Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Bắt nguồn từ ý tưởng CarSharing đã được triển khai rất thành công ở các nước phương Tây, mình nghĩ tại sao nước ta không học tập nhỉ?
Nước ta có mật độ dân số lớn, đặc biệt là ở các khu vực nội thành. Kéo theo đó là lượng phương tiện cá nhân tham gia giao thông quá lớn dẫn đến tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường nghiêm trọng. Trong khi đó, phương tiện giao thông công cộng với chất lượng chưa cao và số lượng ít, không đủ để đáp ứng nhu cầu đi lại của người dân.Bắt nguồn từ dự án Car Sharing đã được triển khai rất thành công ở nước ngoài, mình có ý tưởng lập một website để triển khai dịch vụ "Chia sẻ phương tiện giao thông" tại Việt Nam nhằm giảm lượng phương tiện cá nhân tham gia giao thông. Bạn có thể đăng tải thông tin, lịch trình đi làm hoặc kế hoạch đi chơi của bản thân và ngược lại để tìm kiếm những người có chung nhu cầu với bạn để có thể đi chung, chia sẻ tiền xăng...Ngoài ra, trong thời gian đi du lịch hoặc công tác dài ngày, bạn hoàn toàn có thể cho người khác mượn xe của mình với những điều khoản ràng buộc nhằm bảo toàn chất lượng xe.Website sẽ duy trì hoạt động nhờ lợi nhuận từ quảng cáo.Ý tưởng này chỉ mới ở dạng sơ khai, rất mong các bạn ủng hộ và đóng góp ý kiến để mình có thể chỉnh sửa và hoàn thiện bản đề án của cá nhân mình.
Card sharing, also known as control word sharing, is a method of allowing multiple clients or digital television receivers to access a subscription television network with only one valid subscription card. This is achieved by electronically sharing a part of the legitimate conditional access smart card's output data, enabling all recipients to gain simultaneous access to scrambled DVB streams, held on the encrypted television network.
Typically, a legitimate smart card is attached to a host digital television receiver, which is equipped with software to share the decrypted 64-bit "control word" key over a computer network, such as the Internet. Once a client receives this key, they can decrypt the encrypted content as though they were using their own subscription card.
Contents
1 Basic operation
2 Pirate decryption 3 Multiple receiver use 4 Countermeasures
o 4.1 Technical o 4.2 Legal o 4.3 DVB-CSA3
5 See also 6 References
Basic operation
The security of conditional access smartcard technology is limited by the security of the DVB standard in which it operates. The standard practice of a legitimate smart card is to decrypt an ECM (Entitlement Control Message), which then provides the control word, which allows the viewing of scrambled material.[1] With card sharing, however, the smart card and its security features are bypassed; software intercepts the decrypted control word and allows the user to share it across a computer network.
Pirate decryption
Card sharing has established itself as popular method of pirate decryption. Much of the development of card sharing hardware and software has taken place in Europe, where national boundaries mean that home users are able to receive satellite television signals from many countries but are unable to legally subscribe to them due to licensing restrictions on broadcasters.
Because the length of the complete control word is so small (64 bits), delivery of the control words to many different clients is easily possible on a home internet connection. This has sparked the creation of sharing network groups, in which users can access the group by sharing their subscription cards with the group, and in turn, being capable of receiving the channels which all users' cards can decrypt, as though the user owned every single subscription card connected to the network. Other networks have also been created, whereby one server has multiple legitimate subscription cards connected to it. Access to this server is then restricted to those who pay the server's owner their own subscription fee.
An example of such a card sharing system, also known as Internet Key Sharing (IKS) was run by Charles Carillo of New Britain, Connecticut. Between 2007 - 2010 Carillo mass marketed so-called FTA receivers modified to illegally receive Dish Network subscription programming using a card sharing server. Carillo marketed such devices from several paper "front" companies such as nfusion.ws, WorldWide Satellite, Tequista Enterprises and Power Pay Services. In 2010 the satellite operation was shut down and Charles K. Carillo was found liable in Federal Court to Dish Network for $666,000 in damages.
Multiple receiver use
An arguably legitimate use for card sharing is the sharing of the control word within a home network, where the subscriber is authorised by the subscription television network to decrypt their signal, using one smart card. Content providers usually provide means for viewing channels on a second smart card, provided at extra cost. An example of this is Sky Multiroom, used in the United Kingdom. However, in some cases the contract between the subscriber and the content provider implicitly or explicitly prohibits this kind of card sharing.
