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CAPRICE and PAMELA CAPRICE and PAMELA

CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

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Page 1: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

CAPRICE and PAMELACAPRICE and PAMELA

Page 2: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Gli esperimenti della Collaborazione Gli esperimenti della Collaborazione WiZardWiZard

Page 3: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

The Cosmic Ray radiationThe Cosmic Ray radiation

Page 4: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Height: 350 cmWeight: 3500 kgPower: 1500 W Height: 120 cm

Weight: 450 kgPower: 360 W

SUPER CONDUCTING MAGNET

CAPRICECAPRICE

TRD

1.2

m

PAMELAPAMELA

Da esperimenti su palloni Da esperimenti su palloni ad esperimenti su satellitiad esperimenti su satelliti

Page 5: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

CapriceCaprice 98: studio dello spettro di energia di 98: studio dello spettro di energia di particelle ed antiparticelle al top dell’atmosferaparticelle ed antiparticelle al top dell’atmosfera

•• Lo Lo spettrometrospettrometro CAPRICE98 è stato lanciato con pallone CAPRICE98 è stato lanciato con pallone aerostatico da aerostatico da Fort SumnerFort Sumner, Nuovo Messico, USA, il 28 maggio , Nuovo Messico, USA, il 28 maggio 1998. Dopo tre ore di ascesa l’apparato ha raggiunto circa 36 km1998. Dopo tre ore di ascesa l’apparato ha raggiunto circa 36 kmdi altitudine.di altitudine.

•• Per oltre 20 ore ha viaggiato ad un’altitudine tra i 36 e i 38 kPer oltre 20 ore ha viaggiato ad un’altitudine tra i 36 e i 38 km m corrispondente ad una atmosfera residua di 5.5 g/cmcorrispondente ad una atmosfera residua di 5.5 g/cm22. A questa . A questa quta quta di crociera lo di crociera lo spettrometro spettrometro ha raccolto dati sui flussi di varie ha raccolto dati sui flussi di varie specie di raggi cosmici: antiprotoni, elettroni, positroni, protspecie di raggi cosmici: antiprotoni, elettroni, positroni, protoni, oni, deuterio e nuclei di elio; la maggior parte di questi risultati deuterio e nuclei di elio; la maggior parte di questi risultati sono sono stati pubblicati.stati pubblicati.

Page 6: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Flusso Flusso di di muoni muoni in in atmosferaatmosfera

• La misura e lo studio del flusso di muoni in atmosfera può usata per migliorare i calcoli dei flussi di neutrini atmosferici

• Permette, inoltre, di controllare e calibrare le simulazioni di sciami atmosferici che vengono usate anche in esperimenti ad altissime energie come Auger, AGASA, HiRes

Page 7: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

FlussoFlusso di di primariprimari

Si assume che lo spettro di primari è uniforme ed isotropo nello spazio interstellare mentre in prossimità della Terra è modificato dal campo geomagnetico e dalla modulazione solare

Page 8: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Confronto tra dati sperimentali di muoni da CAPRICE e dati da simulazione 3-dimensionale

Page 9: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Flusso Flusso di di muoni positivimuoni positivi

Page 10: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

• Differenze sono state trovate confrontando dati simulati con misure di muoni in atmosfera.

• Queste differenze hanno portato a modificare le simulazioni soprattutto introducendo flussi di primari piùaccurati e simulando lo sviluppo tridimensionale degli sciami.

• Confronti più accurati per un ulteriore miglioramento richiedono un aumento significativo della precisione sperimentale. Esperimenti dedicati alla misura di muoni atmosferici sono necessari: CAPRICE04.

Page 11: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

CAPRICE 98 CAPRICE 98 stilll stilll producing physicsproducing physicsICRC 2003 CR ICRC 2003 CR compostioncompostion

Deuteron FluxesDeuteron Fluxes

Proton FluxesProton Fluxes

Helium nuclei FluxesHelium nuclei Fluxes

P and He FluxesP and He Fluxes

Page 12: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICEICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Light nuclei like D have a propagation history consistent with that of heavier nuclei

Using the RICH as a threshold device

Page 13: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

ICRC Caprice98 3HeICRC Caprice98 3HeCombining RICH and spectrometer information separate 4 He and 3 He in the rigidity range 26-30 GV

3He and 2H are fragile isotopes destroyed rather than formed in stars. Their presence in cosmic rays is due to spallation of cosmic rays 4He. Since they are stable nuclei they provide information on the amount of matter traversed by cosmic rays before escaping the Galaxy.

