이슬점,C.E 해설,NDE 교육.control Valve

7/25/2019 ,C.E ,NDE .control Valve

1/51

(%)

()

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

90

85

80

75

7065

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

-6.5 -1.3 3.5 8.2 13.3 18.3 23.2 28.0 33.0 38.2

-7.2 -2.0 2.3 7.3 12.5 17.4 22.1 27.0 32.0 37.1

-7.7 -2.8 1.9 6.5 11.6 16.5 21.0 25.9 31.0 36.2

-8.4 -3.6 0.9 5.6 10.4 15.4 19.9 24.7 29.6 34.5

-9.2 -4.5 0.2 4.5 9.1 14.2 18.6 23.3 28.1 33.5-10.0 -5.4 -1.0 3.3 8.0 13.0 17.4 22.0 26.8 32.0

-10.8 -6.5 -2.1 2.3 6.7 11.9 16.2 20.6 25.3 30.5

-11.6 -7.4 -3.2 1.0 5.6 10.4 14.8 19.1 23.9 38.9

-12.8 -8.4 -4.4 -0.3 4.1 8.6 13.3 17.5 22.2 27.1

-14.3 -9.6 -5.7 -1.5 2.6 7.0 11.7 16.0 20.2 25.2

-15.9 -10.8 -7.3 -3.1 0.9 5.4 9.5 14.0 18.2 23.0

-17.5 -12.1 -8.6 -4.7 -0.8 3.4 7.4 12.0 16.1 20.6

-19.0 -14.3 -10.2 -6.9 -2.9 1.3 5.2 9.2 13.7 18.0

: , () 2.7

!. " #$ %& '( !.

: 20) 65%* #+ , 13) 15.7 * #+

-. !.

Carbon Equivalent
http://paintncoatings.com/html/dany/dany_10.htm#top%23top


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/012345673,839:3-;0?@A+B8:3-;0CD9/0E

2*F;*G0>HI!JCarbon Equivalent .

KLMNOPQR;(C, Mn, Mo, Cr, Ni, V, Si)#$S, TU3, TV39WOXYZF!.

#$SW[1\]^_`ab)Austentic Martensite 0`ac6-dZe.

"!#$SWUnderbead Cracking fg9OXh/i067OjVklmnoS-pq

Grs,jVklmtu0ev.

Carbon Equivalent

1. A! 0#$e

". 67iwxy, jV, zV.{|}e

#. /i067~V3

$. G/0Underbead Cracking |u

%. QR/0673|u

- - #P

1

1.

(, NDT : Non-Destructive Testing)

!"# $% &', (), *+ ,- . /0*1 23 4 567.


3/51

[89 1] :;

2.

. 30 D

O0 ac *-. YZ- |} 9 P

O0 9 O &- 6 39 DO .

5. 0 s

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.

. ;0

u c Z s9 f- _ Om9

-d ( ;0 c .

3.

O0 2 34, K, x, , V, , , L 9 O

26-. ()0 5 0 i *Z 26v 0 34 k 3 `$-

J9 2r! 9 6-. 340 `$s9 u , 0 .{

5 ^0 i_ uc T J. ?@, 6 0 ?@ A &'


4/51

!

-2 34(

a)

12 34

V2 34

L2 34

2 34

O0 a, , , u

, 8, ~V 0 ' *

O0 , `, # 0 m7u

V, V, V, V2 34 u

, LL, L2 34 u

O0 , , 3, 0 m7u

4. "# $%

O 26- v 0


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O " c O " 0 `$c -. ^{ , M

: `, , G3 9 5 O 9 - Y

k Y0 CD9 , I 26-

26v.

-./0(coustic i'act), -.12("oici#atio), -

.3(coustic eissio), 45 6-,(Pulse-echo ult#asoic), !

6-,(#asissio ult#asoic), 71 6-,(esoace ult#asoic)

.

. V2 (heral technique)

O0 ^ " :0 `$ :(heralgradient) 0

Z fg-) c Y1 - ^ , , *e&ond, 0

`$, V39 u ), L0 i4, #, 7, ?@ CD9 e.

8)9# (he#al '#oe test)

. $ (Cheical anal+tical technique)

OD k x;(radiation)9 6-. O 0 :3 k QR 9 B , u

! O -) 12* c .

:;5< =>(heical s'ot), ?($ase# '#oe), -

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1. "&'( ) *

C DE' FGH !I J KL MN OP FG QRS TU

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E !V ef S g hi jk h $ll WU1.

!(a&io!#a'hic esti! : ) YZ[ mS jkL EnYoN L

paq rst -, jku!$L vg swx L yz H {|}O~ Y

Z[ \ ]^_ +% L a .


