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fganh&foHkkx
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;
ch-,- (vkWulZ) fganh
lsesLVj Ldhe
tqykbZ] 2011 ls vkjaHk
ijh{kk&;kstuk rFkk ikB~;Øe
fo}r~ ifj"kn~ vkSj dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn~ dh cSBd fnukad 25 vizSy] 2011 esa ikfjr
f'k{kk&o"kZ 2011 esa ch-,- (vkWulZ) fganh ikB~;Øe esa izos'k ysus okys fo|kfFkZ;ks a
ds fy, fuèkkZfjr ikB~;Øe
2
fnYyh fo’ofo|ky;
foHkkx dk uke : fganh ikB~;dze % ch- ,- (vkWulZ) fganh
lsesLVj&1
iz'ui=&1% lkfgR; fpUru & ,d
iz'ui=&2% izkphu vkSj iwoZe/;dkyhu dfork
iz'ui=&3% leorhZ & Hkk"kk ;ksX;rk
lsesLVj&2
iz'ui=&4% fganh dgkuh
iz'ui=&5% mRrj e/;dkyhu dfork
iz'ui=&6% leorhZ & dzsfMV ;ksX;rk
lsesLVj&3
iz'ui=&7% fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼e/;dky rd½
iz'ui=&8% lkfgR; fpUru&nks
iz'ui=&9% leorhZ & var% fo"k;
lsesLVj&4
iz'ui=&10% vk/kqfud dfork&,d
iz'ui=&11% lkekU; Hkk"kk foKku vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
iz'ui=&12% fganh miU;kl
iz'ui=&13% leorhZ & vuq’kklu dsfUnzr&1
lsesLVj&5
iz'ui=&14% fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/kqfud dky½
iz'ui=&15% vk/qkfud dfork&nks
iz'ui=&16% fganh fucU/k vkSj vU; x| fo/kk,a
iz'ui=&17% fganh ukVd
lsesLVj&6
iz'ui=&18% jpukRed ys[ku
iz'ui=&19% fodYi
iz'ui=&20% fodYi
iz'ui=&21% leorhZ & vuq’kklu dsfUnzr&2
3
SEMESTER BASED UNDER-GRADUATE HONOURS COURSES Distribution of Marks & Teaching Hours
The Semester-wise distribution of papers for the B.A. (Honours), B.Com. (Honours), B. Com., B.Sc. (Honours) Statistics and B.Sc. (Honours) Computer Science will be as follows:
Type of Paper Max. Marks Theory Exam.
I.A. Teaching per week
Main Papers 100 75 25 5 Lectures 1 Tutorial
Concurrent Courses 100 75 25 4 Lectures 1 Tutorial
Credit Courses for B.Sc.(Hons.) Mathematics
100 75 25 4 Lectures 1 Tutorial
• Size of the Tutorial Group will be in accordance with the existing norms.
• The existing syllabi of all Concurrent/Credit Courses shall remain unchanged.
• The existing criteria for opting for the Concurrent /Credit Courses shall also remain
unchanged.
4
ikB~;Øe&izLrkouk
ch-,- (vkWulZ) fganh ikB~;Øe B.A. (Hons.) Hindi
vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij f'k{kk ds Lrj] Lo:i ,oa ikB~;Øe esa lekurk ykus vkSj ØsfMV LFkkukarj.k dks laHko
cukus ds mn~ns'; ls fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; esa tqykbZ] 2011 ds l=k ls ykxw dh tkus okyh lsesLVj iz.kkyh ds
vuq:i fganh&foHkkx us ch-,- (vkWulZ) fganh ikB~;Øe ds fy, uohu ikB~;Øe rS;kj fd;k gSA
bl lsesLVj iz.kkyh dh ijh{kk&;kstuk bl Øe esa ykxw dh tk,xh %
lsesLVj&1 % tqykbZ] 2011&fnlacj] 2011
lsesLVj&2 % tuojh] 2012&ebZ] 2012
lsesLVj&3 % tqykbZ] 2012&fnlacj] 2012
lsesLVj&4 % tuojh] 2013&ebZ] 2013
lsesLVj&5 % tqykbZ] 2013&fnlacj] 2013
lsesLVj&6 % tuojh] 2014&ebZ] 2014
ch-,- (vkWulZ) fganh ikB~;Øe ds fy, fuèkkZfjr 21 iz'ui=kksa esa ls 16 iz'ui=k fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ds gksaxs
rFkk ik¡p leorhZ ikB~;Øeksa dk izkoèkku gksxkA eq[; fo"k; fganh ds iz'ui=kksa dh lkexzh ds fuèkkZj.k ds le;
f'k{kk vkSj Kku ds cnyrs ifjn`'; dks lkeus j[kk x;k gSA bl Øe esa ikjaifjd ,oa 'kkL=kh; fo"k;ksa ds
lkFk&lkFk u;h ih<+h ds fy, mi;ksxh u, fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA ;g ifjorZu ikB&lkexzh ds
fuèkkZj.k esa rks yf{kr gksrk gh gS] ^jpukRed ys[ku* tSls u, iz'ui=k ds lekos'k esa Hkh bls ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA vafre nks iz'ui=k oSdfYid gSaA fganh (vkWulZ) ds ikB~;Øe esa fganh lkfgR; izfrfufèkRo dh iwjh lexzrk
ds lkFk lekfo"V fd;k x;k gSA oSdfYid iz'ui=kksa esa fganh dk iz;kstuijd i{k e”kcwr gks bl ckr dks è;ku
esa j[kdj oSdfYid iz'ui=kksa esa ikB~;Øe dk fuèkkZj.k mi;ksxh gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk oSdfYid iz'ui=k
jk"Vªh; lkekfld laLÑfr dh izLrqfr ds lanHkZ esa izklafxd gSA
1- izR;sd iz'ui=k 100 vad dk gksxkA
2- izR;sd iz'ui=k ds fy, ik¡p ysDpj izfr lIrkg dk izkoèkku gksxkA
3- V~;wVksfj;y d{kk,¡ fo'ofo|ky; ds fu;ekuqlkj vkB fo|kFkhZ izfr xzqi ds fglkc ls izR;sd lIrkg rFkk
gj iz'ui=k esa gksaxhA
4- vkarfjd ewY;kadu dh O;oLFkk vkSj vadksa dk vuqikr fo'ofo|ky; ds fu.kZ;kuqlkj gksxkA
5
iz'ui=kksa dk Øe bl izdkj gksxk %
iz'ui=k&1 % lkfgR; fparu&1
iz'ui=k&2 % izkphu vkSj iwoZeè;dkyhu dfork
iz'ui=k&3 % leorhZ ikB~;Øe & Hkk"kk ;ksX;rk
iz'ui=k&4 % fganh dgkuh
iz'ui=k&5 % mÙkj eè;dkyhu dfork
iz'ui=k&6 % leorhZ ikB~;Øe & dzsfMV ;ksX;rk
iz'ui=k&7 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (eè;dky rd)
iz'ui=k&8 % lkfgR; fparu&2
iz'ui=k&9 % leorhZ ikB~;Øe & var% fo"k;
iz'ui=k&10 % vkèkqfud dfork&1
iz'ui=k&11 % lkekU; Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
iz'ui=k&12 % fganh miU;kl
iz'ui=k&13 % leorhZ ikB~;Øe & vuq’kklu dsfUnzr&1
iz'ui=k&14 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (vkèkqfud dky)
iz'ui=k&15 % vkèkqfud dfork&2
iz'ui=k&16 % fganh fucaèk vkSj vU; x| foèkk,¡
iz'ui=k&17 % fganh ukVd
iz'ui=k&18 % jpukRed ys[ku
iz'ui=k&19 % fodYi
iz'ui=k&20 % fodYi
iz'ui=k&21 % leorhZ ikB~;Øe & vuq’kklu dsfUnzr&2
fodYi % d- Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
% [k- vuqokn
% x- jaxeap
% ?k- ehfM;k
% M- Hkkjrh; lkfgR;
6
fganh vkWulZ
lsesLVj&I
iz'ui=k&1 % lkfgR; fparu & ,d
1. Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh ijaijk vkSj fofHkUu laiznk; (jl] vyadkj] jhfr] èofu] oØksfDr] vkSfpR;
laiznk;ksa ds vkpk;Z] muds dky ,oa mudh LFkkiukvksa dk lkekU; ifjp;)
2. jl % jl dk Lo:i] jl ds vax] jl ds Hksn
3. 'kCn 'kfDr % vfHkèkk] y{k.kk] O;atuk vkSj rkRi;Z o`fÙk
4. vyadkj % Lo:i vkSj y{k.k] vyadkjksa ds Hksn] dkO; esa vyadkjksa dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa
Hkwfedk] izeq[k vyadkj&vuqizkl] 'ys"k] oØksfDr] ;ed] miek] :id]
mRizs{kk] n`"Vkar] fun'kZuk] vlaxfr] fojksèkkHkkl] foHkkouk] O;ktLrqfr] vU;ksfDr]
vfr'k;ksfDrA
5. Nan % Lo:i (;fr] xfr] y;] ek=kk] rqd] o.kZ vkfn) dkO; esa Nanksa dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa
jpukRed Hkwfedk
izeq[k Nan µ pkSikbZ] gfjxhfrdk] jksyk] nksgk] lksjBk] bUnzotzk] eankØkark]
nzqrfoyfEcr] 'kknwZyfoØhfM+r] loS;kA
6. dkO;:i % izcaèkdkO;µegkdkO;] [k.MdkO;] pfjrdkO;_ eqDrd] xhfrdkO; ,oa izxhr
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k % lqcksèk foospu µ lR;nso pkSèkjh
2- dkO;rÙo foe'kZ µ jkeewfrZ f=kikBh
3- dkO;niZ.k µ jkenfgu feJ
4- fl¼kar vkSj vè;;u µ ckcw xqykcjk;
5- lkfgR;&fl¼kar µ jkevoèk f}osnh
6- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh Hkwfedk µ MkW- uxsanz
7- jlfl¼kar % Lo:i vkSj fo'ys"k.k µ vkuanizdk'k nhf{kr
8- fganh vyadkj lkfgR; dk 'kkL=kh; foospu µ vkseizdk'k
7
9- Hkkjrh; lkfgR;'kkL=k µ cynso mikè;k;
10- fganh èoU;kyksd µ vkpk;Z fo'os'oj
11- jl ehekalk µ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
12- jl&fl¼kar µ MkW- uxsanz
13- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh vkpk;Z ijaijk µ jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh
14- lkfgR; dk Lo:i µ fuR;kuan frokjh
15- dkO;'kkL=k µ HkxhjFk feJ
16- Hkkjrh; vkykspuk'kkL=k µ jktoa'k lgk; ^ghjk*
17- lkfgR; lgpj µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
8
iz'ui=k&2 % izkphu vkSj iwoZeè;dkyhu dfork
ikB&lkexzh %
1- vehj [kqljks µ vehj [kqljks % O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo µ ijekuan ikapky
fganh x”ky µ x
dOokyh µ ?k (1) (2)
xhr µ M- (4) (13)
nksgs µ p (7 nksgs)
2- fo|kifr µ fo|kifr dh inkoyh % laik- vkpk;Z Jh jkeykspu 'kj.k
ladyf;rk % jkeo`{k csuhiqjh] iqLrd HkaMkj] iVuk
oanuk µ 1
jkèkk dh oanuk µ 2 (ns[k ns[k jkèkk - - - vgfufl dksj vxksjh)
u[k&f'k[k µ 18] 20
izse&izlax JhÑ".k dk izse µ 33] 34] 35
jkèkk dk izse µ 36] 37] 38
3- dchjnkl µ dchj xzaFkkoyh % laik- ';kelqanj nkl] uk-iz- lHkk
(uok¡ laLdj.k] la- 2021)
xq#nso dkS vax µ 11] 17_ lqfeju dkS vax µ 5] 17_ fojg dkS vax µ 11_
ijpk dkS vax µ 14_ fprko.kh dkS vax µ 13_ ek;k dkS vax µ 17_
dqlaxfr dkS vax µ 2_ laxfr dkS vax µ 2_ mins'k dkS vax µ 1_
cslkl dkS vax µ 7_ thou e`rd dkS vax µ 9_ lwjk ru dkS vax µ 20_
dky dkS vax µ 1_ dLrwfj;k e`x dkS vax µ 1_ in µ 64] 66] 235
4- lwjnkl µ lwjlkxj] uk-iz- lHkk] Hkkx&1] 2035 okjk.klh] laik- uannqykjs
oktis;h] iape laLdj.k
Hkkx&1] Hkkx&2] laLdj.k 2033
fou; & i`"B&38] Nan&138
i`"B&42] Nan&153
okRlY; & i`"B&243] Nan&110
i`"B&244] Nan&115
i`"B&323] Nan&3175
Hkkx&2] nwljk [kaM
Ük`axkj & i`"B&397] Nan&672
9
i`"B&398] Nan&673
:iekèkqjh & i`"B&580] Nan&1368_ igyk [kaM
i`"B&18] Nan&1825_ nwljk [kaM
eqjyh & i`"B&385] Nan&620
i`"B&571] Nan&1325
Hkzejxhr & i`"B&373] Nan&3507
i`"B&400] Nan&3631
i`"B&490] Nan&3988
i`"B&507] Nan&4073
5- dqrqcu µ e`xkorh
n'kZu [kaM µ 42 ls 47
Ük`axkj&o.kZu [kaM µ 48 ls 55
6- xksLokeh rqylhnkl µ dforkoyh] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2052 fo] 36ok¡ laLdj.k
ckydkaM µ 1
v;ksè;kdkaM µ 22
lqanjdkaM µ 25
mÙkjdkaM µ 96] 106
fou;if=kdk µ laLdj.k laor~] 2055
in la[;k 105] 111] 162] 172] 201
7- ehjk µ ehjk¡ckbZ dh inkoyh % laik- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh
fganh lkfgR; lEesyu] iz;kx] 17ok¡ laLdj.k] 1983] 'kd 1905
in&la[;k µ 5] 17] 18] 19] 22] 23] 25] 41] 73] 158
vkykspukRed iz'u % rhu
lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k % nks
ikBka'k dk jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- vehj [kqljks µ ijekuan ikapky
2- fo|kifr µ f'koizlkn flag
10
3- fo|kifr dh inkoyh µ f'kodkj diwj
4- dchj µ gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
5- dchj dh fopkjèkkjk µ xksfoan f=kxq.kk;r
6- dchj µ la- fot;sanz Lukrd
7- lwjnkl µ jkepanz 'kqDy
8- lwj vkSj mudk lkfgR; µ gjoa'kyky 'kekZ
9- lwjnkl µ czts'oj oekZ
10- HkfDr vkanksyu vkSj lwjnkl dk dkO; µ eSustj ik.Ms;
11- xksLokeh rqylhnkl µ jkepanz 'kqDy
12- rqylh&dkO;&ehekalk µ mn;Hkkuq flag
13- rqylhnkl vkSj mudk ;qx µ jktifr nhf{kr
14- eè;;qxhu izsek[;kud µ ';keeuksgj ik.Ms;
15- fganh lwiQhdkO; dh Hkwfedk µ jkeiwtu frokjh
16- lwiQh dfork dh igpku µ ;'k xqykVh
17- ehjk¡ dk dkO; µ Hkxokunkl frokjh
18- ehjk] thou vkSj dkO; µ lh-,y- izHkkr
19- Ñ".kyhyk foe'kZ µ txnh'k Hkkj}kt
20- HkfDr vkanksyu ds lkekftd vkèkkj % xksis'oj flag
11
iz'ui=k&3
leorhZ ikB~;Øe & Hkk"kk ;ksX;rk
12
lsesLVj&II
iz'ui=k&4 % fganh dgkuh
ikB&lkexzh %
1- jk-ck- ?kks"k µ nqykbZokyh
2- panzèkj 'kekZ xqysjh µ lq[ke; thou
3- izsepan µ ek¡
4- t;'kadj izlkn µ bUnztky
5- tSusUnz dqekj µ tkÉoh
6- deys'oj µ fnYyh esa ,d ekSr
7- eksgu jkds'k µ eycs dk ekfyd
8- fueZy oekZ µ èkwi dk ,d VqdM+k
9- iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq µ yky iku dh csx+e
10- Hkh"e lkguh µ fidfud
11- vejdkar µ nksigj dk Hkkstu
12- eUuw HkaMkjh µ ,d de”kksj yM+dh dh dgkuh
13- Ñ".kk lkscrh µ flDdk cny x;k
14- mn; izdk'k µ Vsipw
15- eatwj ,grs'kke µ rLchg
16- vkseizdk'k okYehfd µ ?kqliSfB;s
vkykspukRed iz'u % rhu %
lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k % nks %
ikBka'k dk jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks %
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- fganh dgkuh dk bfrgkl µ xksiky jk;
2- fganh dgkuh % varjax igpku µ jkenj'k feJ
3- dgkuh ubZ dgkuh µ ukeoj flag
4- ,d nqfu;k lekukarj µ jktsanz ;kno
5- fganh dgkuh dh jpuk&izfØ;k µ ijekuan JhokLro
6- viuh ckr µ Hkh"e lkguh
13
7- ubZ dgkuh dh Hkwfedk µ deys'oj
8- ubZ dgkuh % lanHkZ vkSj izÑfr µ nsoh'kadj voLFkh
9- chloha 'krkCnh dk mÙkjk¼Z % fganh dgkuh µ ujsanz eksgu
10- izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
11- cax efgyk % ukjh eqfDr dk la?k"kZ µ Hkonso ikaMs;
14
iz'ui=k&5 % mÙkjeè;dkyhu dfork
ikB&lkexzh %
1- jghe µ jghe xzaFkkoyh] laik- fo|kfuokl feJ] xksfoan jtuh'k
ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] laLdj.k&2001
nksgkoyh & 38] 49] 63] 87] 126] 130] 166] 167] 175] 180] 212]
220] 222] 238] 248
2- nso µ nsolqèkk (egkdfo nso ls pk# p;u) laxzgdkj % feJcaèkq
xaxk xzaFkkxkj] 36 ykVwjk jksM] y[kumQ % la'kksfèkr ,oa ifjof¼Zr r`rh;
laLdj.k] laor~ 2005
in la[;k % 9] 17] 23] 37] 92] 102] 130] 137] 160] 168
3- fcgkjh µ fcgkjh&jRukdj] iz.ksrk % txUukFknkl jRukdkj] f'kokyk] okjk.klh
uohu laLdj.k&5] lu~ 1969
nksgk la[;k % 1] 62] 103] 127] 128] 143] 180] 347] 363] 388
4- Hkw"k.k µ Hkw"k.k xazFkkoyh % la- fo'oukFkizlkn feJ] r`rh; vko`fÙk laor~ 2026
Nan la[;k % 1] 2] 38] 50] 104] 124] 182] 411] 416] 420]
428] 442] 443] 512] 515
5- ?kukuan µ ?kukuan xzaFkkoyh] la- fo'oukFkizlkn feJ] ok.kh forku] cukjl]
laLdj.k izcksfèkuh] 2009
Nan la[;k % iz'kfLr 1] 2
lqtkufgr & 1] 4] 7] 18] 19] 38] 41] 49] 54
6- fxfjèkj µ fxfjèkj dfojk; xzaFkkoyh] la- fd'kksjhyky xqIr] eèkq izdk'ku] 42]
rk'kdan ekxZ] bykgkckn] izFke laLdj.k 1977
Nan la[;k % 11] 16] 36] 70] 71] 72] 99] 109] 328] 330
7- f}tnso µ Ük`axkj yfrdklkSjHk % egkjktk ekuflag f}tnso]
izHkkr izdk'ku] izFke laLdj.k
Nan la[;k % 6] 7] 11] 12] 27] 28] 66] 68] 69] 70] 72
vkykspukRed iz'u % rhu
lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k % nks
15
ikBka'k dk jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks
lgk;d xazFk %
1- nso vkSj mudh dfork µ MkW- uxsanz
2- jhfrdkO; dh Hkwfedk µ MkW- uxsanz
3- fcgkjh µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
4- dfooj fcgkjhyky vkSj mudk ;qx µ j.kèkhjizlkn flUgk
5- Hkw"k.k vkSj mudk lkfgR; µ jktey cksjk
6- Hkw"k.k µ fo'oukFkizlkn feJ
7- fganh uhfrdkO; dk Lo:i fodkl µ jkeLo:i 'kkL=kh
8- fxfjèkj dfojk; (xzaFkkoyh) µ la- fd'kksjhyky xqIr
9- fganh lkfgR; dk mÙkjeè;dky % jhfrdky µ egsanz dqekj
10- fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] Hkkx&6 µ la- MkW- uxsanz
11- f}tnso vkSj mudk dkO; µ vafcdkizlkn oktis;h
12- ?kukuan xzaFkkoyh µ fo'oukFkizlkn feJ
13- ?kukuan vkSj LoPNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk µ euksgjyky xkSM+
14- lusg dks ekjx µ bejS caxk
16
iz'ui=k&6
leorhZ ikB~;Øe & dzsfMV ;ksX;rk
17
lsesLVj&III
iz'ui=k&7 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (eè;dky rd)
