or %!

"orr#!&'! !&'r! > <X or !&"#(a %!$ .a$or %! "orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o

ara ?a$$as !& $a barra r!(o'a V!r ?#,*ra K

Figura 2: Selectiidad con rel< de tiemo inerso e instant7neo. Fuente: Flores

(201*).

Rel- ,e S#<+ec#++en%e D+ecc#nal

Los r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! "o&.!&"#o&a$!s so& b3s#"a(!&'! &o

%#r!""#o&a$!s5 $o "*a$ s#,&#?#"a )*! !$ r!$4 o!ra s!,0& $a (a,&#'*% %! $a"orr#!&'! )*! !s'3 (#%#!&%o5 > &o s* %#r!""#6& o 3&,*$o %! ?as! E$ r!$4 &o

*!%! %!'!"'ar s# $a ?a$$a !s'3 a"#a a%!$a&'! o a"#a a'r3s %! s* *b#"a"#6&

S#& !(bar,o5 !& $a r3"'#"a5 !$ r!$4 %!b! o!rar so$o !& $a %#r!""#6& a"#a

a%!$a&'! o %#r!""#6& %! %#saro > b$o)*!ar s* o!ra"#6& ara ?a$$as !& $a

64



%#r!""#6& #&.!rsa La %#r!""#6& %! %#saro !s ,!&!ra%a or *& r!$4 a%#"#o&a$

%!&o(#&a%o r!$4 %#r!""#o&a$5 )*! "o($!(!&'a a$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! La

"orr#!&'! &o '#!&! *&a %#r!""#6& abso$*'a5 !s *& .a$or "*>a %#r!""#6& s6$o s!

%!'!r(#&a !& r!$a"#6& a o'ra (a,&#'*%5 "o(o *!%! s!r o'ra "orr#!&'! o *&.o$'aj! La o'!&"#a a"'#.a s# r!s!&'a *&a %#r!""#6& or s+ (#s(a5 !ro s*

(a,&#'*% &o !r(#'! #%!&'#?#"ar "o&%#"#o&!s %! ?a$$as %! "or'o"#r"*#'o !& *&

s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 or $o 'a&'o &o !s *'#$#2a%a !& !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5

!@"!'o ara a$#(!&'ar r!$4s %! o'!&"#a #&.!rsa S#& !(bar,o $a ro#!%a%

%#r!""#o&a$ %! $a o'!&"#a $! !r(#'! "o&?or(ar "o&j*&'a(!&'! "o& *&#%a%!s

%! sobr!"orr#!&'!5 $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !s"a$o&a%os %#r!""#o&a$!s

Los r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! %#r!""#o&a$!s so& !&'o&"!s a)*!$$os r!$4s )*!*'#$#2a& $a r!$a"#6& %! ?as! %! .o$'aj! > "orr#!&'! ara %!'!r(#&ar $a %#r!""#6&

%! *&a ?a$$a

La ro'!""#6& %#r!""#o&a$ %! sobr!"orr#!&'! !s a$#"ab$! !& r!%!s "o&

a$#(!&'a"#6& b#$a'!ra$ o !& $a2o5 'a&'o ara "or'o"#r"*#'o !&'r! ?as!s5 "o(o a

'#!rra V!r ?#,*ra ;K

Figura 2: Cone5i%n Rel< So'recorriente. Fuente: 8atos (2012).

65



Las ro'!""#o&!s %#r!""#o&a$!s s! *!%!& "a'a$o,ar "o(o *& '#o

ar'#"*$ar %! $as ro'!""#o&!s %! Sobr!"orr#!&'!5 or)*! a$ #,*a$ )*! !s'as5

r!a""#o&a& a *& .a$or r!?#ja%o %! "orr#!&'!5 !ro a"'0a& "*a&%o $a o'!&"#a

%! ?a$$a "#r"*$a !& *& s!&'#%o %!'!r(#&a%o !$ s!&'#%o os#'#.o %! o!ra"#6&5!& $a ro'!""#6& %! $+&!as5 !s %! $a barra a $a $+&!a %o&%! !s'3 "o&!"'a%a $a

ro'!""#6&K

Las ro'!""#o&!s %#r!""#o&a$!s "o&s'a& %! 6r,a&os %! (!%#%a %!

"orr#!&'! o %! o'!&"#aK5 r!$4s %! '#!(o > r!$4s a*@#$#ar!s5 'o%os $os "*a$!s

%!b!& a"'*ar ara )*! !$ I&'!rr*'or o!r! D! $os "o(o&!&'!s5 !$ )*!

'##?#"a $a ro'!""#6& !s !$ 6r,a&o %! (!%#%a %#r!""#o&a$ %! o'!&"#a )*!

,!&!ra$(!&'! !s *& r!$45 > s! "o&!"'a %! (a&!ra )*! r!so&%a 0&#"a(!&'!!& "aso )*! $a o'!&"#a5 "#r"*$! !& !$ s!&'#%o r!?#ja%o a&'!r#or(!&'!

E$ r!$4 %#r!""#o&a$ %! o'!&"#a !s a$#(!&'a%o a 'ra.4s %!

'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! > o'!&"#a$ > s! "o&!"'a %! (a&!ra )*!

r!so&%a so$o a *& s!&'#%o %! $a o'!&"#a %! "or'o"#r"*#'o

Los r!$4s %#r!""#o&a$!s %!b!& s!r a$#(!&'a%os or %os "a&'#%a%!s

!$4"'r#"as %#s'#&'as5 ro#as %!$ s#s'!(a )*! s! r!'!&%! ro'!,!r5 *&a %! $as

"*a$!s s! 'o(a "o(o r!?!r!&"#a

D! a"*!r%o a $as (a,&#'*%!s &!"!sar#as ara s* a$#(!&'a"#6& $os r!$4s

*!%!& s!r-

9 Corr#!&'!8 Corr#!&'! Vo$'aj!8 Vo$'aj! Vo$'aj! 8 Corr#!&'!

E$ 0$'#(o !s !$ (3s *'#$#2a%o > s! $! "o&o"! "o(o r!$4 %#r!""#o&a$ %!

o'!&"#a

D! a"*!r%o a s*s r#&"##os "o&s'r*"'#.os5 *!%! s!r "$as#?#"a%o "o(o-

9 E$!"'ro(!"3&#"os S! s*b%#.#%!& !&-a E$!"'ro(a,&4'#"osb I&%*"'#.os" F!rro!$!"'ro%#&3(#"os

66

http://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Sobrecorriente&action=edit&redlink=1

http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Interruptor_el%C3%A9ctrico

http://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Sobrecorriente&action=edit&redlink=1

http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Interruptor_el%C3%A9ctrico



% I&%*"'#.o 8 %#&3(#"os Es'3'#"os

Ta&'o $os r!$4s !s'3'#"os "o(o $os !$!"'ro(!"3&#"os )*! '#!&!& r#&"##o

%! o!ra"#6& !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"oK "o(ara& .a$or!s abso$*'os %! $as

"a&'#%a%!s a"'*a&'!s5 $os %!(3s "o(ara& $as ?as!s %! $as (a,&#'*%!s

!$4"'r#"as

E& $a ?#,*ra = s! (*!s'ra $a "o&!@#6& %! *& r!$4 sobr!"orr#!&'! "o&

'o%os $os !$!(!&'os

F

igura 24: Cone5i%n de un Rel< So'recorriente. Fuente: 8atos (2012).

I,*a$(!&'! $os r!$4s %#r!""#o&a$!s s! a$#"a& !& !$ "aso %! $+&!as

ara$!$as !& r!%!s %! %#s'r#b*"#6& s!,0& s! (*!s'ra !& $a ?#,*ra :

Figura 26: #neas aralelas rotegidas or rel<s direccionales.

67



E& $a ?#,*ra : ara $a ?a$$a #&%#"a%a F o!ra& $os r!$4s %! $a $+&!a 8 >

abr!& > !$ r!$4 &o o!ra or s!r %#r!""#o&a$ > !.#'a !$ %!s!j! %! $a

$+&!a &o ?a$$a%a

P+nc;# ,e #;e+ac?n

Para %!'!"'ar $a %#r!""#6& %! $a ?a$$a5 !$ r!$4 a%!(3s %! "orr#!&'! %!b!

s!r a$#(!&'a%o "o& '!&s#6& E& $a ?#,*ra < *!%! .!rs! *&a Fa$$a !&

%#r!""#6& a"#a a%!$a&'!

Figura "0: !ctuaci%n del rel< de so'recorriente con +alla hacia adelante. Fuente:

Flores (201*).

E& $a ?#,*ra 9 s! (*!s'ra $a a"'*a"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'!

%#r!""#o&a$ "o& *&a ?a$$a %#r#,#%a a"#a $a 2o&a %! r!s!r.a

68



Figura "1: !ctuaci%n del rel< de so'recorriente con +alla hacia atr7s. Fuente: Flores

(201*).

E$ r#&"##o b3s#"o %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 %#r!""#o&a$ Es ro%*"#r %#saro

"*a&%o !$ 3&,*$o %! ?as! !&'r! $a '!&s#6& > $a "orr#!&'! !s'3 !& *&

%!'!r(#&a%o ra&,o

Los r!$4s %#r!""#o&a$!s !s'3& "o&s'r*#%os %! 'a$ ?or(a )*! "*($!& $a

?*&"#6& %! %!'!"'ar !$ s!&'#%o %! ?$*jo %! $a o'!&"#a a"'#.a o $o )*! !s $o

(#s(o *!%!& %!'!r(#&ar !$ 3&,*$o %! ?as! !&'r! $a "orr#!&'! > $a '!&s#6&5

or $o 'a&'o !s'3& basa%os !& !$ r#&"##o %!$ .a'+(!'ro U& %#s!1o

"o&s'r*"'#.o !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o *!%! s!r !$ '#o ba$a&2a V!r ?#,*ra K

Para %!'!r(#&ar $a !"*a"#6& "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!$ r!$4 %#r!""#o&a$ s! *'#$#2a

!$ r!$4 '#o ba$a&2a E& !$ (#s(o5 !$ 'or)*! sobr! "a%a &0"$!o !s !$ r!s*$'a%o

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"o&'ar )*! a>a sa'*ra"#6& %!$ &0"$!o Las %os bob#&as %! .o$'aj! '#!&!&

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"orr#!&'! '#!&!& #,*a$ &0(!ro %! ,#ros > !&ro$$a& !& s!&'#%o "o&'rar#o

69



A "o&'#&*a"#6& s! (*!s'ra& $as !"*a"#o&!s

Figura "2: Rel< electromagn<tico tio 'alana. Fuente: Flores (201*).

E$ 'or)*! %! o!ra"#6& !s roor"#o&a$ a$ "*a%ra%o %!$ ?$*jo !& !$ &0"$!o

A > !$ 'or)*! %! r!s'r#""#6& !s roor"#o&a$ a$ "*a%ra%o %!$ ?$*jo !& !$ &0"$!o

B (3s !$ 'or)*! %!$ r!sor'!5 > !$ r!$4 o!rar3 "*a&%o !$ 'or)*! %! o!ra"#6&

s!a #,*a$ o (a>or a$ 'or)*! %! r!s'r#""#6&5 as+-

T op=kφ2 A

Y !$ 'or)*! %! r!s'r#""#6&-

T R=k φ2

B+ K R

E&'o&"!s $a "o&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6&-

kφ2 A ≥ k φ

2B+ K R

D6&%!- φ2 A=φi

2+φv2+2φiφv cos (φ−θ )=k ' [i2+v

2+2VIcos (φ−θ) ]

70

E"* ;

E"* =

E"* :



φ2B=φi2+φv2−2φiφv cos (φ−θ )=k ' [i2+v2−2VIcos (φ−θ)]

R!!($a2a&%o $as !"*a"#o&!s %! ?$*jo !& $a "o&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6& >

or%!&a&%o s! ob'#!&!-4 kk ' VIcos(φ−θ)≥ K R

Y ?#&a$(!&'! $a "o&%#"#6& o!ra'#.a !s-

VIcos(φ−θ)≥ K

C*a&%o φ=θ 5 !$ 'or)*! !s (3@#(o

E& !s'! "aso !$ 3&,*$o %! 'or)*! (3@#(o %!!&%! %! $a bob#&a %!

.o$'aj! "o(o s! obs!r.a !& !$ %#a,ra(a ?asor#a$5 %#"o 3&,*$o r!r!s!&'a !$

3&,*$o %! $a #(!%a&"#a %! %#"a bob#&a La !"*a"#6& ?#&a$ ob'!&#%a a&'!s !s.3$#%a ara "*a$)*#!r '#o %! r!$45 b#!& s!a !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o5 %! #&%*""#6& o

!$!"'r6&#"o5 $a (#s(a s! $o,ra !& $a "o&s'r*""#6& %!$ r!$4 E@#s'!& .ar#os

%#s!1os %! r!$4 "o& %#?!r!&'!s 3&,*$os %! 'or)*! (3@#(o5 $o "*a$ s!

"o&s#,*! "o& %#sos#'#.os %!s?asa%or!s a%!"*a%os

L@nea ,e %#+*e .F=.#

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%!$ r!$4 !s #&%#.#%*a$5 !s %!"#r5 !s #&%!!&%#!&'! %! $a "o&!@#6& o aso"#a"#6&

"o& !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a

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La $+&!a %! 'or)*! (3@#(o !s *& "o&"!'o )*! .#!&! %! r!$4s

!$!"'ro(!"3&#"os5 !ro s! a (a&'!&#%o "o(o "o&"!'o a*& ara r!$4s

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%! o!ra"#6& (3@#(a5 > $a $+&!a %! 'or)*! "!ro s!r+a $a $+&!a %! bor%! o*(bra$

Selecc?n ,e 1#l%a/e$ c#++en%e7

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a%!"*a%a5 o "orr#!&'! %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.aK E$ .o$'aj! !& !$ *&'o %! ?a$$a!s "!ro > %!!&%#!&%o %! $a *b#"a"#6& %! $a ?a$$a5 !& !$ *&'o %o&%! !s'3

$o"a$#2a%o !$ r!$4 'a(b#4& o%r+a ab!r *& .o$'aj! r3"'#"a(!&'! &*$o5 or $o

'a&'o !$ .o$'aj! %! $a ?as! ?a$$a%a &o s!r+a *&a b*!&a r!?!r!&"#a

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a%!"*a%a(!&'! $as "orr#!&'!s > .o$'aj!s )*! a$#(!&'a& a$ r!$4 ara "*br#r

'o%o '#o %! ?a$$as !& "*a$)*#!ra %! $as ?as!s %!$ s#s'!(a Las "a&'#%a%!s

!$!,#%as %!b!& s!r 'a$!s )*! !$ 3&,*$o %! ?as! !&'r! 4s'as s!a (*> ar!"#%o

a$ 3&,*$o %! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a !s'a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !&

a%!$a&'o5 %! !s'a (a&!ra a$ o"*rr#r *&a ?a$$a5 $a "orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o s!

a'rasa !& !$ 3&,*$o %! #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a > )*!%a !& ?as! "o& !$ .o$'aj!

Es'o 'a(b#4& .a a %!!&%!r %!$ '#o %! "o&!@#6& %!$ r!$4 > s* 3&,*$o %!

'or)*! (3@#(o

E@#s'!& (*"os '#os %! "o&!@#o&!s %!!&%#!&%o %!$ 3&,*$o %! ?as!

"o& !$ "*a$ $as "orr#!&'!s > .o$'aj!s so& a$#"a%os a$ r!$4-

C#ne=?n c*a,+a%*+a: !s $a "o&!@#6& (3s *s*a$ > "o&s#s'! !& )*! a "a%a?as! %! "orr#!&'! s! $! a$#"a !$ .o$'aj! )*! !s'3 %!s?asa%o :<_ "o& r!s!"'o

a$ .o$'aj! %! !sa ?as! S! %#so&!& %! %os '#os %! "ara"'!r+s'#"as

%!!&%#!&%o %!$ 3&,*$o !& )*! !$ .o$'aj! a$#"a%o !s %!s?asa%o ara ob'!&!r

$a (3@#(a s!&s#b#$#%a% V!r ?#,*ra K

72



C#ne=?n c*a,+a%*+a ca+ac%e+@$%ca ': !$ .o$'aj! a$#"a%o a$ r!$4 !s

%!s?asa%o <_ !& %#r!""#6& "o&'rar#a a $as (a&!"#$$as %!$ r!$oj E& !s'! "aso

$a (3@#(a s!&s#b#$#%a% o"*rr! "*a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !s'3 <_ !& a'raso "o& !$.o$'aj! La 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 "orr!so&%! "*a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !s'3

<_ !& a%!$a&'o o 9<_ !& a'raso V!r ?#,*ra K

Figura "": Cone5i%n de cuadratura. Fuente: Concetos =7sicos Protecciones (201").

73



Figura ": Cone5i%n de cuadratura "0?. Fuente: Concetos =7sicos Protecciones

(201").

C#ne=?n c*a,+a%*+a ca+ac%e+@$%ca ): !$ .o$'aj! a$#"a%o a$ r!$4 !s

%!s?asa%o _ !& %#r!""#6& "o&'rar#a a $as (a&!"#$$as %!$ r!$oj E& !s'! "aso

$a (3@#(a s!&s#b#$#%a% o"*rr! "*a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !s'3 _ !& a'raso "o& !$

.o$'aj! La 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 "orr!so&%! "*a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !s'3

_ !& a%!$a&'o o 9_ !& a'raso V!r ?#,*ra K

74



Figura "*: Cone5i%n de cuadratura *?. Fuente: Concetos =7sicos Protecciones(201").

Rel- ,e 6l# ;l#%#

Es'os '#os %! r!$4s roor"#o&a& r3#%a ro'!""#6& a bajo "os'o5

a%!(3s so& #&s!&s#b$!s a $as .ar#a"#o&!s %! o'!&"#a > !& r!$a"#6& a s*

r!$a'#.a s#($#"#%a% > "o&?#ab#$#%a% *!%!& s!r *&a b*!&a o"#6& %!

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r!)*!r#%as or !$ s#s'!(a "o(o so& $as "orr#!&'!s5 '!&s#o&!s5 .a$or!s %!

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"a%a *&a %! !s'as "a&'#%a%!s > "*a&%o !s'as s! .!a& !@"!%#%as5 o%r3 %ar

$*,ar a (a$as o!ra"#o&!s or ?a$$as !@'!r&as > !r%#%as %! s!&s#b#$#%a% !&

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*s*a$(!&'! &o s!r3 $a (#s(a5 ra26& or $a "*a$ $a ro'!""#6& %!b!r3 s!r

$#&!a$ ara "orr#!&'!s )*! !@"!%a& !$ .a$or %! (3@#(a "orr#!&'! %!

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!?!"'os %! #&%*""#6&5 $as "o($#"a"#o&!s aso"#a%as a$ !($!o %! *& "a(#&o

%#?!r!&'! ara $os #$os #$o'os o $a 'ra&s(#s#6& !& s!1a$!s (o%*$a%as !& a$'a

75

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$+&!as "or'as5 or s* ?3"#$ a$#"a"#6& > '!&!r *&a .!&'aja a%#"#o&a$ a$ &o&!"!s#'ar .o$'aj! %! $a ?*!&'!

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$os '!r(#&a$!s r!(o'os Es'o o%r+a (!jorar $a "a&'#%a% %! o!ra"#6&5

(!jorar $a "o&?#ab#$#%a% > $a .!$o"#%a% sobr! $os !s)*!(as basa%os !&

#(!%a&"#a

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aj*s'! )*! r!s'r#&ja $a "aa"#%a% %! 'ra&s?!r#r "ar,a %#so&#!&%o a $os

!$!(!&'os %! %#s'a&"#a "aa"#%a% s*?#"#!&'! %! (a&!jar r!s#s'!&"#as %! ar"o

! #(!%a&"#as %! ?a$$as )*! "o(ara%as "o& $a $+&!a *!%!& s!r bas'a&'!

"o&s#%!rab$!s

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"or'as "o(ara $as "orr#!&'!s !& a(bos !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a ara %!'!"'ar $a

!@#s'!&"#a %! *&a ?a$$a #&'!r&a E& *&o %! $os (4'o%os5 $as "orr#!&'!s so&

"o(ara%as a 'ra.4s %! *& .o$'aj! (o&o?3s#"o %!r#.a%o %! $as "orr#!&'!s %!

s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a5 &!,a'#.a > "!ro )*! s! r!s!&'a& %*ra&'! ?a$$as

La s#,*#!&'! !"*a"#6& r!r!s!&'a *& %#s!1o ar'#"*$ar-

Vf =k 1/1+k 2/2+k 0 /0

76

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Figura ": Cone5i%n del rel< hilo iloto. Fuente: +lores (201*).

S!,0& $o .#s'o !& $a ?#,*ra $as 'r!s "orr#!&'!s %! ?as! > $a %! &!*'ro s!

"o&!"'a& a *& ?#$'ro %! s!"*!&"#a > s! ro%*"! "o(o sa$#%a !$ .o$'aj! VF )*!

!s r!r!s!&'a'#.o %! 'o%os $os '#os > &#.!$!s %! ?a$$a s!,0& $as

"o(b#&a"#o&!s %! s!"*!&"#as os#'#.a5 &!,a'#.a > "!ro Los ?a"'or!s `s s!

*!%!& aj*s'ar (!%#a&'! 'as > %!$ %#s!1o %!$ ?#$'ro

E$ .o$'aj! VF %! *& !@'r!(o %! $a $+&!a s! "o(ara "o& !$ VF s#(#$ar %!$

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r!s'r#""#6& R "o& *&a bob#&a %! o!ra"#6& OP !&'r! !$ ar %! #$os > !$

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o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 > %#saro %! $os r!s!"'#.os #&'!rr*'or!s

Para $a ?a$$a #&'!r&a5 $a "orr#!&'! ?$*>! a 'ra.4s %! $as r!s!"'#.as bob#&as

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77



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r3#%os > s#(*$'3&!os

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s! r!s!&'ara& !& "#!r'os *&'os %! $a r!% $o )*! %!s%! *& *&'o %!

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s#&"ro&#s(o !& (3)*#&as o !& #&s'a$a"#o&!s %! baja '!&s#6& o '#o #&%*s'r#a$5

!$ #&'!rr*(#r ?a$$as $!ja&as "o& '#!(os a$'os *!%!& ro.o"ar

sobr!"a$!&'a(#!&'o !rj*%#"#a$!s a (3)*#&as > aara'os !$4"'r#"os

Ta(b#4& s! *!%! %!"#r )*! "*a&%o o"*rr! *& "or'o"#r"*#'o )*! &o s!

#&'!rr*(! "o& ra#%!2 $a %*ra"#6& %! $a "a+%a %! '!&s#6& ro.o"a%a or *&a

?a$$a *!%! 'ra!r "o&s!"*!&"#as s!.!ras ara $os *s*ar#os %!$ s!r.#"#o

!$4"'r#"o

D!b#%o a $o a&'!r#or s! %#s!1aro& > "o&s'r*>!ro& $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a"*>o r#&"##o %! o!ra"#6& !s 'a$ )*! s* '#!(o %! ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o !s

roor"#o&a$ a $a %#s'a&"#a !& )*! s! ro%*"! $a ?a$$a %! (a&!ra 'a$ )*! ara

*& "or'o"#r"*#'o !& a$,0& *&'o %! $a r!%5 $os r!$4s )*! !s'3& (3s "!r"a a $a

?a$$a o!ra& r#(!ro )*! a)*!$$os )*! s! !&"*!&'ra& (3s a$!ja%os

78



La ro'!""#6& %! %#s'a&"#a o?r!"! .!&'ajas !& $a ro'!""#6& %! $+&!as %!

'ra&s(#s#6& %! (!%#a&a > a$'a '!&s#6& roor"#o&a&%o a*'o(3'#"a(!&'!

ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o a $as s!""#o&!s a%>a"!&'!s ob'!&#4&%os! s!$!"'#.#%a%

or (!%#o %! "ara"'!r+s'#"as %#r!""#o&a$!s %! $os ro#os r!$4s Las Pro'!""#o&!s %! %#s'a&"#a so& *sa%as !& s#s'!(as (a$$a%os %!

'ra&s(#s#6& > %#s'r#b*"#6& )*! so& a$#(!&'a%os %!s%! .ar#os *&'os Ta(b#4&

s! s*!$!& *'#$#2ar "o(o r!sa$%o %! a*'o'ra&s?or(a%or!s V!r F#,*ra ;K

E$ (4'o%o (3s ?3"#$ (#%#!&%o ara %!'!r(#&ar ?a$$as !& *&a $+&!a !s $a

(#%#!&%o $a #(!%a&"#a %!s%! !$ *&'o %o&%! a> *& r!$4 as'a %o&%!

o"*rr#6 $a ?a$$a

La #(!%a&"#a (!%#%a !s roor"#o&a$ a $a %#s'a&"#a !&'r! !$ r!$4 > !$*&'o %! ?a$$a5 %! a)*+ )*! $os r!$4s )*! (#%a& #(!%a&"#a s! %!&o(#&a&

r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a > !s'o $o a"!& "!)*!a&%o "o&s'a&'!(!&'! $os ar3(!'ros

%! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'!

E& $os "#r"*#'os %! 'ras(#s#6& %! a$'a '!&s#6&5 $os &#.!$!s %! "orr#!&'! %!

?a$$a so& a$'os5 or $o "*a$ s# *&a ?a$$a &o !s %!s!ja%a r3#%a(!&'!5 *!%!

"a*sar #&!s'ab#$#%a% a$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a as+ "o(o %a1os a$ !rso&a$ o a$

!)*#a(#!&'o Por !s'a ra26&5 $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a so& !($!a%os !& .!2

%! $os r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!

Las .!&'ajas %! a$#"a"#6& %! r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a5 !& "o(ara"#6& "o& $os

r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! so&-

9 Ma>or 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& #&s'a&'3&!a Ma>or s!&s#b#$#%a% M3s ?3"#$!s %! aj*s'ar > "oor%#&ar No so& a?!"'a%os or $os "a(b#os !& $a "o&?#,*ra"#6& %!$ s#s'!(a %!

o'!&"#a

U& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a "a$"*$a #(!%a&"#a "o(o !$ "o"#!&'! !&'r! $a '!&s#6&

> "orr#!&'!5 !& s* *b#"a"#6& !& !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 ara %!'!r(#&ar s#

!@#s'! *&a ?a$'a %!&'ro o ?*!ra %! s* 2o&a %! o!ra"#6&

79



E$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a !s'3 "o&!"'a%o a $a $+&!a a 'ra.4s %! $os

'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a

Figura ": Cone5i%n de un rel< de distancia. Fuente: Fing (200).

La ?#,*ra = (*!s'ra $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a or *& r!$4

%! %#s'a&"#a5 a #&s'a$ar !& G E$ s#s'!(a 'a(b#4& *!%! s!r r!r!s!&'a%o or

*&a ,r3?#"a R8 $a&o %! #(!%a&"#aK5 V!r ?#,*ra :

Figura "4: Reresentaci%n de una l#nea rotegida or un rel< de distancia. Fuente:Fing (200).

80



Figura "6: Reresentaci%n de una l#nea rotegida or un rel< de distancia en el lano

de imedancia. Fuente: Fing (200).

Los r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a s! *!%!& "$as#?#"ar s!,0& $a ?or(a %! s*s 2o&as

%! o!ra"#6& E& ,!&!ra$ s! r!"o&o"!& "*a'ro ?or(as %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!

o!ra"#6&5 $as "*a$!s s! (*!s'ra& !& $a ?#,*ra <

a Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! #(!%a&"#ab Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! a%(#'a&"#a o (o" Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! r!a"'a&"#a% Cara"'!r+s'#"a o$#,o&a$ o "*a%r#$a'!ra$

U& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a o!ra s# $a #(!%a&"#a (!%#%a or !$ r!$4 !s'3

%!&'ro %! s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6&

Figura 0: Caracter#sticas de oeraci%n. Fuente: Fing (200).

81



Me,,a ,e la .;e,anca ,e alla

E& *& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a 'r#?3s#"o5 a> 9< '#os %#?!r!&'!s %! ?a$'as-

9 Tr#?3s#"a- ab" B#?3s#"as- ab b" a" B#?3s#"as a '#!rra- ab, b", a", U&a ?as! a '#!rra- a, b, ",

Las !"*a"#o&!s )*! r!r!s!&'a& $as r!$a"#o&!s !&'r! '!&s#o&!s >

"orr#!&'!5 !& $a *b#"a"#6& %!$ r!$45 so& %#?!r!&'!s ara "a%a '#o %! ?a$$a Es

?*&%a(!&'a$ !& $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a5 #&%!!&%#!&'!(!&'! %!$ '#o %! ?a$$a5

)*! s#!(r! s! (#%a $a #(!%a&"#a %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a Por $o 'a&'o5 $osaj*s'!s %! $as 2o&as %! o!ra"#6& s! r!a$#2a& !& bas! a$ .a$or %! #(!%a&"#a

%! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a

Z#na$ ,e ;+#%ecc?n ,e *n +el- ,e ,$%anca

E$ !s)*!(a b3s#"o %! $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a "o(r!&%! *&a 2o&a 9

#&s'a&'3&!a > a$ (!&os %os 2o&as "o& %#saro '!(or#2a%o Los r!$4s

%#,#'a$!s *!%!& '!&!r as'a 2o&as > a$,*&as %! !$$as s! $as *!%! aj*s'ar

ara o!rar a"#a a'r3s V!r ?#,*ra 9K Los aj*s'!s '+#"os %! "a%a 2o&a so&-

9 o&a 9- A$"a&"! ^ =<X #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a T#!(o- #&s'a&'3&!o o&a - A$"a&"! ^ 9<X #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a- T#!(o- < a < s". o&a - A$"a&"! ^ <<X r!sa$%o %! $+&!as a%>a"!&'!s- T#!(o- 9 s

Figura 1: >onas de rotecciones. Fuente: Flores (201*).

82



De$;e/e ,e alla$ $ec*encale$7 Rece++e n# e=%#$#7

E& !$ !s)*!(a a&'!r#or %! ro'!""#6& %! %#s'a&"#a "o& 'r!s 2o&as %!a$"a&"!5 'a$ "o(o s! #&%#"a5 &o s! ,ara&'#2a !$ %#saro #&s'a&'3&!o ara ?a$$as

a $o $ar,o %! 'o%o !$ 'ra(o %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a Ta$ !s)*!(a 'a(o"o

!r(#'! $a a$#"a"#6& %!$ r!"#!rr! r3#%o !& !$ s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& "o(o

(!%#%a a*@#$#ar %! $a "o&?#ab#$#%a% > !s'ab#$#%a% %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a

Es or $o 'a&'o &!"!sar#o "o($!(!&'ar %#"o !s)*!(a ara a"!$!rar !$

%!s!j! %! ?a$$as !& $os !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a

Para r!so$.!r !$ rob$!(a a&'!r#or(!&'! $a&'!a%o !s &!"!sar#o

#&"ororar a$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& *& !&$a"! %! "o(*&#"a"#o&!s or o&%a

or'a%ora5 (#"roo&%as5 ?#bra 6'#"a5 !'" Co& !$ ro6s#'o %! !s'ab$!"!r *&a

"o(*&#"a"#6& !&'r! $as ro'!""#o&!s %! a(bos !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a

ro'!,#%a

Para $o,rar %#saros #&s'a&'3&!os !& a(bos !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a s!