6/51

(@) BCD ;

() EF+ BCDG

[89 2] BCD ; A BCDG H

! & xi O~ rs jkOE }E

d)E( aq f YZ[ \ES `Fa ]^_L 3a

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*u( ) - .

. a *

Y T 67 0 4, C 8 55d

( | O ^ %5 ^9 , 4 {.{c O

*-. 9 N Z !.


7/51

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u-, x: | k # 9 t!.

. t

6 X-x0 , 233k", /0 4-430 2Q-. 5-

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0 6{ 26() ! }1*+,-9 Z J-.

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8/51

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[89 4] IJKL(!" MN H)

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9/51

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, 2 L 0! 2 _ O0 zc YZ ! ZT69 [\ 8

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=> 67 O fgn0 x} 67R^ ( gei

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0 i j( '(kl) v J

. mno(?ndercut)

67{oe " 0oot i_0 #1 6R^p+ ,pd J

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67R^ 67 3KG 5d r5 J

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67{3K" @;0oe 0 6cxu) 67R^ 5 a

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67{0 0oot { 6R^p+ , p-d ( J

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q67 67R^ {2 w0 r x( J

-. (yd(Mialignent)

67 O > i0 } v J


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(@) OP8


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(7) ES

[89 5] EFTU BCDG H

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() "T$-%2

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20/51

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L, 2 L$= Q} %& L0 269 w- ^ 26!. L

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.

.

LO0 >, 0O , 9 ! z iL$c Z

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21/51

. L k z

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(@) t;


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24/51

(7) [t;


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(n) u(t;


26/51

(v) lw


27/51

(v) xt;

[89 13] sDX( : yz

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28/51

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. !.

# { Bg

1. 75FGHI ) *

= Q} 9 ) - Y fgv L 6- L'

0Z = K, _=(Edd+ current) fg!. L'O

(Electroagnetic /nduction eting F E), = Q} 9 * O

) -. OT _=c 'OX ^{ 0! _=0 `$c O

i- 0 ', i40 `$ 9 - .


29/51

L'O, O * #+h S-), 7 O L%$-

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() |ka 6 }~ H

[89 14] |kX( ; A H


30/51

2. JK ) *

t($eak eting F $) O T{ " { 26! 5 _ , '(

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5 J9 2r! c Z 0 i' k Yc *- .

t0 t fgv 9 -5, OT u 2

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detection, Preure change, Galogen diode detection, Ma pectroeter

. t 2 t ^0 Y k c u- (.

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[89 15] ;

3. 2L " HI(Acoustic Emission Testing : AE)

O -9 - iw0 3`, ~V0 g3 k 3 0 fg Y

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k : (+ Z + ).


31/51

[89 1#] WB ;

& EF rk| TU

!M -(Gas Welding)

I_ 3 w 0! 0 V9 6-. 7Q{_ 6ic 6cO 67-

.

; =} : %7,

NO PQ -(Sielded !etal A"c Welding, S!AW)

i o 67 fg- V 0Z 7Q{_ 6ic 6cO 67-

.

; =} : , %7, $


32/51

RSTUVW PQ -(Su#me"ged A"c Welding,SAW)67{ U6 ^ n _(c ^2 -. c fgO 67-

. 767.

; =} : $


33/51

X !M [\ PQ -(!$G, $ne"t Gas !etal A"c Welding, G!AW)

n 6i* R^_(c ^2 T( c fg-. 67- . U.

; =} : %7, $


34/51

a!M PQ -('a"#on A"c Welding, 'AW)

|3 R^ 670 ;_ 5 |3 GI(Co7)c 6! .

; =} : %7, $


35/51

efghij -(Elect"oslag Welding, ESW)

_(_ 6c8 v VV9 6-. i_ _(c 6cO ^

U 0! }l 67. / x0 YD 67{ 3( .

; =} : %7, =a#hole>Pi'i! Po#osit,


36/51

lmn -(Te"mit Welding, TW)

/} 0Z (5 $V9 6-. 67- .

; =} : %7, $


37/51

do -(%"iction Welding, %+W)

70 ^ 0! V9 6, -. 7- .

; =} : $, ea#i!

I $< F center fg. ^


38/51

7 qr -(+esistance Welding, +W)

i0 7Q { =c 7 -. VfV V-. 7- .

; =} : %7, $


39/51

st -(E&losi-e Welding, EW)

$0f 0Z gm2* c 6-. R^9 7QOX .


40/51

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/ uF./ 0 v, w, xyz

{| !w./

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- 7 F 1 , 67 , V , , R ,

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( T .