fganh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl ds varxZr foosP; fcUnq
[k.M&,d fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % mn; dh i`"BHkwfe
1- laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkza'k
2- vkfndky % ifjos'k] ukedj.k vkSj lkfgfR;d lkexzh 3- vkfndkyhu fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
[k.M&nks 1- eè;dkyhu ifjos'k ,oa ewY;cksèk 2- HkfDr dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i 3- HkfDr vkanksyu ds mn; dh i`"BHkwfe 4- HkfDr vkanksyu dh rÙon`f"V ,oa thou&n'kZu
(d) fuxqZ.k&lxq.k dh voèkkj.kk ([k) nk'kZfud fparu % xq#] czã] tho] txr~] ek;k] yksd] 'kkL=k] izifÙk] yhyk vkSj eks{k (x) lkekftd n`f"V % ukjh] o.kZ&O;oLFkk] tkfr (?k) HkDr dfo;ksa dh Hkk"kkn`f"V vkSj dkO;Hkk"kk
5- HkfDrdkyhu fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
[k.M&rhu 1- jhfr dh voèkkj.kk vkSj jhfrdkO;
2- jhfrdkO; ds jktuhfrd&lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkèkkj
3- jhfrdkO; ds lzksr % 'kkL=k] yksd] dyk] T;ksfr"k] vkfnA
4- jhfrdky % dkO;kuqHkwfr ds fofoèk vk;ke µ Ük`axkj] ukf;dk&Hksn] lkSan;Z&cksèk]
izÑfr] uhfr] HkfDr] ohjrk
5- jhfr dfo;ksa dk vfHkO;atuk f'kYi
6- jhfrdkyhu fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
18
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ jkepanz 'kqDy
2- fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk µ gtkjh izlkn f}osnh
3- fganh lkfgR; dk vrhr µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
4- fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ la- MkW- uxsanz
5- fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh
6- fganh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
7- fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl (17 [k.M) µ ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk
8- fganh lkfgR; dk vkfndky % gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
19
iz'ui=k&8 % lkfgR; fparu & nks
[k.M&,d
lkfgR; dh izeq[k vkèkqfud foèkkvksa dk lkekU; ifjp;
1- vk[;kuijd dfork] izxhrkRed dfork
2- eqDrNan] NaneqDr dfork
3- miU;kl vkSj dgkuh
4- ukVd vkSj ,dkadh
5- fucaèk µ fopkj izèkku vkSj yfyr fucaèk
6- vkRedFkk] thouh] laLej.k] js[kkfp=k
[k.M&nks vkykspuk ds voèkkj.kkRed inksas dk lkekU; ifjp;
1- vkèkqfudrk vkSj vkèkqfudcksèk 2- dkO;kuqHkwfr 3- yksdeaxy 4- fo#¼ksa dk lkeatL; 5- :i vkSj oLrq 6- foHkkou O;kikj 7- fcac] izrhd vkSj feFkd 8- iQSaVslh vkSj HkkokHkkl 9- folaxfr vkSj foMacuk 10- likVc;kuh 11- lgkuqHkwfr vkSj LokuqHkwfr 12- vkn'kZokn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn
[k.M&rhu
izeq[k vkykspdksa ds ikBksa dk ladyu
1- izzsepan µ lkfgR; dk mn~ns';
2- vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy µ dkO; esa yksdeaxy
3- vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh µ vkèkqfud lkfgR; % ubZ ekU;rk,¡
4- jkefoykl 'kekZ µ izxfr'khy lkfgR; vkSj Hkk"kk leL;k
5- MkW- uxsanz µ vkèkqfudrk dk iz'u % lkfgR; ds lanHkZ esa
20
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- lkfgR; dks'k
2- fpUrkef.k µ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
3- lkfgR; fl¼kar µ jkevoèk f}osnh
4- lkfgR; fl¼kar % jsusosyd µ vkWfLVu okjsu (vuqokn)
5- vkLFkk ds pj.k µ MkW- uxsanz
6- dfork ds u;s izfreku µ ukeoj flag
7- fganh vkykspuk ds cht'kCn µ cPpu flag
8- feFkdh; voèkkj.kk vkSj ;FkkFkZ µ jes'k xkSre
9- fganh x|] foU;kl vkSj fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh
10- nwljh ijaijk dh [kkst µ ukeoj flag
11- fganh vkykspuk µ fo'oukFk f=kikBh
21
iz'ui=k&9
leorhZ ikB~;Øe & var% fo"k;
22
lsesLVj&IV
iz'ui=k&10 % vkèkqfud dfork & ,d
ikB&lkexzh %
1- (d) u”khj vdcjkcknh µ u”khj dh ckuh % laik- j?kqifr lgk; fiQjkd] bykgkckn ykW tuZy izsl]
bykgkckn] laLdj.k&1953
dfork % vknehukek] vkVs nky dk Hkko (1)
([k) eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr µ t;nzFk&oèk % lkfgR; lnu] fpjxkao] >kalh] laLdj.k % lEor~ 2028
lxZ µ lIre~
2- t;'kadj izlkn µ dfork,¡ % (i) fo"kkn (>juk ls) Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] laLdj.k] lEor~ 2026
(ii) fgekfnz rqax Ük`ax ls (ukV~;xhr] panzxqIr ukVd ls)
(iii) izfrek esa lthork&lh ---------- vk¡lw ls
ls ^fdatYdtky gSa fc[kjs* rd
(iv) mB&mB jh y?kq y?kq yksy ygj
(v) chrh foHkkojh tkx jh ygj ls
(vi) vks jh ekul dh xgjkbZ
3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk µ dfork,¡ %
(i) twgh dh dyh µ ifjey] jktdey izdk'ku] la-&1978
(ii) olu oklUrh ysxh µ vijk] Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] la-&1972
(iii) rksM+ks rksM+ks dkjk µ vukfedk] Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] la-&1963
(iv) rksM+rh iRFkj µ vijk] Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn] la-&1972
(v) Lusg fu>Zj cg x;k gS fujkyk jpukoyh Hkkx&2]
(vi) [ksr tksr dj ?kj vk, gSa jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh
r`rh; laLdj.k] 1992
4- (d) lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku µ dfork,¡ %
(i) Bqdjk nks ;k I;kj djks eqdqy rFkk vU; dfork,¡
(ii) esjk u;k cpiu gal izdk'ku] bykgkckn]
(iii) ohjksa dk dSlk gks clar laLdj.k] 1965
(iv) esjk thou
23
([k) ek[kuyky prqosZnh µ dfork,¡ %
(i) flikgh µ fgefdjhfVuh_ ljLorh izdk'ku eafnj] bykgkckn] la-
laor~ 2000
(ii) flj ij ikx µ chtqjh dktj vk¡t jgh % Hkkjrh; KkuihB] la- 1969
(iii) igys gq, yky dksey ls µ ¸ ¸ ¸
(iv) esagnh ls rLohj [khap yh µ chloha lnh dk Js"B xhr lap;u %
laik- dUgS;kyky uanu] lkfgR; vdkneh] laLdj.k&2001
5- jkeèkkjh flag fnudj µ jf'ejFkh (iape lxZ) % mn;kpy] iVuk] laf{kIr laLdj.k
vkykspukRed iz'u % rhu %
lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k % nks %
ikBka'k dk jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k % nks %
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- u”khj vdcjkcknh ds dkO; dk vkykspukRed vè;;u µ nkeksnj of'k"B 2- u”khj vdcjkcknh vkSj mudh fopkjèkkjk µ vCnqy vyhe 3- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % iquewZY;kadu µ MkW- uxsanz 4- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % dfo vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vk[;krk µ mekdkar xks;y 5- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % izklafxdrk ds var%lw=k µ Ñ".knÙk ikyhoky 6- t;'kadj izlkn µ uannqykjs oktis;h 7- t;'kadj izlkn µ izse'kadj 8- fujkyk dh lkfgR;&lkèkuk µ jkefoykl 'kekZ 9- vudgk fujkyk µ vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh 10- dfo fujkyk µ uannqykjs oktis;h 11- fujkyk % vkRegark vkLFkk µ nwèkukFk flag 12- fujkyk dkO; dh Nfo;k¡ µ uanfd'kksj uoy 13- ek[kuyky prqosZnh µ ½f"k tSfeuh dkSf'kd 14- ;qxpkj.k fnudj µ lkfo=kh flUgk 15- jkeèkkjh flag fnudj µ fot;sanz ukjk;.k flag 16- LoNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk µ izse'kadj 17- Nk;kokn µ ukeoj flag 18- Nk;kokn ds vkèkkj&LraHk µ xaxkizlkn ik.Ms; 19- =k;h (izlkn] fujkyk vkSj iar) µ vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh 20- vkèkqfud fganh dfork esa fcac&foèkku dk fodkl µ dsnkjukFk flag 21- Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk lkSan;Z&foèkku µ lw;Zizlkn nhf{kr