*'#$#2a& r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a %o&%! s! ab#$#'a& !s)*!(as %! '!$!ro'!""#6&

Los !s)*!(as %! '!$!ro'!""#6& #&'!r"o&!"'a& $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a %! !&

a(bos !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a (!%#a&'! "a&a$!s %! "o(*&#"a"#6&5 ara o%!r #%!&'#?#"ar s# $a ?a$'a !s %!&'ro %!$ !)*#o ro'!,#%o > o!rar !& ?or(a

#&s'a&'3&!a ara ?a$'as !& 'o%a $a $o&,#'*% %! $a $+&!a

E$ obj!'#.o %!$ "a&a$ %! "o(*&#"a"#6& !s 'ras(#'#r #&?or(a"#6& sobr! $as

"o&%#"#o&!s %!$ s#s'!(a %!s%! *& !@'r!(o a"#a !$ o'ro5 #&"$*>!&%o

'ra&s?!r!&"#a %! %#saro o b$o)*!o %!$ #&'!rr*'or r!(o'o

Los (!%#os %! "o(*&#"a"#6& )*! ,!&!ra$(!&'! s! *'#$#2a& so&-

9 O&%a or'a%ora "arr#!rK M#"roo&%a F#bra 6'#"a

83



Los !s)*!(as %! "o(*&#"a"#6& s! "$as#?#"a& !&-

9 Es)*!(as %! 'ra&s?!r!&"#a %! %#saro- so& $os !s)*!(as !& )*! $a

r!"!"#6& %! *&a s!1a$ #&#"#a *& %#saro a$ #&'!rr*'or

2. Es)*!(as %! b$o)*!o- so& !s)*!(as !& )*! $a r!"!"#6& %! *&a

s!1a$ b$o)*!a !$ %#saro a$ #&'!rr*'or

E$*e.a ,e <l#*e# ,e +el-$ ,e ,$%anca ;#+ #$clac#ne$ ,e ;#%enca

Por $o ,!&!ra$ $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a #&s'a$a%os !& $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&

)*! #&'!r"o&!"'a& "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& !s'3& !)*#a%os "o& !s)*!(as %!

b$o)*!o "o&'ra os"#$a"#o&!s %! o'!&"#a5 >a )*! o%r+a& o!rar %*ra&'! 'a$!s

"o&%#"#o&!s Co(o !$ $*,ar ,!o(4'r#"o %!$ "!&'ro !$4"'r#"o %! $a os"#$a"#6& %!!&%!

%! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $as ?*!&'!s5 > 4s'a *!%! .ar#ar5 %!!&%#!&%o %!

"*a&'os ,!&!ra%or!s !s'4& !& s!r.#"#o !& %!'!r(#&a%o (o(!&'o5 &o s!

*!%! r!%!'!r(#&ar "o& !@a"'#'*% $a *b#"a"#6& %!$ "!&'ro !$4"'r#"o5 or $o

'a&'o $a (!jor r3"'#"a !s "o$o"ar !s)*!(as %! b$o)*!o %! 'o%os $os r!$4s %!

%#s'a&"#a %!$ s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !& r!?!r!&"#a

E$ !s)*!(a %! b$o)*!o or os"#$a"#6& %! o'!&"#a !s "o(o !$ )*! s!

(*!s'ra !& $a $3(#&a s#,*#!&'!

E$ r!$4 %! b$o)*!o "o&s#s'! %! *&a "ara"'!r+s'#"a "#r"*$ar "o&"4&'r#"a "o&

$a %! 2o&a 95 o 'a(b#4& s! *!%! *sar $a %! 2o&a ! #&"$*so $a *&#%a% %!

arra&)*! %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a La #%!a !s )*! $a os"#$a"#6& !&'r! r#(!ro !&

$a 2o&a %!$ r!$4 %! b$o)*!o a&'!s )*! !& "*a$)*#!ra %! $as 2o&as %!$ r!$4 %!

%#s'a&"#a

E$ b$o)*!o s! %ar3 "*a&%o !$ '#!(o %! .#aj! %! $a os"#$a"#6& %!s%! )*!

!&'ra !& $a 2o&a %!$ r!$4 %! b$o)*!o as'a )*! a$"a&2a $a 2o&a %!$ r!$4 %!

%#s'a&"#a !s #,*a$ o (a>or a *& '#!(o r!%!?#&#%o %! aj*s'! V!r ?#,*ra K

D*ra&'! *&a ?a$$a $a #(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 "a(b#a abr*'a(!&'!

%!s%! La #(!%a&"#a %! "ar,a a $a #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a > as+ &o a> b$o)*!o

D*ra&'! $a os"#$a"#6& %#"a 'ra&s#"#6& !s $!&'a > %a '#!(o a b$o)*!ar E&

84



"o&"$*s#6&5 $a #(!%a&"#a %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a %! $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&

(!%#%a !& s*s '!r(#&a$!s .ar+a !& ?*&"#6& %!$ 3&,*$o %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !&'r!

%os !@'r!(os5 %*ra&'! "o&%#"#o&!s %! os"#$a"#o&!s %! o'!&"#a !s'ab$!s o

#&!s'ab$!s Los r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a *!%!& o!rar %*ra&'! "o&%#"#o&!s %!

os"#$a"#o&!s %! o'!&"#a !s'ab$! o #&!s'ab$!5 s# !$ $*,ar ,!o(4'r#"o %! $a

os"#$a"#6& !&'ra !& s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& Por $o 'a&'o $os r!$4s %!

%#s'a&"#a so& b$o)*!a%os or 'a$ "o&%#"#6& La %#s"r#(#&a"#6& !&'r! *&a

os"#$a"#6& > *&a ?a$$a !s "o& bas! !& $a .!$o"#%a% %! "a(b#o %! $a

#(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4

Figura 2: >ona de 'lo3ueo del rel< de distancia. Fuente: Flores (201*).

P+nc;# ,e #;e+ac?n ,e l#$ +el-$ ,e ,$%anca

Los r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a *'#$#2a& !$ r#&"##o %! "o(ara"#6& %! r!$a"#6&

S#!&%o $a r!$a"#6&5 !& !s'! "aso5 !&'r! !$ .o$'aj! > $a "orr#!&'!5 $o "*a$

ro%*"! *&a #(!%a&"#a E& $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&5 $a #(!%a&"#a !s

85



roor"#o&a$ a $a %#s'a&"#a > %! a+ !$ &o(br! %! r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a S#&

!(bar,o5 %!'!r(#&ar $a #(!%a&"#a %*ra&'! ?a$$as !& *& s#s'!(a 'r#?3s#"o !s

a$,o "o($#"a%o %!b#%o a )*! $os %#?!r!&'!s '#os %! ?a$$as ro%*"!&

%#?!r!&'!s !@r!s#o&!s %! $a #(!%a&"#a5 )*! !$ r!$4 %!b! %!'!r(#&ar E$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a %!'!r(#&a $a #(!%a&"#a aar!&'!5 .#s'a or %#"o

r!$4 %!s%! s* *b#"a"#6&5 !& *& !@'r!(o %! $a $+&!a5 *'#$#2a&%o $as (!%#%as %!

"orr#!&'!s > .o$'aj!s !& %#"o !@'r!(o U&a .!2 "a$"*$a%a !s'a #(!%a&"#a5 $a

(#s(a !s "o(ara%a "o& $os aj*s'!s )*! %!?#&!& $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!

o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$45 s*r,#!&%o %! a)*+ $a %!"#s#6& %! a"'*ar5 !& "aso %! ab!r

o"*rr#%o *&a ?a$$a5 > %! s!r as+ !& )*4 %#r!""#6& > !& )*4 2o&a

Fa"'or!s )*! #&?$*>!& !& $a #(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a La #(!%a&"#a (!%#%a or *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a5 > or !&%! s* a$"a&"!5

*!%! !s'ar a?!"'a%a or .ar#os ?a"'or!s ro#os %!$ s#s'!(a5 !&'r! $os "*a$!s

s! (!&"#o&a&-

9 Error!s %! $os TC`s > TT`s5 !s!"#a$(!&'! %*ra&'! $as ?a$$as I(r!"#s#o&!s !& $os .a$or!s %! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a Error!s ro#os %! $os r!$4s E?!"'o %! ?*!&'! #&'!r(!%#a o !?!"'o #&?!!% E?!"'o %!$ 3&,*$o %! 'ra&s?!r!&"#a %! o'!&"#a A"o$a(#!&'o (*'*o !&'r! ?as!s > !&'r! $+&!as ara$!$as; E?!"'o %! #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a= As#(!'r+as %! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $+&!a or ?a$'a %! 'ra&sos#"#6&: E?!"'o %! $a #(!%a&"#a ?*!&'! > s* .ar#a"#6& %*ra&'! o!ra"#6&

S!,0& $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$45 !$ r!$4 o!ra "*a&%o $a

#(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 s! !&"*!&'ra %!&'ro %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a5 )*! !&

!$ "aso (3s s#($! !s *& "+r"*$o "o& "!&'ro !& !$ or#,!& %!$ $a&o %!

"oor%!&a%as R8

S# $a r!$a"#6& o "o"#!&'! !&'r! !$ .o$'aj! > $a "orr#!&'! a*(!&'a5 "r!"! !$

'#!(o %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 Es %!"#r )*! !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6&

?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %!$ r!$4 !s roor"#o&a$ a$ "o"#!&'!-

86

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I



E"* 9

Es %!"#r %!s%! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a as'a !$ *&'o %! $a ?a$$a5 >"o(o ara *&a $+&!a %! 'ras(#s#6& %a%a $a #(!%a&"#a !s roor"#o&a$ a $a

%#s'a&"#a5 s! $! a %a%o !$ &o(br! %! r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a

E& $a ?#,*ra s! (*!s'ra $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! #(!%a&"#a "o& *&#%a%

%#r!""#o&a$

Figura ": Caracter#stica de imedancia con unidad direccional. Fuente: Flores (201*).

E& $a ?#,*ra s! *!%! obs!r.ar $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o

a*'o o$ar#2a%a

87



Figura : Caracter#stica de oeraci%n mho auto olariada. Fuente: Flores (201*).

E& $a ?#,*ra s! (*!s'ra $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o "o&

%!s$a2a(#!&'o > *&#%a% %#r!""#o&a$

Figura *: Caracter#stica de oeraci%n mho con deslaamiento / unidad direccional.

Fuente: Flores (201*).

E%a;a$

So& $os %#?!r!&'!s b$o)*!s $6,#"os '#!(o >/o #(!%a&"#aK )*! os!!

*& r!$4 ara *b#"ar ?a$$as S! "ara"'!r#2a or)*! r!s!&'a& aj*s'!s s!ara%os

88



ara !$ a$"a&"! > !$ '#!(o5 a%!(3s *!%!& '!&!r %! %os a "*a'ro !s"a$o&!s

o (3s "o& s*s r!s!"'#.as "*r.as "ara"'!r+s'#"as

A/*$%e$ ,e l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e ;+#%ecc?n ,e l@nea$

Los aj*s'!s .#!&!& %a%o or !'aas5 !s %!"#r5 "a%a !'aa '!&%r3 *&a

2o&a > *& '#!(o %! a"'*a"#6&

P+.e+a e%a;a

o&a %! a"'*a"#6& #&s'a&'3&!a5 )*! a$ #&'!r"a(b#ar #&?or(a"#6& "o& $os

r!$4s %!$ !@'r!(o r!(o'o5 ,ara&'#2a !$ %!s!j! s#(*$'a&!o %! a(bos

!@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a5 "o&%#"#6& #(r!s"#&%#b$! ara #($a&'ar *& !s)*!(a %!

r!"#!rr! a*'o(3'#"o %! a$'a .!$o"#%a%

8*nc#ne$ ,e la ;+.e+a e%a;a:

9 C*a&%o s! aj*s'a !& s*ba$"a&"!5 ,!&!ra %#saro #&(!%#a'o %!$

#&'!rr*'or $o"a$ I&"ororars! a $as $6,#"as %! '!$! ro'!""#6&5 ara as!,*rar !$ (+&#(o

'#!(o %! %!s!j! ara $as ?a$$as )*! s! *b#)*!& !& $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a5

as+ "o(o $a s#(*$'a&!#%a% %! a!r'*ra %! $os '!r(#&a$!s

Dar #&#"#o a $a o!ra"#6& %! r!"#!rr! a*'o(3'#"o

L.%an%e$ a c#n$,e+a+ en $* a/*$%e:

9 E?!"'o %! $a r!s#s'!&"#a %! ?a$$a > $a "o&'r#b*"#6& %!$ !@'r!(o r!(o'o E& $as $+&!as %ob$! '!r&a o (*$'#"#r"*#'os s! r!)*#!r! #&"ororar !$

!?!"'o %! $a #(!%a&"#a (*'*a ara ?a$$as (o&o?3s#"as a '#!rra

Se"*n,a e%a;a

o&a aj*s'a%a !& sobr!a$"a&"!5 '!(or#2a%a ara "oor%#&ar "o&

%#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& *b#"a%os !& $a S/E s*bs#,*#!&'!

8*nc#ne$ ,e la $e"*n,a e%a;a:

89



9 %!s!jar !& !$ (!&or '#!(o os#b$! ?a$$as !& $a 'o'a$#%a% %! $a $+&!a

bajo $a "o&'#&,!&"#a %! a*s!&"#a o 4r%#%a %! $a '!$! ro'!""#6& >/o $os!&$a"!s %! "o(*&#"a"#o&!s aso"#a%os

R!sa$%o a $a ro'!""#6& %! barras %! $a S/E r!(o'a

Dar !$ (3@#(o r!sa$%o os#b$! a $os %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6&r#&"#a$ %! $os !$!(!&'os %! $a r!% "o&!"'a%os !& $a S/E r!(o'a5 s#&

)*! s! o&,a !& !$#,ro $a s!$!"'#.#%a% %!$ "o&j*&'o

L#(#'a&'!s a "o&s#%!rar ara s* aj*s'!-

9 Para $as %os r#(!ras ?*&"#o&!s- #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a5 $a "o&'r#b*"#6&

r!(o'a > $a (*'*a %! $+&!as ara$!$as Para $a '!r"!ra ?*&"#6&- #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a5 !$ #&?!!% %! $a S/E

r!(o'a > $a %#sar#%a% %! #(!%a&"#a !& $os !$!(!&'os a%>a"!&'!s

Te+ce+a e%a;a

o&a aj*s'a%a !& sobr!a$"a&"!5 '!(or#2a%a ara "oor%#&ar "o&

%#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& *b#"a%os !& $a SS/EE r!(o'as

8*nc#ne$ ,e la %e+ce+a e%a;a:

9 Dar r!sa$%o a $os %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& %! $os !$!(!&'os"o&!"'a%os a $a barra r!(o'a Co(o (+&#(o %!b! "*br#r *&a 2o&a

!)*#.a$!&'! a $a r#(!ra !'aa %! $as $+&!as >/o a $a %! $a %#?!r!&"#a$

A%#"#o&a$(!&'!5 %!b! (a&'!&!r (ar,!& s*?#"#!&'! "o& r!s!"'o a$

$+(#'! (3s $!ja&o %! $as s!,*&%as !'aas %! $as $+&!as s*bs!"*!&'!s

> %! $as ro'!""#o&!s %! r!sa$%o o s!"*&%ar#a %! $os

'ra&s?or(a%or!s

L.%an%e$ a c#n$,e+a+ en $* a/*$%e:

9 I(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a5 !$ #&?!!% !& $as SS/EE r!(o'a >/o s*bs#,*#!&'!

#&"$*>!&%o s* .ar#ab#$#%a%K E& a$,*&os "asos r!s*$'a #(os#b$! "*($#r "o& 'o%as $as ?*&"#o&!s %!

$a '!r"!ra !'aa5 o'3&%os! &or(a$(!&'! or (a&'!&!r $a s!$!"'#.#%a%5

90



sa"r#?#"a&%o $a "ob!r'*ra %!$ r!sa$%o

P+#%ecc?n P+.a+a Es !$ %#sos#'#.o %! ro'!""#6& )*! s! s!$!""#o&a "o& *& &0(!ro %!

?*&"#o&!s > "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! r!s*!s'a (a>or!s a o'ras %! ro'!""#6&

#&.o$*"ra%as "o& !s'as

Los r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& r#(ar#a so& a)*!$$os )*! %!b!& o!rar 'a&

ro&'o "o(o o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a5 or%!&a&%o $a a!r'*ra %!$ (+&#(o &0(!ros %!

#&'!rr*'or!s !& !$ (!&or '#!(o os#b$!s

Para $a ?a$$a F95 (os'ra%a !& $a ?#,*ra 5 %!b!& abr#rs! !& ro'!""#6&

r#(ar#a5 $os #&'!rr*'or!s > 5 > ara $a ?a$$a F5 %!b!& abr#rs! $os

#&'!rr*'or!s >

S#( !(bar,o5 a> .!"!s )*! !$ #&'!rr*'or &o s! abr! > !& !s'! "aso $a

?a$$a '#!&! )*! s!r %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o o'ros #&'!rr*'or!s Co&s#%!ra&%o

&*!.a(!&'! $a ?a$$a F s! obs!r.a )*! s# !$ #&'!rr*'or &o s! abr!5 $a ?a$$a

'#!&! )*! s!r %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o $os #&'!rr*'or!s 5 ; > = o $os #&'!rr*'or!s

> : S! %#"! !& !s'! "aso )*! $a ?a$$a a s#%o %!s!ja%a !& ro'!""#6& %!

r!sa$%o

S# $a ?a$$a !s %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o 5 ; > = $a ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o s!%!&o(#&a $o"a$ or)*! !$ r!sa$%o !s'3 %a%o or #&'!rr*'or!s $o"a$#2a%os !&

$a (#s(a S/E %o&%! !s'3 *b#"a%o !$ #&'!rr*'or )*! &o o!ro S# $a ?a$$a !s

%!s!ja%a abr#!&%o > : $a ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o s! %!&o(#&a r!(o'a

or)*! !$ r!sa$%o !s'3 %a%o or #&'!rr*'or!s $o"a$#2a%os !& SS/EE

r!(o'as

E$ '4r(#&o r!(o'as '#!&! *& s#,&#?#"a%o r!$a'#.o > s! *'#$#2a ara #&%#"ar

SS/EE "o& "o&!@#o&!s %#r!"'as5 !s %!"#r5 s#& S/E #&'!r(!%#as5 a $a S/E %o&%!

!s'3 !$ #&'!rr*'or )*! &o abr#6

La '!&%!&"#a a"'*a$ !s *'#$#2ar ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o $o"a$ !& s#s'!(as

%! a$'a > !@'ra a$'a '!&s#6&5 > *'#$#2ar ro'!""#6& r!(o'a !& s#s'!(a %!

%#s'r#b*"#6& o !& s#s'!(as %! o"a #(or'a&"#a $a ra26& %! !s'o !s )*! $a

91



ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o $o"a$ !s (3s r3#%a > (3s s!$!"'#.a )*! $a r!(o'a

"o(o *!%! .!rs! !& $a ?#,*ra ;

La ?a$$a F %!b!r+a %!s!jars! abr#!&%o > ; S# ; abr! &or(a$(!&'!

!ro &o *!%! %!s!jar $a ?a$$a5 )*!%ar+a %!s!&!r,#2a%a $a S/E A a$ abr#r !&ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o r!(o'o 95 > : Por !$ "o&'rar#o5 s# !$ r!sa$%o !s

$o"a$ bas'ar+a "o& abr#r > 5 > $a (#'a% %! $a S/E !r(a&!"!r+a !&!r,#2a%a

Lo #%!a$ s!r+a %!s!jar "*a$)*#!ra ?a$$a !& ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ or)*! s!

%!s"o&!"'a5 a a$ (a>or .!$o"#%a% os#b$!5 *&a or"#6& (+&#(a %!$ s#s'!(a %!

o'!&"#a La ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o !s $!&'a '!(or#2a%aK > %!s"o&!"'a *&a

or"#6& (a>or %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a )*! $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$

Figura : Protecci%n rincial / resaldo. Fuente: !utoC!D.

S#& !(bar,o5 a> (*"as "a*sas )*! *!%!& a"!r )*! *& "or'o"#r"*#'o

&o *!%! s!r %!s!ja%o !& ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ >5 or $o 'a&'o5 s! &!"!s#'a

'!&!r *&a s!,*&%a $+&!a %! %!?!&sa A$,*&as %! !s'as "a*sas so&-

92



a D!s!r?!"'os %! $os r!$4s o !rror !& s* %#s!1ob A.!r+a !& !$ (!"a&#s(o %! a!r'*ra %! *& #&'!rr*'or" A.!r+a !& !$ #&'!rr*'or ro#a(!&'! %#"o E$ #&'!rr*'or abr! !ro !s

#&"aa2 %! #&'!rr*(#r $a "orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o

% Fa$'a %! "o&'#&*#%a% !& #s "#r"*#'os %! "o&'ro$! Fa$'a %! "o&'#&*#%a% %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a a $os r!$4s

Figura : Protecci%n rincial / resaldo. Fuente: !utoC!D.

De%ecc?n ,e alla$ U&a ?a$$a s! *!%! %!'!"'ar or !$ "a(b#o br*s"o !& $os ar3(!'ros %!$

s#s'!(a Los ar3(!'ros (3s *'#$#2a%os ara !s'! ?#& so&-

9 Corr#!&'! Vo$'aj! A&,*$a !&'r! .o$'aj! > "orr#!&'! S!&'#%o %! ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a I(!%a&"#a

Fr!"*!&"#a; Tasa %! .ar#a"#6& %! a$,*&os %! $os ar3(!'ros a&'!r#or!s

Para o%!r *'#$#2ar $os ar3(!'ros a&'!r#or!s !s &!"!sar#o (!%#r$os Es'a

(!%#"#6& s! a"! a 'ra.4s %! $os TP > TC5 $os "*a$!s r!?#!r!& a !s"a$a

r!%*"#%a $os .o$'aj!s > "orr#!&'!s %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a )*! so&

93



#&'ro%*"#%os !& $os r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& ara a&a$#2ar$os > or%!&ar $a a!r'*ra

%! $os #&'!rr*'or!s aso"#a%os !& "aso %! !s'ar !& r!s!&"#a %! *&a ?a$$a

C#++en%e$ ,e C#+%#c+c*%# U& "or'o"#r"*#'o !s *& ?!&6(!&o !$4"'r#"o )*! o"*rr! "*a&%o %os o (3s

*&'os !&'r! $os "*a$!s !@#s'!& *&a %#?!r!&"#a %! o'!&"#a$ s! o&!& !&

"o&'a"'o !&'r! s+5 "ara"'!r#23&%os! or !$!.a%as "orr#!&'!s "#r"*$a&'!s as'a

!$ *&'o %! ?a$$a E$ ro"!so )*! o"*rr! !& !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a a$

ro%*"#rs! *&a ?a$$a "a*sa%a or *& "or'o"#r"*#'o !s !s!&"#a$(!&'! %!

"ar3"'!r 'ra&s#'or#o

Es #(or'a&'! a"o'ar5 )*! a*& "*a&%o s! %#s!1! (*> "*#%a%osa(!&'!

*& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 !s'! !s'ar3 s#!(r! !@*!s'o a$ %a1o )*! *!%a

"a*sar !$ ?$*jo %! "orr#!&'! !& "o&%#"#o&!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'o 'a$!s "o(o sobr!

"a$!&'a(#!&'o > ar"os !$4"'r#"os %!s'r*"'#.os

Los '#os (3s ?r!"*!&'!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'os so&-

a Tr#?3s#"os- C*a&%o $as 'r!s K ?as!s !s'3& *&#%as !& !$ (#s(o *&'o

%!$ s#s'!(a !s !$ )*! ro%*"! $os %a1os (3s s!.!rosb B#?3s#"os- E&'ra& !& "o&'a"'o %os K ?as!s %!$ s#s'!(a" Mo&o?3s#"o- Ta(b#4& "o&o"#%o "o(o ?as!8&!*'ro5 a$ *&#rs! *&a $+&!a

"o& !$ &!*'ro %!$ s#s'!(a

E& $a ?#,*ra = s! (*!s'ra *& !s)*!(a %! $os '#os %! "or'o"#r"*#'os

94



Figura 4: $ios de Cortocircuitos. Fuente: $ueras (200).S$%e.a ;#+ *n,a,

La *&#%a% (3s "o(0&(!&'! !($!a%a ara %!?#&#r !$ .o$'aj! %!

o!ra"#6& !& $os S#s'!(as !$4"'r#"os %! o'!&"#a5 !s !$ #$o.o$' VK

M#!&'ras )*! $os #$o.o$'s8a(!r! VAK > (!,a.o$'s8a(!r! MVAK so& $as

*&#%a%!s *sa%as ara !$ ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a aar!&'!K

Las *&#%a%!s a&'!r#or!s j*&'o "o& $os #$oa''s5 #$o.ars5 a(!r!s5

o(s5 !'"5 s*!$!& !@r!sars! !& or *&#%a% o or"#!&'o %! *&a r!?!r!&"#a

o .a$or bas!

E$ .a$or !& or *&#%a% %! "*a$)*#!r "a&'#%a% CK !s $a ra26& %! !sa

"a&'#%a% a s* .a$or bas! E$ .a$or r!s*$'a&'! !s *&a "a&'#%a% a%#(!&s#o&a$

M#!&'ras )*! !$ .a$or !& or"#!&'o XK %! %#"a "a&'#%a% !s !$ .a$or !& or

*&#%a% %! $a (#s(a (*$'#$#"a%o or 9<<

C *K ^ Va$or r!a$ %! C / Va$or bas! %! C E"* 9

C XK ^ C *K c 9<< E"* 9

95



Do&%! !$ .a$or r!a$ %! C !s'a !@r!sa%o !& s*s ro#as *&#%a%!s .o$'s5

a(!r!s5 o(s5 a''s5 !'"K M#!&'ras )*! !$ .a$or bas! %! C !s *& .a$or

arb#'rar#o o "o&.!&#!&'! )*! s! s!$!""#o&a "o(o r!?!r!&"#a ara $a "a&'#%a%

!& "*!s'#6& E& !$ a&3$#s#s %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a5 $as "a&'#%a%!s (3s "o(0&(!&'!

*'#$#2a%as so& $as s#,*#!&'!s-

9 Corr#!&'! AK I Vo$'aj! Vo$'sK V Po'!&"#a Vo$'a(!r!sK S ^ PdjQ^ VI I(!%a&"#a eK ^ Rdj^ V/I &,*$o %! ?as! ra%5 ,ra%osK T#!(o s!,*&%osK

S! #&?#!r! ?3"#$(!&'! )*! %! $as s!#s "a&'#%a%!s a&'!r#or!s so&#&%!!&%#!&'!s > $as o'ras so& ?*&"#6& %! 0&#"a(!&'! %! !$$as

As+ *!s5 s# s!$!""#o&a& %! (a&!ra arb#'rar+a "o(o "a&'#%a%!s bas! %os

%! !&'r! I5 V5 P5 > 5 $as o'ras "a&'#%a%!s bas! so& a*'o(3'#"a(!&'!

%!'!r(#&a%as

Ven%a/a$ ,el S$%e.a ;7*7

#s'6r#"a(!&'! $a ra26& %! !@r!sar $os .a$or!s %! $as .ar#ab$!s >ar3(!'ros %!$ SEP ?*! s#($#?#"ar $os "3$"*$os &*(4r#"os )*! s! r!a$#2aba&

!& ?or(a (a&*a$ E$ *so %! $a "o(*'a%ora !$#(#&6 !s'a .!&'aja S#&

!(bar,o5 !r(a&!"!& $as s#,*#!&'!s-

1. E& *5 $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'! %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or !s $a (#s(a

r!?!r#%a a$ r#(ar#o o a$ s!"*&%ar#o %! 4s'! E& *5 $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'! %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or !& *& s#s'!(a

'r#?3s#"o !s $a (#s(a s#& #(or'ar !$ '#o %! "o&!@#6& !&'r! s*s

%!.a&a%os !s'r!$$a8%!$'a5 %!$'a8!s'r!$$a5 !s'r!$$a8!s'r!$$a o %!$'a8%!$'aK E$ s#s'!(a *5 !s #&%!!&%#!&'! %! $os %#?!r!&'!s &#.!$!s %! .o$'aj!

%!$ SEP > %!s?asa(#!&'os #&'ro%*"#%os or $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s s# $os

96



.o$'aj!s bas! !& s*s %!.a&a%os so& roor"#o&a$!s a$ &0(!ro %!

.*!$'as %! 4s'os Los ?abr#"a&'!s *s*a$(!&'! !s!"#?#"a& $as #(!%a&"#as %! s*s

!)*#os !& or *&#%a% o !& or"#!&'o %!$ .a$or bas! %! s*s %a'os%! $a"a VA > V &o(#&a$!sK

E$ ro%*"'o %! %os "a&'#%a%!s !@r!sa%as !& *5 !s s#!(r! o'ra

"a&'#%a% !& * E& !$ "aso %! "a&'#%a%!s !@r!sa%as !& X !$ ro%*"'o r!s*$'a&'!

%!b! s!r %#.#%o !&'r! 9<< ara ob'!&!r s* .a$or !& X Por !s'a ra26&

s! r!?#!r! *sar $os .a$or!s !& *5 !& $*,ar %! X

Can%,a,e$ Ba$e

E& !$ a&3$#s#s %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a !$ .o$'aj! .o$'sK %! o!ra"#6& %!

"*a$)*#!r "o(o&!&'! %!$ SEP !s ,!&!ra$(!&'! "o&o"#%a5 or $o )*! s*

s!$!""#6& "o(o "a&'#%a% bas! !s 'a(b#4& *&a r3"'#"a "o(0&

O'ra %! $as "a&'#%a%!s )*! *s*a$(!&'! s! s!$!""#o&a "o(o bas! !s $a

o'!&"#a aar!&'! .o$'a(!r#osK E& r3"'#"a(!&'! "*a$)*#!r !)*#o !s'a

"a&'#%a% !s *s*a$(!&'! "o&o"#%a

E& !$ a&3$#s#s %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a "o(0&(!&'! s! s!$!""#o&a !$

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%! .o$'aj! %!$ SEP > !$ %!s?as! %!b#%o a $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s s# $os .o$'aj!s

bas! !& s*s %!.a&a%os so& roor"#o&a$!s a$ &0(!ro %! .*!$'as %! 4s'os

La #(!%a&"#a %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or !s r!?$!ja%a a 'ra.4s %!$ !)*#o %!

