CH 11 WWII

CHAPTER 11, Section 1 The Causes

•Hitler’s ideas and goals: “cancer of democracy,” “create the highest authoritarian state,” forge a new domestic unity, “only a struggle can save us,’ everything else must be subordinated to this idea,” the youth must be trained “to fight with all means,” Germany must rearm and institute a military draft,men must not be “poisoned by pacifism, Marxism, or Bolshevism” for “the conquest of new living space in the east and its ruthless Germanization.”

Hitler defies Versailles• 1935 creation of the

Luftwaffe (air force), the• draft -army from 100,000 to

550,000 troops. • Saw Western states as weak

& would not enforce the restrictions of Versailles

• sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland.

• Britain began policy of appeasement.

•What are the Western nations scared of? (France and G B)

Italy becomes Aggressive•Mussolini -new Roman

Empire. •In 1935, he invaded

Ethiopia & was condemned by Western powers

•LoN does nothing

AXIS Alliances are formed

• In 1936, Germany & Italy helped created Rome-Berlin Axis.

• in Nov. Germany also signed the Anti-Comintern Pact w. Japan

Anschluss

• 1938, Hitler forced the Austria to put Nazis in power.

• Hitler annexed Austria  

Munich Conference:

•Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (German speaking area of Czechoslovakia.)

•Western powers appeased Hitler in return for his “promise” to not make more demands.

•British PM Neville Chamberlain called it “peace for our time.”

•But in 1939, Hitler took ALL of western Czechoslovakia

White Board

•What pieces of land has Germany taken as their own and what has the L O N done.

Hitler wants Poland

•After Hitler demanded port city of Danzig, Britain promised to protect new independent country of Poland from Nazi aggression.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

•Fearful of a two-front war, Hitler signed the peace alliance with Communist USSR

•Stalin was promised east Poland and the Baltic states

•September 1, 1939 Hitler attacked Poland. Britain & France declared war. WWII had begun!

Discuss

•Why does Hitler want this land and why would he make a deal with Stalin

Invasion of Poland

•September 1, 1939 Hitler attacked Poland. Britain & France declared war.

•WWII had begun!

Japan Increases aggression

•Back in 1931, seizure of mineral rich Chinese region of Manchuria and created the puppet state of Manchukuo.

•League of Nations condemned, soJapan withdrew!

China weak due to civil wAR

•Chiang Kai-shek- Nationalist Leader•Mao Ze Dong-Communist

Japan Invades China• Nationalist leader Chiang

Kai-shek tried to appease Japan by allowing it to govern areas in northern China.

• But as Japan moved southward, in 1936

• Chiang stopped fighting Mao & the communists & created a united Chinese force vs. Japanese expansion.

• In 1937, Japan began the “Rape of Nanjing.”

Japan’s Asian Empire

•Tokyo had hoped to force Chiang into a “New Order”, with Japan as the modern leader of East Asia.

• Japan began to cooperate w. Nazi Germany and planned on a joint attack vs. the Soviet Union.

•after the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed, Japan had to look to Southeast Asia for needed resources.

11.2 A The Axis Powers Advance

THE TWO ALLIANCES

ALLIES• USA- Franklin D

Roosevelt• G.B-Winston

Churchill• USSR- Stalin

• FRANCE-De Gaulle • CHINA- Mao

AXIS POWERS•Italy- Mussolini•Japan-TOJO

(Hirohito)

•Germany- Hitler

Invasion of Poland Sept. 1, 1939• blitzkrieg to conquer in only four

weeks▫ -Lighting War quick attack from

land and air• Hitler addressed Reichstag• “I am going into this struggle

strong in heart. My whole life has been nothing but a struggle for Germany… I myself am ready to risk my life… I demand the same of everyone else…Anyone who thinks that he can oppose this national commandment… will die!”

• Sept. 28, 1939, Germans & Soviets divided a conquered Poland.

White Board

•Based on Hitler's speech, what does he expect of his people.

Nazis Advance• blitzkrieg attack took-Denmark ,Norway ,Netherlands,

Belgium & France.• Germans went around the Maginot Line.(line of French

fortification)• French & British troops caught off-guard & trapped at

beaches.• “Miracle of Dunkirk.”- thousands of boats sail to

rescue soldiers bring to GB

France Conquered•France signed armistice on

June 22. Most of France occupied by Nazis.

• Authoritarian regime set up in south, called Vichy France.

•Britain stood alone vs. Nazis & began to appeal to U.S. for help.

White Board

•How is the German Attack on France similar to that of WWI and how is it different?

US Stays Out• Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced

aggressors but U.S. followed strict policy of isolationism.

• U.S. passed a series of neutrality acts,

• Policies relaxed to provide supplies to Britain (eg. Lend-Lease Act- give and sell weapons to allies

Germans Wants BritainBattle of Britain

•Aug, 1940 the Luftwaffe launched major offensive vs. key British sites.