24
iz'ui=k&11 % lkekU; Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
1- Hkk"kk vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku %
Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk] Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡] Hkk"kk&ifjorZu ds dkj.k] Hkk"kkfoKku dh ifjHkk"kk] Lo:i vkSj
vè;;u&i¼fr;k¡
2- LoufoKku (èofufoKku) vkSj LofuefoKku %
µ èofu vkSj Lou] Louksa (èofu;ksa) dk oxhZdj.k] Lou (èofu) ifjorZu ds dkj.k] fn'kk,¡
µ Lofue dh voèkkj.kk] Lofue vkSj laLou
3- :ifoKku %
:fie dh voèkkj.kk] :fie rFkk la:i] :fie ds izdkj] 'kCn vkSj in esa varj
4- okD;foKku %
okD; dk Lo:i] okD;&jpuk ds vkèkkj] okD; ds izdkj] okD; ds fudVre vo;o
5- vFkZfoKku %
'kCn vkSj vFkZ dk lacaèk] vFkZ&fu.kZ; ds lkèku] vFkZ&ifjorZu dh fn'kk,¡
6- fganh dh miHkk"kk,¡] cksfy;ksa dk lkekU; ifjp;
7- fganh dh Lofue&O;oLFkk %
(i) [kaM~; Lofue & Loj] O;atu (ii) [kaM~;srj Lofue & vuqukfldrk] ek=kk] cyk?kkr] vuqrku] lafgrk
8- Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; Hkk"kk&fparu %
Hkr`Zgfj] ikf.kfu] ckS¼ fpard
lkL;wj] pkWELdh] lihj
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- lkekU; Hkk"kkfoKku µ ckcwjke lDlsuk
2- Hkk"kkfoKku dh Hkwfedk µ nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ
3- Hkk"kkfoKku µ HkksykukFk frokjh
4- fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ èkhjsUnz oekZ
5- fganh % mn~Hko] fodkl vkSj :i µ gjnso ckgjh
6- lkekU; Hkk"kkfoKku µ oS'uk ukjax
25
7- fganh Hkk"kk % bfrgkl vkSj Lo:i µ jktef.k 'kekZ
8- fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh
9- lajpukokn mÙkj lajpukokn ,oa izkP; dkO;'kkL=k µ xksihpan ukjax
26
iz'ui=k&12 % fganh miU;kl
ikBkèkkfjr vkSj vkykspukRed iz'uksa ds fy,
1- izzsepan µ deZHkwfe
2- o`ankouyky oekZ µ >k¡lh dh jkuh
3- m"kk fiz;aonk µ ipiu [kaHks yky nhokjsa
4- Hkh"e lkguh µ rel
nzqrikB
dsoy vkykspukRed iz'u iwNs tk,axsA
(rhu miU;klksa esa ls dksbZ nks miU;kl fuèkkZfjr fd, tk ldrs gSaA)
1- bykpanz tks'kh µ tgkt dk iaNh
2- Jhyky 'kqDy µ jkx njckjh
3- e`nqyk xxZ µ dBxqykc
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- fganh miU;kl ,d vUr;kZ=kk µ jkenj'k feJ
2- izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
3- izsepan % ,d foospu µ banzukFk enku
4- miU;kl dk mn; µ b;ku okWV
5- miU;kl ds igyw µ bZ-,e- iQksLVZj
6- miU;kl vkSj yksdthou µ jkWYiQ iQkWDl
7- fofoèk izlax µ izsepan
8- dye dk flikgh µ ve`r jk;
9- dFkk foospuk vkSj x| f'kYi µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
10- vkLFkk vkSj lkSan;Z µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
11- nwljh ijaijk dh [kkst µ ukeoj flag
27
iz'ui=k&13
leorhZ ikB~;Øe & vuq’kklu dsfUnzr&1
28
lsesLVj&V
iz'ui=k&14 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (vkèkqfud dky)
foosP; fcanq %
1- (d) eè;dkyhu vkSj vkèkqfud cksèk % laØe.k dh ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;k¡
([k) uotkxj.k vkSj Hkkjrsanq eaMy % eqnz.k dk vkjaHk vkSj mlds izHkko ls jpuk :iksa esa vk,
ifjorZu (fucaèk] ukVd] dfork] miU;kl] i=kdkfjrk vkfn ds fodkl dk vkdyu)
(x) cztHkk"kk cuke [kM+h cksyh fookn
(?k) egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa fganh dh Hkwfedk
2- (d) Lokèkhurk vkanksyu vkSj uotkxj.k&psruk ds fofoèk mRd"kZ % xk¡èkhokn vkSj uo&osnkarokn]
Nk;kokn] jgL;okn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn] mÙkj Nk;kokn
([k) izxfrokn] iz;ksxokn
(x) lkfgfR;d vkanksyu % ubZ dfork] vdfork] uoxhr] fganh x”ky
3- x| foèkkvksa dk fodkl % miU;kl] dgkuh] ukVd] ,dkadh] fucaèk] vkykspuk] js[kkfp=k] vkRedFkk]
thouh] fjiksrkZt vkfnA
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- fganh dk x| lkfgR; µ jkepanz frokjh 2- fganh x| foU;kl vkSj fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh 3- fganh okM-~e; & chloha 'krh µ MkW- uxsanz 4- Nk;koknksÙkj fganh x|&lkfgR; µ fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh 5- fganh fucaèk ds vkèkkj&LraHk µ gfjeksgu 6- vkèkqfud lkfgR; µ uannqykjs oktis;h 7- fganh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ gtkjhizlkn f}osnh 8- fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ la- MkW- uxsanz 9- Hkkjrsanq vkSj fganh uotkxj.k dh leL;k,¡ µ jkefoykl 'kekZ 10- egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj fganh uotkxj.k µ jkefoykl 'kekZ 11- Nk;kokn µ ukeoj flag
29
12- Nk;kokn dh izklafxdrk µ jes'kpanz 'kkg 13- iYyo µ lqfe=kkuanu iar 14- izxfrokn µ f'kodqekj feJ 15- NBok¡ n'kd µ fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh 16- fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh 17- lelkef;drk vkSj fganh dfork µ j?kqoa'k 18- vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh izo`fÙk;k¡ µ ukeoj flag 19- rkj lIrd vkSj nwljk lIrd dh Hkwfedk µ la- vKs; 20- fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ jktsanz xkSre 21- fganh x”ky dh fodkl&;k=kk µ Kkuizdk'k foosd 22- ledkyhu fganh dfork µ fo'oukFkizlkn frokjh
30
iz'ui=k&15 % vkèkqfud dfork&nks
ikB&lkexzh %
1- l- gh- ok- vKs; µ lkezkKh dk uSos| nku
eSaus ns[kk ,d cwan vKs; dkO; Lrcd] la- fo|kfuokl feJ]
fgjksf'kek jes'kpanz 'kkg] lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh]
fdruh ukoksa esa fdruh ckj iz-la- 1995] iqueqZnz.k 2009
mUgksaus ?kj cuk,
dyxh cktjs dh
lksu eNyh
>jk iÙkk
2- Hkokuh izlkn feJ µ dkyt;h (fuokZ.k lxZ)
3- ukxktqZu µ Hkkjrh; tudfo dk iz.kke
nsoh fycVhZ
f[kpM+h foIyo ns[kk geus
Fkfdr pfdr Hkzfer HkXu eu ukxktqZu jpukoyh] la- 'kksHkkdkar
f'k[kjksa ij jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2003
vdky vkSj mlds ckn
dkfynkl
cgqr fnuksa ds ckn
4- uoxhr ,oa x”ky èkkjk
(d) 'kaHkqukFk flag µ ixMaMh % uoxhr v¼Z'krh] ijkx izdk'ku] fnYyh] 1986
ns'k gSa ge jktèkkuh ugha oDr dh ehukj ij] ijkx] fnYyh] 1986
ikl vkuk euk nwj tkuk euk
eu dk vkdk'k mM+k tk jgk
eq>dks D;k&D;k u feyk µ uoxhr n'kd&1] ijkx] fnYyh] 1982
31
([k) ohjsanz feJ µ tu&lkekU; dk ;q¼ fojksèkh xhr % >qylk gS Nk;kuV /wi esa] izkph izdk'ku]
fnYyh] 1980
ekfyuh olarh % vfojke py eèkqoarh] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] fnYyh] 1967
lekjksgh dykdkj ds izfr % >qylk gS Nk;kuV èkwi esa] izkph izdk'ku] fnYyh] 1967
isM+ dk oDrO; % varjky] fdrkc?kj] fnYyh] 2000
niZ.k gSa ge % >qylk gS Nk;kuV èkwi esa] izkph izdk'ku] fnYyh] 1980
(x) nq";ar dqekj µ xhr % fiQj fdlh us - - - nq";ar dqekj jpukoyh] la- fot;cgknqj
x”ky % ;s lkjk ftLe - - - flag] fdrkc?kj] fnYyh] f} 2007
dgka rks r; Fkk - - -
oks vkneh ugha gS - - -
ck<+ dh laHkkouk,¡ lkeus gSa------
5- lkBksÙkjh dfork èkkjk
(d) j?kqohj lgk; µ vjs vc ,slh dfork fy[ksa j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh] la- lqjs'k
Vsyhfotu 'kekZ] jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2000
vkt dh dfork
fdys esa vkSjr
fganh