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S! %!%*"! )*! $a #(!%a&"#a > !& !$ %!.a&a%o %! N> .*!$'as s! r!?$!ja

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Para !@r!sar !$ .a$or %! #(!%a&"#a %! $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& eK !&

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Us*a$(!&'! $as "a&'#%a%!s !& * %! $os !)*#os '#!&!& "o(o

"a&'#%a%!s bas! s*s .a$or!s &o(#&a$!s VA o MVA > VK

E& $a (a>or+a %! $os "asos !s'as "a&'#%a%!s bas! so& %#?!r!&'!s a $as

s!$!""#o&a%as "o(o bas! ara !$ SEP

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(o&o?3s#"o5 > $as "a&'#%a%!s %! $as o'ras %os ?as!s %#?#!r!& %! $os ?asor!s

ob'!&#%os !& $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& or ?as! !& Z9<7

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%!&o(#&a%os %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a5 &!,a'#.a > "!ro

La ar'#"*$ar#%a%!s %! "a%a *&o %! $os s#s'!(as r!s*$'a&'!s so& $as

s#,*#!&'!s-

C#.;#nen%e$ ,e Sec*enca P#$%1a7

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s!"*!&"#a %! ?as! )*! $os ?asor!s or#,#&a$!s

C#.;#nen%e$ ,e Sec*enca Ne"a%1a7

Co&s#s'! !& 'r!s ?asor!s %! #,*a$ (a,&#'*% %!s?asa%os 9<7"o& *&a

s!"*!&"#a %! ?as! o*!s'a a $a %! $os ?asor!s or#,#&a$!s

C#.;#nen%e$ ,e Sec*enca Ce+#7

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!$$os

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s#(4'r#"as5 sobr! *& s#s'!(a %! ?asor!s 'r#?3s#"o %!sba$a&"!a%o "o&

s!"*!&"#a %! ?as! ab" s! (*!s'ra !& $a ?#,*ra <

102



Figura *0: Comonentes sim<tricas. Fuente: Calder%n (2004).

La r!$a"#6& (a'!(3'#"a !&'r! !$ "o&j*&'o $as "a&'#%a%!s %! s!"*!&"#a %!

?as!s > $os ?asor!s or#,#&a$!s !s'3 %!?#&#%a or !$ ro%*"'o %! $a #&.!rsa %! $a

(a'r#2 %! "o(o&!&'!s s#(4'r#"as > $as ?asor!s or#,#&a$!s "o(o s! (*!s'ra a

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?as! a '#!rra o &!*'roK %! *& s#s'!(a 'r#?3s#"o ba$a&"!a%o > (*!s'ra& "o(o

?$*#r+a& $as "orr#!&'!s %! s!"*!&"#a !& !$ SEP !& "aso %! !@#s'#r Es'as r!%!s

s! "o&s'r*>!& a ar'#r %!$ *&'o %! ?a$$a5 or $a #&'!r"o&!@#6& %! $as

#(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a %! $as "o(o&!&'!s %!$ SEP

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La #(!%a&"#a %! !s'! '#o %! !$!(!&'os !s #&%!!&%#!&'! %! $a

s!"*!&"#a %! ?as!s s#!(r! )*! $os .o$'aj!s )*! s! $!s a$#)*!& s!a&

ba$a&"!a%os

Las #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a5 &!,a'#.a > "!ro %! $as"o(o&!&'!s %!$ SEP s! ob'#!&!& a$#"a&%o $a 'ra&s?or(a"#6& %!

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%! ?as!

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*!%!& %!r#.ars! '!&#!&%o "o(o r!?!r!&"#a $a ?#,*ra 9

Figura *1: medancia de una l#nea de transmisi%n. Fuente: Calder%n (2004). Los "#r"*#'os !)*#.a$!&'!s %! $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a %! *&a $+&!a

'r#?3s#"a ba$a&"!a%a s#(4'r#"a so& $os (os'ra%os !& $a ?#,*ra

105



Figura *2: medancias e3uialentes de una l#nea tri+7sica. Fuente: Calder%n (2004).

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e P#%enca7

E& $os SEP5 !s "o(0& sa'#s?a"!r $as &!"!s#%a%!s %! 'ra&s?or(a"#6& "o&

'ra&s?or(a%or!s 'r#?3s#"os o (!%#a&'! $a #&'!r"o&!@#6& a%!"*a%a %! 'r!s

'ra&s?or(a%or!s (o&o?3s#"os

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)*! r!s*$'a (3s ?3"#$ #&s'a$ar *& 'ra&s?or(a%or (o&o?3s#"o %! r!sa$%o )*!

*&o 'r#?3s#"o

E@#s'!& "*a'ro "o&?#,*ra"#o&!s b3s#"as !& )*! $os %!.a&a%os %! $os

'ra&s?or(a%or!s 'r#?3s#"os s*!$!& "o&!"'ars!-

Y8f f8Y f8f Y8Y

Los %!.a&a%os "o&!"'a%os !& Y *!%!& o &o !s'ar "o&!"'a%os a '#!rra

Las #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a > &!,a'#.a %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or

*!%!& s!r "o&s#%!ra%as #,*a$!s a $a r!a"'a&"#a %! %#s!rs#6&

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#(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a > &!,a'#.a &o "a(b#a& %!!&%#!&%o %! $a

s!"*!&"#a %! ?as!s5 s#!(r! )*! $os .o$'aj!s a$#"a%os s!a& ba$a"!a%os

106



La #(!%a&"#a %! s!"*!&"#a "!ro .ar+a %!s%! s!r *& "#r"*#'o ab#!r'o5

as'a *& "or'o "#r"*#'o %!!&%#!&%o %! $a "o&!@#6& %! s*s %!.a&a%os > !$

(4'o%o %! a'!rr#2a(#!&'o *sa%o

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La "o&!@#6& f8f !r(#'! sa"ar %! s!r.#"#o a *&o %! $os ba&"os ara

(a&'!&#(#!&'o5 (#!&'ras )*! $os o'ros %os "o&'#&0a& o!ra&%o !& ab#!r'a5

"o& "aa"#%a% r!%*"#%a

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Figura *": Redes de secuencia en cone5iones de trans+ormadores. Fuente: Calder%n

(2004).

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Figura *: Cone5i%n de red de secuencia ara una +alla mono+7sica a tierra. Fuente:Pacheco (200).

108



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Figura **: Cone5i%n de red de secuencia ara una +alla 'i+7sica. Fuente: Pacheco(200).

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Figura *: Cone5i%n de red de secuencia ara una +alla 'i+7sica a tierra. Fuente:Pacheco (200).

8a$#+e$

109



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%! $a s!1a$ V!r ?#,*ra ;K

Figura *: Reresentaci%n de un +asor. Fuente: F#sica (200*).

E& "orr#!&'! a$'!r&a s! %a )*! !& (*"as o"as#o&!s5 $as '!&s#o&!s >

"orr#!&'!s r!s!&'a& %!s?asaj!s !&'r! s+ %#s'#&'as ?as!s !& *& %!'!r(#&a%o

(o(!&'oK E& $os %#a,ra(as ?asor#a$!s !s'o s! r!r!s!&'a "o& *& 3&,*$o!&'r! $os ?asor!s V!r ?#,*ra =K

Figura *4: @ngulo entre +asores. Fuente: F#sica (200*).

Los ?asor!s *!%!& r!r!s!&'ars! (!%#a&'! &0(!ros "o($!jos5

'!&#!&%o *&a "o(o&!&'! r!a$ > o'ra #(a,#&ar#a S# 0&#"a(!&'! s! )*#!r!

110



r!r!s!&'ar *&a s!1a$ a$'!r&a s#& #(or'ar s* ?as! r!s!"'o %! o'ra s! *!%!

"o&s#%!rar $a ?or(a%a 0&#"a(!&'! or *&a ar'! r!a$ > s#& ar'! #(a,#&ar#a

E& !s'! "aso !$ 3&,*$o !s "!ro

8#+.a ;#la+

Los ?asor!s s*!$!& #&%#"ars! (a'!(3'#"a(!&'! 'a(b#4& !& ?or(a o$ar5

!s %!"#r "o(o *& (6%*$o > *& 3&,*$o Por !j!($o $a !@r!s#6&-

V ^ 99 s!& h < ' d i hK

S! *!%! r!r!s!&'ar "o(o *& ?asor %! $a s#,*#!&'! (a&!ra-

E$ #,*a$ )*! !& $os &0(!ros "o($!jos5 $os ?asor!s *!%!& !s'ar

r!r!s!&'a%os !& ?or(a b#&6(#"a > o$ar !@#s'!& o'ras "o(o $a

'r#,o&o(4'r#"a > $a !@o&!&"#a$K E& a$,*&os "asos "o&.#!&! *&a ?or(a %!

!@r!sar$os > !& o'ros "asos s!r3 (3s s#($! a"!r "*!&'as "o& $a o'ra

?or(a

V ^ 99 V

g ^ h < ara *&a ? ^ < 2K

^ 7 o i hK

111



E& ?or(a o$ar s! !s"r#b! "o(o 99 7K V

8#+.a <n?.ca O'ra ?or(a %! !@r!sar a *& ?asor o &0(!ro "o($!jo5 !s $a ?or(a

b#&6(#"a5 !s %!"#r "o(o- a d j b s#!&%o a $a ar'! r!a$ > b $a ar'! #(a,#&ar#a

Co& $as r!$a"#o&!s 'r#,o&o(4'r#"as s!&o5 "os!&o > 'a&,!&'!5 s! *!%!

"a$"*$ar $as "o(o&!&'!s %! $a ?or(a b#&6(#"a a > bK a ar'#r %!$ (6%*$o %!$?asor > %! s* 3&,*$o ?or(a o$arK o b#!& a$$ar !$ (6%*$o %!$ ?asor > s*

3&,*$o a ar'#r %! $a ?or(a b#&6(#"a

Ba$e$ le"ale$

Las bas!s $!,a$!s5 $a "o&?or(a& $os os'*$a%os5 $!>!s5 %!"r!'os >

or%!&a&2as !(#'#%as a 'ra.4s %! %#?!r!&'!s or,a&#s(os o?#"#a$!s5 0b$#"os o

r#.a%os )*! %! !s'a ?or(a s*s'!&'a& $a #&.!s'#,a"#6& $a&'!a%a5 ara !$

%!sarro$$o %! $a ro*!s'a > s!a &!"!sar#o "o&o"!r a$,*&as %! $as $!>!s )*!

#(o&!& $as a*'or#%a%!s "o(!'!&'!s !& (a'!r#a %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as

La r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! !&"*!&'ra $!,a$(!&'! ?*&%a(!&'a%a !& $a

"o&s'#'*"#6& %! $a R!0b$#"a Bo$#.ar#a&a %! V!&!2*!$a5 $a "*a$ !& s* ar'+"*$o

112



99; '##?#"a $o s#,*#!&'!- To%as $as !rso&as '!&%r3& %!r!"o a %#so&!r %!

b#!&!s > s!r.#"#os %! "a$#%a%5 as+ "o(o a *&a #&?or(a"#6& a%!"*a%a > &o

!&,a1osa sobr! !$ "o&'!&#%o > "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $os ro%*"'os > s!r.#"#os

)*! "o&s*(!&5 a $a $#b!r'a% %! !$!""#6& > a *& 'ra'o !)*#'a'#.o > %#,&o La $!>!s'ab$!"!r3 $os (!"a&#s(os &!"!sar#os ara ,ara&'#2ar !sos %!r!"os5 $as

&or(as %! "o&'ro$ %! "a$#%a% > "a&'#%a% %! b#!&!s > s!r.#"#os5 $os

ro"!%#(#!&'os %! %!?!&sa %!$ 0b$#"o "o&s*(#%or5 !$ r!sar"#(#!&'o %! $os

%a1os o"as#o&a%os > $as sa&"#o&!s "orr!so&%#!&'!s or $a .#o$a"#6& %!

!s'os %!r!"os

Ta(b#4& !& $a $!> or,3&#"a %!$ s#s'!(a > s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o s! r!sa$%a

!s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& >a )*! !s'3 !& s* 'o'a$#%a% (a&#?#!s'a $o #(or'a&'! %! $a!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a

E& s*s ar'+"*$os-

Ar'+"*$o 99 %! $a $a&#?#"a"#6& %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 !@o&! )*! !s

"o(!'!&"#a %!$ o%!r &a"#o&a$ Por 6r,a&o %!$ M#&#s'!r#o %! E&!r,+a

E$4"'r#"a5 $a $a&#?#"a"#6& > !$ or%!&a(#!&'o %! $as a"'#.#%a%!s %!$ s!r.#"#o

!$4"'r#"o5 !& $os '4r(#&os !s'ab$!"#%os !& $a $!> or,3&#"a ara $a or%!&a"#6&

%!$ '!rr#'or#o > "o& s* s*j!"#6& a$ $a& &a"#o&a$ %! or%!&a"#6& %!$ '!rr#'or#o >

$a& %! %!sarro$$o !"o&6(#"o &a"#o&a$ #&"$*>!&%o $os *s*ar#os > a*'or#%a%!s

(*&#"#a$!s D! #,*a$ (a&!ra5 %#"a $!> !& s* ar'+"*$o 9 %#!"#s4#sK $o

#&!r!&'! a $os r#&"##os bajo $os "*a$!s %!b! a"'*ar $a "o(#s#6& &a"#o&a$ %!

!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a

E& !$ Ar'+"*$o %! %#"a $!>5 %!$ "a+'*$o I %! $a ,!s'#6& %!$ s#s'!(a

!$4"'r#"o5 %!s"r#b! )*! $a ,!s'#6& %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o %!b!r3 r!a$#2ars! %!

(a&!ra "!&'ra$#2a%a a ?#& %! ,ara&'#2ar $a 6'#(a *'#$#2a"#6& %! $os r!"*rsos

%! !&!r,+as r#(ar#as ro%*""#6& > 'ra&sor'! %! $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a ara"o&'r#b*#r a $a ob'!&"#6& %! *& s*(#&#s'ro %! !$!"'r#"#%a% "o&?#ab$!5

!"o&6(#"o5 s!,*ro > %! $a (!jor "a$#%a%5 %! "o&?or(#%a% "o& !s'a $!> >

%!(3s &or(as )*! r!,*$!& !s'a (a'!r#a

113



E$ "6%#,o !$4"'r#"o &a"#o&a$ !@$#"a !& s* s!""#6& < > =< $a

ro'!""#6& "o&'ra sobr!"orr#!&'!s5 a>*%a&%o a !s!"#?#"ar s* *so > s*

a$#"a"#6&

La &or(a IRAM ;9 ,ob#!r&a $as a$#"a"#o&!s > $os "o(o&!&'!s %!$os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a

N#+.a$ COVENIN

Las Nor(as V!&!2o$a&as COVENIN5 "o&s'#'*>!& $a r!?!r!&"#a b3s#"a

ara %!'!r(#&ar $a "a$#%a% %! $os ro%*"'os > s!r.#"#os %! )*! s! 'ra'!5

ar'#"*$ar(!&'! ara $a ro'!""#6&5 !%*"a"#6& > or#!&'a"#6& %! $os

"o&s*(#%or!s Ta(b#4& !@#,! a $os or,a&#s(os 0b$#"os a !@#,#r a s*sro.!!%or!s !$ "*($#(#!&'o %! $as Nor(as V!&!2o$a&as COVENIN !& s*

a%)*#s#"#6&5 o !& s* %!?!"'o $os "*($#(#!&'os %! $as &or(as #&'!r&a"#o&a$!s

> r!,#o&a$!s5 %! o'ros a+s!s5 o %! aso"#a"#o&!s5 "o& !$ obj!'o %! as!,*rar $a

"a$#%a%

Re"la.en%# Gene+al ,e La Le ,e Se+1c# El-c%+c# Nac#nal

EL r!s!&'! R!,$a(!&'o '#!&! or obj!'o %!sarro$$ar $as %#sos#"#o&!s %!

$a L!> )*! r#,!& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o !& !$ T!rr#'or#o Na"#o&a$5 "o&s'#'*#%o or

$as a"'#.#%a%!s %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 'ra&s(#s#6&5 ,!s'#6& %!$ S#s'!(a E$4"'r#"o

Na"#o&a$5 %#s'r#b*"#6& > "o(!r"#a$#2a"#6& %! o'!&"#a > !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a5 as+

"o(o $a a"'*a"#6& %! $os a,!&'!s )*! #&'!r.#!&!& !& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o

Ga"!'a O?#"#a$ %! $a r!0b$#"a Bo$#.ar#a&a %! V!&!2*!$a Nro 9< %! ?!"a

9 %! D#"#!(br! %!$ <<<K

A $os !?!"'os %! $a #&'!rr!'a"#6& > a$#"a"#6& %!$ R!,$a(!&'o %!

S!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 !& s* ar'+"*$o Nro s! !s'ab$!"!& $as %!?#&#"#o&!s )*!'!&%r3& !$ s#,&#?#"a%o ara a"$arar %*%as )*! s! .a>a& r!s!&'a%os a $o

$ar,o %! $a r!a$#2a"#6& %! !s'! 'rabajo %! #&.!s'#,a"#6&

Denc?n ,e T-+.n#$ BF$c#$

114



Alcance7 Es $a "ob!r'*ra !& %#s'a&"#a o !$ .a$or %! #(!%a&"#a )*! %!b!

"*br#r *& r!$45 %!s%! !$ s#'#o %o&%! !s'3 *b#"a%o as'a o'ro %o&%! s! %!s!a

%!'!"'ar *&a ?a$$a !s "o(o s# ?+s#"a(!&'! s! $$!,ara a *& $*,ar !& !s!"+?#"oA/*$%e$7 So& $os .a$or!s ar'#"*$ar!s %! $os ar3(!'ros %! r!?!r!&"#a %! *&

s#s'!(a5 o !)*#os o ,r*os %! !$!(!&'os5 a "o$o"ar !& ro'!""#o&!s a

obj!'o %! ro'!,!r $os (#s(os Los .a$or!s %! aj*s'! s! ob'#!&!& "o(o

r!s*$'a%o %! $os "3$"*$os r!a$#2a%os5 (!%#"#o&!s o %a'os s*(#&#s'ra%os or

$os %#?!r!&'!s ?abr#"a&'!s

A++an*e7 E$!(!&'o %! %!'!&"#6& %! a($#o a$"a&"!5 )*! %!'!"'a !& r#(!r

'4r(#&o $a !r'*rba"#6&5 %a a.#so o r!ara a $os !$!(!&'o )*! "o&?or(a& a$!s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& ara *&a os#b$! a"'*a"#6& >/o #&#"#a o s! #&"orora a

%#.!rsas $6,#"as ?*&"#o&a$!s

Ba++a7 Co&j*&'o %! "o&%*"'or!s r#&"#a$!s or &#.!$ %! '!&s#6&5 a ar'#r %!

$os "*a$!s s! %!r#.a& $as "o&!@#o&!s %! $os %#?!r!&'!s !)*#os )*! #&'!,ra&

*&a S/E

Ca;ac,a, ,e +*;%*+a ,e *n *$<le7 Va$or (3@#(o %! $a "orr#!&'! %!

"or'o"#r"*#'o )*! *!%! "or'ar bajo $a '!&s#6& %!$ ?*s#b$!

C#ne=?n7 Co&j*&'o %! "o&%*"'or!s > "o&!"'or!s )*! !r(#'!& *&#r

%#?!r!&'!s !)*#os !&'r! s+ > "o& $as barras

C#++en%e In+*$67Es *&a "o&%#"#6& 'ra&s#'or#a )*! o"*rr! "*a&%o s! !&!r,#2a

*& 'ra&s?or(a%or5 #&"$*so !s'a&%o !& .a"+o

C#+%#c+c*%#7 Es !$ "o&'a"'o %#r!"'o !&'r! s+ o "o& '#!rra %! $os "o&%*"'or!s

!&!r,#2a%os "orr!so&%#!&'!(!&'! a %#s'#&'as ?as!s

Da"+a.a # Plan# Unla+7 R!r!s!&'a"#6& s#(b6$#"a %! *& s#s'!(a 'r#?3s#"o

!)*#$#bra%o > s*s !$!(!&'os (3s #(or'a&'!s *'#$#2a&%o *& so$o #$o "o(o"#r"*#'o (o&o?3s#"oK

E$*e.a ,e <a++a$7 Es $a %#sos#"#6& %! $a barra o %! $os j*!,os %! barras

or &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& )*! ?or(a& *&a S/E

115



E$*e.a ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$: Co&j*&'o %! r!$4s )*! ro'!,!& *&a 2o&a

%!'!r(#&a%a $+&!as5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 ,!&!ra%or!s5 !&'r! o'rosK o *& 'ra(o

%! $a S/E

8a$#+7 Es $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *& .a$or %!$ %o(#&#o %!$ '#!(o !& !$ %o(#&#o%! $a ?r!"*!&"#a

In%e+a>7 Es $a "o(*&#"a"#6& )*! !s'ab$!"! !$ *s*ar#o "o& "*a$)*#!r

%#sos#'#.o &*(4r#"o5 a 'ra.4s %!$ (!%#o )*! s! !s'ab$!2"a5 !s %!"#r5 !s $a

#&'!ra""#6& o(br! (a)*#&a OMK La #&'!r?a2 *!%! o"*rr#r 'a(b#4& !&'r!

$os (#s(os !)*#os Ej R!$4 %! a'#o "o& !$ s#s'!(a %! "o&'ro$ "!&'ra$

In%e++*;%#+7 Ta(b#4& "o&o"#%o "o(o %#s>*&'or5 !s *& !)*#o %! o'!&"#a

%#s!1a%o ara abr#r o "!rrar *&o o (3s "#r"*#'os !$4"'r#"os5 bajo "o&%#"#o&!s&or(a$!s %! o!ra"#o&!s o %! ?a$$a

Pa+a.e%+>ac?n Es'o s! r!?#!r! a $a a%a'a"#6& %! $os !)*#os %! "o&'ro$ >

ro'!""#6& a $as "o&%#"#o&!s ro#as %!$ s#s'!(a5 !s %!"#r5 )*! $os !)*#os %!

"o&'ro$ 'ra!& s*s ar3(!'ros %! ?abr#"a"#6& o or %!?!"'o E& "aso %! $as

ro'!""#o&!s s! %!b! a%a'ar a $a "oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s5 $a '!&s#6&

%! a$#(!&'a"#6&5 o "*a$)*#!r o'ro ar3(!'ro %#s'#&'o a $o )*! os!! !$

%#sos#'#.o

Pe+%*+<ac#ne$7 Es $a "o&%#"#6& )*! !r(#'! $a o!ra"#6& %! *&o o (3s

"o(o&!&'!s %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o5 !ro "o&'#&*a a$ ro$o&,ars! !& !$ '#!(o

*!%! %a1ar $os !)*#os

P#%enca a;a+en%e en VA7 Po'!&"#a aar!&'! r!)*!r#%a or $a "ar,a Es $a

s*(a .!"'or#a$ %! $as o'!&"#as a"'#.as > r!a"'#.as5 > .#!&! !@r!sa%o !& #$o

.o$'a(!r#os VAK

Re, # c+c*%# ,e ,$%+<*c?n7 So& 'o%as $as #&s'a$a"#o&!s "o& $as )*! s!

!?!"'0a $a "o&%*""#6& %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a %!s%! $os *&'os %! !&'r!,a %! Ia'ra&s(#s#6& as'a $os *&'os %! s*(#&#s'ros %! $os *s*ar#os

Rel-7 So& %#sos#'#.os o !$!(!&'os )*! r!"#b!& *&a s!1a$ o .ar#as s!1a$!s

"o(o #&?or(a"#6& > )*! a"'0a& ara abr#r o "!rrar "o&'a"'os %!!&%#!&%o %!

Ia (a,&#'*%5 r!$a"#6& %! ?as!s o "*a$)*#!r o'ra r!$a"#6& %! s!1a$!s

116



S#<+ec#++en%e7 E$!.a"#6& %! $a "orr#!&'! sobr! !$ .a$or *(bra$

S*<e$%ac?n S5E7 Co&j*&'o %! %#sos#'#.os5 aara'os > "#r"*#'os )*! '#!&!

or ?*&"#6& (o%#?#"ar ar3(!'ros %! $a o'!&"#a !$4"'r#"a

S5E ,e D$%+<*c?n7 M!%#a&'! $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& $$!,a $a !&!r,+a a$os "!&'ros %! "o&s*(os %! a$'os &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6&5 $*!,o ara o%!r$a

%#s'r#b*#r a $os "o&s*(#%or!s !s &!"!sar#o bajar !$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& > s! a"!

*&o %! $as SS/EE r!%*"'oras o %! %#s'r#b*"#6&

SS5EE Ele1a,#+a$7 La !&!r,+a &o *!%! s!r 'ra&s(#'#%a a $a '!&s#6& %!

,!&!ra"#6&5 or $o 'a&'o !s'as SS/EE s! !&"ar,a& %! !$!.ar !$ &#.!$ %!

'!&s#6& as'a *& *&'o %o&%! *!%! s!r 'ra&s(#'#%a "o& a$'a !?#"#!&"#a

S5E N#,al7 Es a)*!$$a S/E )*!5 #&'!r"o&!"'a%a "o& o'ra5 "o&?or(a *& a&#$$o!& !$ S#s'!(a %! Tra&s(#s#6& >5 !& Ia "*a$5 !$ ?$*jo %! !&!r,+a *!%! s!r !&

*&o * o'ro s!&'#%o5 %!!&%#!&%o %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s %!$ S#s'!(a

Ta<le+#7 Es'r*"'*ra "o&s'#'*#%a or $3(#&as (!'3$#"as !& $a "*a$ s! %#so&!&

!)*#os %! baja '!&s#6& Co&'ro$5 M!%#"#6&5 Pro'!""#6&5 S!r.#"#os A*@#$#ar!s5

!&'r! o'rosK

T+an$#+.a,#+7 E)*#o !s'3'#"o !$ "*a$ (!%#a&'! #&%*""#6& !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"a

'ra&s?#!r! $a !&!r,+a !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"a %! *& *&'o %!$ s#s'!(a "o&!"'a%o a

$a ?*!&'! %! !&!r,+a5 a o'ro "o&!"'a%o a $a "ar,a5 .ar#a&%o ,!&!ra$(!&'!

ar3(!'ros %! !&'ra%a ara a%a'ar$os a$ "!&'ro %! Co&s*(o Vo$'aj! >

"orr#!&'!K

Val#+ *.<+al7 Va$or %! "orr#!&'! )*! r#,! $a a"'#.#%a% %! $os r!$4s

117



CAP2TULO III

MARCO METODOLÓGICO

M#,al,a, ,e la In1e$%"ac?n

E$ r!s!&'! !s'*%#o or s* #&'!&"#6& %! $o,rar $a o'#(#2a"#6& %!$ s!r.#"#o!$4"'r#"o a 'ra.4s %! I($!(!&'a"#6& ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as

Carabobo I > Carabobo II !&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro

Ca(!jo5 (!%#a&'! !$ *so %! &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as ara #&&o.ar $os !s)*!(as

a"'*a$!s5 s! a"o,#6 a $a (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!5 )*! %! a"*!r%o "o&

$a U&#.!rs#%a% R6(*$o Ga$$!,os 9::;K5 $a (#s(a "o&s#s'! !&-

La #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 !$abora"#6&5 %!sarro$$o %! *&a ro*!s'a5 %! *&

(o%!$o o!ra'#.o .#ab$! ara so$*"#o&ar rob$!(as5 r!)*!r#(#!&'os o

&!"!s#%a%!s %! or,a&#2a"#o&!s o ,r*os so"#a$!s5 *!%!& r!?!r#rs!

a%!(3s a $a ?or(*$a"#6& %! o$+'#"as5 ro,ra(as5 '!"&o$o,+as5

(4'o%os o ro"!sos > !& "aso %! $a ro*!s'a5 !.a$*a"#6& 'a&'o %!$

ro"!so "o(o %!$ ro%*"'o 9K

D! !s'a (a&!ra !$ !s'*%#o !s *&a ro*!s'a ?a"'#b$! %! r!a$#2ar5 $a "*a$

s! or#!&'6 a so$.!&'ar *&a &!"!s#%a% %! '#o o!ra'#.a "o& r!s!"'o a$

?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as $as "*a$!s

r!s!&'a& ?a$$as !& $as $+&!as %!s"r#'as

T;# ,e n1e$%"ac?n

La #&.!s'#,a"#6& !s %! '#o %!s"r#'#.a5 %!b#%o a )*! s! r!a$#26 *&

a&3$#s#s %! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !&

116



$as $+&!as Carabobo I > II %! $a S/E (!&"#o&a%as5 ob'!&#!&%o %! !s'! (o%o

*& %#a,&6s'#"o r!"#so %! $a rob$!(3'#"a E& !s'! "o&'!@'o5 B*&,! 9::K

sos'#!&! )*!-

La #&.!s'#,a"#6& %!s"r#'#.a "o(r!&%! $a %!s"r#"#6&5 !$ r!,#s'ro5a&3$#s#s ! #&'!rr!'a"#6& %! $a &a'*ra$!2a > $a "o(r!&s#6& o

ro"!sos %! $os ?!&6(!&os E$ !&?o)*! )*! s! a"! sobr!