Countermeasures
Card sharing is a particular concern to conditional access providers, and their respective pay-TV companies, as well as the DVB consortium. Card sharing utilises the integral scrambling system of the DVB standard, DVB-CSA, meaning that every provider of scrambled DVB content has potential to be affected by it. In response, several counter measures have been implemented by various parties, with the aim of permanently preventing it.
Technical
One technical method, implemented by providers such as Irdeto and NDS, is to update the software of digital receivers provided by the subscription television service. This software implements a further decryption layer, held within the receiver. Rather than sending a plain text control word from the smart card to the receiver's microprocessor, which can be intercepted, the decrypted ECM will in fact be an encrypted control word, which can only be decrypted by a legitimate, non card sharing capable, receiver.[2] A simpler method, used by several providers, is to simply increase the frequency of control word changes. With changes occurring as frequently as once every few seconds, extra stress is put onto the smart card sharing system, meaning that clients may be frustrated by short, frequent, missed viewing periods.
Legal
One significant problem for internet card sharing pirates is that their activities can be traced, through tracing of their unique IP address. Cases of criminal charges being brought against card sharing hosts is on the rise.[3][4] In August 2009, a Liverpool man was prosecuted for re-selling the services of a card sharing network to paying customers. It was the first such case of its type in the UK.[5]. Two further raids occurred in the UK during early 2011, instigated by UK Cable Operator Virgin Media.[6].
DVB-CSA3
In 2007, the DVB Project approved and began licensing a new scrambling system, CSA3, for protecting DVB content.[7] This new system, upon implementation, will attempt to eradicate many of the flaws with the original DVB-CSA system, including introducing an AES based 128-bit key system. The system will reportedly be "hardware friendly and software unfriendly", indicating that reverse engineering of the system, required for the creation of card sharing applications, will be very difficult.[8][9]
http://www.whipcar.com/
WhipCar. Thuê c a xe ti p theo.ử ế
Tham gia miễn phí! Đăng nhập Làm thế nào nó hoạt động
Bị mắc kẹt? Chúng tôi có thể giúp đỡ!
Thuê A Car Cho thuê nhà xe của bạn
Cho thuê xe ô tô từ những người thực sự trên đường phố của bạn - bảo hiểm đầy đủ!
Ian của Mazda 3 Sport
Từ £ 30 mỗi ngày
Đánh giá:
Xem xe
Chris BMW 1 series 118d Es
Từ £ 9 mỗi giờ
Đánh giá:
Xem xe
Sheila của Kia Carens Lê Crdi Tự động
Từ £ 204 một tuần
Đánh giá:
Xem xe
Nh trong ư
Location
Pick up date
Drop off date
Làm thế nào nó hoạt động
1. 1
Tìm ki m m t chi c xe h i ế ộ ế ơ
Tìm chiếc xe hoàn hảo của bạn. Sắp xếp theo giá xe, loại và vị trí.
2. 2
Đ t m t chi c xe h i ặ ộ ế ơ
Chọn chiếc xe mà bạn muốn sử dụng. Nếu bạn cần một cái gì đó đặc biệt, yêu cầu chủ sở hữu WhipCar trực tiếp.
3. 3
V nh n đ c ề ậ ượ
WhipCar mất chăm sóc của tất cả các rắc rối. Chúng tôi cung cấp bảo hiểm đầy đủ toàn diện và bao gồm sự cố.
Tại sao tham gia WhipCar?
Mi n phí đ tham gia ễ ể
Và nó chỉ mất hai phút
Ti t ki m r t nhi u ti n ế ệ ấ ề ề
Không bao giờ trả giá cho thuê xe ngớ ngẩn một lần nữa
Thân thi n ệ
Tiền thuê từ những người thực sự trong khu vực của bạn
An toàn và b o hi m đ y đ ả ể ầ ủ
Phân tích che phủ và bảo hiểm bao gồm tất cả các WhipCars
S l a ch n ự ự ọ
Tìm mô hình chính xác của chiếc xe bạn muốn thuê
Xe đón t i b t kỳ th i đi m nào ạ ấ ờ ể
Đặt một chiếc xe cho các giờ, ngày, tuần hoặc tháng
Đóng
Cho thuê xe ô tô được đỗ ngay bên ngoài cửa của bạn
Xanh
Xe ít hơn trên đường là tốt hơn cho tất cả mọi người
Nhanh chóng và d dàng ễ
Nó chỉ mất một vài phút để tham gia, vì vậy bạn còn chờ gì nữa?