([k) èkwfey µ eksphjke % laln ls lM+d rd] jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] iz-l- 1972] r`-vk- 1980
(x) dsnkjukFk flag µ ikuh dh izkFkZuk rkyLrk; vkSj lkbfdy] jktdey izdk'ku]
phafV;ksa dh #ykbZ fnYyh] 2005
lM+d ij fn[k x, dfo f=kykspu
vkadqliqj vdky esa lkjl] jktdey izdk'ku
uke fnYyh] 1988
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- u;h dfork vkSj vfLrRookn µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
2- dfork ds u, izfreku µ ukeoj flag
3- dfork dh tehu vkSj tehu dh dfork µ ukeoj flag
4- vkèkqfud fganh dfork µ fo'oukFk frokjh
5- ledkyhu dfork dk ;FkkFkZ µ ijekuan JhokLro
6- ledkyhu fganh dfork µ johanz Hkzej
7- ledkyhurk vkSj lkfgR; µ jkts'k tks'kh
8- vkt dh dfork µ fou; fo'okl
32
9- vk/qfud dfork&;k=kk µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh
10- vKs; lkfgR; % iz;ksx vkSj ewY;kadu µ dsnkj 'kekZ
11- fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ jktsanz xkSre
12- fganh uoxhr dh fodkl&;k=kk µ ekèko dkSf'kd
13- fganh x”ky dh fodkl&;k=kk µ Kkuizdk'k foosd
14- u;h dfork vkSj mldk ewY;kadu µ lqjs'kpanz lgy
33
iz'ui=k&16 % fganh fucaèk vkSj vU; x| foèkk,¡
ikB&lkexzh
[k.M&,d (fucaèk)
1- ckyÑ".k HkV~V & tcku
2- izrkiukjk;.k feJ & HksfM+;kèklku
3- ckyeqoqaQn xqIr & f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bs cuke ykMZ dtZu
4- egkohjizlkn f}osnh & dfo;ksa dh mfeZyk fo"k;d mnklhurk
[k.M&nks (fucaèk)
1- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh µ dqVt
2- jkepanz 'kqDy µ d#.kk
3- ljnkj iw.kZflag µ etnwjh vkSj izse
4- fo|kfuokl feJ µ reky ds >jks[ks ls
[k.M&rhu (laLej.k) 1- egknsoh oekZ µ HkfDru
2- uannqykjs oktis;h µ jRukdj
3- jkaxs; jk?ko µ vnE; thou
4- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u µ vFkkrks ?kqeDdM+ ftKklk
[k.M&pkj (O;aX;)
1- gfj'kadj ijlkbZ µ Hkksykjke dk tho
2- 'kjn tks'kh µ gksuk dqN ugha dk
34
3- Jhyky 'kqDy µ vaxn dk ik¡o
4- euksgj';ke tks'kh µ vjs cukfgus ls rks cfugS ck;ksxzkiQh
[k.M&ik¡p (vkRedFkk) 1- vkRedFkk % jktsanz izlkn
2- nzqrikB % dksbZ ,d
(d) vkseizdk'k okYehfd µ twBu
([k) cPpu dh vkRedFkk (laf{kIr) µ vftr dqekj
(x) ikaMs; cspsu 'kekZ ^mxz* µ viuh [kcj
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- fganh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh
2- fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk µ y{ehlkxj ok".ksZ;
3- Hkkjrsanq ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
4- Nk;koknksÙkj fganh x| lkfgR; µ fo'oukFkizlkn frokjh
5- fganh dk x| lkfgR; µ jkepanz frokjh
6- fganh okM-~e; % chloha 'krkCnh µ MkW- uxsanz
7- vkèkqfud fganh x| lkfgR; µ gjn;ky
8- egknsoh dk x| lkfgR; µ ek[kuyky 'kekZ
9- fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh
10- fganh vkRedFkk % fl¼kar vkSj Lo:i&fo'ys"k.k µ fouhrk vxzoky
35
iz'ui=k&17 % fganh ukVd
ikBkèkkfjr vkSj vkykspukRed iz'uksa ds fy, %
(d)
1- Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz µ HkkjrnqnZ'kk
2- t;'kadj izlkn µ èkzqoLokfeuh
3- txnh'kpanz ekFkqj µ igyk jktk
4- ,dkadh % 1- jkedqekj oekZ µ pk#fe=kk
2- Hkqous'oj µ ';kek % ,d oSokfgd foMacuk
3- misanzukFk v'd µ lw[kh Mkyh
4- eksgu jkds'k µ vaMs ds fNyds
5- èkeZohj Hkkjrh µ uhyh >hy
6- fofiu dqekj vxzoky µ rhu vikfgt
7- lqjsanz oekZ µ uhan jkr Hkj D;ksa ugha vkrh
8- fo".kq izHkkdj µ oS".ko tu (èofu :id)
([k) nzqrikB (fdUgha nks ukVdksa ij vkèkkfjr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus gksaxsA)
1- y{ehukjk;.k feJ µ eqfDr dk jgL;
2- y{ehukjk;.k yky µ lR; gfj'panz
3- Lons'k nhid µ dksVZ ek'kZy
4- ehjk dkar µ usiF; jkx
lgk;d xazFk %
1- vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ usfepan tSu (laik-) 2- fganh ds izrhd ukVd & jes'k xkSre 3- ukVddkj Hkkjrsanq dh jax&ifjdYiuk µ lR;sanz rustk 4- fganh ukVd % ubZ ij[k µ jes'k xkSre (laik-) 5- izlkn ds ukVd % Lo:i vkSj lajpuk µ xksfoan pkrd 6- fganh ukVd dk vkRela?k"kZ µ fxjh'k jLrksxh 7- ubZ jaxpsruk vkSj fganh ukVddkj µ t;nso rustk 8- jaxkuqHko ds cgqjax µ jes'k xkSre 9- ,dkadh vkSj ,dkadhdkj µ jkepj.k egsasnz 10- fganh ,dkadh dh f'kYifofèk dk fodkl µ fl¼ukFk dqekj
36
lsesLVj&VI iz'ui=k&18 % jpukRed ys[ku 1 jpukRed ys[ku % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i ,oa fl¼kar]
Hkko ,oa fopkj dh jpuk eas :ikarj.k dh izfØ;k
fofoèk vfHkO;fDr&{ks=k % lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk] foKkiu] fofoèk x| vfHkO;fDr;k¡
tuHkk"k.k vkSj yksdfiz; laLÑfr
ys[ku ds fofoèk :i % ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] x|&i|] dFkkRed&dFksrj] ukV~;&ikB~;]
ckyys[ku&izkS<+ys[ku] eqfnzr&bysDVªkWfud vkfn 2 d- jpukRed ys[ku % Hkk"kk&lanHkZ
vFkZ fufeZfr ds vkèkkj % 'kCnkFkZ&ehekalk] 'kCn ds izkd~&iz;ksx] uO;&iz;ksx] 'kCn dh
O;kdjf.kd dksfV
Hkk"kk dh Hkafxek,¡ % vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd] ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] ekud
Hkkf"kd lanHkZ % {ks=kh;] oxZ&lkis{k] lewg&lkis{k
[k- jpukRed ys[ku % jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k
jpuk&lkS"Bo % 'kCn&'kfDr] izrhd] fcac] vyadj.k vkSj oØrk,a 3 fofoèk foèkkvksa dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpukvksa dk O;kogkfjd vè;;u %
d- dfork % laosnuk] dkO;:i] Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo] Nan] y;] xfr vkSj rqd
[k- dFkklkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa foe'kZ
x- ukV~;lkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa jaxdeZ
?k- fofoèk x|&foèkk,¡ % fucaèk] laLej.k] O;aX; vkfn
M- ckylkfgR; dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk 4 lwpuk&ra=k ds fy, ys[ku
fizaV ekè;e % iQhpj&ys[ku] ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar] lk{kkRdkj] iqLrd&leh{kk vkfnA
bysDVªkWfud ekè;e % jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] fiQYe iVdFkk ys[ku] Vsyhfotu iVdFkk ys[ku 5 izdk'ku&ra=k % lkekU; ifjp;
iqLrd&izdk'ku] if=kdk&izdk'ku] izlkj.k&O;oLFkk
laiknu ,oa izwiQ&iBu
ys[kd&izdk'kd lacaèk
37
lgk;d xazFk % 1- lkfgR; fparu % jpukRed vk;ke µ j?kqoa'k
2- 'kSyh µ jkepanz feJ 3- jpukRed ys[ku µ la- jes'k xkSre 4- dyk dh t:jr µ vULVZ fiQ'kj] vuq- jes'k mikè;k; 5- u;s lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k µ eqfDrcksèk 6- lkfgR; dk lkSan;Zfparu µ johanzukFk JhokLro 7- l`tu'khyrk vkSj lksan;Zcksèk µ fu'kk vxzoky 8- dfork&jpuk&izfØ;k µ dqekj foey 9- ledkyhu dfork esa Nan µ vKs; 10- dfork ls lk{kkRdkj µ ey;t 11- dfork D;k gS µ fo'oukFkizlkn frokjh 12- ,d dfo dh uksVcqd µ jkts'k tks'kh 13- fganh lkfgR; dk Nanfoospu µ xkSjh'kadj feJ f}tsanz 14- vyadkj&èkkj.kk % fodkl vkSj fo'ys"k.k µ 'kksHkkdkar feJ 15- dkO;kFkZ fparu µ f'ko#nzIik 16- lkSan;Z ehekalk µ jk-Hkk- ikV.kdj 17- miU;kl dh lajpuk µ xksiky jk; 18- miU;kl l`tu dh leL;k,a µ 'ke'ksjflag u:yk 19- dkO;Hkk"kk ds fl¼kar µ egsanz eèkqdj 20- fganh dgkuh dk 'kSyh foKku µ cSdqaBukFk Bkdqj 21- dkO; ds rÙo µ nsosanzukFk 'kekZ 22- jaxn'kZu µ usfepanz tSu 23- varjax cgqjax µ nsosanzjkt vadqj 24- dFkk iVdFkk µ eUuw HkaMkjh 25- iVdFkk ys[ku µ euksgj';ke tks'kh 26- jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj 27- Vsyhfotu ys[ku µ vlxj otkgr] izHkkr jatu 28- jsfM;ks ukVd dh dyk µ fl¼ukFk dqekj 29- iQhpj ys[ku % Lo:i vkSj f'kYi µ euksgj izHkkdj 30- :id ys[ku µ c`tHkw"k.k flag 31- i=kdkjh ys[ku ds vk;ke µ euksgj izHkkdj 32- laokn fujarj µ uan Hkkj}kt 33- ltZd dk eu µ uanfd'kksj vkpk;Z 34- 'kCn&'kfDr foospu µ jkey[ku 'kqDy 35- jkbfVax fØ,fVo fiQD'ku µ ,p-vkj-,iQ- dhfVax
38
39
fodYi
uksV % fo|kFkhZ 19osa rFkk 20osa iz'ui=k ds :i esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d fodYi dk
pquko djsaxs %
fodYi % (d) Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
([k) vuqokn
(x) jaxeap
(?k) ehfM;k
(M-) Hkkjrh; lkfgR;
fodYi&d % Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ,oa fganh Hkk"kk
iz'ui=k&19 % fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk
1- fganh Hkk"kk dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd lanHkZ
µ Hkk"kk fu;kstu % Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k
Hkk"kk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k
f=kHkk"kk iQkWewZyk
µ fganh dk tuinh;] jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; lanHkZ
µ fganh Hkk"kk vkSj mldh {ks=kh; cksfy;k¡
µ fganh dh lkekftd 'kSfy;k¡ µ fganh] mnwZ] fganqLrkuh
2- fganh dh Lofue O;oLFkk vkSj orZuh
µ fganh Louksa (èofu;ksa) dk oxhZdj.k
µ fganh dh [kaM~;srj èofu;k¡ % cyk?kkr] lafgrk] vuqrku] vuqukfldrk
µ fganh dh vk{kfjd O;oLFkk
µ fganh orZuh dh vkèkkjHkwr leL;k,¡ vkSj lekèkku
3- fganh dh O;kdjf.kd O;oLFkk
µ 'kCn oxZ % laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k
µ O;kdjf.kd dksfV;k¡ % fyax] opu] dky] dkjd
µ okD; O;oLFkk % lkèkkj.k] feJ vkSj la;qDr
40
4- 'kCn&HkaMkj vkSj vkFkhZ lajpuk
µ fganh dh vkèkkjHkwr 'kCnkoyh
µ 'kCnksa ds fofoèk lzksr µ rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt rFkk fons'kh
µ fganh dh vkFkhZ lajpuk % vusdkFkhZ] i;kZ;okph] foykse] le:ih 'kCn
5- fganh O;kdj.k dh ijaijk
µ dsykWx] dkerk izlkn xq#] fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h ds fganh O;kdj.k rFkk mudh izeq[k
izo`fÙk;ksa dk laf{kIr ifjp;
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ èkhjsanz oekZ
2- fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh
3- fganh % mn~Hko fodkl vkSj :i µ gjnso ckgjh
4- fganh Hkk"kk % lajpuk ds fofoèk vk;ke µ johanzukFk JhokLro
5- fganh Hkk"kk % bfrgkl vkSj Lo:i µ jktef.k 'kekZ
6- fganh O;kdj.k µ dkerk izlkn xq#
7- fganh 'kCnkuq'kklu µ fd'kksjh nkl oktis;h
8- A Grammer of the Hindi Language ---- Kellog 9- Hindi Linguistics --- R.N. Shrivastava
41
iz'ui=k&20 % Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k
1- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds lanHkZ
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dk jk"Vªh;] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd vkSj Hkkf"kd lanHkZ
2- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh vkèkkjHkwr ladYiuk,¡
µ izFke Hkk"kk@ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk vU; Hkk"kk dh ladYiuk
µ vU; Hkk"kk ds varxZr f}rh; rFkk fons'kh Hkk"kk dh ladYiuk
µ ekr`Hkk"kk] f}rh; Hkk"kk vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k esa varj
µ lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V iz;kstu ds fy, Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k
3- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k¡ %
µ Hkk"kk&dkS'ky µ Jo.k] Hkk"k.k] okpu] ys[kuA
µ Hkk"kk dk dkS'ky ds :i esa f'k{k.k_ Hkk"kk&dkS'kyksa ds fodkl dh rduhd vkSj vH;kl
µ vU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh izeq[k fofèk;k¡ % O;kdj.k&vuqokn&fofèk] izR;{k fofèk] ekSf[kd
okrkZyki&fofèk] lajpukRed fofèk] f}Hkkf"kd f'k{k.k&fofèk
4- fganh f'k{k.k %
µ fganh dk ekr`Hkk"kk ds :i esa f'k{k.k % Ldwyh f'k{kk] mPp f'k{kk] nwjLFk f'k{kk] rduhdh rFkk
fof'k"V iz;kstu lanfHkZr f'k{kk
µ f}rh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa ltkrh; vkSj fotkrh; Hkk"kk oxks± ds lanHkZ esa fganh f'k{k.k
µ fons'kh Hkk"kk ds :i esa Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa fganh f'k{k.k
5- Hkk"kk&ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
µ Hkk"kk&ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh ladYiuk
µ Hkk"kk&ijh{k.k ds izdkj
µ ewY;kaadu ds izdkj
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ johanzukFk JhokLro
2- vU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds dqN i{k µ la- vej cgknqj flag
3- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k rFkk Hkk"kkfoKku µ (la-) czts'oj oekZ
4- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ y{ehukjk;.k 'kekZ
5- fganh f'k{k.k % varjjk"Vªh; ifjizs{; (la-) lrh'k dqekj jksgjk] lwjtHkku flag
6- fganh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ HkksykukFk frokjh
7- vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku µ (la-) johanzukFk JhokLro] HkksykukFk frokjh] Ñ".kdqekj xksLokeh
8- Focus Group Papers on Teaching of Indian Languages : NCERT, 2005
42
fodYi&[k % vuqokn
iz'ui=k&19 % vuqokn vkSj rRdky Hkk"kkarj.k (,d)
1 Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn`';
Hkkjr dh izèkku Hkk"kk,¡
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa jktHkk"kk lacaèkh izkoèkku vkSj vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk,¡] jktHkk"kk dh voèkkj.kk
Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh µ varfoZjksèkksa dk Lo:i foospu µ dksM feJ.k
f}Hkkf"kdrk ,oa cgqHkkf"kdrk
cgqHkk"kk&Hkk"kh Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj ikjLifjd cksèkxE;rk dk iz'u
vuqokn dh Hkwfedk
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt] Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr
2
vuqokn vkSj rRdky Hkk"kkarj.k µ rkRi;Z fu.kZ;] izÑfrxr ,oa izfofèkxr varj
vuqokn dk O;kolkf;d ifjn`'; % vuqokn lacaèkh laLFkk,¡ vkSj muds dk;Z] vuqoknd in dh vgZrk,¡]
vuqokndk;Z esa izdk'kukfèkdkj µ Lo:i vkSj leL;k,¡
ewy ys[ku vkSj vuqokn µ ltZukRedrk dk iz'u
vuqokn lkexzh µ fofoèk :i vkSj vfHkO;fDr dk oSf'k"V~;
d- ltZukRed lkfgR;
[k- Kku&foKku dk lkfgR;
x- rduhdh lkfgR;
?k- lwpukijd lkfgR;
Hkkf"kd iz;qfDr;k¡ vkSj mudh 'kSyhxr fofoèkrk,¡
rRdky Hkk"kkarj.k µ Lo:i] izo`fÙk ,oa izfofèk
3
vuqokn ds midj.k µ dks'k xzaFk_ vuqokn vkSj dEI;wVj&;kaf=kd vuqokn] ;kaf=kd vuqokn dh 'kfDr
vkSj lhek
vuqokn vkSj dks'k] fganh esa dks'kdk;Z] dks'k lajpuk] 'kCn&lalkj vkSj 'kCn laLdkj] vFkZ Nfo;k¡] fganh
ds izeq[k dks'kxazFk
43
dks'kksa ds fofoèk :i %
d- Kku dks'k (fo'odks'k)
[k- 'kCndks'k
x- laLÑfrdks'k
?k- lekUrj dks'k
M- mPpkj.k dks'k
p- ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k
N- izrhd dks'k
vuqokn esa fyI;arj.k dk egRo] fyI;arj.k ds fl¼kar
vH;kl µ fofoèk dks'kksa ds iz;ksx dk vH;kl] 'kCnKku] lekud 'kCn] ,d 'kCn ds vusd vFkZ]
'kCn&fuekZ.k] 'kCnksa dk O;kdjf.kd Lo:i
4
vuqokn ds lksiku µ Hkkf"kd fo'ys"k.k] Hkk"kkUrj.k] iqujh{k.k] laiknu
Hkkf"kd bdkb;k¡ µ èofu&'kCn&in&okD;&izksfDr
Hkkf"kd {kerk vkSj Hkkf"kd n{krk
'kCn dh vFkZ ifjfèk vkSj vFkZ Nfo;k¡
lzksrHkk"kk vkSj y{;Hkk"kk µ lS¼kafrd varj] ys[kd] vuqoknd&ikBd 5
Hkk"kkUrj.k dh voèkkj.kk µ dF; vkSj vfHkO;fDr
Hkk"kk fo'ys"k.k dh i¼fr;k¡ vkSj O;frjsdh fo'ys"k.k] vaxzs”kh&fganh O;frjsdh fo'ys"k.k
ikBèkfeZrk] Hkk"kk&laLÑfr] ltZukRedrk] 'kSyh oSf'k"V~;
lerqY;rk dk fl¼kar
vuuqok|rk
e`qgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;ksa dk vuqokn
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- MkW- uxsanz µ vuqokn foKku
2- jkekyq jsM~Mh µ vuqokn ds fl¼kar
3- gsepanz ikaMs µ vuqokn (O;ogkj ls fl¼kar dh vksj)
4- gfj ckcw daly µ dk;kZy; iznhfidk
5- fot;dqekj eYgks=kk µ dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx
6- lqjs'k flagy µ l`tukRed lkfgR; dk vuqokn
44
7- uohu panz lgxy µ dkO;kuqokn % fl¼kar vkSj leL;k,¡
8- foeys'k dkafr oekZ (la-) µ dks'k fo'ks"kkad] Hkkjrh; vuqokn ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh 9. NIDA, E – The Theory & Practice of Translation 10. NIDA, E – Language, Structure & Translation 11. Baker, Mona – Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation 12. House, Juliance – Translation Evaluation 13. Wilks, Vorick – Machine Translation : Its Scope & Limits 14. Baker, H. – Translation & Interpreting 15. Mossop, B – Revising and Editing for translators 16. Munday, J – Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications 17. Munday, J – The Roultledge Companion to Translation Studies 18. Raghubir – Comprehensive English-Hindi Dictionary 19. R.S. Mc Gregor – Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary 20. Hardeo Bahari – English-Hindi Dictionary
45
iz'ui=k&20 % vuqokn ,oa rRdky Hkk"kkUrj.k&nks
1
lkfgfR;d vuqokn µ Lo:i vkSj leL;k,¡
l`tu'khyrk vkSj vuqokn
dkO;kuqokn dh Hkk"kk&Hkkoxr tfVyrk
ukVd dk vuqokn
vH;kl µ lkfgfR;d vuqokn
2
d- Kku&foKku dk lkfgR; µ Lo:i vkSj izÑfr
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh µ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn fuekZ.k ds fl¼kar
µ O;kdjf.kd foèkku
[k- dk;kZy;h vuqokn] fofèkd lkfgR; dk vuqokn vkSj foKkiu dk vuqokn&Lo:i] izÑfr vkSj
leL;k,¡
vH;kl µ 1- Kku&foKku ds lkfgR; dk vuqokn
2- iz'kklfud vuqokn
3- foKkiu dk vuqokn
3
iqujh{k.k dh voèkkj.kk % iqujh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
iqujh{k.k dh izfofèk
iqujh{k.k vH;kl 4
vuqokn vkSj ikBd] iBuh;rk dk lanHkZ
vuqokn laiknu µ izfofèk
Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi dk ekudhdj.k] fyI;arj.k dh fofèk;k¡] Hkkf"kd lajpuk ,oa Hkk"kk O;ogkjxr
fof'k"Vrk,¡
46
ekudhÑr nsoukxjh orZuh
laiknu vH;kl µ fofoèk fo"k;ksa ls vuqoknksa dk laiknu
5
vuqokn ewY;kadu dh voèkkj.kk] vko';drk
ewY;kadu ds izfreku
ewY;kadu dh izfofèk
,d jpuk ds fofoèk vuqoknksa dk lkisf{kd ewY;kadu
ewY;kadu vH;kl %
d- lkfgfR;d jpuk
[k- rduhdh jpuk
x- foKkiu
?k- fofèkd lkfgR;
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- MkW- uxsanz µ vuqokn foKku
2- jkekyq jsM~Mh µ vuqokn ds fl¼kar
3- gsepanz ikaMs µ vuqokn (O;ogkj ls fl¼kar dh vksj)
4- gfj ckcw daly µ dk;kZy; iznhfidk
5- fot;dqekj eYgks=kk µ dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx
6- lqjs'k flagy µ l`tukRed lkfgR; dk vuqokn
7- uohu panz lgxy µ dkO;kuqokn % fl¼kar vkSj leL;k,¡
8- foeys'k dkafr oekZ (la-) µ dks'k fo'ks"kkad 9. NIDA, E – The Theory & Practice of Translation 10. NIDA, E – Language Structure & Translation 11. Baker, Mona – Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation 12. House, Juliance – Translation Evaluation 13. Wilks, Vorick – Machine Translation : Its Scope & Limits 14. Baker, H. – Translation & Interpreting 15. Mossop, B – Revising and Editing for translatiors 16. Munday, J – Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications 17. Munday, J – The Roultledge Companion to Translation Studies 18. Raghubir – Comprehensive English-Hindi Dictionary 19. R.S. Mc Gregor – Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary 20. Hardeo Bahari – English-Hindi Dictionary
47
fodYi&x % jaxeap
iz'ui=k&19 % jaxeap fl¼kar % Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;
1- (d) izkphu Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ :id] mi:id rFkk buds Hksn (lkekU; ifjp;)
([k) vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ ,dkadh] dkO; ukVd] jsfM;ks ukVd ,oa uqDdM+
ukVd] VsyhfiQYe vkSj èkkjkokfgd (lkekU; ifjp;)
2- if'peh ukV~;Hksn µ =kklnh] dkenh] esyksMªkek ,oa iQklZ (lkekU; ifjp;)
3- ukVd ds lanHkZ esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar ,oa vjLrq ds fojspu&fl¼kar
dk fof'k"V vè;;u
4- ukVd dh foèkkxr fof'k"Vrk] ukV~;rÙo (Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;)] ukVd vkSj jaxeap dk var%lacaèk]
n`'; vkSj JO; rÙoksa dk lek;kstu rFkk ukV~;kuqHkwfr vkSj jaxkuqHkwfr
5- jaxdeZ % ukVddkj] funsZ'kd] vfHkusrk] ik'oZdeZ
lgk;d xazFk %
1- jaxeap µ cyoar xkxhZ
2- jaxeap dyk vkSj n`f"V µ xksfoan pkrd
3- jaxn'kZu µ usfepan tSu
4- jaxeap ns[kuk vkSj tkuuk µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
5- Hkjr vkSj Hkkjrh; ukV~;dyk µ lqjsanzukFk nhf{kr
6- ukV~;'kkL=k fo'odks"k µ jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh
7- jaxdeZ µ ohjsanz ukjk;.k
8- jax&LFkkiR; µ ,p-oh- 'kekZ
9- Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; jaxeap µ lhrkjke prqosZnh
48
iz'ui=k&20 % fganh jaxeap
1- (d) ikjaifjd jaxeap
(jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] ukSVadh] fcnsfl;k] ekp] [;ky] Lokax dk lkekU; ifjp;)
([k) izkphu Hkkjrh; izn'kZu&ijaijk vkSj vkèkqfud jaxeap
2- fganh ukVd dh fodkl&;k=kk
(d) Lora=krkiwoZ % ikjlh fFk,Vj] Hkkjrsanq ;qxhu jaxeap] i`Foh fFk,Vj rFkk bIVk
([k) Lokra=;ksÙkj fganh jaxeap % jax izf'k{k.k ,oa jax xfrfofèk;k¡] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;]
jaxeaMy Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky] Hkkjrsanq ukV~; vdkneh] y[kumQ
3- vkèkqfud fganh jaxeap dh fofoèk 'kSfy;k¡ % 'kSyhc¼ (LVkbykb”M)] ;FkkFkZoknh] ,ClMZ rFkk
yksd&'kSyh
4- izeq[k jax O;fDrRo vkSj mudh jaxn`f"V % ';kekuan tkyku] lR;nso nqcs] bczkfge vYdkth]
c-o- dkjar] gchc ruohj] y[kehpan ,oa fHk[kkjh Bkdqj
5- fdlh izLrqfr (gky gh esa izLrqr) dh jaxeaph; leh{kk
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; jaxeap µ dfiyk okRL;k;u
2- ijaijk'khy ukV~; µ txnh'kpanz ekFkqj
3- Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk foospukRed bfrgkl µ vKkr
4- ikjlh fganh jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
5- ukV~;lezkV i`Fohjkt diwj µ tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh
6- vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
7- ledkyhu fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ ujsanz eksgu
8- igyk jax µ nsosanz jkt vadqj
9- vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ usfepan tSu
10- fHk[kkjh Bkdqj % Hkkstiqjh ds Hkkjrsanq µ Hkxor izlkn f}osnh
11- daVsEizjh bafM;u fFk,Vj % baVjO;q”k fon IysjkbV~l ,.M Mk;jsDVlZ µ laxhr ukVd vdkneh
12- fFk,VlZ vkWo bafMisaMsal µ vi.kkZ HkkxZo èkkjokMdj
49
fodYi&?k % ehfM;k
iz'ui=k&19 % ehfM;k&I voèkkj.kkewyd
1- tulapkj dh voèkkj.kk] izfØ;k] :i vkSj izHkko % nSfud i=k dh lekpkj fuekZ.k izfØ;k]
jsfM;ks dk;ZØe fuekZ.k ,oa izlkj.k izfØ;k] Vh-oh- dk;ZØe fuekZ.k izlkj.k izfØ;k] fiQYe fuekZ.k
dh izfØ;k] baVjusV CykWfxax i=kdkfjrk dh izfØ;k (izeq[k i=k&if=kdkvksa & jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- pSuyksa]
fiQYeksa ds mnkgj.k dk lanHkZ visf{kr)
2- i=kdkfjrk dk fodkl&lqèkkjoknh i=kdkfjrk % iwoZ xkaèkh ;qx] xkaèkh ;qx] vktknh ds ckn dh
i=kdkfjrk
O;kolkf;d i=kdkfjrk] fganh i=kdkfjrk dh ledkyhu pqukSfr;k¡
3- (d) fizafVax izsl dk fodkl&ledkyhu eqnz.k dyk ds :i&daI;wVj] rduhd vkèkkfjr
ist esfdax vkfn
([k) ;wuhdksM] ist esfdax] fizafVax] fMtkbfuax&i`"B lTtk] esdvi] ys&vkmV] iQksVks vkfn
4- ledkyhu ehfM;k [email protected] izfØ;k ds vk;ke
5- ehfM;k vkSj ledkyhu fofèkd O;oLFkk,a %
µ vkpkj lafgrk ds loky
µ izlkjHkkjrh
µ dscy ,DV
µ foKkiu lacaèkh O;oLFkk,¡ 20 vad
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- fganh i=kdkfjrk µ Ñ".kfcgkjh feJ
2- fganh i=kdkfjrk dk vkykspukRed bfrgkl µ jes'k oqQekj tSu
3- fganh i=kdkfjrk % fofoèk vk;ke µ osnizrki oSfnd
4- lekpkji=k vkSj laiknu dyk µ vfEcdknÙk oktis;h
5- fganh i=kdkfjrk µ jes'kpUnz f=kikBh
6- Vsyhfotu % fl¼kar vkSj Vsduhd µ eFkqjknÙk 'kekZ
7- tuekè;e vkSj ekl dYpj µ txnh'oj prqosZnh
8- jsfM;ks okrkZ f'kYi µ fl¼ukFk oqQekj
9- nwjn'kZu dh Hkwfedk µ lqèkh'k ipkSjh
50
iz'ui=k&20 % ehfM;k&II voèkkj.kk ,oa O;ogkjewyd
1- (d) ys[ku ds ewyHkwr fl¼kar] Hkk"kk iz;ksx] fofoèk lapkj ekè;eksa ds fy, ys[ku ds izdkj
([k) lapkj ekè;eksa ds fy, ltZukRed ys[ku dh f'kYifofèk & Lo:i vkSj fodkl (fl¼kar]
rduhd vkSj izdkj] f'kYi] fo"k;oLrq)
2- fizaV ehfM;k ds fy, ys[ku % lekpkj] laikndh; ys[ku] iQhpj] okrkZ] ukVd] dgkuh]
foKkiu] lk{kkRdkj] [ksy] cPpksa] fdlkuksa] efgykvksa] O;kikj vkfn ds dk;ZØeksa ds fy,
ys[ku 3- jsfM;ks ds fy, ys[ku % lekpkj] fjiksfV±x] iQhpj] okrkZ] ifjppkZ] iVdFkk] laokn ys[ku ,oa ukVd]
èofu:id] dgkuh] foKkiu] [ksy] desaVªh] cPpksa] fdlkuksa] efgykvksa] O;olk; vkfn ds dk;ZØeksa ds
fy, ys[ku 4- Vsyhfotu ds fy, ys[ku % fyf[kr fLØIV dk n`';hdj.k] n`';ys[k dh fof'k"Vrk,¡]
HksaVokrkZ] ukVd] èkkjkokfgd] VsyhfiQYe] foKkiu] lk{kkRdkj vkfn 5- flusek ds fy, ys[ku ds Lo:i % iQhpj fiQYe dh iVdFkk] MkWD;wesaVªh dh iVdFkk
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj
2- Hkkjr ehfM;k & 2000 µ Hkkjr ljdkj izdk'ku laLFkku
3- lapkj vkSj fodkl µ ';kekpj.k nqcs
4- tuekè;e vkSj ekldYpj µ txnh'oj prqosZnh
5- Mass Communication in developing societies – Wilber Chem. 6- Understanding Media – Marshal Mechalo Hom.
51
fodYi&Ä % Hkkjrh; lkfgR;
iz'ui=k&19 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk
1
Hkkjrh; vfLerk dk Lo:i % HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk
fofoèkrk esa ,drk ds var%lw=k % Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; dk varLlacaèk
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh ladYiuk] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vkèkkj&rÙo
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekfld Lo:i
2
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk ifjp;
oSfnd lkfgR;] ykSfdd laLÑr lkfgR;
ikfy] izkÑr ,oa viHkza'k lkfgR;
izkphu rfey lkfgR;
3
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;
vkèkqfudrk&iwoZ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % rfey] dUuM+] rsyqxq] ey;kye] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] ckaXyk] mfM+;k]
vlfe;k] ef.kiqjh] mnwZ] iatkch] d'ehjh] fganh
4
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR;
5
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds izeq[k vkanksyu
HkfDr vkanksyu
uotkxj.k ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
Lokèkhurk vkanksyu
Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lkfgR;
mÙkj vkèkqfud lanHkZ
52
lgk;d xzaFk %
1- vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos
2- oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh
3- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz
4- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz
5- Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ la- foeys'kdkafr oekZ
6- ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu] vuq- fueZyk tSu
7- ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j
8- dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ,l- eqxyh
9- rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu
10- lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh-
11- mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
12- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku
13- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k
14- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ la- lrh'kdqekj jsgjk
15- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; µ foHkwfr feJ
53
iz'ui=k&20 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u
1
okYehfd µ ^lIri.kkZ* esa egknsoh oekZ Ñr vuqokn
dkfynkl µ ^mÙkjes?k* ls nl 'yksd] Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k;@ukxktqZu&Ñr vuqokn
^xkFkk lIr'krh* 10 xkFkk,¡
2
ukenso µ lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fganh Kkus'ojh* ls] vkyokj i| 'kadjnso dh jpuk,¡ eè;dkyhu rsyqxq dfo oseuk µ lkfgR; vdkneh
3 yy |n µ Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ
okfjl 'kkg dh ghj dk ,d va'k xkfyc dh x”kysa
4
johanzukFk VSxksj xhrkatyh ds dqN va'k lkfgR; vdkneh ds ^lap;u* ls
lqczg~e.;e Hkkjrh dh dfork,¡ µ lkfgR; vdkneh
oYyrksy dh dfork,¡ % lkfgR; vdkneh
5
miU;kl&va'k % f'kokth lkoar Ñr ^e`R;qat;* ls
thouh&va'k % ukjk;.k nslkbZ Ñr ^vfXudqaM esa f[kyk xqykc*
µ egknso HkkbZ dh thouh
ukVd % g;onu % fxjh'k dukZM
dgkuh % dksad.kh dgkuh rFkk ef.kiqjh dgkuh
uksV % bdkbZ&1 ls bdkbZ&5 rd ds ikBksa dk fuèkkZj.k foHkkx }kjk fd;k tk,xkA lgk;d xzaFk %
1- vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos
2- oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh
3- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz
54
4- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz
5- Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ la- foeys'kdkafr oekZ
6- ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu] vuq- fueZyk tSu
7- ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j
8- dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ,l- eqxyh
9- rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu
10- lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh-
11- mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
12- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku
13- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k
14- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ la- lrh'kdqekj jsgjk
55
iz'ui=k&21
leorhZ ikB~;Øe & vuq’kklu dsfUnzr&2