•Britain developed radar & had broken German military code w. captured Enigma machine.

Luftwaffe

Churchill Takes Charge

•Royal Air Force was outnumbered but fought bravely.

•“Never before in the course of human history, have so many, owed so much, to so few.” (Winston Churchill)

• Churchill’s Elected prime minister of Britain.

•“We shall never surrender!”

Discuss

•Who was Churchill and what are his quotes trying to say?

Britsh fight off the Nazi’s

•bombing unified British vs. enemy, civilians slept in the Underground.

•British quickly rebuilt air strength & began inflicting major losses vs.German bombers.

Axis focus on Eastern Europe• Hitler took

Greece & Yugoslavia 1941.▫ Italy tried but

failed• Began to attack

USSR • Hitler thought

Soviet army was weak and could be defeated before winter.

Germans Attack the Soviets•Germany captured two million

Soviet soldiers!•An early winter & fierce Soviet

resistance stalled advancing German soldiers, who were wearing summer uniforms!

Japan Advances on the Pacific Front•December 7, 1941 Japan

attaked US Navy at Pearl Harbor. ▫US stopped selling Steel

and Oil and was the only major force in the Pacific

•“A date thatwill live in infamy” (F.D.R.)

•Congress declared war on Japan.

• Pearl was devastated but aircraft carriers survived.

Japanese take the Pacific•Japan attacked

Philippines, Malaya, Dutch East Indies & other Pacific islands.

•Defeated US and Filipino forces

•Bataan Death March•1942, Japan

ControlledS.E. Asia•Named Greater East

Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

White Board

•Good or bad idea to attack Pearl Harbor for Japan? 1 reason why.

Attack united American people

•U.S. joined Allied Powers to fight the Axis Powers in European Theater& Pacific Theater

•Grand Alliance of USSR, USA, & GB

11.2 B Allied Road to Victory•Gen. Erwin Rommel led

Afrika Korps to victories vs. British in N. Africa. ▫Hitler “British Empire

will collapse.”•British stopped Rommel

in 1942 at Battle of El Alamein, in Egypt (turning point in war.)

•BRT & U.S. troops forced GRM & ITL to surrender in N. Africa in 1943.

White Board

•What vital Natural resource in in North Africa and the Middle East?

Battle of Stalingrad -Soviets Advance E Front•(industrial city deep inside

the Soviet Union.) was ▫extremely bloody. Soviets

limited weapons▫Night Witches (female Soviet

pilots.)•Feb.1943 Soviets launched

counterattack that encircled German forces & supply lines were cut off

•in frigid winter conditions. Entire German Sixth Army surrendered!

White Board

•Why is this battle a turning point of the war?

•In Pacific, Battle of the Coral Sea, May, 1942 stopped Japanese advance and saved Australia from invasion.

•Battle of Midway, U.S. planes destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers (US broke Japanese secret military code.) ▫U.S. naval supremacy.

Allies Advance in Pacific

Allied forces in Pacific led two offensive campaigns•1.One commanded by U.S. general

Douglas MacArthur would reclaim Philippines,▫ “I shall return.”

2.“island hop” selected islands untilreaching Japan.

Discuss

•Why use Island hopping instead of taking every single Island the Japanese controlled?

Italy is attacked From N Africa •1943 Sicily fell,

Mussolini arrest by Victor Emmanuel III.

• Italian govt. surrendered,

•Mussolini escaped prison w. help of Nazi commandos,

•Rome was finally captured in June, 1944.

•Mussolini killed April, 1945

D-Day & Liberations of France•Largest amphibious invasion in world history on

June 6, 1944 (D-Day.) Crossed EnglishChannel & landed on beaches of Normandy FR,

•German resistance was heavy, but slow to respond •Paris was liberated by Aug, 1944.

Battle of the Bulge

•Nazis launched last all-out offensive in Dec.

•Highest number of American casualties in war, but Germans were stopped & began to retreat.

•Spring 1945 Allies crossed Rhine River & linked up with Soviet forces in northern Germany.

White Board

•Which battle in Europe had the greatest impact on the outcome of the war

•Give one reason to justify you answer.

Soviets advanced from East

•advancing into German-held territory ever since 1943.

•By Jan. 1945 the Soviets had taken Warsaw, Poland & in April they entered German capital of Berlin.

Yalta Conference 1945 Feb-Leaders USSR,GB, US meet

-USSR help fight Japan after defeat Germany▫ agree to split Germany 4 zones

controlled-FR, GB, US, USSR

White BoardWhat things did GB, US, and USSR have in common and what is a major difference between them?

Fall of NAZI Germany

•Hitler had been directing war from bunker deep under Berlin. •In Hitler’s final testament, he blamed Jews

forthe war! He commanded German leaders : ▫continue“the laws of race and to merciless

opposition to the universal poisoner of all peoples, international Jewry.”