"o&"$*s#o&!s %o(#&a&'!s > 'rabajos sobr! r!a$#%a%!s %! !"os5 >

s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a ?*&%a(!&'a$ !s $a %! r!s!&'ar *&a #&'!rr!'a"#6&

"orr!"'a %! $os (#s(os K

Es #(or'a&'! s!1a$ar )*! !$ ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! %!b! '!&!r ao>o !& *&a

#&.!s'#,a"#6& %!s"r#'#.a %! "a(o o *& %#s!1o )*! #&"$*>a a(bas(o%a$#%a%!s

D$eQ# ,e la In1e$%"ac?n

S!,0& $a U&#.!rs#%a% !@!r#(!&'a$ L#b!r'a%or UPEL5 <<K $a

#&.!s'#,a"#6& %! "a(o "o&s#s'! !&-

E$ a&3$#s#s s#s'!(3'#"o %! rob$!(as !& $a r!a$#%a% "o& !$

ro6s#'o b#!& s!a %! %!s"r#b#r$os5 #&'!rr!'ar$os5 !&'!&%!r s*

&a'*ra$!2a > ?a"'or!s "o&s'#'*>!&'!5 !@$#"ar s*s "a*sas > !?!"'os5

o r!%!"#r s* o"*rr!&"#a5 a"#!&%o *so %! (4'o%os "ara"'!r+s'#"os

%! "*a$)*#!ra %! $as ara%#,(a o !&?o)*!s %! $a #&.!s'#,a"#6&

"o&o"#%os o !& %!sarro$$o 9=K

D!&'ro %! !s'! (ar"o %! o#&#o&!s $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6& ob!%!"! a

*& %#s!1o %! "a(o5 or "*a&'o !$ (#s(o !r(#'#6 &o so$o obs!r.ar5 s#&o

r!"o$!"'ar $os %a'os %#r!"'a(!&'! %! $a r!a$#%a% obj!'o %! !s'*%#o5 !& s*

a(b#!&'! "o'#%#a&o ara os'!r#or(!&'! a&a$#2ar ! #&'!rr!'ar $os r!s*$'a%os

%! !s'as #&%a,a"#o&!s

P#<lac?n

D! a"*!r%o a Ta(a>o > Ta(a>o <<K5 $a ob$a"#6& Es $a 'o'a$#%a% %!$

?!&6(!&o a !s'*%#ar !& %o&%! "a%a *&#%a% %! ob$a"#6& os!! *&a

117



"ara"'!r+s'#"a "o(0&5 $a "*a$ s! !s'*%#a > %a or#,!& a $os %a'os %! $a

#&.!s'#,a"#6& 99K

La ob$a"#6& %! *&a #&.!s'#,a"#6& !s !$ "o&j*&'o %! *&#%a%!s %! $as )*!

%!s!a& ob'!&!r > sobr! $as "*a$!s .a& a ,!&!rar "o&"$*s#o&!s5 'a(b#4&*!%! s!r %!?#&#%a "o(o !$ "o&j*&'o ?#&#'o o #&?#&#'o %! !$!(!&'os !rso&as o

"osas !r'#&!&'!s a *&a #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 $a ob$a"#6& ?*! !&'o&"!s5 'o%os $os

!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s %! $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo %! Coro!$!"

M*e$%+a

S! a"! &!"!sar#o a"$arar )*! s! 'rabaj6 "o& $a 'o'a$#%a% %! $a (*!s'ra5

$a "*a$ s! %!?#&! "o(o (*!s'ra "a*sa$ A$ r!s!"'o L6!2 9:::K5 $a s!1a$a"o(o- A)*!$$a or"#6& )*! r!r!s!&'a a 'o%a $a ob$a"#6& 9K5 !s %!"#r5

$a ob$a"#6& !s 'o%a $a (*!s'ra a #&.!s'#,ar5 b#!& s!a !& *& ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!

* o'ra (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o

La (*!s'ra !s s#($!(!&'! !& s!&'#%o ,!&4r#"o5 *&a ar'!

r!r!s!&'a'#.a %! $a ob$a"#6& o *&#.!rso "*>as "ara"'!r+s'#"as "ab!

r!ro%*"#r !& !)*!1o $o (3s !@a"'a(!&'! os#b$! E& !s'! "aso $a (*!s'ra

so& %os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& SIEMENS5 aso"#a%os a $as $+&!as

Carabobo I > Carabobo II

T-cnca$ e In$%+*.en%#$ ;a+a la Rec#lecc?n ,e la In#+.ac?n

Las '4"&#"as5 'a$ "o(o $a s!1a$a Br#'o 9::K So& $as )*! !r(#'!&

ob'!&!r #&?or(a"#6& %! ?*!&'!s r#(ar#as > s!"*&%ar#as <K E&'r! $as

'4"&#"as (3s *'#$#2a%as or $os #&.!s'#,a%or!s s! *!%!& &o(brar- !&"*!s'a5

!&'r!.#s'a5 obs!r.a"#6&5 a&3$#s#s %! "o&'!&#%o > a&3$#s#s %! %o"*(!&'os Es

as+ "o(o ara $a r!"o$!""#6& %! %a'os !& !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! *'#$#26 "o(o'4"&#"as- La T4"&#"a %! A&3$#s#s %! Do"*(!&'a$5 La Obs!r.a"#6& C#!&'+?#"a >

La E&'r!.#s'a

Co& r!$a"#6& a $a obs!r.a"#6& "#!&'+?#"a V#$$a?ra&"a 9::K5 $a&'!a )*!

Es $a&#?#"a%a > "o&'ro$a%a5 !s'3 s*j!'a a "o&'ro$!s %! .a$#%!2 > ?#ab#$#%a%5

118



*'#$#2a (!%#os ! #&s'r*(!&'os ro#os A$ (#s(o '#!(o s!1a$a !$ (#s(o

a*'or )*! $a obs!r.a"#6& "#!&'+?#"a s!,0& $os (!%#os s! "a$#?#"a !&

Obs!r.a"#6& &o !s'r*"'*ra%a > Obs!r.a"#6& !s'r*"'*ra%a K

E& !s'! or%!& %! #%!as5 a> )*! r!sa$'ar )*! !$ r!s!&'! !s'*%#o !($!o$a obs!r.a"#6& !s'r*"'*ra%a5 $a "*a$ s! r!?#!r! s!,0& V#$$a?ra&"a 9::K5 a

a)*!$$a )*! ?a"#$#'a obs!r.ar $os ?!&6(!&os !& ?or(a s#s'!(3'#"a > *'#$#2ar

'4"&#"as ! #&s'r*(!&'os )*! !r(#'a& (!%#r > or,a&#2ar $a #&?or(a"#6&

E& $o )*! "o&"#!r&a a $a '4"&#"a %! a&3$#s#s %o"*(!&'a$5 $a (#s(a !s

as*(#%a or !r&3&%!2 9::K5 "o(o *&a '4"&#"a )*! "o&s#s'! !& %!'!"'ar

ob'!&!r > "o&s*$'ar $a b#b$#o,ra?+a > (a'!r#a$!s )*! *!%a s!r 0'#$!s ara !$

ro6s#'o %!$ !s'*%#o as+ "o(o !@'ra!r > r!"o#$ar $a #&?or(a"#6& r!$!.a&'! >&!"!sar#a )*! a'a1! a$ rob$!(a !& #&.!s'#,a"#6& ;K

As#(#s(o5 "o& r!s!"'o a $a '4"&#"a %! $a E&'r!.#s'a5 Ar#as <<K #&%#"a

)*! M3s )*! *& s#($! #&'!rro,a'or#o !s *&a '4"&#"a basa%a !& !$ %#a$o,o o

"o&.!rsa"#6& "ara a "ara !&'r! !$ !&'r!.#s'a%or > !$ !&'r!.#s'a%o a"!r"a %!

*& '!(a r!.#a(!&'! %!'!r(#&a%o5 %! 'a$ (a&!ra )*! !$ !&'r!.#s'a%or *!%a

ob'!&!r $a #&?or(a"#6& r!)*!r#%a ;K

M3s a%!$a&'! Ar#as <<K s!1a$a )*! $a !&'r!.#s'a s! "$as#?#"a !&

!&'r!.#s'a !s'r*"'*ra%a o ?or(a$5 !&'r!.#s'a &o !s'r*"'*ra%a > !&'r!.#s'a

s!(#8 !s'r*"'*ra%a

D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o5 !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& *'#$#26 ara r!"o$!"'ar $a

#&?or(a"#6& $a !&'r!.#s'a !s'r*"'*ra%a o ?or(a$5 $a "*a$ !s %!?#&#%a or !$

a*'or a&'!r#or(!&'! (!&"#o&a%o5 "o(o $a )*! s! r!a$#2a a ar'#r %! *&a ,*+a

r!%#s!1a%a )*! "o&'#!&! $as r!,*&'as )*! s!r3& ?or(*$a%as a$

!&'r!.#s'a%o ara $o,rar ob'!&!r %! a$$+ $as r!s*!s'as r!)*!r#%as ara !$

a&3$#s#s "orr!so&%#!&'! E& "*a&'o a$ #&s'r*(!&'o s! '#!&! )*! P4r!2 <<K $o "o&s#%!ra "o(o $a

!rra(#!&'a )*! *'#$#2a !$ #&.!s'#,a%or ara r!,#s'rar > or,a&#2ar

os'!r#or(!&'! $a #&?or(a"#6& o $as r!s*!s'as ;;K Para !s'! !s'*%#o s!

s!$!""#o&6 *&a ,*+a %! !&'r!.#s'a5 "o&?or(a%a or 'r!"! 9K r!,*&'as

119





8a$e$ ,e la In1e$%"ac?n

8a$e I: Da"n#$%c# la $%*ac?n ac%*al *e ;+e$en%an l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e

;+#%ecc?n ac%*ale$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II enlace *e*ne a la$ SS5EE Ca+a<#<# Pe,+# Ca.e/#7

E$ !s'*%#o or !s'ar !&(ar"a%o !& $a (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! s!

%!sarro$$6 !& ?as!s5 s#!&%o $a Fas! I5 $a )*! s! r!?#!r! a$ %#a,&6s'#"o o

%!'!""#6& %! &!"!s#%a%!s D*ra&'! !s'a ?as! s! $$!.6 a "abo !$ %#a,&6s'#"o

%! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !& $as

$+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II !& $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5

ara $o "*a$ ?*! &!"!sar#o %!'!r(#&ar- $a &a'*ra$!2a %!$ !s'*%#o5 ob$a"#6& >(*!s'ra5 '4"&#"as ! #&s'r*(!&'os %! r!"o$!""#6& %! %a'os5 .a$#%!2 >

"o&?#ab#$#%a% %!$ #&'!r"a(b#o > '4"&#"as %! a&3$#s#s %! %a'os5 !s %! a"!r

&o'ar )*! %#"a ?as! %!'!r(#&6 $a &a'*ra$!2a %!$ !s'*%#o5 $a "*a$ s!

or#!&'ar3 bajo !$ !&?o)*! "*a&'#'a'#.o

E& !s'a ?as! s! !s'*%#6 $as !s'a%+s'#"as %! ?a$$as r!s!&'!s !& $a 2o&a

%! !s'*%#o ara as+ "o(arar $a (!jor+a %! $os &*!.os !s)*!(as "o& $os

a"'*a$!s5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& $as "ar,as (3@#(as %! $as $+&!as aso"#a%as

S! obs!r.6 $os $a&os > $a #&,!&#!r+a %! %!'a$$! )*! r!s!&'a& $os

a"'*a$!s !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 !s!"#?#"a&%o $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $os

a"'*a$!s !s)*!(as5 'a(b#4& s! ob'*.o #&?or(a"#6& sobr! $as #(!%a&"#as

%! $as $+&!as > $os &#.!$!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'os %! $as %#"as $+&!as aso"#a%as a

$as SS/EE !& !s'*%#o

S!,0& !r&3&%!2 <<K !$ !&?o)*! "*a&'#'a'#.a Usa $a r!"o$!""#6& %!

%a'os ara robar #6'!s#s5 "o& bas! !& $a (!%#"#6& &*(4r#"a > !$ a&3$#s#s

!s'a%+s'#"o5 ara !s'ab$!"!r a'ro&!s %! "o(or'a(#!&'o > robar '!or+asK D! !s'a (a&!ra $a ?as! %#a,&os'#"a a'!&%#6 a $os $#&!a(#!&'os %!$

(4'o%o "#!&'+?#"o a 'ra.4s %! $a a$#"a"#6& %! ro"!%#(#!&'os "*a&'#'a'#.os

"o(o $o !s !$ !($!o %! $a !&'r!.#s'a !s'r*"'*ra%a

121



8a$e II: AnFl$$ ,e l#$ ;a+F.e%+#$ #<%en,#$ ;a+a #<$e+1a+ el

c#.;#+%a.en%# ,e l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ n$%ala,#$

ac%*al.en%e +eal>an,# e$%*,#$ ,e c#+%#c+c*%#$7

E& !s'a ?as! s! a&a$#26 $os r!s*$'a%os ob'!&#%os (!%#a&'! !$%#a,&6s'#"o5 ara $o,rar (a&!jar $os !$!(!&'os )*! r#,!& $a #($!(!&'a"#6&

%! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"os5 s! "a$"*$6 "o& "*a&'a

?r!"*!&"#a o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a > "o(o !$ s#s'!(a a"'*a$ $a a+s$a Ta(b#4& s!

"a$"*$6 $os &#.!$!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'os s!,0& $as #(!%a&"#as %! $as $+&!as

aso"#a%as a $as SS/EE !& !s'*%#o S! a&a$#2aro& $os r!s*$'a%os )*! %!jo !s'!

"3$"*$o5 !$ "*a$ a>*%o a $a !s"o,!&"#a %! &*!.os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s

!$ a&3$#s#s %! $as .ar#ab$!s a$#"a%as ara !$ %#a,&6s'#"o (os'ro "o& !@a"'#'*%)*4 o"*rr! a"'*a$(!&'! > "*3$!s so& $as %!?#"#!&"#as !& !$ s#s'!(a E& !s'a

?as! II s! !s'*%#6 $os ar3(!'ros (o&#'or!a%os or !$ !s)*!(a a"'*a$ %!

ro'!""#6& !& !$ !&$a"! )*! *&! $as SS/EE P!%ro Ca(!jo > Carabobo > $as

"ara"'!r+s'#"as %! ?a$$as a"'*a$!s $o,ra&%o sab!r s# $os !s)*!(as #&s'a$a%os

$o,raba& %!'!"'ar$a

8a$e III: P+#;*e$%a ,e n*e1a$ %ecn#l#"@a$ en l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e

;+#%ecc#ne$ ;a+a "a+an%>a+ el <*en *nc#na.en%# an%e alla$ ,e al%a

.;e,anca! #;%.>an,# el %e.;# ,e #;e+ac?n l#$ a/*$%e$ en l#$

;a+F.e%+#$7

E& !s'a ?as! s! !s'*%#6 $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! ?a$$as5 > ?*!ro&

"o(ara%as "o& $as &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as5 s! !s"o,#!ro& $os &*!.os !)*#os

%!s*4s %! %#"a "o(ara"#6& Ta(b#4& !s'a ?as! s! (*!s'ra $os aj*s'!s

"a$"*$a%os )*! "o(o&!& !$ &*!.o !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&5 r!,#%os or *&

"r#'!r#o %! aj*s'! !& ar'#"*$ar A$ sab!r )*! $as ?a$$as so& %! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5s! $o,r6 %!?#&#r )*! !)*#os *'#$#2ar ara )*! !$ !s)*!(a "*($a "o& *& b*!&

?*&"#o&a(#!&'o > $os '#!(os %! o!ra"#6& a&'! $as (#s(as s!a o'#(#2a%o

To%os $os ar3(!'ros aso"#a%os a $a $+&!a s! or,a&#2aro& > a>*%aro& a$

"3$"*$o %! aj*s'! ara as+ %ar$! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& %! $os &*!.os

122



!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&

8a$e IV: E1al*ac?n la ac%<l,a, T-cncaEc#n?.ca ,e la

.;le.en%ac?n ,e la$ ;+#%ecc#ne$ n*.-+ca$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I

Ca+a<#<# II7

E& !s'a ?as! s! ro"!%#6 a %!'!r(#&ar $a .#ab#$#%a% %! $a ro*!s'a5

ar'#!&%o %! $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% '4"&#"a5 $a "*a$ !s'3 r!?!r#%a 'a&'o a$ r!"*rso

*(a&o "o(o a$ r!"*rso '!"&o$6,#"o5 )*! s! r!)*#!r!& ara !j!"*'ar $as

a""#o&!s "orr!so&%#!&'!s a $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! $os !s)*!(as &*(4r#"os

%! ro'!""#6& D!&'ro %! !s'! !s"!&ar#o s! *!%! %!"#r5 )*! s# s! '#!&! !$

r!"*rso *(a&o !s!"#a$#2a%o > a"'*a$#2a%o !& !$ 3r!a I&,!&#!ros !$4"'r#"os

> '4"&#"os !& !$!"'r#"#%a% $os "*a$!s "o& s* a($#a %#sos#"#6& >

"o(ro(#so5 $$!.aro& a "abo $a ro*!s'a r!s!&'a%a Por o'ro $a%o s!

os!! !$ r!"*rso '!"&o$6,#"o ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"asK $os "*a$!s (!%#a&'!

!$ "a(b#o %! #&,!&#!r+a > !)*#os ?*! ?a"'#b$! a%!"*ar $os !s)*!(as a $as

&*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > II !& $as SS/EE Carabobo >

P!%ro Ca(!jo D! #,*a$ (a&!ra5 ?*! os#b$! %!'!r(#&ar $a .#ab#$#%a%

!"o&6(#"a %! $a ro*!s'a5 $a "*a$ ?*! os#'#.a5 or "*a&'o !& !$

r!s**!s'o %! $as SS/EE (!&"#o&a%as5 !s'aba& #&"orora%os $os!s)*!(as &*(4r#"os "o(o #&&o.a"#6&

8a$e V: I.;le.en%ac?n ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ n*.-+ca$ en la$ l@nea$

Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II enlace *e *ne a la$ SS5EE Ca+a<#<# Pe,+#

Ca.e/#! .e,an%e el *$# ,e n*e1a$ %ecn#l#"@a$ ;a+a nn#1a+ l#$

e$*e.a$ ac%*ale$7

A 'ra.4s %!$ %!sarro$$o %! !s'a ?as! s! !j!"*'ara !$ "a(b#o %! !)*#os

(!%#a&'! $a r!a$#2a"#6& %! r*!bas %! a"!'a"#6& ara $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o

%! $os &*!.os !s)*!(as &*(4r#"os %! ro'!""#6& !& $as $+&!as

a&'!r#or(!&'! (!&"#o&a%as D#"as a""#o&!s5 *&a .!2 #($!(!&'a%os

!r(#'#!ro& !.a$*ar $os a$"a&"!s %! $os (#s(os $o "*a$ arrojo r!s*$'a%os

123



sa'#s?a"'or#os or "*a&'o s! %#o r!s*!s'a "orr!"'a > oor'*&a a $a

rob$!(3'#"a #&#"#a$(!&'! $a&'!a%a To%o !$$o ?*! os#b$! ob'!&!rs! ,ra"#as

a $a (o%!r&#2a"#6& %! $os !s)*!(as or (!%#o %! #&&o.a"#o&!s )*!

$o,raro& (#&#(#2ar $as #&'!rr*"#o&!s )*! a?!"'aba& "o& ?r!"*!&"#a $as%#?!r!&'!s a"'#.#%a%!s %! $a .#%a "o'#%#a&a5 as+ "o(o $a o'#(#2a"#6& !& !$

s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a D! #,*a$ (o%o $a ro'!""#6& &*(4r#"a

!r(#'#6 ?a"#$#'ar $a (!%#"#6&5 s*!r.#s#6& > "o&'ro$ %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o

124



CAP2TULO IV

RESULTADOS

E& $os "a+'*$os a&'!r#or!s s! a !@*!s'o *& "o&j*&'o %! "o&'!&#%os

)*! (*!s'ra& %! (a&!ra a($#a !$ rob$!(a a !s'*%#ar5 !s'o "o& $a ?#&a$#%a%

%! b*s"ar *&a so$*"#6& ?a"'#b$! ara 4$ E& !s'! "a+'*$o s! %!sarro$$6 $a

#&.!s'#,a"#6& %a&%o "*($#(#!&'o a $as ?as!s r!s!&'a%as !& !$ (ar"o

(!'o%o$6,#"o Los r!s*$'a%os ?*!ro& r!s!&'a%os or ?as!s5 $as "*a$!s .a&

%!s%! !$ %#a,&6s'#"o %! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ a&3$#s#s %! $a #&?or(a"#6&

r!"o$!"'a%a > !j!"*"#6& %!$ "a(b#o %! !)*#os E& !s'! 'rabajo s! or#!&'a a$

r!($a2o %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara as+ '!&!r *&a (!jor

r!s*!s'a a$ (o(!&'o %! *&a ?a$$a

8a$e I: Da"n?$%c# ,e la $%*ac?n ac%*al *e ;+e$en%an l#$ e$*e.a$

,e ;+#%ecc?n en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II enlace *e *ne a

la$ SS5EE Ca+a<#<# Pe,+# Ca.e/#7

La SS/EE P!%ro Ca(!jo > Carabobo5 s! *&!& a 'ra.4s %! %os $+&!as %!

'ra&s(#s#6& !& *& &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& %! 99V5 > $as ro'!""#o&!s %! %#"as

$+&!as #&.o$*"ra%as "o& !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! *b#"a& !& $a S*b!s'a"#6& P!%ro

Ca(!jo Es'a S/E "*!&'a "o& *& a'#o %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 *&o %! 'ra&s(#s#6& >

*&o %! %#s'r#b*"#6&5 s#r.#!&%o 'a(b#4& ara !&$a2ar $as $+&!as (3s #(or'a&'!

%!$ s#s'!(a #&%*s'r#a$ %! Va$!&"#a > s*s a$r!%!%or!s %#"a ,!&!ra"#6& !s'3

"o(*!s'a or %os ,!&!ra%or!s '!r(o!$4"'r#"os %! < (!,a.a'#os MVAK

"a%a *&o V!r ?#,*ra :K5 $o,ra&%o *& ,ra& aor'! a$ s#s'!(a #&'!r"o&!"'a%o

&a"#o&a$ $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s *!%!& .!rs! !& !$ "*a%ro

125



D#"os ,!&!ra%or!s a$#(!&'a& *&os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s )*! s! !&"ar,a&

%! !$!.ar $a '!&s#6& %! 95=V a 99V a"#a $a barra r#&"#a$ %!$ a'#o %!

'ra&s(#s#6& %! $a S/E

Figura *6: ;enerador& Planta Pedro Came-o. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

D#"a barra !& !$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& (!&"#o&a%o5 s! !&"*!&'ra !&'r!$a2a%a

"o& *&a s!r#! %! !)*#os %! o'!&"#a5 %a&%o or#,!& a $os 'ra(os %! sa$#%a %!

$+&!a o %! 'ra&s?or(a"#6& E& !$ a'#o %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !@#s'!& sa$#%as %!

$+&!as %!$ (#s(o &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& a"#a $a S/E Sa& D#!,o %os sa$#%asK5 a $a

S/E Carabobo %os sa$#%asK5 a $a S/E Va$!&"#a > $a S/E P$a&'a %!$ Es'!5

'o%as !s'as !r'!&!"#!&'!s a CORPOELEC5 %#"as !&'ra%as > sa$#%as

*!%!& obs!r.ar "$ara(!&'! !& !$ %#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar !@*!s'o !& !$ A&!@o

126



A

Es'as "o&?#,*ra"#o&!s !s'3& "o&?or(a%as or #&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#a5

s!""#o&a%or!s s!a a"#a $+&!a o a"#a barraK5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a

"o(o $os TP > TC5 soor'!s5 "o&%*"'or!s > 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a

C*a,+#

Gene+a,#+e$7

I,en%cac?n G(( G(&

Mar"a S#!(!&s

E$!.a"#6& 9 #!s

Po'!&"#a < MVA

Fa"'or %! Po'!&"#a <= A(!r#os %!$ Es'a'or ;;; A

Vo$'aj! %!$ Es'a'or 9<<< V

Fas!s

Fr!"*!&"#a

V!$o"#%a%

A(!r#os Ro'or

Es'3&%ar

T!(!ra'*ra M3@#(a %! O!ra"#6&

T!(!ra'*ra M+&#(a %! O!ra"#6&

< 2

<< r(

9;= A

ANSI

99 7F

< 7F9ota: $omado de la S,E Pedro Came-o.

Gra"#as a $a '4"&#"a %! obs!r.a"#6& %#r!"'a s! %#a,&os'#"6 "*a&'os

!)*#os %! o'!&"#a "o&?or(a& $os 'r!s (!&"#o&a%os a'#os %! $a S/E P!%ro

Ca(!jo5 s! 'o(6 &o'a %! "a%a *&a %! $as (ar"as > s#(bo$o,+as %! %#"os

!)*#os5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& %! s*s "ara"'!r+s'#"as r#&"#a$!s %!ja&%o "o(or!s*$'a%o $os s#,*#!&'!s %a'os-

In%e++*;%#+e$ ,e P#%enca

Los #&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#a V!r ?#,*ra <K5 !s'3& aso"#a%os a 'o%as >

127



"a%a *&a %! $as sa$#%as %! $+&!a o a$ 'ra(o %! 'ra&s?or(a"#6& Los o'ros

#&'!rr*'or!s )*! ?or(a& ar'! %!$ a'#o %! $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo so& $os )*!

!s'3& aso"#a%os a $os 'ra(os %! ,!&!ra"#6& > 'ra&s?or(a"#6& Las %#?!r!&'!s

(ar"as %! $os #&'!rr*'or!s > s*s "ara"'!r+s'#"as s! !&"*!&'ra& !@$#"#'as !&$os "*a%ros 5 > ;

C*a,+# )

In%e++*;%#+e$ ,e P#%enca7

I,en%cac?n KJ')!K(')

Mar"a AREVA5ALTOM

T#o

T!&s#6& &o(#&a$

GL 9 F9

9VI&'!&s#%a% %! "orr#!&'! &o(#&a$ 9< A

D*ra"#6& &o(#&a$ a%(#s#b$! %!

"or'o"#r"*#'o

Corr#!&'! %! "or'! &o(#&a$ !&

"or'o"#r"*#'o

s!,

<A

T#o %! !@'#&"#6& Gas SF

A1o <<;

N#%a: T#.a,# ,e la S5E Pe,+# Ca.e/#7

Figura 0: nterrutor de Potencia marca Siemens. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.C*a,+# J


128



I,en%cac?n K)')!K(('!K(&'

Mar"a S#!(!&s

T#o

T!&s#6& &o(#&a$

AP9 FG

99 VFr!"*!&"#a <2

I&'!&s#%a% %! "orr#!&'! &o(#&a$ 9< A

D*ra"#6& &o(#&a$ a%(#s#b$! %!

"or'o"#r"*#'o

Corr#!&'! %! "or'! &o(#&a$ !&

"or'o"#r"*#'o

s!,

<A

T#o %! !@'#&"#6& SF

A1o <99ota: $omado de la S,E Pedro Came-o.

C*a,+#


I,en%cac?n K')! K')! K&')! K(('

Mar"a ASEA

T#o

T!&s#6& &o(#&a$

9/< B

9VFr!"*!&"#a <2

I&'!&s#%a% %! "orr#!&'! &o(#&a$ << A

D*ra"#6& &o(#&a$ a%(#s#b$! %!

"or'o"#r"*#'o

Corr#!&'! %! "or'! &o(#&a$ !&

"or'o"#r"*#'o

s!,

<A

T#o %! !@'#&"#6& A"!#'!

A1o 9:;;

9ota: $omado de la S,E Pedro Came-o.

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e P#%enca

129





Figura 1: $rans+ormador de otencia Fortuner Elec. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

C*a,+#

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e P#%enca Re,*c%#+7

I,en%cac?n TD

Mar"a ALSTOM

T#o TTRV

Fas!s Es'3&%ar IEC ;

T!&s#6& No(#&a$ !& A$'a 99V

T!&s#6& &o(#&a$ !& Baja 9=V

T!(!ra'*ra %!$ A"!#'! < 7 C

I(!%a&"#a 9<5X

Po'!&"#a 8< MVA

Gr*o V!"'or#a$ YN>&<

I&'!&s#%a% No(#&a$ A$'a 99 A

I&'!&s#%a% No(#&a$ Baja 9 A

A1o 9::<


131



Figura 2: $rans+ormador de Potencia !S$AB8. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e P#%encal

Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a so& *&a ar'! (*> #(or'a&'! %!&'ro %!

$a S/E5 !s'os s! !&"ar,a& %! bajar !$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& o "orr#!&'!5 a *&os.a$or!s (!%#b$!s > (a&#*$ab$!s ara $os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6& > (!%#"#6&

Ca%a *&o %! !s'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s !s'3 aso"#a%o a *&a ?as!5 !s %!"#r so&

(o&o?3s#"os

D!&'ro %! !s'os !)*#os %! (!%#%a !s'3& $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %!

o'!&"#a$ o '!&s#6& TPK V!r ?#,*ra K5 "o&!"'a%os !& ara$!$o a $a $as

$+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& so& *'#$#2a%os ara ob'!&!r $os ar3(!'ros )*! %!?#&!&

o "o&'#!&! %#"as $+&!as5 !s'os ar3(!'ros o .a$or!s so& $$!.a%os %!s%!!s'os TP as'a $a sa$a %! (a&%o %! $a S/E5 > so& obs!r.a%os !& $os 'ab$!ros

%! (!%#"#6& o %! ro'!""#o&!s5 a>*%a&%o as+ a "o&?#,*rar $os aj*s'!s %! $as

(#s(as D#"os TP !& $a S/E !& !s'*%#o5 so& 'r!s or "a%a sa$#%a o 'ra(o5

s#!&%o %! .ar#as (ar"as > %! %#?!r!&'!s a1os %! ?abr#"a"#6&5 !ro

132



b3s#"a(!&'! "o& $as (#s(as "ara"'!r+s'#"as5 %#"as !s!"#?#"a"#o&!s s!

!&"*!&'ra& !@r!sa%as !& !$ "*a%ro 9<

Figura ": $rans+ormador de otencial !RE!. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

C*a,+# ('

T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e P#%encal7

Ma+ca ABB! AREVA! ARTECKE! RITZ

T#o

N#.!$ %! '!&s#6&

UT89

99V

Fr!"*!&"#a < 2

R!$a"#6& 99V/99<V

Nor(as IEC <<8

133



A1o <9


Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a s! !&"*!&'ra& "o(*!s'os or *&

&0"$!o !& !$ r#(ar#o > %os &0"$!os !& !$ s!"*&%ar#o5 %#"a %#.#s#6& %!$

s!"*&%ar#o !s ara o%!r '!&!r !& !$ (#s(o !)*#o %os ?*&"#o&!s5 (!%#"#6&

> ro'!""#6& E& !$ "*a%ro 99 s! (*!s'ra "o(o !s'3& %#s'r#b*#%os $os &0"$!os

!& $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! '!&s#6& o o'!&"#a$5 !& $as $+&!as !& !s'*%#o5

(os'ra&%o !& !$ (#s(o5 $a "$as! %! r!"#s#6& > $as r!$a"#o&!s %!

'ra&s?or(a"#6& %! "a%a &0"$!o

C*a,+# ((

U$# ,e l#$ ncle#$ ,el $ec*n,a+# en l#$ TP7

Ncle# Can%,a, Te+.nale$ Relac?n Ca+"a Cla$e ,e

;+ec$?n

M!%#"#6& 9 9a89& 99V/99<V 9<VA CL <

Pro'!""#6& 9 a8& 99V/99<V ;VA P


T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e C#++en%e

Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! TCK5 !&"ar,a%os %! r!%*"#r $a

"orr#!&'! o #&'!&s#%a%5 a &#.!$!s (a&!jab$!s or $os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6& >

(!%#"#6&5 so& (o&o?3s#"os %#"os TC s! "o&!"'a& !& s!r#! "o& $a sa$#%a %!$+&!a5 !r(#'!& sab!r "*3&'a "orr#!&'! asa or "a%a ?as!5 > as+ o%!r

"o$o"ar 'o%os $os %!(3s "o(o&!&'!s r!$a"#o&a%os5 r!?!r#%os !s! .a$or

E& $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo s! obs!r.aro& 'r!s or "a%a sa$#%a %! $+&!a o

'ra(o V!r ?#,*ra K5 s#!&%o %! %#?!r!&'!s r!$a"#o&!s5 %!!&%#!&%o $a "ar,a

134



)*! '!&,a "a%a sa$#%a5 !ro "o& "ara"'!r+s'#"as "o(*&!s !&'r! !$$os5 a !sar

%! $as %#?!r!&"#as !&'r! $os ?abr#"a&'!s D#"as "ara"'!r+s'#"as s! !&"*!&'ra&

!@*!s'as !& !$ "*a%ro 9

Figura : $rans+ormador de Corriente !SE!. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

C*a,+# (&T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e C#++en%e7

Ma+ca ABB!AREVA

T#o IMB 9

Nor(as IEC <<89

D#s'a&"#a F*,a ((

T!&s#6& M3@#(a 9 V

N#.!$ %! a#s$a(#!&'o <8< V

Corr#!&'! '4r(#"a 9=<< AFr!"*!&"#a <2

R!$a"#6& 9<</


135



E& $os TC %! $as 'r!s ?as!s %! $as $+&!as !& !s'*%#o5 !@#s'!& &0"$!os

r#(ar#o > s!"*&%ar#o E$ r#(ar#o &o '#!&! ar'#"#o&!s5 !ro !$ s!"*&%ar#o s!

!&"*!&'ra %#.#%#%o !& "*a'ro ar'!s ara o%!r %#s'r#b*#r $as ?*&"#o&!s !&

ro'!""#6& > (!%#"#6& E& !$ "*a%ro 9 s! !@r!sa %!'a$$a%a(!&'! "o(o so&*'#$#2a%os !sos &0"$!os5 )*! r!$a"#6& %! "orr#!&'! $os "ara"'!r#2a > bajo )*4

"$as! %! r!"#s#6& o!ra&

C*a,+# (

U$# ,e l#$ ncle#$ ,el $ec*n,a+# en l#$ TC7

Ncle# Can%,a, Te+.nale$ Relac?n Ca+"a Cla$e ,e

;+ec$?n

M!%#"#6& 9 S8S

S8S

S98S

9<</ A

<<</ A

<</ A

< VA C$as! < Fs

< VA C$as! < Fs

= VA C$as! < Fs

Pro'!""#6& 9S89S

9S89S

9S989S

S8S

S8S

S98S

S8S

S8S

S98S

9<</ A

<<</ A

<</ A

9<</ A

<<</ A

<</ A

9<</ A

<<</ A

<</ A

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<

< VA "$as! P<9ota: $omado de la Placa caracter#stica de los $P en atio S,E Pedro Came-o.

La S/E !& !s'*%#o "*!&'a "o& *& a'#o %! %#s'r#b*"#6&5 "o(*!s'o "o(o

s! (!&"#o&6 a&'!s5 or *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a %! < MVA5 $$!.a&%o !$

136



&#.!$ %! '!&s#6& %! 99V a 9= V5 a$#(!&'a&%o as+ "#r"*#'os %! %#.!rsas

!(r!sas %!$ s!"'or #&%*s'r#a$ Do(+&,*!25 A&"or5 A$a"a > Goo%>!arK

E& !$ "*a%ro 95 s! &o(bra& $os "6%#,os %! "a%a $+&!a sa$#%as %! $+&!a

o "#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6&K5 s* &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& > $a r!$a"#6& %! s*s'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! TCK

C*a,+# (

Sal,a$ ,e L@nea$ Pe,+# Ca.e/#7

Sal,a ,e l@nea C?,"# Ten$?n Relac?n TC

P$a&'a %!$ Es'! 9< 99V ;</

Va$!&"#a < 99V ;</

Carabobo I < 99V 9<</

Carabobo II < 99V 9<</

Sa& D#!,o I < 99V ;</

Sa& D#!,o II < 99V ;</

Pr#&"#a$ D89=< 95=V 9<</

Do(+&,*!2 D9< 95=V <</

Goo%>!ar D< 95=V <</

A&"or D< 95=V <</

A$a"a D< 95=V <</

9ota: $omado de la ;erencia de Beraciones Coroelec Cara'o'o.

S! !@'rajo %! $os 'ab$!ros %! (!%#"#6& %! $a S/E *&a 'ab$a "o& $as "ar,as

(3@#(as %! $as $+&!as %! !&'ra%as > sa$#%as5 'a&'o %! 'ra&s(#s#6& "o(o %!$

a'#o %! %#s'r#b*"#6& E& !$ "*a%ro 9 s! !@r!sa& !s'as "ar,as (3@#(as %! "a%a sa$#%a %!

$+&!a o "#r"*#'o %! %#s'r#b*"#6&5 $as "*a$!s !s'3& s!$!""#o&a%as *&'*a$(!&'!

!& *& !r#o%o "o(r!&%#%o !&'r! E&!ro <9 as'a D#"#!(br! <9

137



E& $as ?#,*ras > s! (*!s'ra& ,r3?#"a(!&'! $as "ar,as (3@#(as

(os'ra%as !& !$ "*a%ro 9

138





0

100

200

300

400

500600

700

800

Enero

Febrero

Marzo

Abril

Mayo

Junio

Julio

Agosto

Setie!bre

"#tubre

$o%ie!bre

&i#ie!bre

LINEAS 115KV

CARGAS EN AMP

139



Figura *: Cargas m75imas de las l#neas de transmisi%n en la S,E Pedro Came-o Fuente: E5cel.

140



Enero Febrero

Marzo Abr i l

Mayo Ju ni o

Julio Agosto

Setie!bre

"#tubre

$o%ie!bre

&i#ie!bre

circuitos de distribucion

CArgas en AMP

141



Figura *: Cargas m75imas de los circuitos de distri'uci%n en la S,E Pedro Came-o Fuente: E5cel.

142



Ca%a *&o %! $os "#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6& s! (*!s'ra& !& $a ?#,*ra ;

Figura : Circuitos de Distri'uci%n. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.

S#,*#!&%o "o& !$ %#a,&os'#"o5 ?*!ro& ?a"#$#'a%os $os &#.!$!s %!

"or'o"#r"*#'o a"'*a$!s %!$ s#s'!(a5 a $a G!r!&"#a %! O!ra"#o&!s %!

Coro!$!"5 %o&%! s! !s!"#?#"a& $os &#.!$!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'o 'r#?3s#"o >(o&o?3s#"o r!s!"'#.a(!&'! %! $as SS/EE #&.o$*"ra%as P!%ro Ca(!jo >

CaraboboK V!r a&!@o BK5 "ab! %!s'a"ar )*! !s'os &#.!$!s so& %!$ a1o <<:

S#,*#!&%o "o& $a r!"o#$a"#6& %! #&?or(a"#6& ara %#a,&os'#"ar $a

s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ a 'ra.4s %! $a obs!r.a"#6& %#r!"'a5 s! '#!&!& $os !)*#os %!

ro'!""#o&!s r!?!r#%os a $as $+&!as )*! s#r.!& %! !&$a"! !&'r! $a S/E P!%ro

Ca(!jo > $a S/E Carabobo5 %#"os !s)*!(as !s'3& "o(*!s'os or *&a

ro'!""#6& %! #$o #$o'o "o(o ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > *&a ro'!""#6& %!

%#s'a&"#a "o(o ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o

D#"a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ %! #$o #$o'o !s *& !s)*!(a %#?!r!&"#a$ (ar"a

ASEA5 %! *& '!"&o$o,+a !$!"'r6&#"a %#s"r!'a5 !$ "*a$ o!raba a 'ra.4s %! s*

"o(*&#"a"#6& !&'r! $as SS/EE (!%#a&'! *& "o&%*"'or %! "obr! a$oja%o a $as

141



a?*!ras %! $a S/E

Gra"#as a $as .#s#'as a $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo s! *!%o "o&s'a'ar )*!

%#"o !s)*!(a >a &o s! !&"*!&'ra !& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %!b#%o a )*! !$

"o&%*"'or o !$!(!&'o %! "o(*&#"a"#6& ?*! *r'a%o Ya )*! s! !&"o&'raba a$as a?*!ras %! $a S/E5 s#!&%o !$ !s)*!(a %! r!sa$%o !$ 0&#"o !&

?*&"#o&a(#!&'o5 !s %!"#r5 )*! %#"as $+&!as &o "*!&'a& "o& *&a ro'!""#6&

%! r!sa$%o "o$o"a&%o !& !$#,ro $os !)*#os > !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o

A$ (o(!&'o %! )*! &o a"'*4 $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ or "*a$)*#!r

#&"o&.!&#!&'! "*a&%o o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a5 )*!%a& 'o%os !@*!s'os > o%r+a&

%a1ars!5 a?!"'a&%o as+ 'o%o !$ s#s'!(a E& $a ?#,*ra = > : s! *!%!

obs!r.ar !$ 'ab$!ro )*! "o&?or(aba %#"a ro'!""#6& %! #$o #$o'o >a ?*!ra%! s!r.#"#o

Figura 4: Es3uema de Protecci%n de Ailo Piloto Parte Frontal. Fuente: Sala De 8ando

142



S,E Pedro Came-o.

Figura 6: Es3uema de Protecci%n de Ailo Piloto Parte $rasera. Fuente: Sala De 8andoS,E Pedro Came-o.

E$ !s)*!(a %! r!sa$%o aora r#&"#a$K5 !s *& !s)*!(a %! %#s'a&"#a

(ar"a BBC L85 %! *&a '!"&o$o,+a !$!"'ro(!"3&#"a5 (*> rob*s'a

"o(*!s'a or %os 'ab$!ros (*> ,ra&%!s5 %#"a ro'!""#6& &o !s (*> !@a"'a

>a )*! $as $+&!as !& !s'*%#o so& %! 'a& so$o <<(5 > !s'o a"! )*! s! .*!$.a

#(r!"#sa D#"a !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& *!%! .!rs! !& $as ?#,*ras ;< > ;9

Es'os r!$4s *!%!& %!'!"'ar "or'o"#r"*#'os !&'r! ?as!s5 "or'o"#r"*#'os

'r#?3s#"os >-

a E& s#s'!(as "o& &!*'ro s6$#%a(!&'! a'!rra%o5 ?a$$as a '#!rra

(o&o?3s#"as > o$#?3s#"asb E& s#s'!(as "o& &!*'ro a#s$a%o o a'!rra%o a 'ra.4s %! *&a

#(!%a&"#a5 %ob$!s ?a$$as a '#!rra

E$ .a$or %! #(!%a&"#a %! arra&)*! %! !s'os r!$4s !s .ar#ab$! !

#&%!!&%#!&'! %!$ .a$or %! "orr#!&'! s*!r#or a IN A ?#& %! a*(!&'ar !$

ra&,o %! $a ro'!""#6& a bajas "orr#!&'!s5 $os r!$4s L5 !s'3& %#s!1a%os %! 'a$

143



?or(a )*! $a #(!%a&"#a %! arra&)*! a bajas "orr#!&'!s s!a (3s a$'a )*! !$

.a$or aj*s'a%o C*a&%o !$ .o$'aj! "a! a "!ro !s'os r!$4s a"'0a& "o(o r!$4s %!

sobr!"orr#!&'! > arra&"a& a < IN

Figura 0: Es3uema de Protecci%n >"2 Parte Frontal. Fuente: Sala De 8andoS,E Pedro Came-o.

Figura 1: Es3uema de Protecci%n >"2 Parte $rasera. Fuente: Sala De 8andoS,E Pedro Came-o.

144



U& "a(b#o !& $a ?r!"*!&"#a %!$ s#s'!(a &o a?!"'a $a (!%#"#6& La #(!%a&"#a

%! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a %! $a $+&!a s#!(r! !s (!%#%a5 #&%!!&%#!&'!(!&'! %!$

'#o %! ?a$$aLas "ara"'!r+s'#"as %!$ !s)*!(a L s! (*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro 9

C*a,+# (J

Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$ P+nc;ale$ ,el Rel- ,e P+#%ecc?n LZ&7

Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$

R!$4 "aa"#'a%o ara ro'!,!r $+&!as a4r!as o s*b'!rr3&!as5 #&"$*so $as %!

,ra& $o&,#'*% > "ar,a !$!.a%a

• D!'!""#6& s!$!"'#.a %! "*a$)*#!r '#o %! ?a$$a

• R!$4s %! arra&)*! or (+&#(a #(!%a&"#a

• Pro'!""#6& %! r!s!r.a "o&'ra $as ?a$$as a '#!rra

• Cara"'!r+s'#"as %! ro'!""#6& %! %#s'a&"#a5 "o& "*a'ro !s"a$o&a(#!&'os %!

'#!(os5 r!,*$ab$!s #&%!!&%#!&'!(!&'! !&'r! s+

• E$!(!&'o "o(0& ara $a (!%#%a %! $a %#s'a&"#a !& ?*&"#6& %!$ s!&'#%o5 "o&

"ara"'!r+s'#"a %! "+r"*$o %! a%(#'a&"#a %!s$a2a%o

• D!s!&,a&"! r3#%o !& $a r#(!ra !'aa

T#!(o (+&#(o %! o!ra"#6&- < Z (s!,

• Tr!s !'aas %#r!""#o&a$!s > *&a &o %#r!""#o&a$

• E$ '#!(o %! aj*s'! %! "a%a !'aa *!%! .ar#ars! !&'r! <9 > s!,

#&%!!&%#!&'!s !&'r! s+

• A($#os (3r,!&!s %! r!,*$a"#6&5 "o& $a "o&s#,*#!&'! ?$!@#b#$#%a% %!

a%a'a"#6&

• No'ab$! #&s!&s#b#$#%a% ?r!&'! a $as os"#$a"#o&!s %! $a r!%

• S!$!"'or ara !$!,#r "*a'ro ro,ra(as %! r!!&,a&"! %#?!r!&'!s

• P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! r!!&,a&"! (o&o?3s#"o5 'r#?3s#"o o a(bos a $a .!2

• S!$!"'or %! a$ar,a(#!&'o %! $a r#(!ra !'aa

• P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! o!ra"#6& %!- a"!$!ra"#6& %! !'aa5 sobr! a$"a&"!

145



!r(#'#%o5 s*ba$"a&"! !r(#'#%o

P!r(#'! "o(!&sar $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! arra&)*! "o(*&%aj!K9ota: $omado de 8ario !guilar (2006).

Para as!,*rar $a %!s"o&!@#6& r3#%a !& a(bos !@'r!(os !& $+&!as "o&

%ob$! a$#(!&'a"#6&5 s! *!%! *sar $os s#,*#!&'!s (4'o%os-

a S#<+ealcance: S#& s!1a$ %! "o&!@#6& !&'r! $as SS/EE %! $os %os

!@'r!(os %! $a $+&!aKb T+an$e+enca Ca++e+: Tra&s(#s#6& %! *&a S/E a o'ra %! *&a s!1a$

%! %#saro a 'ra.4s %! *& "a&a$ %! a$'a ?r!"*!&"#aK" Acele+ac?n ,e E%a;a$: Ta& ro&'o "o(o *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a

arra&"a5 !$ a$"a&"! %! $a r#(!ra !'aa %!$ r!$4 %! $a o'ra S/E

O'ra "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! !s'! '#o %! ro'!""#6& a %#s'a&"#a !s s* o!ra"#6&

%! a"*!r%o a *&a "*r.a '#o MO5 $a "*a$ (*!s'ra $as !'aas %! a$"a&"! >

!& )*! "*a%ra&'! %!$ $a&o "ar'!s#a&o5 s! !&"*!&'ra $a o&a %! Arra&)*!

V!r ?#,*ra ;K

Figura 2: Cura $io 8AB del rel< >"2. Fuente: Coroelec.

146



E%a;a$ ,e Alcance

E& $a ?#,*ra ; s! (*!s'ra !$ a$"a&"! %! #(!%a&"#a %!$ r!$4 > '#!(o %!

> '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& ara "a%a *&a %! $as 2o&as %! ro'!""#6& %! $a $+&!a

%! a"*!r%o a $os aj*s'!s %! Coor%#&a"#6& D!&'ro %! $as "osas (3s #(or'a&'!s %!$ %#a,&6s'#"o %! $as ro'!""#o&!s

!& !s'*%#o5 s! !&"*!&'ra $a r!.#s#6& %! $a !s'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$as r!s!&'a%as !&

$os %os 0$'#(os a1os !& %#"as $+&!as )*! $o,ra& a"!r !$ !&$a"! !&'r! $as

SS/EE

Figura ": Etaas de Protecci%n del >"2. Fuente: Dto. de Protecciones Cara'o'o.

Es'as 'ab$as %! !s'a%+s'#"as &os (*!s'ra& $a ?!"a5 $a ora !$ (o'#.o > $a

"o&s!"*!&"#a %! "a%a #&'!rr*"#6& a$ s#s'!(a5 (os'ra&%o )*! )*!%o ?*!ra

%! s!r.#"#o > )*! ?*! a?!"'a%o D#"a 'ab$a ?*! s*(#&#s'ra%a or !$

%!ar'a(!&'o %! o!ra"#o&!s %! $a ,!r!&"#a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& Carabobo E& !$

"*a%ro 9; s! obs!r.a $os %!'a$$!s (!&"#o&a%os %! !s'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$as

Es'a !s'a%+s'#"as &os !r(#'! "o(arar $a ?r!"*!&"#a "o& )*! !$ s#s'!(a

r!s!&'a rob$!(as5 #&%#"a&%o $o r!"#so o &o %! $as ro'!""#o&!s5 %a&%o

"o(o r!s*$'a%o "*3$ %! !$$as so& o &o "o&?#ab$!s5 !s %!"#r5 &os !r(#'!

%!(os'rar "*a&%o o!raro& $as ro'!""#o&!s

147





C*a,+# (E$%a,@$%ca ,e alla S5E Pe,+# Ca.e/#7

8ec6a,e

D$;a+#

K#+a,e

D$;a+ #

N1el,e

Ten$?nV

N#.<+e ,e la S5E #L@nea

D*+ac?n

P#%enca+ac#na,

a MVA

VAn%e++*.;,#

$

Ene+"@a,e/a,a ,e

$e+1+ M6

E*;# aec%a,#

2'1'13 9- 95= CARABOBO <<-9: =5< 9 9::5 PROTECCIONES2'1'13 9-= 95= CARABOBO <<-9 <5<< PROTECCIONES6'1'13 9- 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION11'1'13 9-<; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION12'1'13 <-<9 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <-: <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION17'1'13 9-9 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <-<; 5;9 LINEA DE TRANSMISION19'1'13

9-= 5 FLOR AMARILLO <<-9 95:< =;<< 95TRANSFORMADOR DE

POTENCIA21'1'13 <-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <-9 ;5=26'1'13 <=- 95= CARABOBO <<-<; 5< 9: 5< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA9'2'13 <-< 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <-9 :5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION16'2'13

<=-; 99CARABOBO FLOR AMARILLO

T9<-; :5<: LINEA DE TRANSMISION

17'2'13 99-9 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <<-9 << 95= LINEA DE TRANSMISION17'2'13 99-< 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION20'2'13 99-< 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <<- 5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION20'2'13 9-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<-9 5; 9::=9 995;< LINEA DE TRANSMISION27'2'13 9-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <<-9 5; 9::=9 LINEA DE TRANSMISION27'2'13 9-< 99 CARABOBO <-< 5< < <5<<27'2'13 9=- 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <- 5< 9<<<< 0(00 11'3'13 9=- 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <-< 5< =< )*+4 12'3'13 9-9< 95= CARABOBO <-9 <5: =9 9::5 INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA

12'3'13 99-9 99 CARABOBO <-< 5<< =9 <5<< TRANSFORMADOR DEPOTENCIA

17'3'139-9 99 CARABOBO <<-9 95<< : <5<<

TRANSFORMADOR DEPOTENCIA

17'3'13 <-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <9-< <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION18'3'13 <=-<= 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <-< <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION19'3'13 9-< 95= CARABOBO <<- 5<< =9 5;9 PROTECCIONES24'3'13 9:-< 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <- 5=: =< 9531'3'13

<-9 99CARABOBO FLOR AMARILLO

T9<-< ;5= LINEA DE TRANSMISION

3'4'139-< 99

CARABOBO FLOR AMARILLOT

<<-< 5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

6'4'13 9- 95= CARABOBO <-< :5 99; :5<11'4'13 9=-<< 95= CARABOBO <9-< 95: ;;<< :5<:16'4'13 9=-<< 95= CARABOBO <9- 5: 9<; 95=

148



5'5'13 9=- 95= CARABOBO <-9< :5; 9;= <5<<12'5'13

<- 99PEDRO CAMEJO SAN DIEGO

T<-< 5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

C*a,+# ( C#n% 18'5'13 9-= 95= CARABOBO <<- :5;; 99; 995;<25'5'13 <- 95= CARABOBO <- 95:9 99; INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA28'5'13

<-< 99PEDRO CAMEJO 8 CARABOBO

T<=-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

2'6'13<-; 99 PEDRO CAMEJO 8 CARABOBO

T9<-: 0(00 LINEA DE TRANSMISION

20'6'13<-9 95= CARABOBO <=- :59 )*+4


24'6'13 <-99 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T 99- 9::5 LINEA DE TRANSMISION26'6'13 <- 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T <- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION29'6'13 9-<< 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <<-< 995< <5<< CORTACORRIENTES DAlADOS1'7'13

9- 99CARABOBO 8 FLOR AMARILLO

T9<<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

29'8'139- 95= CARABOBO <-9< 95<< ;=9< <5<<


29'8'139- 99

PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGOT9

<9- 9=5<< == 5;9 LINEA DE TRANSMISION

23'10'139- 99

PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGOT

<9- 95 LINEA DE TRANSMISION

18'12'13<-: 99

PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGOT

<<- ;5= LINEA DE TRANSMISION

26'1'14 9- 99 PEDRO CAMEJO <- <5<< =<= 5< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA30'1'14

9-< 99PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGO

T9<<-9 9 :5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

1'2'14 9<- 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T <- :5<: LINEA DE TRANSMISION6'2'14 9- 99 CARABOBO <-9= <5<< 95= SECCIONADOR

15'3'14 9-< 95= CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T9 <- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION16'3'14 9;- 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <<-9 9;5 5< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA16'3'14

9- 95= CARABOBO -9 59 995;<TRANSFORMADOR DE

POTENCIA16'3'14

9<-<: 99PEDRO CAMEJO 8 PLANTA

ESTE<-99 < =;<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

20'3'14<;- 99

PEDRO CAMEJO 8 CARABOBOT9

<- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

1'4'14 <;-9; 99 PEDRO CAMEJO <-9; 9: 0(00 INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA1'4'14 <;-9: 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <-9 )*+4 INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA3'4'14

<=-: 99CARABOBO 8 FLOR AMARILLO

T9<-<9 9::5 LINEA DE TRANSMISION

28'4'14 9-9< 95= CARABOBO <<-< 9<5< << <5<< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA26'9'14 9-< 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T9 <<-9 =5< <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION27'9'14 9-< 99 CARABOBO 8 FLOR AMARILLO <<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION

149

13

1



T9

Fuente: ;erencia de Beraciones Coroelec Cara'o'o.

150



Carabobo5 'a&'o !& s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a "o(o s!"*!&"#a "!ro5 'a(b#4& s!

(*!s'ra& $as #(!%a&"#as %! $as $+&!as aso"#a%as a $as %os SS/EE E& !$

"*a%ro 9= s! (*!s'ra& %#"as #(!%a&"#as

C*a,+# (

I.;e,anca$ Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$ ,e la$ L@nea$7

I&#"#o F#&a$ No(br! T!&s#6& Corr#!&'! Lo&,#'*%P!%ro Ca(!jo Carabobo Carabobo 9 99 V <9 A <<(P!%ro Ca(!jo Carabobo Carabobo 99 V <9 A <<(

Da%#$ ,e Sec*enca P#$%1aRO6.5. XO6.5. B

M6#5. R;7* X;7*

B;7*<5<< <5<< 5;;< <5<<<: <5<< <5<<<

Da%#$ ,e Sec*enca Ce+#RO6.5. XO6.5. B

M6#5. R;7* X;7*

B;7*<59< 95=< 5<9< <5<<9 <5<<; <5<<<

9ota: $omado del Deartamento de Protecciones Regi%n Cara'o'o (2010).

Ta(b#4& s! !@'rajo #&?or(a"#6& %! $os "o(o&!&'!s %! $a S/E Carabobo

V!r ?#,*ra ;K Co& "*a&'os !)*#os %! o'!&"#a > "#r"*#'os "*!&'a %#"a

#&s'a$a"#6&5 "ab! %!s'a"ar )*! !s'a !s $a $$!,a%a %! $as $+&!as !& !s'*%#o

Figura : Patio S,E Cara'o'o. Fuente: S,E Cara'o'o.

150



Para %#"a #&?or(a"#6& s! !$abor6 !$ "*a%ro 9:5 %o&%! s! "o$o"6 $os

&o(br!s %! %#"os !)*#os5 $os "*a$!s s!r3& 'o(a%os !& "*!&'a !& $a ?as!

%os %! !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6&

C*a,+# (

Da%#$ ,e la S5E Ca+a<#<#7

S/E Carabobo

I&'!rr*'or!s !& !s'*%#os < 5<

Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! MVA

Sa$#%as %! $+&!as !& 99 V

C#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6& 9= !& 9 V

9ota: tomado de la S,E Cara'o'o.

D!&'ro %! !s'! (#s(o or%!& s! ob'*.o $os %#a,ra(as *&#?#$ar!s %!a(bas SS/EE or s!ara%o V!r A&!@o CK5 .!r#?#"a&%o 'o%os $os

"o(o&!&'!s $as(a%os !& !$ %#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar5 a 'ra.4s %! .#s#'as

r!a$#2a%as a %#"as #&s'a$a"#o&!s

O'ras %! $as #&?or(a"#o&!s )*! &os %!j6 !$ %#a,&6s'#"o ?*! $a !s'a%+s'#"a

%! ?a$$a %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s !$4"'r#"os )*! "o&?or(a& $a $a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6&

P!%ro Ca(!jo5 !s'as !& *& !r#o%o )*! .a %!s%! !&!ro <9 as'a j*&#o %!

<9 Es'as ?a$$as so& r!?!r#%as a "a%a .!2 )*! !$ ,!&!ra%or s! %#sar6 or

%#.!rsas "a*sas !$4"'r#"as Las (#s(as s! (*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro < Cab!

%!s'a"ar )*! $os ,!&!ra%or!s *&a .!2 )*!%a& ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o5 asa& or

*& ro"!so o ro'o"o$o %! !&"!&%#%o )*! '#!&! *& '#!(o ro$o&,a%o !s or

!s'o )*! *&a ?a$$a !& %#"os !)*#os5 a?!"'a a$ s#s'!(a %! *&a (a&!ra ,ra.!5

151



>a )*! $o %!ja s#& $a o'!&"#a )*! !&'r!,a& %#"os ,!&!ra%or!s

C*a,+# &'E$%a,@$%ca ,e alla ,e la ;lan%a ,e "ene+ac?n Pe,+# Ca.e/#7

Un,a, 8ec6a K#+a Ca*$a99 9=8<8<9 9-9 Fa$$a !& !$

S#s'!(a

9 9=8<8<9 9-9 Fa$$a !& !$

S#s'!(a

99 ;8<8<9 9-<< Fa$$a F$or

A(ar#$$o

9 ;8<8<9 9-<< Fa$$a F$or A(ar#$$o

99 98<=8<9 9<-< Fa$$a !& !$

s#s'!(a

9 98<=8<9 9<-< Fa$$a !& !$

s#s'!(a

99 =8<8<9 -<9 Fa$$a Carabobo9 =8<8<9 -<9 Fa$$a Carabobo

9ota: $omado de la Planta de generaci%n Pedro Came-o.

Es #(or'a&'! (!&"#o&ar )*! !$ %+a = %! j*&#o s! r!s!&'6 *&a ?a$$a !&

$a S/E Carabobo5 %#"a ?a$$a aso a $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo or !$ !&$a"! )*!

$as *&! Es'a a&or(a$#%a% !ra a$'a(!&'! r!s#s'#.a5 $o "*a$ or#,#&o )*! $os r!$4

%! %#s'a&"#a )*! !s'3& #&s'a$a%os ara !&%#"o !&$a"!5 &o a"'*ara&5 %!ja&%o

)*! $a ?a$$a s! #&?#$'rara !& 'o%a $a S/E5 > as+ %!ja&%o ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o a $os

,!&!ra%or!s Co& !s'o s! *!%! %!(os'rar !$ (a$ ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! $as

152



ro'!""#o&!s !& !s'*%#o5 > $as "o&s!"*!&"#as )*! $a &o a"'*a"#6& %! $as

(#s(as %!ja

Para '!r(#&ar "o& !$ %#a,&os'#"o s! $! #"#!ro& *&as r*!bas a $as

ro'!""#o&!s a"'*a$!s (!&"#o&a%as5 %a&%o "o(o r!s*$'a%o a$,*&os '#!(o?*!ra %!$ .a$or %! aj*s'! Es'a r*!ba s! #2o s#,*#!&%o $os $#&!a(#!&'os %!$

(a&*a$ %! (a&'!&#(#!&'o ara r!$4s L %! ABB V!r a&!@o DK Es'a

r*!ba *!%! .!rs! !& !$ a&!@o E

8a$e II: AnFl$$ ,e l#$ ;a+F.e%+#$ #<%en,#$ ;a+a #<$e+1a+ el

c#.;#+%a.en%# ,e l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ n$%ala,#$

ac%*al.en%e +eal>an,# e$%*,#$ ,e c#+%#c+c*%#$7

E& !s'a ?as! s! r!a$#2ar3 !$ "3$"*$o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o !& $a barra 99V %!

$a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo To(a&%o !& "*!&'a $os aor'!s %! 'o%as $as ?*!&'!s

)*! s! !&"*!&'ra& "o&!"'a%as a %#"a barra

E& %#"o "3$"*$o s! *'#$#26 $a '!or+a %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#as ara !$

a&3$#s#s %! ?a$$as5 (o&o?3s#"as5 b#?3s#"as > 'r#?3s#"as

Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! s#r.#6 %! a>*%a $as #(!%a&"#as %! $as $+&!as > %!

$os !)*#os #&.o$*"ra%os5 aor'a%as or $a ,!r!&"#a %! o!ra"#o&!s %!