Đã sở hữu một chiếc xe hơi?
Nếu bạn đã sở hữu một chiếc xe hơi, tại sao không làm cho một số tiền cho thuê với các nước láng giềng tin cậy trong khu vực của bạn?
Cho thuê xe của bạn
Đó là tuyệt vời. Tôi hầu như không bao giờ sử dụng xe của tôi và bây giờ nó trả tiền cho chính nó. Tôi thậm chí không phải làm rất nhiều. Tôi nhận được một vài đặt một tuần và nói có hầu hết trong số họ. Vào cuối mỗi tháng tôi nhận được một chất béo kiểm tra trả tiền lớn mà được trả tiền thẳng vào tài khoản ngân hàng của tôi.
Jon, 31, Builder
Hữu ích tìm kiếm
Thú vị Địa điểm Thuê xe ở London Thuê xe ở Birmingham Thuê xe ở Leeds Thuê xe ô tô ở Manchester Thuê xe ở Cornwall Thuê một chiếc Mini Cooper ở London Thuê chiếc xe Audi A4 tại London Thuê một chiếc BMW 118 ở London Thuê một chiếc Fiat 500 ở Birmingham
Liên hệ
Email: [email protected]
WhipCar Limited được ủy quyền và quy định của Cơ quan Dịch vụ Tài chính số 555170.
Văn phòng đăng ký: 41 Great Portland Street, London W1W 7LA. Công ty số 06934250.
© 2012 WhipCar. Tất cả các quyền.
Giới WhipCar
WhipCar là hàng xóm đầu tiên của thế giới để câu lạc bộ xe hàng xóm. Thành viên của chúng tôi có hàng ngàn xe ô tô có lái xe trên khắp nước Anh.
Theo chúng tôi
WhipCar Blog
Theo dõi
Theo dõi bản tin của chúng tôi và luôn cập nhật với tất cả các tin tức mới nhất và phát triển từ WhipCar trong khu vực của bạn.
Email address
Postcode
Giới WhipCar Làm thế nào nó hoạt động
Câu hỏi thường gặp Điều khoản và điều kiện Bảo hiểm Tóm tắt thông tin Cho thuê Máy tính ™ Nhấn Việc làm Phương tiện đi lại Địa điểm Sơ đồ website
Văn bản Tiếng Anh gốc:
We provide fully comprehensive insurance and breakdown cover.
Đóng góp bản dịch hay hơn
Tại sao tham gia WhipCar?
Mi n phí đ tham gia ễ ể
Và nó chỉ mất hai phút
Ti t ki m r t nhi u ti n ế ệ ấ ề ề
Không bao giờ trả giá cho thuê xe ngớ ngẩn một lần nữa
Thân thi n ệ
Tiền thuê từ những người thực sự trong khu vực của bạn
An toàn và b o hi m đ y đ ả ể ầ ủ
Phân tích che phủ và bảo hiểm bao gồm tất cả các WhipCars
S l a ch n ự ự ọ
Tìm mô hình chính xác của chiếc xe bạn muốn thuê
Xe đón t i b t kỳ th i đi m nào ạ ấ ờ ể
Đặt một chiếc xe cho các giờ, ngày, tuần hoặc tháng
Đóng
Cho thuê xe ô tô được đỗ ngay bên ngoài cửa của bạn
Xanh
Xe ít hơn trên đường là tốt hơn cho tất cả mọi người
Nhanh chóng và d dàng ễ
Nó chỉ mất một vài phút để tham gia, vì vậy bạn còn chờ gì nữa?
Carsharing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article deals with the short-term rental of cars. For the shared use of cars by persons with similar travel needs see Carpool.
Flexcar (now Zipcar) carsharing vehicles in their reserved spots, Atlanta, Georgia.
Carsharing or car-sharing (in the UK known as car clubs) is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour. They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use day-to-day. The organization renting the cars may be a commercial business or the users may be organized as a democratically controlled company, public agency, cooperative, ad hoc grouping. Today there are more than one thousand cities in the world where people can carshare.[1]
The term "carsharing" is also used for carpooling or ride sharing in some places.