Page 14: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Secondary production (upper and lower limits)

Simon et al.

Secondary production

(CAPRICE94-based)

Bergström et al.

Primary productionfrom χχ annihilation (m(χ) = 964 GeV)

Secondary production

‘C94 model’ + primary χχdistortion

L’obiettivoL’obiettivo scientificoscientifico principaleprincipale: la : la misuramisura di di antiparticelle nella radiazione antiparticelle nella radiazione

cosmicacosmica

Investigato finora

Regione di energia di PAMELA

Page 15: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Secondary production‘Leaky box model’

Secondary production‘M+S model’ + primary χχ distortion

Secondary production‘Moskalenko + Strong model’ without reacceleration

Primary productionfrom χχ annihilation (m(χ) = 336 GeV)

L’obiettivo scientifico principaleL’obiettivo scientifico principale: la: lamisuramisura di di antiparticelle nella radiazione antiparticelle nella radiazione

cosmicacosmica

Investigato finora

Regione di energia di PAMELA

Page 16: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

L’obiettivo scientifico principaleL’obiettivo scientifico principale: la : la ricerca ricerca di di antimateria nello spazioantimateria nello spazio

Page 17: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Bari Florence Frascati

Italy:TriesteNaples Rome CNR, Florence

Moscow St. Petersburg

NMSU

GSFC

USA:

Russia:

Germany:Siegen

Sweden:KTH, Stockholm

Page 18: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

300 - 600 km

PAMELA

Resurs DK1satellite

Data-taking position

Launch position

Page 19: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA prenderà dati durante la transizione al minimo del 23.imociclo solare e starà in orbita per almeno 3 anni. Questo permetterà

di studiare anche gli effetti sulla radiazione cosmica nelbreve e medio periodo della modulazione solare.

Page 20: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

SAA

Caratteristiche dell‘orbitaCaratteristiche dell‘orbitaquasi-polar (70.4°)elliptical (300÷600 km)3-years-long mission

Page 21: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA potenzialitàPAMELA potenzialità

+ Effetto nel medio termine della modulazione solareParticelle energetiche dal SoleComportamente delle particelle ad alta energia nella magnetosfera terrestre

PAMELA studierà i flussi di:Antiprotoni 80 MeV - 190 GeVPositroni 50 MeV – 270 GeVElettroni up to 400 GeVProtoni up to 700 GeVElectroni+positroni up to 2 TeVNuclei leggeri (fino a Z=6) up to 200 GeV/nRicerca di antinuclei (sensitivity di 10-7 per He/He)

Page 22: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA: numero di eventi attesiPAMELA: numero di eventi attesi

Page 23: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

1.2m

Identificazione Identificazione di di pp e e ee++_

Page 24: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Misure Misure di di particelle dal particelle dal solesole•Si aspettano circa 14 eventi di particelle solari (SEP) con picco di fluence sopra i 10 MeV a cominciare dalla seconda metà del settimo anno dal minimo solare (circa 1999)

•La maggior parte delle misure da satellite sono limitare ad energie sotto alcune decine di MeV. Gli esperimenti su GOES-7 e SAMPEX riescono a misurare lo spettro di nuclei pesanti fino a circa 100 MeV/n per alcune SEP.

•Usando PAMELA sarà possibile misurare lo spettro energetico dei nuclei fino al carboni da circa 100 MeV/n.

Page 25: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Magnetic Magnetic spectrometerspectrometer

TRDTRD

CalorimeterCalorimeter

ToFToF

AnticoincidenceAnticoincidenceshieldshield

Shower tail catcher Shower tail catcher scintillatorscintillator

L’apparato PAMELA

Neutron Neutron detectordetector

Page 26: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Magnetic spectrometerMagnetic spectrometer

Tracking system:• 6 layers of double-sided silicon microstrips

Permanent magnet:• 5 blocks of Nd-B-Fe• 0.48 T in internal cavity (section: 132 x 162 mm2) of 44.5 cm height• Geometric factor: 22.5 cm2 sr

Page 27: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

TrackingTracking system performance system performance • 3 µm resolution on the bending view• 10 µm resolution on the non-bending view

MDR ~ 800 GV/c

Page 28: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

ToFToF systemsystemTre piani di scintillatore per:• Trigger • Misure di dE/dx e• ToF (reiezione di albedo e ID)