Carabobo as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& $os %#a,ra(as *&#?#$ar!s %! 'o%o !$ s#s'!(a

"!&'ra$5 a(bas !@*!s'as !& $a ?as! I

E& $a ?#,*ra ; s! (*!s'ra !$ !s)*!(a o %#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar )*! s! *'#$#26

ara !$ "3$"*$o (!&"#o&a%o Cab! (!&"#o&ar )*! s! 'o(a !s'! %#a,ra(a

'o(a&%o !& "*!&'a $os aor'!s %! $as SS/EE a%>a"!&'!s

E$ "3$"*$o s!,0& $a '!or+a %! a&3$#s#s %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a5 s! %#.#%!

!& !&"o&'rar r#(!ro $os .a$or!s %! r!?a$$a o a&'!s %! )*! o"*rra $a

a&o(a$+a5 > $*!,o a$ (o(!&'o %! $a (#s(a5 $o,ra&%o as+ ob'!&!r .a$or!s %!$as "orr#!&'!s )*! "o&'r#b*>!& a $a ?a$$a

S! #&#"#a !$ "3$"*$o %! $os .a$or!s %! r!?a$$a5 ob'!&#!&%o $os .a$or!s

r!a$!s %! "a%a !$!(!&'o #&.o$*"ra%o

153



D!$ %#a,&6s'#"o s! !@'ra! $as #(!%a&"#as #&.o$*"ra%as "o& !$ s#s'!(a

!& !s'*%#o Ca%a *&o %! !s'os .a$or!s !s'3& r!$a"#o&a%os a bas!s

%#?!r!&'!s5 $as (#s(as $$!.a%as a *& s#s'!(a or *&#%a% "o& *&a bas!

"o(0&5 !s'o ara )*! 'o%os $os !)*#os > $+&!as #&.o$*"ra%as5 !s'4&r!?!r#%os a *&a so$a bas!

Figura *: Diagrama uni+ilar utiliado ara el c7lculo. Fuente: !utoC!D.

S! !(#!2a or "o&o"!r !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! #(!%a&"#a V!r

?#,*ra ;K

D#"as bas!s !s'3& "o(*!s'as or *& .o$'aj! bas! > *&a o'!&"#a

bas! $as "*a$!s so& &or(a'#.a %! Coro!$!"5 !s'a !s'ab$!"! )*! ara

"*a$)*#!r "3$"*$o !& *& s#s'!(a or *&#%a% r!$a"#o&a%o "o& s*s #&s'a$a"#o&!s

%!b!& *'#$#2ars! $os .a$or!s )*! s! (*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro 9

C*a,+# &(Val#+e$ <a$e ,el $$%e.a en e$%*,#7

Po'!&"#a bas! Sbas! 9<<MVA

Vo$'aj! bas! Vbas! 99VFuente: Coroelec.

154



Figura : Diagrama de imedancias e3uialente. Fuente: !utoC!D.

E& !$ "*a%ro s! (*!s'ra& $as #(!%a&"#as !@'ra+%as %!$ %#a,&6s'#"o5

#&.o$*"ra%as "o& !$ s#s'!(a !& !s'*%#o

Para o%!r %ar #&#"#o a$ "3$"*$o5 !s r!"#so r#(!ro sab!r )*! %! "a%a

*&a %! $as SS/EE )*! s! !&"*!&'ra& a&#$$a%as "o& $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo5 s!ob'#!&!& *&os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os SEK5 !s %!"#r5 *&a ?*!&'! > *&a #(!%a&"#a

)*! "ara"'!r#2a $a barra (os'ra%a !& !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! D#"as ?*!&'!s

! #(!%a&"#as so& "a$"*$a%as "o& $a s#,*#!&'! !"*a"#6&-

D6&%!-

""^ Es $a #(!%a&"#a ,!&!ra%a or !$ s#s'!(a !@'!r&o

V""^ Vo$'aj! %!$ s#s'!(a !@'!r&o

S^ Po'!&"#a %!$ s#s'!(a !@'!r&o

C*a,+# &&

155

Xcc=Vcc

2

SK % E"* 9=



I.;e,anca$ n1#l*c+a,a$ c#n el $$%e.a en e$%*,#7

E*;# S@.<#l# I.;e,anca I.;e,anca en P7UG!&!ra%or 99 ,99 9<X <G!&!ra%or 9 ,9 9<X <

Tra&s?or(a%or 9 '9 ;5X <<;Tra&s?or(a%or ' ;5X <<;Tra&s?or(a%or

%#s'r#b*"#6&

% 9<5X <9<

L@nea S@.<#l# I.;e,anca

;#+ .

I.;e,anca en

#6.Sa& %#!,o 9 > s%9 5 s% <::m/( 9 mCarabobo 9 > "9 5 " <<<m/( <<<9= m

Va$!&"#a . <=m/( ; m

P$a&'a %!$ Es'! ! <=m/( 9< m9ota: $omado de la ;erencia de oeraciones Cara'o'o.

A&'!s %! .!r "6(o )*!%ar+a !$ %#a,ra(a ara !$ "3$"*$o5 s! (*!s'ra&

$os aor'!s 'r#?3s#"os > (o&o?3s#"os %! $as SS/EE a%>a"!&'!s !& !$ "*a%ro

> r!s!"'#.a(!&'! E& %#"os "*a%ros s! *!%! obs!r.ar $a "orr#!&'!

(3@#(a %! "or'o"#r"*#'o s*b'ra&s#'or#a5 !$ 3&,*$o %! $a (#s(a5 $a o'!&"#a %!

"or'o"#r"*#'o > $a "orr#!&'! #"o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o To%os !s'os %a'os r!?!r#%os a$

&#.!$ %! '!&s#6& !& !s'*%#o 99VK D#"os .a$or!s so& $os )*! r#,!& a $os

s#s'!(as !@'!r&os (!&"#o&a%os

C*a,+# &

A;#+%e %+F$c# ,e la$ SS5EE n1#l*c+a,a$7

S5E I” A I” ,e" S” MVA I; A

Sa& D#!,o 9 8=; <9; =9:

Va$!&"#a = 8=; ;<;: :

156



P$a&'a %!$ Es'! ; 8=<: : ;=

Carabobo <= 8= 9 ;<

9ota: $omado de la ;erencia de Beraciones Coroelec.

C*a,+# &

A;#+%e .#n#F$c# ,e la$ SS5EE n1#l*c+a,a$7

S5E I” A I” ,e" S” MVA I; ASa& D#!,o <= 8=< 9;: =

Va$!&"#a :; 8=<< 9=: =<9P$a&'a %!$ Es'! 9=; 8;;== 9<; <

Carabobo :< 8=9= 9: ;99ota: $omado de la ;erencia de Beraciones Coroelec.

E$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! "a(b#a a 4$ (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra ;; D!s*4s

*'#$#2a&%o $a !"*a"#6& 9=5 s! ob'#!&!& $os .a$or!s %! #(!%a&"#as %! $os

(!&"#o&a%os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os

Xs&1= 115

2

6605.17=2.0022Ω

Xs&2= 115

2

5707.39=2.3171Ω

Xs&3= 115

2

4926.33=2.6845Ω

Xs& 4= 115

2

6145.54=2.1554Ω

157



Figura : Diagrama e3uialente. Fuente: !utoC!D.

E& !$ "*a%ro s! (*!s'ra !& r!s*(!& $as #(!%a&"#as %! $os s#s'!(as

!@'!r&os >a "a$"*$a%as

C*a,+# &)I.;e,anca$ ,e l#$ $$%e.a$ e=%e+n#$7

I.;e,anca$ Val#+ en #6.

s!9 s! 9s! 9s! =

9ota: Calculo del inestigador.

S! ro"!%! a $$!.ar $os .a$or!s %! "a%a #(!%a&"#a a *&a bas! "o(0&5

ara !s'o s! r!)*#!r! %! $as s#,*#!&'!s !"*a"#o&!s-

Do&%!-

* bas! &*!.aK^ I(!%a&"#a !& $a bas! &*!.a

158

E"* 9:Zp$ ( "as& $&va )=Zp$ ("as& vi&(a )∗

( V"as& vi&(a

V"as&$&va

)

2

∗

(S"as& $&va

S"as& vi&(a

)



* bas! .#!jaK^ I(!%a&"#a %! bas! .#!ja o r!$a"#o&a%a a o'ra bas!

V bas! .#!ja^ Vo$'aj! %! $a bas! .#!ja

V bas! &*!.a^ Vo$'aj! )*! '#!&! !$ !$!(!&'o r!?!r#%o a $a &*!.a bas!

S bas! &*!.a^ o'!&"#a )*! '#!&! !$ !$!(!&'o r!?!r#%a a $a &*!.a bas!S bas! .#!ja^ o'!&"#a )*! '#!&! !$ !$!(!&'o r!?!r#%a a $a bas! .#!ja

D6&%!-

L bas! &*!.aK^ #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a r!?!r#%a a $a bas! &*!.a

L bas! .#!jaK^ #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a r!?!r#%a a $a bas! .#!ja

bas!^ #(!%a&"#a %! $a bas! 'o(a%a9

Tras !$ *so %! !s'as !"*a"#o&!s s! ob'#!&!& $os .a$or!s !& or *&#%a%5

r!?!r#%os a *&a so$a bas!5 (!&"#o&a%a a&'!r#or(!&'!

Co& $a a>*%a %! $a !"*a"#6& 9: ob'!&!(os $as s#,*#!&'!s #(!%a&"#as-

I.;e,anca ,e l#$ "ene+a,#+e$

X) 11= X) 12=0.2

p$∗115 KV

115 KV

2

∗100 !VA

202 !VA =0.099 p$

I.;e,anca$ ,e l#$ %+an$#+.a,#+e$ ele1a,#+e$

159

E"* <ZL ("as&$&va )=ZL("as& vi&(a)

Z"as&



Xt 1= Xt 2=0.074

p$∗115 KV

115 KV

2

∗100 !VA

225 !VA =0.032 p$

I.;e,anca ,el %+an$#+.a,#+ +e,*c%#+

X*=0.102

p$∗115 KV

115 KV

2

∗100 !VA

30 !VA =0.34 p$

Co& !$ *so %! $a !"*a"#6& < s! ob'#!&! $as s#,*#!&'!s #(!%a&"#asPr#(!ro s! "a$"*$a $a bas! %!$ s#s'!(a-

Z"as &= 115 KV

2

100 !VA=132.25Ω

I.;e,anca ,e la$ l@nea$ San De"# I II

Xs*1= Xs* 2= 3.14

Ω132.25Ω=0.023 p$

I.;e,anca ,e la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I II

Xc1= Xc2=0.30018Ω

132.25Ω =0.0022 p$

I.;e,anca ,e la l@nea Valenca

160



Xv= 3.675Ω

132.25Ω=0.0277 p$

I.;e,anca ,e la l@nea Plan%a ,el e$%e

Xp&=1.4502Ω

132.25Ω=0.0109 p$

Los r!s*$'a%os s! (*!s'ra& or%!&a%os !& !$ "*a%ro

C*a,+# &J

I.;e,anca$ +ee+,a$ a la <a$e n*e1a7

E*;# # l@nea S@.<#l# I.;e,anca en ;7*

G!&!ra%or!s ,995 ,9 <<::

Tra&s?or(a%or!s '95 ' <<

Tra&s D#s'r#b*"#o& % <

Sa& D#!,o s%95 s% <<

Carabobo "95 " <<<:

Va$!&"#a . <<;;

P$a&'a %!$ !s'! ! <<9<:

9ota: C7lculo del inestigador.

L*!,o s! ro"!%! a $$!.ar $os .a$or!s %! $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os a $a bas!

"o(0& *'#$#2a%a5 !s'o a 'ra.4s %! $a !"*a"#6& <

Xs&1=2.0022Ω

132.25Ω=0.015 p$

161



Xs&2=2.3171Ω

132.25Ω=0.017 p$

Xs&3=2.6845Ω

132.25Ω=0.020 p$

Xs& 4=2.1554Ω

132.25Ω=0.016 p$

E& !$ "*a%ro ; s! (*!s'ra& $os r!s*$'a%o %! %#"o "3$"*$o

C*a,+# &

I.;e,anca$ ,e l#$ $$%e.a$ e=%e+n#$ en ;#+ *n,a,7

I.;e,anca$ Val#+ en ;7*

s!9 <<9

s! <<9;

s! <<<

s! <<9


D!s*4s %! ob'!&!r $os .a$or!s r!?!r#%os a *&a so$a bas!5 s! ro"!%! a

"a$"*$ar $as "orr#!&'!s )*! $$!,a& > sa$!& %! $a barra5 or !$ (4'o%o %!

"orr#!&'! %! #r"o??

162



Es'o "o& a>*%a %!$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra ;=

Figura 4: Circuito e3uialente. Fuente: !utoC!D.

Para ob'!&!r $as "orr#!&'!s !& "a%a (a$$a s!ara(os "a%a *&o %! $os

&o%os !& %#a,ra(as )*! ar3& (3s ?3"#$ !$ "3$"*$o

Pr#(!ro s! ob'#!&! $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'! !)K ara as+ '!&!r 'o%os

$os %a'os r!$a"#o&a%os "o& !$ "#r"*#'o

E& $a ?#,*ra ;: s! (*!s'ra !$ %#a,ra(a %! $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'!5

%o&%! s! obs!r.a !$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& > $a "orr#!&'! (3@#(a %! $os "#r"*#'os %!

%#s'r#b*"#6&

163



Figura 6: Diagrama e3uialente de los circuitos de distri'uci%n E&'o&"!s5 "o& $a a>*%a %! $a $!> %! o( $a "*a$ %#"! $o s#,*#!&'!-

Z =V

I

S! ob'#!&! !$ .a$or %! $a !) %! "a%a *&o %! $os "#r"*#'os5 a$ %#.#%#r$os

!&'r! "*a%ro s! ob'#!&! $o s#,*#!&'!-

X&+=13800

600=23Ω

X&+=23

4=5.75Ω

Y "o& $a a>*%a %! $a !"*a"#6& ;5 s! asa a$ s#s'!(a or *&#%a% *'#$#2a%o X&+ p$=

5.75

132.25=0.0435 p$

Aora s! ro"!%! "o& $a a>*%a %! $a (a'r#2 %! a%(#'a&"#a &o%a$ a

"a$"*$ar $os .o$'aj!s !& "a%a &o%o5 ara $*!,o "o& !$ !s'*%#o %! &o%os !& !$

"#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! s! ob'#!&!& $as "orr#!&'!s %!$ "#r"*#'o !& !$ s#s'!(a or

*&#%a%

La (a'r#2 %! a%(#'a&"#a &o%a$ )*!%ar+a %! $a s#,*#!&'! ?or(a-

1142(08 +2(94 +86(95 +909(09 +36(1 +91(74

+2(94 25(92 0 0 0 0

+86(95 0 158(38 0 0 0

+909(09 0 0 971(59 0 0

+36(1 0 0 0 93(29 0

164





I 11= I 12= E)11

X)11+ Xt 1=

1

0.099+0.032=7.63 p$

C#++en%e en c+c*%# ,e ,$%+<*c?n

I*=V 2−V 1

X* =

0.1117−0.9845

0.34=2.86 p$

C#++en%e en la$ l@nea$ San De"#

Is*=V 3−V 1

Xs* /¿

=0.9914−0.9845

0.0115

=0.6 p$

D6&%! s% //- Para$!$o %! $as $+&!as Sa& D#!,o I > II

C#++en%e en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II

Ic=V 4−V 1 Xc /¿

=0.9855−0.9845

0.0011 =0.90 p$

D6&%! " //- Para$!$o %! $as $+&!as Carabobo I > II

C#++en%e en la l@nea Valenca

Iv=V 5−V 1

Xv =

0.9935−0.9845

0.0277=0.32 p$

C#++en%e en la l@nea Plan%a ,el E$%e

Ip&=V 6−V 1 X*

=0.9899−0.9845

0.0109 =0.49 p$

166



D!s*4s %! %#"o "3$"*$o s! (*!s'ra& $os .a$or!s %! "orr#!&'! !& or *&#%a% !& !$ "*a%ro :

C*a,+# &

C#++en%e$ en ;#+ *n,a,7

C#++en%e$ Val#+ en ;7*I99 ;I9 ;I% =Is% <<I" <:<I. <

I! <:


L*!,o ara ob'!&!r !$ .a$or r!a$ %! !s'as "orr#!&'!s5 o s* .a$or !&

a(!r#os5 s! r!)*#!r! %! $a s#,*#!&'! !"*a"#6&-

E"* 9

D6&%!-

I*Ês $a "orr#!&'! or *&#%a%

Ir!a$Ês $a "orr#!&'! r!a$ %!$ s#s'!(a

Ibas!Ês $a "orr#!&'! )*! %!!&%! %! $as bas!s 'o(a%as !& r#&"##o

To(a&%o !& "*!&'a )*! $a Ibas! !s $a s#,*#!&'!-

167

Ip$= Ir&a,

I"as&

I"as&= 100 !VA

√ 3∗115 KV

=502.04 A

I"as&=502.04 A

3=167.3 A



S! '#!&! )*! $as "orr#!&'!s !& !$ s#s'!(a or *&#%a% s!r3& (*$'#$#"a%as

or $a "orr#!&'! bas! > s! ob'!&%r3& $as "orr#!&'!s r!a$!s %!$ s#s'!(a %!

o'!&"#a a&a$#2a%o

C#++en%e ,e l#$ "ene+a,#+e$

I 11r&a,= I 12 r&a,=7.63 p$∗167.3 A=1276.49 A

C#++en%e en c+c*%# ,e ,$%+<*c?n

I* r&a,=2.86 p$∗167.3 A=478.47 A

C#++en%e en la$ l@nea$ San De"# I II

Is*=0.60 p$∗167.3 A=100.38 A

C#++en%e$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I II

Ic=0.90 p$∗167.3 A=150.57 A

C#++en%e$ en la l@nea Valenca

Iv=0.32 p$∗167.3 A=53.53 A

168



C#++en%e$ en la$ l@nea$ Plan%a ,el E$%e

Ip&=0.49 p$∗167.3 A=81.97 A

E& !$ "*a%ro < s! r!s*(!& !s'os r!s*$'a%os T!r(#&a&%o as+ "o& !$"3$"*$o %! $os .a$or!s r!?a$$a

C*a,+# '

C#++en%e$ +eale$ ,el $$%e.a7

C#++en%e$ Val#+ +eal

I99 9;: A

I9 9;: A

I% ;=; AIs% 9<<= A

I" 9<; A

I. A

I! =9:; A

9ota: Calculo del inestigador.

A "o&'#&*a"#6& s! r!a$#2a $a s!,*&%a ar'! %!$ "3$"*$o5 s#(*$a"#6& %! *&a?a$$a 'r#?3s#"a !& $a barra %! 99V %! $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo5 ara !&"o&'rar $a

"orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o 'r#?3s#"o )*! "ara"'!r#2a a %#"a barra E& $a ?#,*ra

=< s! (*!s'ra "o(o )*!%a !$ s#s'!(a a&a$#2a%o "o& $a ?a$$a 'r#?3s#"a

(!&"#o&a%a FK

A$ (o(!&'o %! $a ?a$$a5 !$ .o$'aj! !& $a barra s! a"! "!ro5 "ara"'!r+s'#"a

!s!&"#a$ %! $os "or'o"#r"*#'os

La "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a5 !s $a s*(a %! 'o%as $as "orr#!&'!s )*! "o&'r#b*>!&

a $a barra "or'o"#r"*#'a%a5 > .#!&! %a%a or $a s#,*#!&'! !@r!s#6&-

E"*

169

I- =∑i=0

.$( p$)



D6&%!-

IF^ Corr#!&'! %! ?a$$a

C*^ Co&'r#b*"#o&!s %! $as "orr#!&'!s !& or *&#%a%

Figura 40: Diagrama de simulaci%n de la +alla F en la 'arra 11*.

D#"as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s %!!&%!r3& %! $os "#r"*#'os !)*#.a$!&'!s %! "a%a

*&a %! !$$as a$ (o(!&'o %! $a ?a$$a Co& !s'os %a'os (os'ra%os5 s! ob'#!&!

$as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s !& !s! r!"#so #&s'a&'! %! "a%a *&a %! $as ar'!s

#&.o$*"ra%as o "o&!"'a%as

E& $a ?#,*ra =9 s! obs!r.a !$ r#(!r %#a,ra(a5 !$ "*a$ &os !r(#'#r3

sab!r "*3$ !s $a "orr#!&'! )*! aor'a& $os ,!&!ra%or!s Obs!r.a(os )*! $as "orr#!&'!s %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s I99 > I9K !s'3&

%!'!r(#&a%as or *& "#r"*#'o !& s!r#!5 !&'o&"!s-

170



I 11= I 12= 1

X)11+ Xt 11=

1

0.099+0.032=7.63 p$

Figura 41: Diagrama e3uialente de los generadores.

S#,*#!&%o "o& !$ "3$"*$o s! ob'#!&! !$ %#a,ra(a r!$a"#o&a%o "o& $as

$+&!as Sa& D#!,o I > II V!r ?#,*ra =K5 ara as+ ob'!&!r s*s "orr#!&'! Is%K5

"ab! %!s'a"ar )*! !s !s'as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s a> "o$abora"#6& %! $os s#s'!(as

!@'!r&os a&'!s (!&"#o&a%os

171



Figura 42: Circuito e3uialente de la contri'uci%n de las l#neas San Diego / .Fuente: !utoC!D.

D! $a ?#,*ra = s! ob'#!&! $a "orr#!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6&-

Is*= 1

Xs* /¿+ Xs&1=

1

0.0115+0.015=37.73 p$

E& $a ?#,*ra = s! obs!r.a !$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $as$+&!as Carabobo I > II D! %o&%! s! ob'#!&! $a s#,*#!&'! "orr#!&'!

Ic= 1

Xc /¿+ Xs&2=

1

0.0011+0.017=55.24 p$

Co&'#&*a&%o "o& !$ "3$"*$o5 s! '#!&! !$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! $a

"o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a $+&!a Va$!&"#a V!r ?#,*ra =K

Do&%! s! ob'#!&! $a "orr#!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6&-

Iv= 1

Xv+ Xs&3=

1

0.0277+0.020=20.96 p$

172



Figura 4": Circuito e3uialente de contri'uci%n de las l#neas Cara'o'o / . Fuente: !utoC!D

Figura 4: Circuito e3uialente de contri'uci%n de la l#nea alencia. Fuente: !utoC!D.

Co&'#&*a&%o s! ob'#!&! !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a

$+&!a P$a&'a %!$ Es'! V!r ?#,*ra =K5 %! %o&%! s! ob'#!&! $a s#,*#!&'!

"orr#!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6&-

173



Ip&= 1

Xp*+ Xs&4=

1

0.0109+0.016=37.17 p$

Figura 4*: Circuito e3uialente de contri'uci%n de la l#nea Planta del Este. Fuente:

!utoC!D

E& !$ "*a%ro 9 s! (*!s'ra& %#"as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s r!s*(#%as

C*a,+# (

C#n%+<*c#ne$ ,e ca,a ;a+%e n1#l*c+a,a al .#.en%# ,e la alla7

C#n%+<*c#ne$ Val#+ en ;7*

I,99 I,9 ;Is% ;;I" I. <:

I! ;9;9ota: Calculo del inestigador.

L*!,o "o& $a a>*%a %! $a !"*a"#6& = s! ob'#!&!& $os .a$or!s r!a$!s %!

%#"as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s V!r "*a%ro K

C*a,+# &

C#++en%e$ ,e c#n%+<*c?n en 1al#+e$ +eale$7

C#++en%e$ Val#+ +eal

I,99 I,9 ::= A

Is% 9: A

174



I" :9 A

I. <<= A

I! 9=9 A


Para ?#&a$#2ar !$ "3$"*$o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o 'r#?3s#"o !& $a barra %! 99V %!

$a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo5 s! ob'#!&! $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a *'#$#2a&%o $a !"*a"#6&

Do&%! s! s*(a& 'o%os $os .a$or!s %! $as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s %! $os s#s'!(as

!@'!r&os > %! $as "orr#!&'!s !&"o&'ra%as !& !$ "3$"*$o %! r!?a$$a

Ob'!&#!&%o $a "orr#!&'! !& !$ *&'o %! ?a$$a "o& $a s*(a %! $as %os

"orr#!&'! (os'ra%as

As+ "o(o 'a(b#4& $a o'!&"#a %! $a ?a$$a "o& a>*%a %!$ .o$'aj! %!$

s#s'!(a

Co(o r!s*$'a%o %!$ "3$"*$o5 s! *!%! (!&"#o&ar )*! !s'os .a$or!s

s#r.!& ara aj*s'ar $os &*!.os !s)*!(as a #&s'a$ar5 >a )*! $os (#s(os

175

I-pr&fa,,a=3417.84 A

I-fa,,a=27832.02 A

I- =31249.86 A

SK =115KV*31.2KA* sqrt 3

]^ 622!52 MVA



%!!&%!& %!$ &#.!$ %! "or'o"#r"*#'o %! $a barra !& !s'*%#o5 ara as+ o%!r

?*&"#o&ar "orr!"'a(!&'!

C#+%#c+c*%# .#n#F$c# Para !$ "or'o"#r"*#'o 'r#?3s#"o !s &!"!sar#o 'o(ar !& "*!&'a $as r!%!s %!

s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a5 &!,a'#.a > "!roK

Las 'r!s s!"*!&"#a '#!&!& "o(o bas! !$ %#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar !& !s'*%#o .!r

?#,*ra =K5 ara o%!r ob'!&!r !$ !)*#.a$!&'! !& "a%a *&a s! 'o(a& !&

"*!&'a $as #(!%a&"#as !& $a bas! >a *'#$#2a%a ara !$ "3$"*$o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o

'r#?3s#"o

Figura 4: Diagrama e3uialente ara el estudio de cortocircuito mono+7sico. Fuente: !utoC!D

Sec*enca ;#$%1a

Es !s'! "aso s! 'o(a& 'o%as $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a %!"a%a *&o %! $os !$!(!&'os #&.o$*"ra%os

E$ %#a,ra(a !& !s'a s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a )*!%a "o(o s! (*!s'ra !& $a

?#,*ra =;

176





Figura 44: Diagrama ara el c7lculo utiliando theenin. Fuente: !utoC!D.Co& !$ *so %!$ !)*#.a$!&'! %! '!.!&#& s! ob'#!&! !$ r!s*$'a%o %!$

%#a,ra(a !& s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a Q*!%a&%o !$ %#a,ra(a (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra

=:

Figura 46: $heenin de secuencia ositia. Fuente: !utoC!D.

S#!&%o $a ' !@r!sa%a "o& $a s#,*#!&'! ?or(*$a-

Zt/= X)11/¿ X)12 /¿ X* /¿ Xs* /¿ Xc /¿ Xv /¿ Xp&

178



Y s!,0& $as #(!%a&"#as (os'ra%as !& !$ "*a%ro s! ob'#!&!-

Zt/=0.00583 p$

Sec*enca ne"a%1a

Es !s'! "aso s! 'o(a& 'o%as $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.a %!

"a%a *&o %! $os !$!(!&'os #&.o$*"ra%os

E$ %#a,ra(a !& !s'a s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a )*!%a "o(o s! (*!s'ra !& $a

?#,*ra :<

Figura 60: Diagrama e3uialente de secuencia negatia. Fuente: !utoC!D.

Las #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.as so& $as (#s(as %! s!"*!&"#aos#'#.as Co& !$ *so %!$ (4'o%o %! '!.!&#& s! ob'#!&! !$ !)*#.a$!&'! %!

s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.a V!r ?#,*ra :9K

179





Figura 62: Diagrama e3uialente de secuencia cero. Fuente: !utoC!D.

E& !$ "*a%ro s! (*!s'ra& $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a "!ro#&.o$*"ra%as !& !$ "3$"*$o

C*a,+#

I.;e,anca$ en $ec*enca ce+#7

I.;e,anca Val#+ en ;*,995,9

'95'

<<::

<<% <s% <;:9<

" <;:9. 9! 9

9ota: tomado de la gerencia de transmisi%n.

181



Ob'!&#!&%o "o& !s'as #(!%a&"#as > "o& !$ *so %!$ !)*#.a$!&'! %!

'!.!&#&5 !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra :

Figura 6": Diagrama e3uialente de theenin en secuencia cero. Fuente: !utoC!D.

Y s#!&%o !$ .a$or %! ' !$ r!s*$'a%o %!$ s#,*#!&'! "a$"*$o-

Zt/ (0 )= X* /¿ Xs* /¿ Xc /¿ Xv /¿ Xp&

Ob'!&#!&%o as+ !$ s#,*#!&'! .a$or-

Zt/ ( 0 )=0.0066 p$

D!s*4s %! !s'os "3$"*$os s! ro"!%! a "o&!"'ar $os !)*#.a$!&'!s %!

'!.!&#& s!,0& $a ?a$$a5 !s'a .!2 "o(o s! r!)*#!r! "a$"*$ar *&a ?a$$a

(o&o?3s#"a a '#!rra5 %#"os !)*#.a$!&'!s s! "o&!"'a& !& s!r#! )*!%a&%o %!

$a ?or(a (os'ra%a !& $a ?#,*ra :

182



Figura 6: Diagrama e3uialente de cone5i%n.

D! !s'a ?#,*ra s! ob'#!&! $as "orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$as5 "o& $a s#,*#!&'!

?or(*$a-

+¿¿−¿¿

Zt/¿

I 1= I 2= I 0=1

¿

Co& $os r!s*$'a%os >a (os'ra%os "o& a&'!r#or#%a%5 s! *!%! ob'!&!r !$

.a$or %! $as "orr#!&'!s I 1= I 2= I 0=

1

0.0058+0.0058+0.0066=54.94 p$

183





!r#o%o )*! abar"a $os a1os <9 > <9 s! r!s!&'aro& *&a ,ra&

"a&'#%a%!s %! %#"as #rr!,*$ar#%a%!s Las (#s(as r!$a"#o&a%as 'o%as "o& $a

S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo

A$ (o(!&'o %! *&a ?a$$a !& "*a$)*#!r ar'! %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o&a"#o&a$5 $as ro'!""#o&!s *b#"a%as (3s "!r"a&a a !$$a5 $a a+s$a %! *&a ?or(a

r3#%a o #&s'a&'3&!a %!!&%#!&%o !$ '#o %! ?a$$a Para !$$o !@#s'!& *&os

aj*s'!s o "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $as ro'!""#o&!s )*! $#(#'a& !$ '#!(o %!

o!ra"#6& %! $a (#s(a

E& !$ "aso !& !s'*%#o s! "o&s#%!raro& ara $a !s'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$a 'o%as

$as )*! #"#!ro& a""#o&ar $a ro'!""#6& L *b#"a%a !& $a S/E P!%ro

Ca(!jo5 $a "*a$ s! !&"ar,a %! s*!r.#sar !$ !&$a"! )*! #"#s'! !&'r! %#"aS/E > $a S/E Carabobo5 %!b#%o a )*! $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ %! #$o #$o'o >a

$$!.a .ar#os a1os ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o5 >a )*! s* !$!(!&'o %! "o(*&#"a"#6& ?*!

*r'a%o5 %!ja&%o !$ !&$a"! so$a(!&'! ro'!,#%o or $a ro'!""#6&

(!&"#o&a%a a"#!&%o !s'o (3s !&,orroso !$ %!s!j! %! ?a$$as >a )*! so$o

s! "*!&'a "o& *&a ro'!""#6& > &o "o& *& r!sa$%o "o(o !s $o #&%#"a%o

A&a$#2ar $as !s'a%+s'#"as "o&s#s'! !& !@'ra!r or )*4 !s'a ro'!""#6&

a""#o&65 !& "*a&'o '#!(o $o #2o5 s# %!b+a a"'*ar o &o > !& "aso %! a"'*ar

!& )*4 !'aa %! o!ra"#6& s! *b#"6 $a ?a$$a

La ?r!"*!&"#a "o& )*! o"*rr#6 *&a ?a$$a %*ra&'! !$ !r#o%o <98<95 s!

(*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro

C*a,+# )

8+ec*enca ,e alla$7

N*.e+# ,e alla$ Me$e$ P+#.e,# ;#+ .e$

9 n

9ota: $omado de las Estad#sticas de +allas e5uestas en el diagn%stico.

Es'! "*a%ro r!?$!ja *& r!s*$'a%o %! )*! %#"a ?r!"*!&"#a %! ?a$$as5 !s %!

'r!s ?a$$as or "a%a (!s5 '!&#!&%o *& #"o !& $os (!s!s %! !&!ro5 ?!br!ro >

(ar2o %!$ a1o <95 %o&%! o"*rr#!ro& &*!.! ?a$$as or (!s

185





Figura 6: Prue'a al rel< >"2 con las +allas actuales .Fuente: Do'le (201*).

La "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! ?a$$a %! *&a $+&!a s! r!r!s!&'a !& !$ $a&o R85 >

s! %!?#&! "o(o $a #(!%a&"#a .#s'a !& !$ $a%o s!"*&%ar#o %! $os

'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! > %! '!&s#6& %! $a $+&!a ?a$$a%a La os#"#6& %!

$a ?a$$a *!%! .ar#ar %!s%! !$ *&'o %! *b#"a"#6& %!$ r!$4 as'a !$ *&'o %!

a$"a&"! s!$!""#o&a%o a $o $ar,o %! $a $+&!a La ?a$$a *!%! s!r s6$#%a o "o&r!s#s'!&"#a %! ar"o E& !s'! 0$'#(o "aso5 !$ r!$4 *!%! r!s!&'ar rob$!(as

ara %!'!"'ar $a ?a$$a La #(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 *!%! .!rs! !& $a ?#,*ra

:; S#!&%o !$ 3r!a !& a(ar#$$o $a 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$45 o 2o&a 'r# 2o&a

%! %#saroK

Las $+&!as *!%!& s!r-

9 F*!&'! !& *& !@'r!(o F*!&'! !& a(bos !@'r!(os5 "o& ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a %! A a"#a B

F*!&'! !& a(bos !@'r!(os5 "o& ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a %! B a"#a A

E& !$ "aso !& !s'*%#o s! '#!&! *&as $+&!as ara$!$as "o& ?$*jo %! A a"#a

B5 s#!&%o A $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo > B $a S/E Carabobo V!r ?#,*ra :=K

187





Figura 66: Caracter#stica de una +alla resistia. Fuente: Flores (201*).

Ta(b#4& !s os#b$! )*! s# $a ?a$$a !s r!s#s'#.a !ro s* &#.!$ %! r!s#s'!&"#a&o !s 'a& a$'o !$ r!$4 "o& "ara"'!r+s'#"a (o $a %!'!"'! !ro !& s* 2o&a %!

o!ra"#6& "o& (3s r!'ar%o !s %!"#r $a 5 $o )*! or#,#&a )*! $as %!(3s

ro'!""#o&!s %#sar!& > s! %!j! ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o (*"os "o(o&!&'!s !& $a

S/E5 'o(a&%o !& "*!&'a )*! $o #%!a$ !s )*! a"'*4 #&s'a&'3&!a(!&'! Es'a

"o(ara"#6& *!%! .!rs! !& $a ?#,*ra 9<<

Figura 100: Comaraci%n de la caracter#stica de +alla resistia& con el rel< de cura deoeraci%n tio mho.8a$e III: P+#;*e$%a ,e n*e1a$ %ecn#l#"@a$ en l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e

;+#%ecc#ne$ ;a+a "a+an%>a+ el <*en *nc#na.en%# an%e alla$ ,e al%a

189



.;e,anca! #;%.>an,# el %e.;# ,e #;e+ac?n l#$ a/*$%e$ en l#$

;a+F.e%+#$7

D!b#%o a $o %!(os'ra%o !& $a ?as! a&'!r#or s! ro"!%! a roo&!r *&

&*!.o !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& ara !$ !&$a"! )*! *&! $as SS/EE !& !s'*%#o5s! obs!r.6 "o& a&'!r#or#%a% )*! $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4

L5 &o %!'!"'a& $as ?a$$as a"'*a$!s >a )*! $as (#s(as a& !.o$*"#o&a%o >

$o,ra& s!r %! (*> a$'a #(!%a&"#a5 )*!%a&%o ?*!ra %! $a 2o&a %! a"'*a"#6&

Para $a !s"o,!&"#a %! $os &*!.os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6& s! asa or *&

!s'*%#o %! $as ?a$$as )*! s! r!s!&'a& !& $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&5 %o&%! s*

(a>or+a so& ro'!,#%as or r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a5 !$ "*a$ o!ra or 2o&as

!s!"#?#"a%as5 %!!&%#!&%o !$ (o%!$o %!$ (#s(o Es r!"#so !&'o&"!s (!&"#o&ar )*! ara $as ro'!""#o&!s %! $+&!as %!

'ra&s(#s#6& s! "o&s#%!ra& $os s#,*#!&'!s ?a"'or!s-

9 Cara"'!r+s'#"as b3s#"as- "o&?#ab#$#%a%5 s!$!"'#.#%a% > "oor%#&a"#6&5

s!&s#b#$#%a%5 .!$o"#%a% %! %!s!j!5 s#($#"#%a%5 r!sa$%o I(or'a&"#a > ?*&"#6& %! $a $+&!a- basa%a !& &#.!$ %! .o$'aj!5 $o&,#'*%

%! $a $+&!a5 "o&!@#6& a ,ra&%!s "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 ?$*jos %! "ar,a5

!s'ab#$#%a% Fa"'or!s %! s#s'!(a- r!)*!r#(#!&'os %! '#!(os %! %!s!j!5 'a(a1o

%! $a ?*!&'!5 $o&,#'*% %! $a $+&!a5 "o&?#,*ra"#6& %! $a $+&!a Co(*&#"a"#o&!s- #&'!r?a"! "o& !)*#os %! 'o&o5 o&%a or'a%ora5

(#"roo&%as5 ?#bra 6'#"a N*!.as '!"&o$o,+as Co(ro(#sos %!$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&- or !j!($o !&'r!

%!!&%ab#$#%a% > s!,*r#%a%5 "o&?#ab#$#%a% > "os'o

U&o %! $os r!)*!r#(#!&'os %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& )*! "obra

(a>or #(or'a&"#a a (a>or!s &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& !s $a s!$!"'#.#%a%5 !&

a%#"#6& a $a .!$o"#%a% %! %!s!j! %! ?a$$a > 4s'a &o *!%! s!r $o,ra%a "o&

r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!5 a*& "*a&%o s! %#so&,a %! r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!

190





E$ r!$4 %#sara s#^

K

(¿¿0∗ I r)2

≥¿

( K r∗V r)2

o > r so& "o&s'a&'!s %! roor"#o&a$#%a%

D! (a&!ra "o&'rar#a a $a %!$ r!$4 "o& "*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"a '#o (o5 $a

"*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"a '#o "*a%r#$a'!ra$ abar"a or "o($!'o !& s* 2o&a %!

o!ra"#6&5 'o%a $a 2o&a )*! "ara"'!r#2a a *&a ?a$$a a$'a(!&'! r!s#s'#.a5 !s

%!"#r5 $a o!ra"#6& %! %#"o r!$4 s!r+a os#'#.a5 a$ "o(arar$a "o& !$ r!$4 %!

"ara"'!r+s'#"a (o '!&!(os )*! $a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ abar"a (3s !sa"#o a"#a $a

ar'! r!s#s'#.a > %!!&%! !$ aj*s'!5 $a ar'! #&%*"'#.a V!r ?#,*ra 9<9K

Figura 101: Comaraci%n de una cura mho con una cuadrilateral. Fuente: Flores(201*).

Es or !$$o )*! s! roo&!r #&s'a$ar *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a (ar"a s#!(!&s

"o(o ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$5 $a "*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! !s'! r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a

!s "*a%r#$a'!ra$ V!r ?#,*ra 9<K

192





Es r!"#so %!"#r )*! !$ r!$4 )*! s! roo&! "o(o ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ !s

%! *&a '!"&o$o,+a &*(4r#"a5 !s %!"#r5 *&a &*!.a '!"&o$o,+a )*! s! a%a'a a

$os r!)*!r#(#!&'o %! $a $+&!a a ro'!,!r5 > as+ a"!r !?#"a2 !$ ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o

E$ r!$4 %! ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ %! (ar"a s#!(!&s5 %!?#&#%o "o(o!$!(!&'o %! %#s'a&"#a5 #%!&'#?#"a%o "o(o ;SA5 '#!&! "o(o "ara"'!r+s'#"a

r#&"#a$ s* "*r.a %! o!ra"#6& "*a%r#$a'!ra$ O'ras "ara"'!r+s'#"as s!

(*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro

C*a,+# J

Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$ ,el +el- ,e ,$%anca Se.en$7

Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$ ;+nc;al ,el +el- ,e ,$%anca

9 U&a .!&'aja %! $as ro'!""#o&!s %! %#s'a&"#a %#,#'a$!s !s )*! #&"$*>!

*&a ?*&"#6& %! $o"a$#2a%or %! ?a$$as T#!(os %! %#saro aj*s'ab$!s ara %!'!r(#&ar $a s!$!"'#.#%a% >

s!&s#b#$#%a% %! $a ro'!""#6& ?r!&'! a ?a$$as A$(a"!&a& #&?or(a"#6& %! ?a$$as > !.!&'os r!s!&'!s !& !$ s#s'!(a P*!r'os !r#?4r#"os ara "o(*&#"a"#6& "o& "!&'ro %! "o&'ro$ >

s#s'!(as %! ,!s'#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s)7 D#s'ors#6& %! $a s!1a$ &o "a*sa r!'ar%os o (a$a o!ra"#6&

N#%a: T#.a,# ,el Man*el S;+#%ec7

A$ a"!r$! $a (#s(a r*!ba a %#"o r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a5 )*! s! $! #2o a$

r!$4 )*! !s'3 #&s'a$a%o5 "o& ?a$$as "o(*&!s !& $as $+&!as $as "*a$!s so& %!

a$'a #(!%a&"#a5 s! ob'#!&! *& r!s*$'a%o os#'#.o

E& $a ?#,*ra 9< *!%! .!rs! $a "*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!$ r!$! (ar"a

S#!(!&s "o& $os %os *&'os %! r*!bas r!?!r#%os a $as ?a$$as a&'!r#or(!&'!(!&"#o&a%as

194



Figura 10: Prue'a de +allas con cura del rel< Siemens. Fuente: Bmicron (201*).

S! obs!r.a "o& "$ar#%a% )*! ara $os (#s(os *&'os %! ?a$$a $a"ara"'!r+s'#"a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ %!$ r!$4 S#!(!&s5 $o,ra %!'!"'ar$as "o& ,ra&

(ar,!&5 !s %!"#r5 s! *b#"a& %#"as ?a$$as %!&'ro %! $a 2o&a %! o!ra"#6&5 $o

"*a$ &o o"*rr+a !& $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!$ r!$4 #&s'a$a%o

Co(o r!s*$'a%o s! '#!&! )*! !$ r!$! s#!(!&s "*($! "o& $os r!)*#s#'os

r!)*!r#%os > $o,ra %!'!"'ar $as ?a$$as )*! s! r!s!&'a& o> !& %+a5 'a(b#4&

so& %! *&a (!jor '!"&o$o,+a > s*s "ara"'!r+s'#"as a.!&'aja& a$ r!$4 L

Para 'o%a $+&!a a ro'!,!r s! &!"!s#'a *&a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > *&a %!

r!sa$%o La ro'!""#6& %! %#s'a&"#a (ar"a S#!(!&s s! roo&! "o(o

ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ !ro %!b#%o a )*! $a $+&!a !s (*> "or'a5 a !sar %! $a

rob*s'!2 %! !s'a ro'!""#6& > $as 2o&as !@'!&sas )*! ro'!,!5 *!%! )*!

$o,r! so$aar o'ras ro'!""#o&!s a%>a"!&'!s a $as $+&!as5 !s or !$$os )*! s!

roo&! "o(o ro'!""#6& s!"*&%ar#a *&a ro'!""#6& %! sobr!"orr#!&'!

%#r!""#o&a$ $o,ra&%o as+ )*! s! ro'!ja %! ?or(a !r(4'#"a !$ !&$a"! !&

!s'*%#o5 !s'a ro'!""#6& '!&%r3 *&a "o(*&#"a"#6& "o& !$ r!$4 r#&"#a$ > ar3

*& "o&s'a&'! (o&#'or!o %! $a "orr#!&'! %! $a $+&!a5 > o%r3 #%!&'#?#"ar $a

%#r!""#6& %!$ ?$*jo %! %#"a "orr#!&'!

Es'a ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o !s *& r!$! %! sobr!"orr#!&'! %#rr!""#o&a$

(ar"a S#!(!&s5 #%!&'#?#"a%o "o(o ;SJ5 s* ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o s! basa !&

195



$o"a$#2ar sobr!"orr#!&'!s )*! a?!"'!& a$ s#s'!(a > $o,rar !s!"#?#"ar $a

%#r!""#6& %! $a a&or(a$#%a%

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ar3(!'ros %! $as $+&!as !& !s'*%#o5 > a !$ r!s*$'a%o %!$ &#.!$ %! "or'o"#r"*#'or!a$#2a%o a&'!r#or(!&'!5 !s'o s! $o,ra s#,*#!&%o !$ "r#'!r#o %! aj*s'! )*!

?a"#$#'a Coro!$!" ara s*s ro'!""#o&!s V!r a&!@o FK

E& $os "*a%ros ; > = s! (*!s'ra& $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as r#&"#a$!s %! $os

r!$4s )*! "o&?or(a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&

C*a,+# P+#%ecc?n ;+nc;al7

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ar3(!'ros s!,0& !$ "r#'!r#o (!&"#o&a%o

196





9ota: Calculo de a-ustes segn criterio de Coroelec.

Figura 10: C7lculos de a-uste or onas.

8a$e IV: E1al*ac?n ,e la ac%<l,a, T-cncaEc#n?.ca ,e la

.;le.en%ac?n ,e la$ ;+#%ecc#ne$ n*.-+ca$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II7

E& !s'a ?as! s! %!'!r(#&6 $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% %! $a #&s'a$a"#6& %! $as

ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II5 ara !s'o s!

"o&s#%!raro& $as ?a"'#b#$#%a%!s '4"&#"as > o!ra'#.as5 %!b#%o a $as

"ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $a !(r!sa

Por o'ro $a%o s! %!b!& "o&s#%!rar )*! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! $os !)*#os

%! ro'!""#6&5 s#,&#?#"ar+a *&a r!%*""#6& !& $as "o&s!"*!&"#as %! $as

#&'!rr*"#o&!s %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 'ra%*"#4&%os! !s'o !& *& aorro %!$

?a"'or !"o&6(#"o %! $a !(r!sa5 as+ "o(o $a r!%*""#6& %! $os '#!(o %!

#&'!rr*"#6&5 !s %!"#r5 )*! s! #&"r!(!&'ar+a $a ?a"'*ra"#6& %!$ s!r.#"#o

198



Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! ,ra"#as a $a #($!(!&'a"#6&5 s! $o,ra *&a

s!$!"'#.#%a% !& !$ s#s'!(a5 $o "*a$ '#!&! "o(o b!&!?#"#o &o !r%!r o'!&"#a !&

!$ (#s(o5 >a )*! s! %!s!jar+a *&a ?a$$a a '#!(o5 &o %!ja&%o )*! !& $a

$a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6& s! s#!&'a $a ?a$$a > o%!r s!,*#r !&'r!,a&%o o'!&"#a a$s#s'!(a

Para r!a$#2ar *&a r!$a"#6& "os'o8b!&!?#"#o !&'r! $a #&.!rs#6& > $os

os#b$!s #&"r!(!&'os !& ?a"'*ra"#6& o $a %#s(#&*"#6& %!$ '#!(o %!

#&'!rr*"#6&5 s! 'o(aro& !& "*!&'a $os %#?!r!&'!s ?a"'or!s5 .ar#ab$!s >

"ara"'!r+s'#"as5 "o(o "os'o5 !s!"#?#"a"#o&!s '4"&#"as > %#so&#b#$#%a% s!

"a$"*$6 !$ aorro !& (a&'!&#(#!&'o r!.!&'#.o > "orr!"'#.o5 (os'ra&%o $as

.!&'ajas ara $a !(r!sa

8ac%<l,a, #;e+a%1a

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"aa"#'a%o )*! s! r!)*#!r! ara $$!.ar a "abo !$ ro>!"'o %! #&s'a$a"#6& %!

$as ro'!""#o&!s #&%#"a%as a&'!r#or(!&'!5 > $a !@#s'!&"#a %! *s*ar#os ?#&a$!s

%#s*!s'os a !($!ar $os s!r.#"#os ,!&!ra%os or !$ ro>!"'o %!sarro$$a%o

D!&'ro %!$ (#s(o "o&'!@'o5 !& V!&!2*!$a5 !$ Es'a%o s! a r!s!r.a%o

'o%as $as 3r!as %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 !s %!"#r5 so$a(!&'! !$ Es'a%o !s'3

?a"*$'a%o ara $a ,!&!ra"#6&5 'ra&s(#s#6&5 %#s'r#b*"#6& > "o(!r"#a$#2a"#6& %!$

s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o r!s#%!&"#a$5 "o(!r"#a$ ! #&%*s'r#a$5 $o "*a$ r!a$#2a a 'ra.4s %!

$a !(r!sa Coro!$!"5 $a "*a$ "*!&'a "o& 'o%a *&a !s'r*"'*ra %! r!"*rsos

*(a&os ara 'a$ ?#&5 "o&'a&%o "o& !$ !rso&a$ ara 'o%os $os s!,(!&'os %!

$a #($!(!&'a"#6&5 %!s%! $a .!r#?#"a"#6& '4"&#"a %! !s!"#?#"a"#o&!s as'a !$

!rso&a$ %! "a(o ara r!a$#2ar $a #&s'a$a"#6&

Por o'ra ar'!5 a$ s!r $a !(r!sa $a 0&#"a ro.!!%ora %!$ s!r.#"#o5 $os*s*ar#os ?#&a$!s s! "o&.#!r'!& !& o'!&"#a$!s "$#!&'!s %! $a #($!(!&'a"#6&

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199



ara $os *s*ar#os ?#&a$!s )*#!&!s '!&%r+a& $a .!&'aja %! "o&'ar "o& *& '#!(o

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ab#$#%a%!s !& !$ (a&!jo %! (4'o%os5 ro"!%#(#!&'os > ?*&"#o&!s r!)*!r#%as

ara !$ %!sarro$$o %! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %!$ ro>!"'o %!$ "a(b#o %!

ro'!""#o&!s A%!(3s5 s! %!b! a&a$#2ar s# s! %#so&! %! $os !)*#os >

!rra(#!&'as ara !j!"*'ar$o

E& !s'! "o&'!@'o5 %!b! (!&"#o&ars! )*! $a !(r!sa "o(o 0&#"a

"o(a1+a "o(!r"#a$#2a%ora %!$ s!r.#"#o "*!&'a "o& !rso&a$ a$'a(!&'!"a$#?#"a%o ara $a !.a$*a"#6& %!$ ro>!"'o ro*!s'o5 > "o&%*"#r s* !j!"*"#6&

"o& !rso&a$ ro#o %! $a !(r!sa s#& $a &!"!s#%a% %! "o&'ra'a"#6& %!

!rso&a$ !@'!r&o a%#"#o&a$5 o s!r.#"#os !s!"#a$#2a%os ara $os ro6s#'os

$a&'!a%os

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!(r!&%!r *& ro>!"'o %! $a !&.!r,a%*ra %!$ )*! s! $a&'!a5 or $o )*! $a

#&s'a$a"#6& *!%! a"!rs! "o& $as !rso&as )*! "o&?or(a& !$ %!ar'a(!&'o

%! ro'!""#o&!s "o& a>*%a %! a$,*&as "*a%r#$$as %! (a&'!&#(#!&'o5

ro,ra(3&%os! %!&'ro %! $as o!ra"#o&!s r!,*$ar!s %! $a !(r!sa E& .#s'a

%! $o ro*!s'o s! .!r#?#"a )*! %!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a '4"&#"o5 $a ro*!s'a

!s "o($!'a(!&'! ?a"'#b$! > &o s! !.#%!&"#a& #(!%#(!&'os ara s*

#($!(!&'a"#6&

8ac%<l,a, Ec#n?.ca

La ?a"'#b#$#%a% !"o&6(#"a %! *& ro>!"'o o ro*!s'a s! r!?#!r! a $a%#so&#b#$#%a% %!$ "a#'a$ !& !?!"'#.o o %! $os "r4%#'os %! ?#&a&"#a(#!&'o

&!"!sar#os ara #&.!r'#r !& !$ %!sarro$$o %!$ ro>!"'o5 as+ "o(o $a

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#($!(!&'a"#6&

200



Para !s'o5 %!b! "a$"*$ars! s# $os b!&!?#"#o )*! s! !s!ra s! %!r#.!& %!

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)*! s! #&"*rr#r3& a$ %!sarro$$ar ! #($!(!&'ar $a ro*!s'a

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%#?+"#$!s %! (!%#r5 *!s #&.o$*"ra& .a$or!s s*bj!'#.os5 "o(o $a !r"!"#6& %!

"a$#%a% o sa'#s?a""#6& or ar'! %! $os *s*ar#os ?#&a$!s

Los !s'*%#os %! ?a"'#b#$#%a% !"o&6(#"a #&"$*>!& a&3$#s#s %! "os'os >

b!&!?#"#os aso"#a%os "o& $a #&.!rs#6& ara !j!"*'ar !$ ro>!"'o5 $os "*a$!s

*!%!& s!r "*a&'#?#"a%os !& '4r(#&os (o&!'ar#os !s'ab$!"#%os $a %#?!r!&"#a

%! $os "os'os !& )*! s! #&"*rr!& .!rs*s $os #&,r!sos )*! *%#!ra& %!r#.ars!%! $a r!%*""#6& %! $as #&'!rr*"#o&!s5 or $o 'a&'o !$ a*(!&'o %! ?a"'*ra"#6&

%! $a !(r!sa

E& !s'! s!&'#%o5 s! r!"o&o"! *& b!&!?#"#o !"o&6(#"o so"#a$ )*! s!

(a&#?#!s'a %! $a (!jora !& #(a,!& ara $a !(r!sa5 )*! ro.#!&! %! o?r!"!r

*& s!r.#"#o (3s "o&?#ab$! > "o&'#&*o5 "o& (!&os #&'!rr*"#o&!s as+ "o& $a

r!%*""#6& !& oras o(br!s )*! %!b!& !($!ars! ara !$ r!s'ab$!"#(#!&'o

%!$ s!r.#"#o !& $os "asos %! $as #&'!rr*"#o&!s

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*%#!ra& !$!.ar $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% !"o&6(#"a %!$ ro>!"'o *!s !$ b!&!?#"#o so"#a$

ara *&a !(r!sa %!$ Es'a%o5 0&#"a ro.!!%ora %!$ s!r.#"#o5 sobr!asa $as

"o&s#%!ra"#o&!s !"o&6(#"as o !$ "os'o8b!&!?#"#o

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$a )*! s! "o&s#%!ra&5 'o%os $os as!"'os #&.o$*"ra%os5 s! r!a$#2a& $os

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ro'!""#o&!s5 'o(a&%o !& "*!&'a !$ "os'o %! $os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6& > $os

(a'!r#a$!s *'#$#2a%os

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T#%al &7(!

A$ )*!%ar ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o $as *&#%a%!s (!&"#o&a%as5 s! %!ja& %!

s*(#&#s'rar a$ s#s'!(a *&os << M %! o'!&"#a5 $os "*a$!s s! &o'ar+a& !& $a

?a"'*ra"#6& %! $a !(r!sa5 >a )*! $as !(r!sas a%>a"!&'!s s! )*!%ar+a& s#&

!&!r,+a A$ (*$'#$#"ar !s'os M or $as oras )*! )*!%a& ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o

'!&%r!(os "*a&'o #&?$*>! !& %#"a ?a"'*ra"#6& E& !$ "*a%ro 9 s! (*!s'ra $a 'ar#?a %! "obro %! $a !(r!sa a &#.!$

#&%*s'r#a$

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/ <9; Bs

8*en%e: C#+;#elec7

E& !$ "*a%ro *!%! obs!r.ar !$ ro(!%#o %!$ '#!(o %! $as ?a$$as !&

<9 > <95 s! ob'*.o %! $as ?a$$as (!&"#o&a%as !& !$ %#a,&6s'#"o5

s*(a&%o !$ '#!(o %! $as ?a$$as > %#.#%#4&%o$os or $os (!s!s %!$ a1o

Es'o s! 'ra%*"! !&'o&"!s "o& !$ "os'o %! $os / !& $o (os'ra%o !& !$

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C*a,+#

CFlc*l# ,e l# ,e/a,# ,e ac%*+a+ ;#+ el %e.;# $n $*.n$%+a+ ene+"@a7

K#+a$ Ene+"@a 8ac%#+ ;#+ 56 P+ec# ,e/a,# ,e

ac%*+a+

=< <<M <9; Bs 9<=:959 Bs

A !sar %! $os s*bs#%#os %!$ Es'a%o "o& $a !(r!sa5 s! '#!&! "o(o

r!s*$'a%o )*! !$ (o&'o %!ja%o %! ?a"'*rar !s (a>or a$ "os'o %! $a

#($!(!&'a"#6& Es'o *!%! .!rs! !& !$ "*a%ro

C*a,+#

C#.;a+ac?n ,e n1e+$?n ac%*+ac?n7

Mo&'o %!ja%o %! ?a"'*rar 9<=:959 Bs

Cos'o %! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& ;:;95=Bs

A$ #($!(!&'ar $os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6& !s'! (o&'o %!ja%o %! ?a"'*rar

s!r#a ar'! %! $a ,a&a&"#a %! $a !(r!sa5 !s %!"#r5 s!r+a !$ b!&!?#"#o )*!

%!jar+a $a #&s'a$a"#6& %! $os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6&

A$ r!a$#2ar $a&'!ar $a r!$a"#6& "os'o b!&!?#"#o '!&%r!(os $o )*! s!

(*!s'ra !& !$ "*a%ro

C*a,+# )

Benec# ,e la e.;+e$a7

204



B!&!?#"#o 9<=:959 ;:;95=^ ;=<:5 Bs

Por !s'! r!s*$'a%o $a ro*!s'a s! "o&s#%!ra .#ab$! !& $o )*! r!s!"'a a

$a ?a"'#b#$#%a% !"o&6(#"a5 >a )*! !$ b!&!?#"#o !s (a>or a$ "os'o %!

#&s'a$a"#6& Es'o 'ra! "o&s#,o %#s(#&*#r !$ '#!(o %! #&'!rr*"#6& > or s*

*!s'o a$ s!r *&a ro'!""#6& (3s s!$!"'#.a )*! $a a"'*a$5 &o %!jar+a )*! *&a

s#'*a"#6& a &or(a$ ?a$$aK5 s! "o$ara a"#a $os ,!&!ra%or!s

O'ra ?or(a %! %!"#r )*! !s ?a"'#b$!5 !s $a r!"*!ra"#6& %! $a #&.!rs#6& !&

*& '#!(o #&(!%#a'o %!b#%o a $a %#s(#&*"#6& %! $as "o&s!"*!&"#as %! $as

?a$$as

8a$e V: I.;le.en%ac?n ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ n*.-+ca$ en la$ l@nea$

Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II enlace *e *ne a la$ SS5EE Ca+a<#<# Pe,+#

Ca.e/#! .e,an%e el *$# ,e n*e1a$ %ecn#l#"@a$ ;a+a nn#1a+ l#$

e$*e.a$ ac%*ale$7

L*!,o %! $o,rar !.a$*ar )*! $a ro*!s'a !s ?a"'#b$! s! "o&'#&0a "o& $a

!j!"*"#6& %!$ (#s(o S! '#!&!& $os %os r!$4s a s!r #&s'a$a%os !ro s!

r!)*#!r! s!r #&s'a$a%os !& !$ (#s(o !s)*!(a

Para ?or(ar !$ !s)*!(a s! *&!& $os %os r!$4s !& *& so$o 'ab$!ro %!

ro'!""#6&5 !s'o %a #! a $a r!#&,!&#!r+a %! %!'a$$!5 >a )*! s! '#!&! %os

!s)*!(as %#s'#&'o5 r!,#%os or s*s $a&os o %#a,ra(as *&#?#$ar!s5 > s!

