Ch_01 Lecture Outline A

7/31/2019 Ch_01 Lecture Outline A

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PowerPoint Lecture Slides

prepared byJanice Meeking,

Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1

The HumanBody: AnOrientation:Part A

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: The study of structure

Subdivisions:

Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface,and systemic anatomy)

Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)

Developmental (e.g., embryology)



Essential tools for the study of anatomy:

Mastery of anatomical terminology

Observation

Manipulation

Palpation

Auscultation


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Physiology: The study of function at manylevels

Subdivisions are based on organ systems(e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)



Essential tools for the study of physiology:

Ability to focus at many levels (from systemicto cellular and molecular)

Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical

currents, pressure, and movement)

Basic chemical principles


Principle of Complementarity

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.

Function always reflects structure

What a structure can do depends on itsspecific form


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Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical: atoms and molecules (Chapter 2)

Cellular: cells and their organelles (Chapter 3)

Tissue: groups of similar cells (Chapter 4)

Organ: contains two or more types of tissues

Organ system: organs that work closelytogether

Organismal: all organ systems


Cardiovascular

system

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical level

Atoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular level

Cells are made up of

molecules.

Tissue level

Tissues consist of similar

types of cells.

Organ level

Organs are made up of different typesof tissues.

Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different

organs that work together closely.

Organismal level

The human organism is made up

of many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood

vessels

Epithelial

tissue


Figure 1.1


MoleculeAtoms

Chemical level


Figure 1.1, step 1


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Chemical level


Cellular level


molecules.

Smooth muscle cell

Figure 1.1, step 2



Chemical level


Cellular level


molecules.

Tissue level


types of cells.

Smooth muscle cell


Figure 1.1, step 3



Chemical level


Cellular level


molecules.

Tissue level


types of cells.

Organ level

Organs are made up of different types

of tissues.

Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


Epithelial

tissue


Figure 1.1, step 4


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Cardiovascular

system


Chemical level


Cellular level


molecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar

types of cells.

Organ level

Organs are made up of different types

of tissues.

Organ system level


organs that work together close ly.

Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


Heart

Blood

vessels

Epithelial

tissue


Figure 1.1, step 5


Cardiovascular

system


Chemical level


Cellular level


molecules.

Tissue level


types of cells.

Organ level

Organs are made up of different typesof tissues.

Organ system level


organs that work together closely.

Organismal level

The human organism is made up

of many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


Heart

Blood

vessels

Epithelial

tissue


Figure 1.1, step 6


Overview of Organ Systems

Note major organs and functions of the 11

organ systems (Fig. 1.3)


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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a

NailsSkin

Hair

(a) Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering, andprotects deeper tissues from injury.Synthesizes vitamin D, and housescutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b

Bones

Joint

(b) Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs,and provides a framework the musclesuse to cause movement. Blood cells

are formed within bones. Bones storeminerals.

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3c

Skeletal

muscles

(c) Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment,locomotion, and facial expression. Main-tains posture, and produces heat.


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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3d

Brain

NervesSpinal

cord

(d) Nervous System

As the fast-acting control system ofthe body, it responds to internal andexternal changes by activatingappropriate muscles and glands.

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3e

Pineal gland

Pituitary

glandThyroid

gland

Thymus

Adrenal

gland

Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

(e) Endocrine SystemGlands secrete hormones that regulate

processes such as growth, reproduction,

and nutrient use (metabolism) by body

cells.

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f

(f) Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood,

which carries oxygen, carbondioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.The heart pumpsblood.

Heart

Blood

vessels


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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3g

Lymphaticvessels

Red bonemarrow

Thoracicduct

Thymus

Spleen

Lymphnodes

(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsand returns it to blood. Disposes of debris

in the lymphatic s tream. Houses white

blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in

immunity. The immune response mountsthe attack against foreign substances

within the body.

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3h

Nasal

cavity

Bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Lung

(h) Respiratory SystemKeeps blood constantly supplied with

oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

The gaseous exchange s occur through

the wall s of the air sacs of the lungs.

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3i

Liver

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Large

intestine

StomachSmall

intestine

RectumAnus

(i) Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbableunits that enter the blood fordistribution to body cells. Indigestiblefoodstuffs are eliminated as fe ces.


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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3j

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary

bladderUrethra

(j) Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from thebody. Re gulates water, electrolyte andacid-base balance of the blood.

Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3k-l

Prostate

gland

Ductus

deferens

Penis

Testis

Scrotum

Ovary

Uterine

tube

Mammary

glands (inbreasts)

Uterus

Vagina

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce spe rm and male sex

hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in de livery of sperm to the female

reproductive tract. Ovaries produce e ggs and female se x hormones. The rem ainingfemale structure s serve as sites for fer tilization and development of the fetus.

Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System


Organ Systems Interrelationships

All cells depend on organ systems to meet

their survival needs

Organ systems work cooperatively to performnecessary life functions


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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2

Takes in nutrient s, breaks them

down, and eliminates unabsorbedmatter (feces)

Takes in oxygen and

eliminates carbon dioxide

Food O2 CO2

Via the blood , distributes o xygen

and nutrients to all bodycells anddelivers wastes and carbon

dioxide to disposal organs

Interstitial fluid

Nutrients Eliminatesnitrogenous

wastes and

excess ions

Nutrient s and wastes pass

between blood and cells

via the interstitial fluid

Protects the body as a whole

from the external environ ment

Blood

Heart

Feces Urine

CO2O2


Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintaining boundaries between internaland external environments

Plasma membranes

Skin

2. Movement (contractility)

Of body parts (skeletal muscle)

Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)



3. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and

respond to stimuli

Withdrawal reflex

Control of breathing rate

4. Digestion

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

Absorption of simple molecules into blood


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5. Metabolism: All chemical reactions thatoccur in body cells

Catabolism and anabolism

6. Excretion: The removal of wastes frommetabolism and digestion

Urea, carbon dioxide, feces



7. Reproduction

Cellular division for growth or repair

Production of offspring

8. Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of

organism


Survival Needs

1. Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,vitamins

2. Oxygen

Essential for energy release (ATPproduction)


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Survival Needs

3. Water

Most abundant chemical in the body

Site of chemical reactions

4. Normal body temperature

Affects rate of chemical reactions

5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure

For adequate breathing and gas exchange inthe lungs


Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively stable internalenvironment despite continuous outside

changes

A dynamic state of equilibrium


Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation

of many factors (variables)

Nervous and endocrine systems accomplishthe communication via nerve impulses and

hormones


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Components of a Control Mechanism

1. Receptor (sensor)

Monitors the environment

Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)

2. Control center

Determines the set point at which the variable ismaintained

Receives input from receptor

Determines appropriate response


Components of a Control Mechanism

3. Effector

Receives output from control center

Provides the means to respond

Response acts to reduce or enhance the

stimulus (feedback)


Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Receptordetectschange.

Input: Informationsent along afferent

pathway to controlcenter.

Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway to

effector.

Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel.

Receptor Effector

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

1

2

34

5

Figure 1.4


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BALANCE

1

Figure 1.4, step 1




Receptor

BALANCE

1

2

Figure 1.4, step 2




Input: Informationsent along afferent

pathway to controlcenter.

Receptor

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferentpathway

1

2

3

Figure 1.4, step 3


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Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.

Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.

Receptor Effector

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferent

pathway

Efferent

pathway

1

2

34

Figure 1.4, step 4




Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.

Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.

Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostatic

level.

Receptor Effector

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

1

2

34

5

Figure 1.4, step 5


Negative Feedback

The response reduces or shuts off the original

stimulus

Examples:

Regulation of body temperature (a nervous

mechanism)

Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an

endocrine mechanism)


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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5

Sweat glands activated

Shivering

begins

StimulusBodytemperature

risesBALANCE

Information sent

along the afferent

pathway to controlcenter

Information sent

along the afferent

pathway to controlcenter

Afferent

pathway

Afferent

pathway

Efferent

pathway

Efferent

pathway

Information sent

along the efferent

pathway toeffectors

Information sent

along the efferent

pathway to effectors

StimulusBodytemperature falls

Receptors

Temperature-sensitive

cells in skin and brain

Receptors

Temperature-sensitive

cells in skin and brain

Effectors

Sweat glands

Effectors

Skeletal muscles

Control Center

(thermoregulatory

center in brain)

Control Center

(thermoregulatory

center in brain)

Response

Evaporation of sweat

Bodytemperature f alls;stimulus ends

Response

Body temperature rises;

stimulus ends


Negative Feedback: Regulation of BloodVolume by ADH

Receptors sense decreased blood volume

Control center in hypothalamus stimulates

pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return

more water to the blood


Positive Feedback

The response enhances or exaggerates the

original stimulus

May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect

Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin(Chapter 28)

Platelet plug formation and blood clotting


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Feedback cycle ends

when plug is formed.

Positive feedback

cycle is initiated.

Positive

feedback

loop

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel w all.

Platelets

adhere to site

and releasechemicals.

Released

chemicals

attract moreplatelets.

Platelet plug

forms.

Figure 1.6


Positive feedback

cycle is initiated.

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel w all.

Figure 1.6, step 1


Positive feedback

cycle is initiated.

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel w all.

Platelets

adhere to site


Figure 1.6, step 2


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Positive feedback

cycle is initiated.

Positive

feedback

loop

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel w all.

Platelets

adhere to site


Released

chemicals


Figure 1.6, step 3


Feedback cycle ends

when plug is formed.

Positive feedback

cycle is initiated.

Positive

feedback

loop

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel w all.

Platelets

adhere to site

and release

chemicals.

Released

chemicals


Platelet plug

forms.

Figure 1.6, step 4


Homeostatic Imbalance

Disturbance of homeostasis

Increases risk of disease

Contributes to changes associated with aging

May allow destructive positive feedback

mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)

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Ch_01 Lecture Outline A