Contents
1 Description 2 How it works 3 History
4 Handicapped accessibility 5 Innovations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links
Description
Zipcar vehicle in downtown Washington, D.C..
Hertz on Demand vehicles in designated parking area in Park Ridge, New Jersey.
Toyota Prius used by PhillyCarShare service, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Flexcar (now Zipcar) booth at University District Street Fair, University District, Seattle, Washington.
DB Carsharing vehicle in Ravensburg, Germany.
cambio CarSharing car in Bremen, Germany
Mobility CarSharing vehicle Bern, Switzerland.
The term carsharing (earlier often written as two separate words, and still today occasionally hyphenated) is now the widely accepted international term. Synonyms include coche compartido en tu barrio in Spanish, autodelen in Dutch, autopartage in French, bildeling in Danish, automobile condivisa in Italian and bilpool in Swedish. In the United Kingdom the term "car clubs" is used, while "car sharing" is also used to refer to ride sharing.
The principle of carsharing is simple: individuals gain the benefits of private cars without the costs and responsibilities of ownership.[2] Instead of owning one or more vehicles, a household accesses a fleet of vehicles on an as-needed basis. Carsharing may be thought of as organized short-term car rental. [2]
"Carpooling" or "ride-sharing" refers to the shared use of a car for a specific journey, in particular for commuting to work, often by people who each have a car but travel together to save costs. However, there is a slight terminological hitch in the UK where the term car sharing (two words in this usage) is used for what in the U.S. is called "ride sharing". Carsharing in the sense discussed in this article is a recent development in Britain, and while such plans are still more known as car clubs (a term which, in the U.S., refers strictly to a club of car hobbyists), the international term carsharing is gradually gaining currency there as well.
As is often the case with innovations that spring up more or less spontaneously in different parts of the world, operations are organized in many different ways in different places, according to the objectives of the organizers and users. A small informal start-up may have only one shared car, and only a handful of sharers. Larger services tend to focus on urban areas where there are many potential customers.
Carsharing differs from traditional car rentals in the following ways:
Carsharing is not limited by office hours Reservation, pickup, and return is all self-service Vehicles can be rented by the minute, by the hour, as well as by the day Users are members and have been pre-approved to drive (background driving checks
have been performed and a payment mechanism has been established)
Vehicle locations are distributed throughout the service area, and often located for access by public transport.
Insurance and fuel costs are included in the rates. Vehicles are not serviced (cleaning, fueling) after each use, although certain programs
such as Car2Go continuously clean and fuel their fleet
Some carshare operations (CSOs) cooperate with local car rental firms to offer best value to their customers (in particular in situations where classic rental may be the cheaper option.)
An increasing body of empirical evidence indicates that carsharing can provide numerous transportation, land use, environmental, and social benefits. [3] Neighborhood carsharing is often promoted as an alternative to owning a car where public transit, walking, and cycling can be used most of the time and a car is only necessary for out-of-town trips, moving large items, or special occasions. It can also be an alternative to owning multiple cars for households with more than one driver. A long-term study of City CarShare members by Robert Cervero, Professor of City and Regional Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, found that 30 percent of households that joined sold a car; others delayed purchasing one. Transit use, bicycling, and walking also increased among members.[4] A study of driving behavior of members from major carsharing organizations found an average decline in 27% of annual VKT.[5]
Carsharing is generally not cost-effective for commuting to a full-time job on a regular basis. Most carsharing advocates, operators and cooperating public agencies believe that those who do not drive daily or who drive less than 10,000 kilometers (about 6,200 statute miles) annually may find carsharing to be more cost-effective than car ownership.[6] But variations of 50% on this figure are reported by operators and others depending on local context.[citation needed] If occasional use of a shared vehicle costs significantly less than car ownership, this makes automobile use more accessible to low-income households.
Carsharing can also help reduce congestion and pollution. Replacing private automobiles with shared ones directly reduces demand for parking spaces. The fact that only a certain number of cars can be in use at any one time may reduce traffic congestion at peak times. Even more important for congestion, the strong metering of costs provides a cost incentive to drive less. With owned automobiles many expenses are sunk costs and thus independent of how much the car is driven (such as original purchase, insurance, registration and some maintenance).[7]
(Registration required)
Successful carsharing development has tended to be associated mainly with densely populated areas such as city centers and more recently university and other campuses. There are some programs (mostly in Europe) for providing services in lower density and rural areas.[citation needed] Low-density areas are considered more difficult to serve with carsharing because of the lack of alternative modes of transportation and the potentially larger distance that users must travel to reach the cars.
People who have joined carsharing sell either their primary, secondary, or another off-hand car, after using the service. This reduces the cost of transportation per month by an average of $135 – $435, based on University of Berkeley's Research in 2008.[8]
How it works
The technology of CSOs varies enormously, from simple manual systems using key boxes and log books to increasingly complex computer-based systems (e.g. partially automated and fully automated systems) with supporting software packages that handle a growing array of back office functions.[9] The simplest CSOs have only one or two pick-up points, but more advanced systems allow cars to be picked up and dropped off at any available public parking space within a designated operating area.
While differing markedly in their objectives, size, business models, levels of ambition, technology and target markets, these programs do share many features. The more established operations usually require a check of past driving records and a monthly or annual fee in order to become a member. The cost and maximum time a car may be used also varies.
To make a reservation, one can either make a reservation online, by phone, or by text messages depending on the company’s flexibility. Then the company usually asks all the necessary information such as:
What time will the car be needed? How long will the car be in use? Where would you like to pick up the car? What type of car is preferred?
There is a higher chance of availability the earlier the reservation is. If a reservation is cancelled however, one may still be charged.
Once the reservations are completed and confirmed, the car will then be delivered at the time and place scheduled. There will be a small card reader mounted on the windshield. Once the customer places their membership card on the reader, it will use what is called blink technology to activate the time and unlock the car. The reader will not work until it is time for that specific reservation. The keys can then be found somewhere inside the car such as the glove compartment. Depending on the company, the customer may be provided with a key to a lock box that contains the ignition key itself. Once the customer is set, they are off to their next destination.[10]
Although members are often responsible for cleaning the car and filling up the tank when low, the car sharing company is generally responsible for the long-term maintenance of the vehicles. Members have to make sure that when they are finished, the car is ready for the next user to move on.[11][12]
History
Zipcar on-street drop/pick up area at downtown Washington, D.C..
U Car Share off-street drop/pick up area on Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, California.
Zipcar plug-in converted Toyota Prius recharging at a reserved public charging station in front of San Francisco City Hall.
The first reference to carsharing in print identifies the Selbstfahrergenossenschaft carshare program in a housing cooperative that got underway in Zürich in 1948,[13][14] but there was no known formal development of the concept in the next few years. By the 1960s as innovators, industrialists, cities, and public authorities studied the possibility of high-technology transportation—mainly computer-based small vehicle systems (almost all of them on separate guideways)—it was possible to spot some early precursors to present-day service ideas and control technologies.
The early 1970s saw the first whole-system carshare projects. The ProcoTip system in France lasted only about two years. A much more ambitious project called the Witkar was launched in Amsterdam by the founders of the 1968 white bicycles project. A sophisticated project based on small electric vehicles, electronic controls for reservations and return, and plans for a large number of stations covering the entire city, the project endured into the mid-1980s before finally being abandoned.
The 1980s and first half of the 1990s was a "coming of age" period for carsharing, with continued slow growth, mainly of smaller non-profit systems, many in Switzerland and Germany, but also on a smaller scale in Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada and the United States.[15] The real watershed in the development of the sector came in the 1990s with such larger and more structured projects as
StattAuto in Germany cambio CarSharing in Germany the two precursors of Mobility CarSharing in Switzerland Greenwheels in the Netherlands. Communauto in Canada
Follow up developments include
CommunAuto,[16] then Co-operative Auto Network[17] and later AutoShare in Canada Flexcar (now merged with Zipcar) in Portland, Oregon Zipcar in Boston Community Car in Madison CityCarClub in England and Scotland AvanCar in Barcelona Respiro in Madrid GoGet in Australia [18] followed by Smartdrivers in mid 2007[19]
Car2Go , first in Ulm, Germany in October 2008[20] then Austin, Texas in May 2010[21]
GoCar in Ireland Autolib' that will operate 3,000 electric cars and schedule to open in Paris in December 2011.[22]
As of November 2011 the largest service in the world was Zipcar with 650,000 members (called "Zipsters"), and 9,400 vehicles across 19 major cities and over 250 college campuses.[23] Prior
data from 2010 suggests Zipcar accounts for 80% of the U.S car sharing market[24][25] and half of all car-sharers worldwide.[26]
Several car rental companies launched their own car sharing services beginning in 2008, including Hertz on Demand (formerly known as Connect by Hertz [27] ), operating in the U.S. and Europe; WeCar by Enterprise Rent-A-Car; U Car Share owned by U-Haul, and Avis On Location by Avis.[24]
In 2010 a new approach to carsharing began to be implemented, based on a peer-to-peer model. Examples of peer-to-peer car rental include
Wheelz at Stanford University [28] Getaround in San Francisco Bay Area [29] RelayRides in San Francisco and Boston [30] Spride Share in San Francisco [31] TransportChain[32]
Go-Op in Pittsburgh [33] rent-n-roll in Germany [34]
Handicapped accessibility
Adapting carsharing vehicles to persons with physical disabilities presents special challenges not faced by traditional car rental. With car sharing no mechanic is present to install or adjust adaptive equipment, and that equipment is left unattended after each use. In 2008 City CarShare introduced the first wheelchair carrying car share vehicle, the Access Mobile, specifically designed as a fleet vehicle shared with, not segregated from, non-wheelchair users.
Innovations
Car sharing operators are increasingly opting to brand parts of their fleets with third-party advertising in order to increase revenue and improve competitiveness. Transit media, as this out-of-home advertising medium is referred to, is a strategy currently (or soon to be) employed by larger car sharing operators such, Canada's AutoShare and the UK's City Car Club, as well as smaller operators such as Australia's Charter Drive Car Share.
For future applications, many car sharing companies are now investing in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). With the use of these types of vehicles, cost of gas consumption can be greatly reduced. Since most customers do not need the vehicle for long amounts of time or distance, it gives the car sharing company time to collect and recharge these vehicles for additional use. This application can greatly reduce carbon emissions and improve city environments.[35]
Also, car sharing can be considered as an example of a technological change in consumption, which is a ‘process of mutual adjustment between innovation and its socio-economic environment.’ This type of innovation poses much potential due to the current state of technological change based on today’s passenger transportation capabilities.[36]
Other countries are already moving into designing concept cars that is solely based as an urban public vehicle. The Phiaro P70t Conch, Japan’s new concept vehicle, is a completely battery powered, three-seater vehicle which was designed for the purpose of car sharing. The vehicle was made to be small and compact enough to be driven around urban environments without sacrificing parking.[37] The promotion of these kinds of concept vehicles have caught the attention of automotive companies worldwide.
One of the benefits of living in a major city is that I rarely have need of a car. Public transit and my own two feet take me nearly everywhere I go. Yet I do keep a car for visits to my family in the suburbs and heavy-duty shopping near home. It hardly seems worth the cost of insurance, but how else to have a car when I need it?
I've discovered there is a way, called carsharing.
This is not the same as carpooling, which involves sharing rides. With carsharing, you get exclusive use of a car during the slots you reserve it for -- not necessarily the same car every time, but a clean, well-
maintained one. In this sense, it's a lot like car-renting, except that you don't have to pay for a whole day when you only want an hour.
Nor do you have to travel to the ends of the earth just to pick up the car. Carsharing services locate their vehicles near where people live and work. For instance, Zipcar, the local service in New York, has about 20 cars stationed within a few minutes' walk from my home. Four of them are even closer than the lot where I park my own car!
If you keep a car, but don't use it much, the potential savings from ditching it and sharing instead are substantial. In my own case, a rough calculation shows I'd save $3,500 a year -- on parking, insurance, gas and maintenance. And that leaves out the prorated cost of the car itself. (This is more, I believe, than most people would save, as I drive particularly little and live where the costs of keeping a car are particularly high.)
There are a variety of carsharing services in
CARS TO GO
cities and university towns around the country. Some, like Zipcar, are quite extensive; others are small, with limited fleets (which means less likelihood of a car very near your home). The plans differ in the details, but the bigger ones generally work like this:
1) You pay a deposit and/or small annual fee to join the service and pick a plan based on the number of hours you think you'll drive per month.
2) You receive a personal electronic key in the mail.
