營建工程為一極消耗資源及高環境負荷之行為

15

20

24

25

30

40

42

0 10 20 30 40 50

土地使用

廢水排放

用水

固體廢棄物

原料

氣體排放

能源消耗

所佔之百分比(%)

營建工程對環境之衝擊（US EPA, 2001)

Dr. Udo Tegethof

Federal Highway Research Institute

Environmental measures

in road construction

and operation

Environmental impact assessment

Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the

assessment of the effects of certain public and private

projects on the environment

Instruments amended: 385L0337

Document 397L0011

Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending

Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects

of certain public and private projects on the environment Official Journal L 073, 14/03/1997 p 0005 - 0015

Article 3

The environmental impact assessment shall identify, describe and assess

in an appropriate manner in the light of each individual case and in

accordance with the Articles 4 to 11, the direct and indirect effects of a

project on the following factors:

- human beings, fauna and flora,

- soil, water, air, climate and the landscape,

- material assets and the cultural heritage

- the interaction between these factors.

- a description of the project comprising information on the site,

design and size of the project,

- a description of the measures envisaged in order to avoid,

reduce and, if possible, remedy significant adverse effects,

- the data required to identify and assess the main effects which

the project is likely to have on the environment,

- an outline of the main alternatives studied by the developer and

an indication of the main reasons for his choice, taking into

account the environmental effects,

- a non-technical summary of the information mentioned in the

previous indents.

Information to be obtained:

Noise Reduction

1

Noise reduction

noise reduction by“open porous“ pavement (- 3 dB)

road surface „normal“ „open porous“

Radeinhausung

Impact on air

2

Development of NOX-Emissions and kilometric performance on German highways.

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

Year

NO

x -

em

iss

ion

s (

tho

us

an

d t

/a)

NOx

kilometric performance

kil

om

etr

ic p

erf

om

an

ce

(M

rd.

km

/a)

200

175

150

225

125

PM10 Tagesganglinien A4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Tageszeit

PM

10 -

Ko

nze

ntr

ati

on

[痢

/m設

PM10 13m Entfernung A4 2001

PM10 13m Entfernung A4 2002

PM10 13m Entfernung A4 2003

Diurnal course of PM10 - concentration

Daytime

PM10

(particulate matter smaller than 10 µm)

consists of:

• particles from diesel engines,

• abrasion of – tyres

– clutches

– brakes

Filtering of dust and reduction of air pollution

reduction optains 60 %

wind direction

wind direction

vertebration

Planting doesn‘t work like a sieve, reduction therefore is only 20%

Impact on Water

3

dam up

lower

Substances in drainage Water

inorganic organic

Heavy Metals Nutrients Aluminium Nitrat, Phosphat

Arsen

Cadmium Pestizide Chrom

Kupfer Phenole Eisen

Blei PAK Quecksilber Benzo(a)pyren

Nickel Anthracen

Zink Benzo(g,h,i)perylen

Salt Mineral oils

Bakterien, Viren

Passage through a 30 cm layer

of soil is excellent for purification

of stormage water. Neverthelesss a resisting part of

pollution can endanger drinking water of narrow pump stations

Impact On Water

Passage of Zinc through a 30 cm layer of verge-soil

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

0 5 10 15 20 25

time [weeks]

seepage water

drainage water

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n [

mg

/l]

Wasserspiegel

Schlammspiegel

befestigte Sohle

S,g,u`

U,s,t,g`

MQ

3

MQ

6

MQ

9

MQ

13

MQ

16

Drosselablauf D

N 200

Zulauf

DN 700

44,00

45,00

46,00

0 10 20 [m]30 40 50

Zulauf

DN 700 Drosselablauf

DN 200

Schilf

Rohrkolben

Insel (Ablagerungen)

Freiwasserzone

Legende

A

Schnitt A-A

Sedimentation is required to allow purification of drainage water

from heavy metals - best results are gained by „natural“ basins

with plants and low waterflow

Stormwater storage basin

Semi-natural stormwater storage basin

Concrete stormwater storage basin

Impact on soil

4

Lead, Cadmium,

Copper, Zinc

PAH, Mineral Oil

Impact on soil

Substances in drainage Water

inorganic organic

Heavy Metals Nutrients Aluminium Nitrat, Phosphat

Arsen

Cadmium Pestizide Chrom

Kupfer Phenole Eisen

Blei PAK Quecksilber Benzo(a)pyren

Nickel Anthracen

Zink Benzo(g,h,i)perylen

Salt Mineral oils

Bakterien, Viren

Heavy metals in soil

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Kupfer Zink Blei Cadmium (*100)

A 2

A 3

A 31

A42

B 224

Ko

nzentr

atio

n [m

g/k

g] i. T

r.

Petrolium-derived hydrocarbons

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

A 2 A 31 A 3 B 224 B 42

Standort

0-5 cm

5-10 cm

10-30 cm

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n [m

g/k

g]

dm

Location

Distance to pavement (m) 0,5 0,75 2,0

Depth

(cm)

0-5 413 268 25

5-10

10-20

78

31

69

25

20

11

mg/kg

Copper: distance and depth

Pollution of Soil Near Roads

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Distance to Road (m)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n p

er

kg

So

il

Base layer Verge

Sampling bottles

Pavement

Anti-freeze-course

Soil

Collecting seepage water

Passage of Zinc through a 30 cm layer of verge-soil

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

0 5 10 15 20 25

time [weeks]

seepage water

drainage water

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n [

mg

/l]

Recommended composition of verge soils

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100

Korndurchmesser [mm]

Ge

wic

hts

pro

zente

de

r G

esam

tme

nge

fein fein fein mittel mittel mittel grob grob grob Ton Schluff Sand Kies

5

5

40

80

95

20

15

40

75

90

• Clay / Silt 5 % to 25 %

• Sand min. 50 % • Capacity to buffer acids min. 50 mmol H+ kg-1 pH-1 • pH-value not under 6

Side areas

5

ecological management of side areas

Ä gäische Mauereidechse (Podarcis erhardii)

verge ditch bank intensiv - maintenance - extensiv

verge

bank

ditch

road ditch

risk of landslide

groove

protection against landslide by planting

falling rocks

solution:

vegetation on

the soft layers,

not too steep

enough soil for roots

not enough room for roots

compare the plants!

this part

grew under

good

conditions

this part

grew here bad conditions,

strong reduced growth

enough soil is needed for planting

A planting hole

road pavement

about 4 square meters wide

tree

1 m deep

kerb and roots

- a bridge -

Roots need space under the road and pavement

kerb as a bridge and ventilation for the roots

Tasks of verge and side areas

– leading the drainage-water

– protection of neighbours (waterspray, emissions)

– aesthetics

– integrate the road into landscape

– connection of biotopes

– safety aspects

low vegetation on the left side give insight into the bend

tree hinders insight into the crossing area

Aesthetics and landscape

5

Aesthetics and landscape

impact on aesthetics -

river Rhine

riverside promenade

what a nice view!

6 Cultural goods

Cultural goods

how to find if not obviously

Cultural goods

Mitigation

Roads impact on nature and landscape has different effects:

• direct loss of areas

• impacts on the neighbourhood

• fragmantation of landscape

Fragmentation of landscape

means

break of game passes:

It is nearly impossible for animals like red

deer, roe, wild sow, badgers and others to

survive crossing the highway.

Parts of the population are isolated with a

high risk of eradication.

Possibilities of Minimisation

Bridge over river Wildlive underpass

Viaduct

Tunnel

Wildlife overpass

Amphibian tunnel

B3a Tiefenbachtal B3a Zwester Ohmtal

B42 Eltville Umfahrung Annweiler

Length of overpass

Wildlife overpass

Landscape tunnel

36

8

33

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Anzahl

gebaut in Bau in Planung

Wildlife overpasses in Germany - status of construction 2002

constructed under construction planned

36 33

8

A 560 Sieg

River passes

Top soil allows vegetation

Highway A4 crossing a creek

Underpass for biotopes

Two negetative examples from a biological point of view:

• no cover possible

• the floor is too slippery

• no humidity for plants

• the creek becomes a chanel

• animals wandering along the bank can‘t go through

Tunnel for deers and wild boars

Tunnel for Amphibians and other small animals

Guiding structure

Tunnel

Guiding structure

Guiding structure

• Top end bent over to

prevent from climbing

• smooth surface of the

barrier 40 to 60 cm in

height

• Movement surface free

from vegetation

Barrier

Top end bent over

Movement surface

Passages for small animals

A Fence to guide the animals, combined with a tunnel

under the road

Hinweise zur Anlage von Querungs-hilfen für Tiere an Straßen

– Grünbrücken, Unterführungen und Durchlässe –

FGSV

AK 2.11.15

Version November

Technical bulletin:

Details for the Construction

of Fauna Passages

Overpasses and Underpasses

Compensation

direct loss of areas

• in general less space remains for plants and

animals to live in

• in particular it means the loss of biotops /

habitats of high value, for example

– hedges,

– ponts,

– woodland

– etc.

Impacts on the neighbourhood of roads

• Noises

• Substances

• Motion of vehicles

• the width of this band parallel to the road

depends on the species considered

– noises and motion affect birds up to distances of

500 m

– saltspray affects plants up to 200 m

Brutv鐷 eln (an Hecken bzw . Hochstauden gebundene)

in Relation zur D istanz zur A 44

0

0 ,2

0 ,4

0 ,6

0 ,8

1

1 ,2

13 -25 26 -35 36 -50 51 -71 72 -100 101 -141 142 -200 201 -282 283 -400 401 -562

En tfe rn u n g sk la sse n in m

Re

vie

re p

ro 1

ha

F e ld le rc he gem it te lt (n = 300 )

S ons t ige (n = 65 )

Density of Breeding Birds near Highways

Distance from highway (m)

Compensation

• To compensate the loss of biotops it is often

possible to create new ones. They should be

situated in the neighbourhood of the lost

ones.

• For the time of their development they belong

to the road-administration. Later it is possible

to hand them over to the administration of the

state-owned forests.

Extensive meadow with bushes

The end