Page 29: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Performance del Performance del ToFToF

Separazione protone/elettrone fino a ~ 1 GeV/c

Page 30: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Scintillatori Scintillatori delle anticoincidenzedelle anticoincidenzeSide paddle Top paddle

Obiettivo: definire l’accettanza dell’apparato e aiutare nel rigettare trigger fasulli

Page 31: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Performance delle anticoincidenzePerformance delle anticoincidenze• Elevata efficienza (>99.9%)• Possibili problemi di backscattering

Nessun problema di backscattering se si usa l’informazione del calorimetro

Page 32: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Il calorimetro elettromagneticoIl calorimetro elettromagnetico

•22 piani composti da un piano di tungsteno dallo spessore di 2.6 mm e due piani di rivelatori al silicio (spessore 380 µm, striscie di 2.4 mm lungo direzioni)• profondità: 16 lunghezze di radiazione (0.6 lunghezze d’interazione)

• elettronica di front-end basata sul VLSI ASIC CR1.4P: alto range dinamico (1400 mip), basso consumo (<100 mW/chip), basso rumore (2700 e- + 5 e-/pF), buona linearità (all’interno dell’1%), autotriggerante

Page 33: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

The The imaging calorimeterimaging calorimeter

calorimeter planeAssembled calorimeter

Page 34: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

Performance del calorimetroPerformance del calorimetro• >104 di potere di reiezione per protoni nell’identificazione di positroni• risoluzione energetica del 5% fino a 200 GeV• modo di autotrigger per misurare la componente elettroni fino a 2 TeV

Page 35: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

The The transition radiationtransition radiation detectordetector• 1024 straw tubes (28 cm length, 4 mm diameter) arranged in 9 detection planes• gas mixture: Xe-Co2 (80-20)% • HV = 1400 V• carbon fibre radiators (60 g/l) interleaved to detection planes

Page 36: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

TRD performanceTRD performance

5% proton contamination at about 90% electron efficiency

(CERN PS data)

Page 37: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performance

(SPS, July 2002)

Intense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

(SPS, July 2000)

Page 38: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performance

Tracking system

Intense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

TRD during a vibration test

Page 39: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performance

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

Intense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Integration of the technologicalmodel well underway

Page 40: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performance

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

Intense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Integration of the technologicalmodel well underway

Mass and Thermal Model of PAMELA under qualification

Page 41: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performanceIntense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

Integration of the technologicalmodel well underway

Mass and Thermal Model of PAMELA under qualification

Page 42: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performanceIntense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

Integration of the technologicalmodel well underway

Mass and Thermal Model of PAMELA under qualification

Page 43: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performanceIntense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

Integration of the technologicalmodel well underway

Mass and Thermal Model of PAMELA under qualification

Integration of flight model started

Page 44: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performanceIntense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

Integration of the technologicalmodel well underway

Mass and Thermal Model of PAMELA under qualification

Integration of flight model started

Launch from Kazakhstan next year

Page 45: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

PAMELA statusPAMELA statusAll detectors comply with the design performanceIntense simulation and beam test activities in the past years

Individual detectors complete (or very close to be complete)

Integration of the technologicalmodel well underway

Mass and Thermal Model of PAMELA under qualification

Integration of flight model started

Launch from Kazakhstan next year

(Final beam test of the flight model in September 2003)

Page 46: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

ConclusioniConclusioni• La Collaborazione WiZard farà rivolare

CAPRICE98 nel 2004 fermando l’apparato a diverse profondità atmosferiche per campionare il flusso di muoni. Questo nuovo esperimento migliorerà di un ordine di grandezza la statistica esistente sui muoni e permetterà un confronto dettagliato tra i flussi sperimentali e simulati di µ+ e µ-.

• Lo spettrometro PAMELA sarà messo in orbita verso la metà del prossimo anno.

Page 47: CAPRICE and PAMELA · CAPRICE 98 stilll producing physics ICRC 2003 CR compostion. Deuteron Fluxes Proton Fluxes Helium nuclei Fluxes P and He Fluxes. ICRC 2003 Deuterium CAPRICE

A A trackertracker detection detection planeplaneDouble-sided silicon microstrips (300 µm thickness):• 25 µm implantation pitch on junction side, 67 µm on ohmic side• strips mutually orthogonal on opposite sides• readout pitch 50 µm