; } : Po#osit, ?lohole, "h#ia!e, @ot ea#, ol& "hut, use& cha'let, use& chill


41/51

~(%o"ging)

R^iwc V-. 3 C 9 -. ;- > 3 `- .

; } : ?u#st, $a's


42/51

p(+olling)

R^iwc - c O 0 0Z 3 `9 O }29

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;} : $aiatio, "t#i!e#, "ea


43/51

t("aing)

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, 0 }9 9 T

;} : "t#i!e#, "ea

p(E&t"usion)

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;} : o# "u#ace, "ca


44/51

NU(ie"cing)

H9 - Piercing andrel9 H /! O

P , 9 h .

;} : "co#i!

-NDT -

RUSSELL DAVISON

S A T U R D A Y, 2 6 A U G U S T 2 0 0 6

Control valve mechanical test procedure

I was asked to create this control valve mechanical test procedure for one of the

worlds leading engineering companies.

1 Introduction

2 Location o tests in the manuacturin! pro!ramme

" Stem position error test

# Dead$and test

% &'steresis test

( &'steresis plus dead$and test

) Stro*in! time test

+ Operation instructions, E-uipment speciications

1 Introduction
http://russell-davison.blogspot.com/http://russell-davison.blogspot.com/


45/51

The company has the facility to provide a permanent record of an assembled valves performance, whilst undergoing

mechanical operation tests. The results of these tests are recorded on A3 size paper using an !T pen recorder.

2 Location o tests in the manuacturin! pro!ramme

All tests are carried out on the assembled valve and actuator before hydrostatic and seat leakage testing. The packing

bo" gland flange nuts are finger#tight and careful assembly of the valve ensures that the packing material is in an

uncompressed state. A light lubricating oil is applied to the area of the stem that passes through the packing bo".

" Stem position error test

The purpose of the stem position error test is to verify that the desired and actual stem positions are within acceptable

limits. The acceptable stem position error for the companys range of control valves is $ %& of the rated travel. The stemposition should lie between the following upper and lower limits for an input signal of 3 to '% psig(

/'0?ME A< 0E*

09E$

/0

P0E''?0E

$A>E0 ?PPE0

(P'/=) $/M/ $/M/

2 :.33

4 2.22 12.22

: 11.68 71.68

6 73.33 23.33

8 7D.22 2D.22

D 26.68 46.68

4:.33 ::.33

13 :2.22 62.22

11 61.68 81.68

17 83.33 D3.33

12 8D.22 DD.22

14 D6.68 6.68

1: :.33

The e)uipment is connected to the valve and actuator as described in section *.

# Dead $and test


46/51

+eadband is the range through which an input can be varied without initiating observable response. In a diaphragm

actuated control valve, deadband is the amount that the instrument air signal can be changed without initiating valve

stem movement.

The amount of deadband is determined by measuring the changeover pressure for a given stem position. The stem is

taken up to a position of %& of the rated travel. -hile stationary, the change in pressure which causes a change in stem

movement is measured. The test is repeated at positions of %& and /%&. This changeover pressure is known as the

0deadband0 and it should not e"ceed the following values (

9$9E * */PG0=M C?A0 >/GA?

PA'//AE0

'P0/= 0=E PA/ MX/M?M CG=EA9E0

A< E' P0E''?0E

2 A 1: P'/= 7: 3.73 P'/

:3 3.7: P'/

8: 3.2: P'/

6 A 23 P'/= 7: 3.43 P'/

:3 3.:3 P'/

8: 3.83 P'/

9$9E * */PG0=M C?A0 >/G PA'//AE0

'P0/= 0=E PA/ MX/M?M CG=EA9E0

A< E' P0E''?0E

2 A 1: P'/= 7: 3.33:6 P'/

:3 3.336D P'/

8: 3.336 P'/

6 A 23 P'/= 7: 3.3117 P'/

:3 3.3143 P'/

8: 3.317 P'/

The e)uipment is connected to the valve and actuator as described in section *.


47/51

% &'steresis test

1ysteresis is a characteristic of a control valve that is the dependence of the stem position, for a given variation of the

instrument signal, upon the history of previous variations and the direction of the varying instrument signal, i.e.

increasing2decreasing. The amount of hysteresis is determined firstly by performing the deadband test, followed by

stroking the control valve over its full travel and returning it to its starting point. The amount of hysteresis is calculatedby deducting the deadband from the distance between the cyclic envelope at %&, %& and /%& travel. The hysteresis

should not e"ceed the following (

PA/ MX/M?M

A

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이슬점,C.E 해설,NDE 교육.control Valve