3) You reserve a car, online or by phone, when you need it.
4) You go to the location you selected and use your electronic key to identify yourself and unlock the car, where you find the key you need to drive.
5) You return the car to the same location when you're done.
6) At the end of the month, you pay for the time you used the car and/or mileage. The costs of insurance, maintenance and gas are covered by the service.
What's the point, environmentally?
Studies show that households who join carsharing groups end up driving less -- and causing less air and noise pollution as a result. The reason appears to be simple economics. For people who already own a car, driving tends to be cheaper than taking public transit (because the fixed costs of owning don't enter into the equation -- only the variable costs, such as gas, which are relatively low). The reverse is true for carsharing. While the membership fee (which is the fixed cost) is low, the hourly price to use the car is comparatively high. So carsharers tend to cut back on driving.
To the extent that carsharers' reduced driving translates into greater demand for mass transit, there are other beneficial effects. Increased demand can help to increase long-term investment in the transit system, which can help to attract more ridership, which can reduce
driving further, which cuts pollution more...all in all, a very positive little cycle.
Should carsharing ever really take off, it could also reduce production of new cars. While manufacturing cars has far less environmental impact than using them does, it does involve mining and the use of significant amounts of energy and water -- as well as a wide range of toxic substances, including lead and PVCs. Keeping unnecessary cars out of the production stream would therefore be a very good thing.
Of course, for the majority of people in the United States today, cars are anything but unnecessary. Poor land use in most communities makes it impossible to get anywhere without them.
But the situation is different in many American cities, from Chicago to Atlanta, Seattle to Boston, San Francisco to Washington D.C., and many smaller towns with good mass transit and healthy downtowns. If you live in such a place and rely on your car very little, I suggest you look into carsharing. You may find it serves your own interests as well as the common good.
—Sheryl Eisenberg
onceptual_Database_Model Conceptual database model Updated Oct 27, 2011 by [email protected]
A conceptual model describing database entities and relationships between them. It will be modified and trasformed into a physical model (the final scheme of database we will be using).
Car Sharing Case Studies
Workplace car share schemes
Marks & Spencer Financial Services, Chester
Located on a business park on the outskirts of Chester, M&SFS faced a challenge when they became unable to guarantee a parking space for each employee. In late 1997 a travel plan was introduced, with a car share matching service at the centre of the plan. An important element in the popularity of the car share scheme is thought to be the generous incentives on offer, whereby staff are rewarded with a £20 M&S voucher upon joining, followed by a choice of road tax/ car service or petrol voucher after 6 months and a £50 M&S voucher after an additional year of sharing. These incentives, together with the 100 dedicated priority car share spaces (and a guaranteed ride home should the lift not materialise) have resulted in a total of 31% of staff car sharing on one or more days per week, exceeding the company target of 30%.
Pfizer, Kent
Pfizer’s multi-faceted transport plan was adopted by the company in 1999. Since then, impressive progress has been made, resulting in a modal shift of 12% from single-occupancy vehicle use and car sharing up by 15% in the same period. A unique aspect of the travel plan is Pfizer’s parking ‘cash out’ system. This operates by crediting £2 per day to those who do not bring a vehicle on to the site. The scheme also extends to car sharers and motorbike users and is credited to salaries at the end of each month.
Car sharing is further encouraged by way of an intranet-based journey matching service. The programme ‘scores’ potential matches to indicate the likely success of the share. Pfizer has appointed an administrator to help with any car share enquiries and has produced an ‘It takes two to make a difference’ leaflet in support of the scheme. In the future, Pfizer would like to see a high occupancy vehicle lane between Ramsgate and Sandwich and will continue to develop more ambitious targets for traffic reduction.
Regional Schemes
Carshare Devon
Carsharedevon.com is a countywide car share matching website, run by Devon County Council. Any employer or individual can register on the site and in the first six months a total of 1,000 people had done so. Local resident Peter has been impressed with the site ‘ I signed up in the first week and quickly found others within a five mile radius of home. It wasn’t long before there were 4 of us sharing…the financial savings are amazing…£1,200 a year!’ The Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital was the first to join as an employer group ‘We bring the service directly to the attention of our staff with leaflets, via payslips and with a direct link to Car sharedevon.com on the front page of our Intranet’, says Bob Adams, car parking and security manager at the NHS Trust.