•Hitler & his mistress/wife committed suicide on April, 30. On May 7, 1945, German commanders surrendered (VE-Day!)

April, 1945 F.D.R. died. VP Harry S. Truman -new president.

• top-secret atomic bombs.(Manhattan Project)

• He decided to use bombs vs. Japan to avoid an invasion of

Japanese mainland and loss of huge numbers of Allies.

White Board

•What are positives and negatives for the US of using the A bomb in Japan.

A BOMBSHiroshima • Aug 6 1945- Air Plane “Enola

Gay” drop A-bomb“Little Boy” on Hiroshima▫killing 70,000 people

Nagasaki• Aug 9 1945- Air plane “Bockscar”

drop “Fat Man” city- Nagasaki▫Killing 40,000 people

• many more died later of wounds and/or radiation poisoning.

(VJ- Day!)•Emperor Hirohito forced

his military generals to surrender unconditionally on August 14, 1945 (VJ- Day!)

CasualtiesALLIESCountry Military

Civilian

AXISCountry Military

CivilianBritain 264,000 93,000

France 213,000 350,000

China 1,31,000 1,000,000

Soviet Union

7,500,000

15,000,000

US 292,000  

Germany 3,000,000

780,000

Italy 242,000 53,000

Japan 1,300,000

672,000

Women had been active in espionage (spies) during WWII.

• Yoshiko Kawashima born in China but raised in Japan. Sent to China by Japanese authorities to gather info. forinvasion of China. Disguised as young man, she was effective spy until her arrest & execution. Egyptian dancer Hekmath Fathmy was a Nazi spy. Sang & danced for British at nightclub & then seduced officers to gain info. Arrested, but spent only one year in prison.

• Violette Szabo spied for Allies to avenge herhusband’s death. She joined British Intelligence & parachuted into France. Caught by German Gestapo, tortured & executed.

11.3 Nazi and Japanese Control During WWII (New Order)•“Nazi occupied

Europe” organized two ways:

•1. some regions directly annexed & made Germanprovinces (eg. W. Poland,)

•2. most areas ruled by military or civilian officials w. help from local collaborators.

White Board

•What areas were annexed and what were simply under Nazi control.

Nazis “crimes vs. humanity” against those “unfit” for the Third Reich.

• “The prisoners would be marched by one of the doctors who would make spot decisions… Those who were fit for work were sent into the camp. Other were sent immediately to the extermination plants. Children of tender years were invariably exterminated since by reason of their youth they were unable to work.” (Rudolph Hoss, commandant of

Auschwitz, the largest death camp.)

Heinrich Himmler (SS)•charge of “resettlement” plans to Germanize

these lands and to enslave and exterminate the Slavs.

•“Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death interests me only insofar as we need them as slaves for our culture. Otherwise it is of no interest.”

Final Solution= genocide of all European Jews. • Reinhard Heydrich,

head of SS’s Security Service, was put in charge

• Gestapo- police searched out Jews

• Einsatzgruppen special strike unit, forced Polish Jews into ghettos ▫Find Jews, execute

them and bury them in mass graves, dug by the victims.

White Board

•What actions did the Nazi Take prior to WWII that gave signs of the holocaust coming?

Concentration Camps•slave labor & mass extermination in gas

chambers and crematoriums. • Jews packed in freight trains to camps. •Cruel “medical” experiments performed.

Holocaust•14-16 million

“undesirables” murdered (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, “political enemies,”homosexuals, “intellectuals,” “people of conscience,” certain P.O.W.’s, etc.)

•Civilians▫some collaborated by

hunting down “undesirables,”

▫most were apathetic, pretended not to know.

Discuss

•Why would some people decide to work as collaborators with the Nazi’s

“Asia for the Asiatics”, Japanese slogan•contact w. anticolonialists & promised

local govts. would be established under Japanese control, ▫but real power rested w. Japanese military.

Resources taken from S E Asia•Economic resources

of SE Asia used for Japanese war machine & native peoples forced to work.

•At first, many Asian nationalists cooperated w. Japan. ▫Japanese true

intentions became clear,Asian’s turned vs. Japan.

Japanese Abuses•Over a million Vietnamese

starved to death as Japan forcibly took their rice and other food products

•Japanese military spent several days killing, raping and looting Nanjing, China.

•Over 800,000 Koreans became slave laborers. Over 100,000 P.O.W. and =

White Board

•Which nation was responsible for more war atrocities in your opinion give a reason why.

1. Tehran Conference = “Big Three” (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) Agreed to an American-British (& Canadian) invasion through France. The plan meant that Western Allies would meet up w. Soviet Allies in a

north-south dividing line in defeated Germany, and then partition postwar Germany.