)*#!r!& *&#r !& *&o so$o !s)*!(a5 !$ "*a$ s!r3 !$ #($!(!&'a%o ara $as

$+&!as )*! s! %!s!a& ro'!,!r Es'as (o%#?#"a"#o&!s %!jaro& *& so$o "o&j*&'o %! $a&os5 !s $a r#&"#a$

!rra(#!&'a ara !$ ro"!so %! r!!($a2o5 ar(a%o5 r*!bas > *!s'a !&

s!r.#"#o5 %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& V!r a&!@o GK

205



Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! so$o s! (*!s'ra& $os $a&os %! *& 'ab$!ro5 >a )*! !$

%!$ s!,*&%o 'ab$!ro s!r#a !@a"'a(!&'! #,*a$ !ro "o& *&'os %! "o&!@#o&!s

!& a'#o %#s'#&'o

D!s*4s %! '!&!r $a "o&?#,*ra"#6& %! $os !s)*!(as &*!.os %!ro'!""#o&!s s! ro"!%! a #($!(!&'ar $os (#s(os ara $o,rar !s'o s!

r!)*#!r! 'r!s asos a s!,*#r "o(o $o so&-

9 L!.a&'a(#!&'o %!$ "ab$!a%o %! $o )*! s! '#!&! a&'!s %!$ "a(b#o %!

ro'!""#o&!s5 ara sab!r %6&%! "o&!"'ar $as s!1a$!s %! $os !)*#os a

ro'!,!r Mo%#?#"ar !$ !sa"#o ara $a #($!(!&'a"#6& > r!!($a2ar $os !)*#os5

ro,ra(a&%o a"'#.#%a%!s %#ar#as ara "*($#r "o& $a ?!"a !s'ab$!"#%a

a$ r#&"##o %!$ ro>!"'o Por 0$'#(o s! a"!& $as r*!bas %! a"!'a"#6& $as "*a$!s "o& $a

a>*%a %! *&a "aja %! r*!ba5 "o&s#s'!& !& #&>!"'ar "orr#!&'!s >

'!&s#o&!s a$ !s)*!(a ara s#(*$ar s* ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o *&a .!2

#&s'a$a%o5 s#(*$a&%o $as ?a$$as >a !s'*%#a%as5 $as "*a$!s so& %! a$'a

#(!%a&"#a

D!s*4s %! a"!r !$ ro"!%#(#!&'o (!&"#o&a%o5 s! "o&!"'a !$ !s)*!(a

a$ s#s'!(a %!j3&%o$o !& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o5 (#%#!&%o5 "o&'ro$a&%o >

s*!r.#sa&%o $os ar3(!'ros5 !& !s'! "aso $as $+&!as Carabobo 9 >

Carabobo

S! #&#"#a !$ ro"!%#(#!&'o &o(bra%o "o& !$ $!.a&'a(#!&'o %!$ "ab$!a%o

!$ (#s(o ?*! 'o(a%o %!$ s#'#o !& !s'*%#o5 > "o& $a a>*%a %!$ ro,ra(a E@"!$

s! (*!s'ra& "o(o !s'3& "o&!"'a%as $as s!1a$!s %!$ s#s'!(a a ro'!,!r

E& !s'! $!.a&'a(#!&'o s! (*!s'ra& $as bor&!ras %o&%! $$!,a& $os

.o$'aj!s ro.!&#!&'!s %!$ a'#o > a$,*&as s!1a$!s %! %#saros )*! s! (a&%a&

a"#a $os #&'!rr*'or!s5 $as a$ar(as (a>or > (!&or5 as# "o(o 'a(b#!& $a

s!1a$ %! a!r'*ra %! $os #&'!rr*'or!s r#&"#a$!s > %! 'ra&s?!r!&"#a V!r

a&!@o K

206





U&#!&%o as+ $as s!1a$!s %! $as %#?!r!&"#a$!s %! barra5 $as ro'!""#o&!s

%! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 $os ,!&!ra%or!s > $as ro'!""#o&!s %! "a%a sa$#%a %!

$+&!a

Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! ,ra"#as a $as (o%#?#"a"#o&!s !"as !& $a ?as! %os5%o&%! s! a%a'aro& $as %os "o&?#,*ra"#o&!s %! $os r!$4s !& "*!s'#6&5 a *&

so$o !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&5 s! $o,raro& (o%#?#"ar a$,*&os "ab$!s5 ara )*!

$as s!1a$!s s!a& $as "orr!"'as s!,0& !$ $a&o %!$ !s)*!(a &*!.o5 a$,*&as

%! !s'as (o%#?#"a"#o&!s *!%!& .!rs! !& !$ a&!@o J

S#,*#!&%o "o& !$ ro"!%#(#!&'o s! $o,r6 (o%#?#"ar !& !$ '#!(o

ro,ra(a%o !$ !sa"#o5 > $a r!#&,!&#!r+a %! $os !)*#os 5 %#.#%#!&%o !s'!

ro"!%#(#!&'o !& %os5 (!s!s ara $a (o%#?#"a"#6& > !$ r!!($a2o %! $os!)*#os !& $a $+&!a Carabobo I > !$ (#s(o '#!(o ara !$ !s)*!(a )*!

ro'!,!r3 $a $+&!a Carabobo II As+ o%!r #($!(!&'ar $a ro*!s'a !& *&

!r#o%o &o (a>or a 9< (!s!s

E& !$ "*a%ro ; s! !s!"#?#"a "6(o ?*! %#s'r#b*#%o !$ '#!(o ara $a

#($!(!&'a"#6& or "a%a !s)*!(a

C*a,+#

D$%+<*c?n ,e %e.;# ,e .;le.en%ac?n7

E$*e.a Te.;# ,e

a+.a,#

Te.;# ,e

.#n%a/e

P*e$%# en

$e+1c# D@a

Carabobo I M!s!s 9 M!s <89989

Carabobo II 9 (!s S!(a&as 98<;89

N#%a: P+#"+a.a,# ;#+ el ,e;a+%a.en%# ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ Ca+a<#<#! C#+;#elec7

Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! $as (o%#?#"a"#o&!s %! $os 'ab$!ros "*($#!ro& "o& *&

ro'o"o$o %! '#!(o !s'r#"'o5 >a )*! s! r!)*!r+a "*($#r "o& $as ?!"as )*!

208



s! !s'#*$aro&

Para !.#%!&"#ar !s'! 'rabajo s! (*!s'ra& #(3,!&!s %!$ (#s(o !& !$

a&!@o

Para "o&"$*#r "o& !$ ro"!%#(#!&'o s! ro"!%! a a"!r $as r*!bas %!%!$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&5 %#"as r*!bas s! a"!& !& .a"+o5 !s %!"#r5

%!s"o&!"'a%o !$ s#s'!(a

Para !s'as r*!bas s! *'#$#26 $a "aja %! r*!bas (ar"a O(#"ro& V!r

?#,*ra 9<;K5 $a "*a$ s! "o&!"'a "o& !$ !)*#o %! r*!ba !& $os *&'os %!

bor&!ras #&%#"a%os !& !$ "*a%ro =

Es'a !)*#o %! r*!ba s#(*$a "o& s*s r*!bas "or'as5 r*!bas $ar,as >

$a r*!ba %! b0s)*!%a *& *&'o %! ?a$$a !& "a%a 2o&a %! o!ra"#6&5%!'!r(#&a&%o s# !$ r!$4 o!ra o &o5 > (os'ra&%o !& ,ra?#"a %o&%!

!@a"'a(!&'! !s $a *b#"a"#6& %! $os *&'os5 !s'o "o& $a "*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"a

%!$ r!$4

Figura 10: E3uio de rue'a Bmicron.

209



E& $a ?#,*ra 9<= s! (*!s'ra *&a or"#6& %! $as r*!bas !"as5 %o&%!

s! obs!r.a )*! ara *&a ?a$$a %! a$'a #(!%a&"#a FK5 %! $a ?as! S a '#!rra !$

r!$4 &*(4r#"o (ar"a S#!(!&s >a #&s'a$a%o5 '*.o *&a a"'*a"#6& 5!& s* 2o&a

%! o!ra"#6& 95 !s!"#?#"3&%os! !& !$ "*a%ro : $a #(!%a&"#a > !$ '#!(o

%! o!ra"#6&

C*a,+# C#ne=?n ,el e*;# ,e ;+*e<a c#n el e$*e.a ,e ;+#%ecc?n7

Par3(!'ro Bor&!ra

Corr#!&'! ?as! R <99-9

Corr#!&'! ?as! S <99-

Corr#!&'! ?as! T <99-

Corr#!&'! N!*'ro <99-;

Vo$'aj! ?as! R <-9

Vo$'aj! ?as! S <-

Vo$'aj! ?as! T <-

Vo$'aj! N!*'ro <-;

D#saro d <-

D#saro 8 <-9

Fuente: Prue'as +uncionales.

C*a,+#

P+*e<a ,e ,$;a+# ,el +el- Se.en$ ;a+a *na alla ,e *na l@nea a %e++a7

I.;e,anca An"*l# Te.;#

n#.nal

Te.;#

ac%1#

Re$*l%a,#

210





D#"a #&?or(a"#6& (*!s'ra $os %#a,ra(as ?asor#a$!s %! "a%a .ar#ab$!

(!%#%a or $os r!$4s5 $a (#s(a s! %#.#%! !& ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > ro'!""#6&

%! r!sa$%o P*!%!& obs!r.ars! !& $os a&!@o M > N r!s!"'#.a(!&'!

To%o !s'o s! ob'*.o a 'ra.4s %!$ so?'ar! D#,s#5 !$ "*a$ !r(#'!"o&!"'ars! "o& !$ r!$4 > o%!r !@'ra!r $a #&?or(a"#6& (!&"#o&a%a

Ta(b#4& s! *%o ob'!&!r $os .a$or!s )*! !s'3 (#%#!&%o !$ r!$4 !& *&

r!"#so #&s'a&'!5 $os "*a$!s s! (*!s'ra& !& $a ?#,*ra 9<:

O'ra %! $as .!&'ajas %! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& so& $as ?*&"#o&!s &*!.as )*!

os!! !$ r!$4 %! ro'!""#6& s!"*&%ar#a

D#"as ?*&"#o&!s so& $as s#,*#!&'!s-

9 Pro'!""#6& %! sobr!"orr#!&'! &o %#r!""#o&a$ <5 95<N5 9NK Pro'!""#6& %! sobr!"orr#!&'! %#r!""#o&a$ ;5;NK Pro'!""#6& %! ?a$$a #&'!rr*'or <BFK Pro'!""#6& S!"*!&"#a N!,a'#.a K Pro'!""#6& Sobr!"ar,a T4r(#"a :K O'ras ?*&"#o&!s %! ro'!""#6&- =9O/U5 : > ;; R!"#!rr! a*'o(3'#"o ;:= S#&"ro&#s(o

212



Figura 106: alores medidos or el es3uema de rotecci%n. Fuente: S,E PedroCame-o.

CONCLUSIONES 3 RECOMENDACIONES

C#ncl*$#ne$

D!$ %#a,&6s'#"o s! *%o !@'ra!r "o(o !s'3 "o(*!s'a $a S/E P!%ro

Ca(!jo5 $a (#s(a !s *&a S/E a'+#"a5 >a )*! "*!&'a "o& ,!&!ra"#6&5

#&'!r"o&!@#6& %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !& *& &#.!$ %! 99V > 'a(b#4& s! !&"ar,a %!

%#s'r#b*#r !&!r,+a !& &#.!$!s %! 95=V

La #&'!r"o&!@#6& %! 'ra&s(#s#6& $o,ra *& !&$a"! "o& (*"as S/E

#(or'a&'!s !& !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o %!$ !s'a%o Carabobo

213





%!&'ro %! s* 2o&a %! %#saro * o!ra"#6&5 $as ?a$$as '+#"as )*! s! r!s!&'a&

!& !$ !&$a"! !& !s'*%#o > $*!,o a$ obs!r.ar $a "*r.a %! *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a

(ar"a s#!(!&s5 $a "*a$ !s "*a%r#$a'!ra$5 s! %!'!r(#&a )*! !& *& '#!(o

#&s'a&'3&!o $o"a$#2a $as (!&"#o&a%as ?a$$as '+#"as Es'o asa or)*! $asro'!""#o&!s %! %#s'a&"#a o!ra& or 2o&as5 > a$ "o(arar $as %os

ro'!""#o&!s5 s! ob'#!&! )*! ara *&a ?a$$a a$'a(!&'! r!s#s'#.a $a "*a$!s so&

$as (3s "o(*&!s5 !$ r!$4 L o!rar !& *& '#!(o %! s!, !& s* 2o&a 5 >

!$ s#!(!&s o!ra !& *& '#!(o #&s'a&'3&!o !& s* 2o&a 9

Co& !$ "3$"*$o s! ob'*.o !$ &#.!$ %! "or'o"#r"*#'o a"'*a$ !& $a S/E P!%ro

Ca(!jo5 !$ (#s(o s#r.#6 ara o%!r %#s!1ar $os !s)*!(as > o%!r sab!r !$

&#.!$ %! $os aj*s'!s a "o$o"ar !& $as ro'!""#o&!s &*!.as a #($!(!&'ar Co& !$ !s'*%#o %! $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% '4"&#"a > !"o&6(#"a5 s! !.#%!&"#o )*!

$a #($!(!&'a"#6& !s ?a"'#b$! >a )*! $a !(r!sa "o(o 0&#"a "o(a1+a

"o(!r"#a$#2a%ora %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 "*!&'a "o& !$ !rso&a$ "a$#?#"a%o ara

$a #($!(!&'a"#6& (!&"#o&a%a As+ "o(o 'a(b#4& "*!&'a "o& $os !)*#os >

!rra(#!&'as &!"!sar#os ara o&!r !$ ro>!"'o !& (ar"a5 "o& s*s ro#os

!($!a%os5 %!&'ro %! $as o!ra"#o&!s %!$ %!ar'a(!&'o #&.o$*"ra%o

D!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a !"o&6(#"o5 $a #($!(!&'a"#6& a"! )*! s!

%#s(#&*>a& $as !r%#%as !& "obro %!$ s!r.#"#o5 > as+ ?a"'*rar *&a "a&'#%a%

(3s !$!.a%a

Lo )*! s! #&.#r'#6 !& $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %!$ ro>!"'o !& !s'*%#o5 s!

r!"*!ra r3#%a(!&'! a$ %#s(#&*#r !$ &0(!ro %! #&'!rr*"#o&!s

E& $a #($!(!&'a"#6& s! "o&"$*>!5 )*! a"+a& ?a$'a& *&as

(o%#?#"a"#o&!s > a,r!,ar a$,*&os "ab$!s ara o%!r "o&!"'ar !$ r!$4 "o& $os

!)*#os %!$ s#s'!(a5 > '!&!r !& s# 'o%o "orr!"'a(!&'! "ab$!a%o a$ (o(!&'o

%! $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o S! %#s!16 !$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&5 !s %!"#r5 *&#6& %!$ r!$4 %!

%#s'a&"#a > sobr!"orr#!&'! %#r!""#o&a$ (ar"a S#!(!&s5 ara as+ ob'!&!r *&a

ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > *&a %! r!sa$%o !& !$ (#s(o !s)*!(a5 "o&!"'a%as

!&'r! s+

215



D! $as r*!bas ?*&"#o&a$!s %! $a ro'!""#6&5 s! ob'*.o "o(o r!s*$'a%o

!$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! $as (#s(as > as+ !s'ar $#s'as ara $a *!s'a !&

s!r.#"#o

Por 'o%o $o (!&"#o&a%o s! "o&"$*>! )*! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! $os&*!.os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"os !& $as $+&!as !& !s'*%#o5 !s %!

,ra& #(or'a&"#a ara !$ s#s'!(a &a"#o&a$5 'o(a&%o !& "*!&'a )*! !s'! !s

#&'!r"o&!"'a%o $o,ra&%o )*! $as ro'!""#o&!s s!a& s!$!"'#.as5 > a$ (o(!&'o

%! *&a a&o(a$+a5 &o s! .!a a?!"'a%a $a ,!&!ra"#6& r!s!&'! !& $a S/E P!%ro

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or !&%! (a&'!&,a *&a "o&'#&*#%a% o $o )*! !s $o (#s(o %#s(#&*>! !$

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%! $as (#s(as

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216





CARRILLO5 G <<;K Pro'!""#o&!s E$4"'r#"as B*"ara(a&,a8Co$o(b#a

CORRALES5 D <9K Co&"!'os B3s#"os %! E$!"'r#"#%a%

ENCICLOPEDIA CLEAC 9::;K M6%*$o II5 Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! M!%#%a

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INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEER IEEEK

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UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA EPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR UPEL5

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218



UNIVERSIDAD ROMULO GALLEGOS 9::;K G*+a ara $a !$abora"#6& %!

'!s#s Sa& J*a& %! $os Morros5 G*3r#"o8V!&!2*!$a

VILLAFRANCA5 D 9::K M!'o%o$o,+a %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&5 Los T!)*!s8

V!&!2*!$a

ANEXOS

219



220





222



ANEXO B

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223



N1ele$ ,e C#+%#c+c*%#$ Pe,+# Ca.e/#

I[[ AK I[[ &,*$o %!,K S[[ MVAK # AK

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224



ANEXO C

Da"+a.a$ *nla+e$ ,e la$ SS5EE Pe,+# Ca.e/# Ca+a<#<#

225



226







NORMA

PROCEDIMIENTO PARA REALIAR

MANTENIMIENTO A RELES DE DISTANCIA

ELECTROMECANICOS TIPO L

MARCA BBC

9 INTRODUCCIONE$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a '#o L !s *&a ro'!""#6& !$!"'ro(!"3&#"a "o& "*r.a %! o!ra"#6& '#oMO V!r ?#,*ra 9K

S*s r#&"#a$!s "ara"'!r+s'#"as so&-

− Arra&)*! or (+&#(a #(!%a&"#a− T#!(o (+&#(o %! o!ra"#6&- < Z 9< (s!,− Tr!s !'aas %#r!""#o&a$!s > *&a &o %#r!""#o&a$

− E$ '#!(o %! aj*s'! %! "a%a !'aa *!%! .ar#ars! !&'r! <9 > s!,5 #&%!!&%#!&'! !&'r!s+

− P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! o!ra"#6& %!- a"!$!ra"#6& %! !'aa5 sobr! a$"a&"! !r(#'#%o5 s*ba$"a&"! !r(#'#%o

− E$ L !r(#'! "o(!&sar $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! arra&)*! a(bos a $a .!2− P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! r!!&,a&"!s (o&o?3s#"o5 'r#?3s#"o5 o a(bos a $a .!2

Los r#&"#a$!s "o(o&!&'!s so&-

227

F#,*ra 9



− U&a *&#%a% %! (!%#%a CMK ara %!'!r(#&ar $a %#s'a&"#a > %#r!""#6& %! $a ?a$$a− U&a *&#%a% %! arra&)*! or (+&#(a #(!%a&"#a or ?as! AK− Dos *&#%a%!s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! L5 RL.K ara ?a$$as a '#!rra !& !$ L− U&a *&#%a% %! '!(or#2a"#6& %! $as !'aas TK− U& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! "orr#!&'! UK or ?as! > *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& VK ara

aj*s'ar !$ a$"a&"! %! $as !'aas− C*a'ro bob#&as %! "o(!&sa"#6& %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! arra&)*! !& !$ L

− U&a *&#%a% %! #(!%a&"#a #(a,!& MK− Bor&!s %! r*!ba K− U&a *&#%a% a*@#$#ar %! s!1a$#2a"#6& o"#o&a$K

OBJETO

I&%#"ar 'o%os > "a%a *&o %! $os asos a s!,*#r ara r!a$#2ar !$ (a&'!&#(#!&'o a r!$4s %!%#s'a&"#a L

CAMPO DE APLICACIÓN

Es'a &or(a !s a$#"ab$! a $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a L #&s'a$a%os "o(o ro'!""#6& r#(ar#a !&$+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& %! 99V > "o(o ro'!""#6& s!"*&%ar#a !& $+&!as %! <V

DOCUMENTOS A CONSULTA

− Ca'3$o,os %! $os !)*#os %! r*!ba− P$a&os ?*&"#o&a$!s− Aj*s'!s %! "oor%#&a"#6&− Ca'3$o,os %!$ ?abr#"a&'! %!$ r!$4

DEFINICIONESCaja %! r*!ba- E)*#o %! r*!ba 'r#?3s#"o '#o BB o Q

P!#&! %! r*!ba- A""!sor#o %! $a "aja %! r*!ba ara #&'!r"o&!"'ar$a "o& !$ r!$4

E'aa- A$"a&"! %! #(!%a&"#a > '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& ara "a%a *&a %! $as 2o&as %!ro'!""#6& %! $a $+&!a %! a"*!r%o a $os aj*s'!s %! "oor%#&a"#6&

Co&'a"'o %! ,#ro #&K- D#sos#'#.o ,#ra'or#o ara "o&!"'ar o %!s"o&!"'ar $os '!r(#&a$!ss*!r#or!s ! #&?!r#or!s %! $a bor&!ra %! r*!ba K %!$ r!$4

T!r(#&a$!s AK- P*&'os %! "o&!@#6& r#&"#a$ %!$ r!$4 *b#"a%os !& $a ar'! os'!r#or %! !s'!

U&#%a%!s a*@#$#ar!s- Co&'a"'or!s ara (*$'#$#"a"#6& %! ?*&"#o&!s

EQUIPOS Y ERRAMIENTAS ESPECIALES

− Caja %! r*!ba BB o Q− I&>!"'or s!"*&%ar#o %! "orr#!&'! a$'!r&a

228









− R!a$#"! $a r*!ba !& !$ or%!& #&%#"a%o !& $a 'ab$a %!s"r#'a !& !$ a&!@o V "a%a"o$*(&a %! !s'a 'ab$a5 #&%#"a $as *&#%a%!s %!$ r!$4 )*! %!b!& o!rars!"*!&"#a$(!&'! %!!&%#!&%o %! $a os#"#6& %! $os "o&(*'a%or!s F > , %! $a"aja %! r*!ba Para *&a (!jor "o(r!&s#6& %! $a 'ab$a5 $!!r "*#%a%osa(!&'! $as#&s'r*""#o&!s %!s"r#'as !& $a ar'! #&?!r#or %!$ a&!@o

− S#(*$! !$ '#o %! ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or &5 obs!r.a&%o $as!"*!&"#a %! o!ra"#6& %! $as *&#%a%!s %!$ r!$45 *&a %!s*4s %! $a o'ra S!r!"o(#!&%a r!!'#r !$ '#o %! ?a$$a .ar#as .!"!s ara obs!r.ar "a%a .!2 *&a*&#%a% !& ar'#"*$ar

No'a- &o %!b! r!s#o&ar !$ *$sa%or & or $ar,o '#!(o5 a ?#& %! !.#'arsobr!"a$!&'a(#!&'o !& $a *&#%a% %! '!(or#2a"#6& TK > $os "o&'a"'or!s PA A&'!s%! "a%a r!!'#"#6& %!b!r3 !s!rars! a $os )*! 'o%os $os "o&'a"'os a>a& r!"a+%o !&!s!"#a$ $os PTr

− Co(r*!b! !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! s!1a$#2a"#o&!s (!"3&#"as > 6'#"as

<; PRUEBA DE LAS UNIDADES DE ARRANQUE AK

Fa$$a b#?3s#"a-− Aj*s'! !& $a "aja %! r*!ba !$ .a$or '!6r#"o XK %!'!r(#&a&%o a&'!r#or(!&'!

a*(!&'a%o !& *& X *'#$#2a&%o $os "o&(*'a%or!s 5 #5 − Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , !& os#"#6& 9− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& R− S#(*$! !$ '#o %! ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & > r!%*2"a !$ .a$or

%! X as+ %!'!r(#&a%o %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o− A&o'! !$ .a$or %!'!r(#&a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& S > r!!'#r $a r*!ba ara ?a$$a b#?3s#"a− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& T > r!!'#r $a r*!ba ara ?a$$a b#?3s#"a

Fa$$a (o&o?3s#"a-− E$ aj*s'! X '!6r#"o a "o$o"ar !& $a "aja %!!&%! %!$ aj*s'! %! $as bob#&as %!

"o(o*&%aj! > s! ar3 %! $a s#,*#!&'! (a&!ra-

S#& "o(o*&%aj!-

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Co& "o(o*&%aj!-

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− S# !$ aj*s'! %! o !s %#?!r!&'! a$ %! ?as!5 !$ .a$or '!6r#"o .ar#ar3 !& *& Z *&9<X %! $a ?a$$a b#?3s#"a

− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , !& os#"#6& − Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& R− S#(*$! !$ '#o %! ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & > r!%*2"a !$ .a$or

%! X aj*s'a%o as'a )*! !$ "o&'a"'or "orr!so&%#!&'! CA ?*&"#o&!r!,*$ar(!&'! a$ r!s#o&ar &

232



− A&o'! !$ .a$or %!'!r(#&a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& S > r!#'a $a r*!ba ara $a ?a$$a (o&o?3s#"a− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& T > r!#'a $a r*!ba ara $a ?a$$a (o&o?3s#"a

<= PRUEBA DEL ALCANCE DE LAS ETAPAS CMK

L+(#'! %! $a r#(!ra !'aa-

Fa$$a b#?3s#"a-

− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& 9− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& R− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or A %!$ r!$4 !& os#"#6& I− Aj*s'! !$ .a$or '!6r#"o X ob'!&#!&%o %! $as "*r.as %! "a$#bra"#6& %!$ CM ara

$a r#(!ra !'aa NIK5 (!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!ba 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & %! $a "aja %! r*!ba >

a*(!&'! $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ !$"o&'a"'or PSII s#!(r! o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %!

.!"!sK "o& !$ *$sa%or &− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ !

"o&'a"'or PSII &o o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK"o& !$ *$sa%or &

− Pro(!%#! !s'os %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja %! r*!ba > a&o'! !r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$4

− Es'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& S > r!#'a $a r*!ba a&'!r#or− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& $a os#"#6& T > r!#'a $a r*!ba a&'!r#or

Fa$$a (o&o?3s#"a-− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , !& os#"#6& − Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& R− Aj*s'! !$ .a$or '!6r#"o %! X ara , !& os#"#6& − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & %! $a "aja %! r*!ba >

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− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ !$"o&'a"'or PSII &o o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!s "o&

!$ *$sa%or &K− Pro(!%#! !s'os %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja r*!ba > a&o'! !$

r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$4 Es'! .a$or %!b! s!raro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z X

− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& S > r!#'a $a r*!ba a&'!r#or− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& $a os#"#6& T > r!#'a $a r*!ba a&'!r#or

Fa$$a 'r#?3s#"a-

233



− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , !& os#"#6& − Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& R− Aj*s'! !$ .a$or '!6r#"o !& X ara , !& os#"#6&

No'a- %*ra&'! $a s#(*$a"#6& %! $a ?a$$a .!r#?#)*! )*! $as 'r!s *&#%a%!s A !s'4&o!ra&%o s#(*$'3&!a(!&'! D! &o s!r as+5 a*(!&'! !$ .a$or %! aj*s'! %! $as*&#%a%!s )*! &o o!r!& as'a "o&s!,*#r $a o!ra"#6& s#(*$'3&!a %! $as (#s(as

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− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ !$"o&'a"'or PSII &o o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK"o& !$ *$sa%or &

− Pro(!%#! !s'os %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja > a&o'! !$ r!s*$'a%o!& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$4 Es'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z X

−

Co$o)*! !$ aj*s'! %! $as *&#%a%!s A !& s* .a$or or#,#&a$ L+(#'! %! $a s!,*&%a !'aa-

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s!,*&%a !'aa NIIK M!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!bas- 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & %! $a "aja %! r*!ba >

a*(!&'! $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ $os"o&'a"'or!s PSII > PSIII s#!(r! o!r!& ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %!

.!"!sK "o& !$ *$sa%or &− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ so$o !$

"o&'a"'or PSII o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK "o& !$*$sa%or &

− Pro(!%#! !s'o %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja %! r*!ba > a&o'!5 !$r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$45 !s'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'!#,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z

L+(#'! %! $a '!r"!ra !'aa-

− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& 9− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& R− Aj*s'! !$ .a$or '!6r#"o X ob'!&#%o %! $as "*r.as %! "a$#bra"#6& %!$ CM ara $a

'!r"!ra !'aa NIIIK M!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!bas- 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & %! $a "aja %! r*!ba >

a*(!&'! $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ $os"o&'a"'or!s PSII > PSIII s#!(r! o!r!& > "o&'#&0! a"'#.a%a $a *&#%a% %!'!(or#2a"#6& T !s'a "o&%#"#6& %!b! "*($#rs! ara s#(*$a"#o&!s

234



− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or ara !$ "*a$ so$o $os"o&'a"'or!s PSII > PSIII o!r!& ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK"o& !$ *$sa%or &

− Pro(!%#! !s'o %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja %! r*!ba > a&o'! !$r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$45 !s'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'!#,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z

L+(#'! %! $a !'aa A-− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or A %! r!$4 !& os#"#6& A− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& 9− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& R− Aj*s'! !$ .a$or '!6r#"o X ob'!&#%o %! $as "*r.as %! "a$#bra"#6& %!$ CM ara $a

!'aa A NAK M!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!bas- 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & > a*(!&'! $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X

as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or ara !$ "*a$ !$ "o&'a"'or PSII s#!(r! o!r! arar!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK "o& !$ *$sa%or &

− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X !& !$ "*a$ so$o !$ "o&'a"'or PSII o!r! ara r!!'#%ass#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK "o& !$ *$sa%or &

− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or ara !$ "*a$ so$o !$"o&'a"'or PSII o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK "o& !$*$sa%or &

− Pro(!%#! !s'o %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja %! r*!ba > a&o'! !$r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$45 !s'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'!#,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z

<: MEDICION DEL TIEMPO DE OPERACIÓN DE LAS ETAPAS

− Co&!"'! !$ (!%#%or %! '#!(o s!,0& $os a&!@os VIa > VIb− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , !& os#"#6& 9− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& R

T#!(o %! r#(!ra !'aa-

− Aj*s'! *& .a$or %!$ X #,*a$ a $a (#'a% %!$ .a$or $+(#'! (!%#%o ara $a r#(!ra!'aa

− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba− S#(*$! $a ?a$$a > (#%a !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6&− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba Es'! %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$

.a$or aj*s'a%o !& !$ r!$4

T#!(o %! s!,*&%a !'aa-

− Aj*s'! *& .a$or %!$ X #,*a$ a$ ro(!%#o %! $os $#(#'!s (!%#%os %! $a r#(!ra >s!,*&%a !'aa

− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba− S#(*$! $a ?a$$a > (#%a !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6&

235



− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba Es'! %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$.a$or aj*s'a%o !& !$ r!$4

T#!(o %! '!r"!ra !'aa-

− Aj*s'! *& .a$or %!$ X #,*a$ a$ ro(!%#o %! $os $#(#'!s (!%#%os %! $a s!,*&%a >'!r"!ra !'aa

− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba− S#(*$! $a ?a$$a > (#%a !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6&− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba Es'! %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$

.a$or aj*s'a%o !& !$ r!$4

T#!(o %! $a !'aa A-

− Aj*s'! !$ "o&(*'a%or A %!$ r!$4 !& os#"#6& A− Aj*s'! *& .a$or %!$ X #,*a$ a $a (#'a% %!$ .a$or $+(#'! (!%#%o ara $a !'aa A− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba− S#(*$! a ?a$$a > (#%a !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6&− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba Es'! %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$

.a$or %! '#!(o (!%#%o !& $a r#(!ra !'aa

236



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ANEXO 8

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ANEXO G

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243



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261



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264





ANEXO 0

M#,cac#ne$ al %a<le+#

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Ala+.a

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ANEXO

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