Soviet Union• Soviet Union = 1.5 million civilians killed in Leningrad alone! As German army made

advances, Soviets dismantled & shipped their factories from western region deeper into Soviet Union. Machines were placed on bare ground & work began, even before a factory was built around machines!

• “A battle of machines” (Stalin.) Soviets produced 78,000 tanks & 98,000 artillery! Food/housing shortages.

• Women & girls worked in industries, mines, railroads, dug antitank ditches & were air-raid wardens. Soviets were only ones who used females in combat: snipers, aircrews, etc.

• Germany• Nazi attitude towards women was that they were to keep out of the job market. But as the war

progressed, women were encouraged to take on a job, but few German women wanted to.• City of Cologne attacked by 1,000 bombers. Dresden torched by incendiary bombs, firestorm

killed 100,000! Germans fought on driven by the desire to survive. Industrial production actually increased despite bombings, but destruction of transportation systems made difficult to get materials to the front.

• Germany = Hitler believed that Germany lost WWI because of a collapse of the will to win by those on the home front. So, Hitler refused to cut production of consumer goods.

• But w. German setbacks in war, Hitler ordered massive increase in armaments production & size of army.

• Albert Speer, Hitler’s architect & prime minister for armaments, tripled production within 1 year, despite Allied air raids!

•Widespread migration. Over a million African Americans moved from rural South to urban North & West.

• Japan = highly mobilized society, govt. control of prices, wages, labor,, resources. Traditional values of obedience and hierarchy exploited.

• Kamikaze (divine wind) were volunteer suicide pilots used vs. U.S. ships.

• General Hideki Tojo, prime minister, opposed female employment. Korean & Chinese slave laborers were imported to fill the job shortage.

• Crowded cities made of flammable materials were torched by U.S. B-29 bombers.

• Govt. ordered all people between 13 and 60 to join the People’s “Volunteer” Corps!

•Atomic Bomb = A letter from Albert Einstein to F.D.R. convinced him that the U.S. should develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. Top secret Manhattan Project was an enormous task that cost billions of dollars & employed 600,000. Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the center in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Three bombs were developed. First one successfully tested in July. On Aug. 6, 1945 Hiroshima was flattened and hundreds of thousands killed. Nagasaki destroyed on Aug. 9. Nuclear Age had begun!

11.4 Home Front and Aftermath of WWII-New Weapon made the US the dominant world Power-Soviets feared the US and the West

White board

•What weapon

US Home Front•United States = Not fighting on own soil.

The great arsenal of Allies (by end of war, produced more war supplies than all of the other countries of the world combined!)

Women•Women filled the Jobs of many men off to

war•Women did traditional male jobs like

constructions and weapons manufacturing

African Americans•Racial tensions resulted in some race

riots. Blacks were segregated in military. •Tuskegee Airmen- African American Pilots

who broke racial barriers

Japanese Internment Camps•Japanese Americans faced even more

serious discrimination. On West Coast, 110,000 Japanese-Americans (most of whom were U.S. citizens) were removed to internment camps for “security reasons.”

White Board

•What was hypocritical about these American actions toward minorities?

2.Yalta Conference•Russia was invading Germany from the East

with 11 million Soviet soldiers would occupy Eastern & Central Europe.

•FDR favored having each nation having democratic governments

•Issue of free elections became a dividing point.

•FDR wanted Soviet help vs. Japan, so in return he agreed to allow Soviets to gain two Japanese islands & warm-water ports plus railroad rights in Manchuria.

White Board

•Which of these three nations is not like the other and why?

3.Potsdam Conference•Germany would be

partitioned into four zones (GB, US, FR & USSR.)

•Harry S. Truman, who demanded free elections in E. Europe.

•Stalin responded, “A freely elected govt. in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow.”

Soviet leave troops in Eastern Europe•Soviets feared invasion of West

•Want border of nations to protect from invasion

•Buffer States

•No Free Elections they would be communist

United Nations•Creation of the United Nations was

agreed upon and first meeting set for April, 1945 in San Francisco.

•US and USSR key nations•Military support would be provided•Goal to keep peace around the world

White Board

•What other organization is this similar to? What is one major difference

Nuremberg Trials•Nazi leaders were tried and convicted as

war criminals at the in 1945 & 46.•Trial of 24 highest officials of the Nazi

party•Convictions led to death and life

sentences for war crimes and crimes against Humanity (Holocaust)

Discuss

•Many of the men on trial never directly killed a person why were they put on trial and not the ground troops

Start of the Cold War• Tension between Western Allies

and USSR decades-long global struggle called the Cold War!

• West saw Soviet actions as plan for worldwide communist domination.

• Soviets viewed western powers as part of global capitalist expansion.

• “An iron curtain has descended across the continent” dividing Europe into two hostile camps. (Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill)