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America: A Concise History

Fourth Edition

CHAPTER 25

The World at War19391945

Copyright 2010 by Bedford/St. Martins

James A. Henretta David Brody

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Introduction

The Second World War was the largestsingle event in human history, fought across

six of the worlds seven continents and all ofits oceans. It killed fifty million human beings,left hundreds of millions of others wounded inmind or body and materially devastated much

of the heartland of civilization John Keegan, military historian.

(p.731)

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Introduction

The conflict began in 1939 with a blitzkrieg(lightening war) of German tanks on the

plains of Poland. It ended in 1945 when American planes

dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanesecities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Soldiers and civilians danced in the streetsaround Times Square in New York in August1945.

(p.731)

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The Kiss Soldiers and

civilians dancedin the streets

around TimesSquare in NewYork in August1945.

(p.731)

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Battle of StalingradThe Final Solution

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The Road to War

The Rise of Fascism

Isolationists Versus Interventionists

Retreat from Isolationism

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

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The Road to War

The Great depression disrupted economic lifearound the world and the collapse oftraditional institutions.

An antidemocratic movement known asfascism developed in Italy in the 1920s andspread to Japan, Germany and Spain.

These nations instituted authoritarianmilitaristic governments led by dictators:Hitler, Mussolini, Franco and after 1940,Hideki Tojo in Japan.

(p.732)

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The Rise of Fascism

League of Nations was weak.

1931, Japanese troops occupied Manchuria.

1937, Japan launched a full-scale invasion ofChina.

Italian Fascism: A dictatorship of the state

over many classes cooperating.

1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia.

1933, Hitler became chancellor of Germany.His goal was European domination.

(p.732)

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Hitlers goal of world domination

Hitlers dream of world domination

included

the overturn of the terms of the Versailles treaty. the removal of inferior races from Europe.

the annexation of large portions of EasternEurope.

Hitler began to rearm Germany in violation ofthe Versailles treaty.

1936, he sent troops into the Rhineland.

(p.733)

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Congress seeks neutrality

In 1934, Senator Gerald Nye (ND)investigated munitions profits WWI and

concuded that the merchants of death hadmaneuvered the nation into WWI.

In the 1930s, congressional involvement inU.S. foreign policy sought to prevent a

repeat of U.S. involvement in World War I. Some Americans felt that the country must

resist fascism in Europe.

(p.734)

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Isolationists Versus

Interventionists The American Communist Party peaked at

around 100,000 members in the U.S.

between 1935 and 38. The major aim of communist paper was the

Daily Worker.

The communists were supported by Afro-Americans, blue collar workers and manyintellectuals.

(p.734)

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The Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Republicans depended heavily onforeign volunteers such as the 3,200-strongAmerican Abraham Lincoln brigade.

American intellectuals strongly supported theSpanish Republicans but came increasinglyuncomfortable with the rigidity of the their

communist associates in the Popular Front. Hitler was encouraged by the perception of

passivity of the allies of the Spa Republicans.

Sudentenland 1938.(p.734)

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The majority of Americans (84%) supportedBritain and France rather than Germany.

But most Americans did not want to be drawninto another war.

Charles Liimbergh and Senator Gerald Nyeformed the America First Committee to keep

the nation out of the war.

Despite their efforts, in 1940, the UnitedStates moved closer to war.

(p.735)

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Sept. 1939, Germany conquered Poland.

April 9, 1940, Germany overran Denmark,

Norway. Next fell the Netherlands, Belgium,and Luxembourg.

June 22, France surrendered.

GreatBritainstood alone against Hitlersplans for domination of Europe.

Time magazine: Americans thousand step

path to war.

(p.735)

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The Atlantic Charter

August 1941, Roosevelt met in person withPrime Minister Winston Churchill and their jointpress release became known as the Atlantic

Charter and provided the ideological foundationof the Western cause.

The Charter supported free trade, national self-

determination, and collective security. By Sept. 1941, Nazi U-boats and the American

navy were attacking one another in the Atlantic.

(p.736)

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Attack on Peal Harbor 1930s, Japanese aggression in China had

gradually closed the open-door policy that hadallowed European and American trade and

investment. 1937, after Japans invasion, Roosevelt

denounced the Japanese violence.

The U.S. refused to intervene when Japanesesacked the city of Nanking and massacred300,000 Chinese and raped thousands ofwomen.

(p.736)

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Attack on Peal Harbor The imperial ambitions of Japanese military

officers expanded.

1940, General Hideki Tojo became the War

Minister. Tojo concluded a formal alliance withGermany and Italy.

With the support of Emperor Hirohito, the goalwas to form a Greater East Asia Co-ProsperitySphere, run by Japan from Indonesia to Korea.

July 1941, Japan occupied Indochina.

Oct. 1941, Tojo became Prime Minister.

(p.737)

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Attack on Peal Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941, The Japanese attack on theU.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor galvanizedthe American public into a determinationto fight.

FDR, Pearl Harbor Address Day of Infamy

Similar to the effect of September 11, 2001.

The Senate voted unamimously for war. The House voted 388 to 1 for war.

The lone vote was Jeanette Rankin ofMontana who also opposed WW1.

(p.737)
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Organizing for Victory

Financing the War

Mobilizing the American Fighting Force

Workers and the War Effort

Politics in Wartime

WINSTON CHURCHILL, FINEST HOUR

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Organizing for Victory

The task of fighting a global war brought adramatic increase in the power of the federalgovernment.

Civilian manufacturing had to be changed overto military production.

Cooperation between business executives and

political leaders was necessary. Many historians refer to the changes in this

period as the beginning of the ImperialPresidency.

(p.737)

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Financing the War Dec. 1941, The War Powers Act was passed,

greatly expanding the power of the Presidentand the government.

Defense mobilization ended the GreatDepression.

The government paid for military expenditures

by raising taxes and borrowing money. The Revenue Act of 1942 expanded the number

of taxpayers from 4 million to 42.6 million!

(p.738)

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Financing the War

The number of civilians employed by thegovernment increased fourfold.

The Roosevelt admin relied less on New Dealreformers and more on business executives.

In some instances the government offered cost-plus contracts guaranteeing profit.

The Kaiser shipyards in Richmond, CA applied

Henry Fords methods of mass production tobuilding ships.

The Kaiser shipyards pioneered corporatewelfare programs for workers.

(p.738)

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Financing the War The Kaiser Permanente Medical Care

Program founded in 1942, providedsubsidized, prepaid health care for workers

and families. It continues to today. American industry produced 86,000 tanks;

296,000 aircraft;

fifteen million rifles and machine guns; 64,000 landing craft; and

6,500 cargo ships and naval vessels.

(p.738)

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Financing the War

(p.739)

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Mobilizing the U.S. Fighting Force

During WWII, the armed forces of the U.S.enlisted more than 15 million men and women.

The draft board registered 31 million men

between 18 and 44 but half of them failed to meetthe physical standards.

The military continued to segregate the

approximately 700,000 African-Americas in thearmed forces.

Native and Mexican Americans were notsegregated.

(p.740)

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Mobilizing the U.S. Fighting Force

Approximately 350,000 women enlisted in thearmed services.

140,000 were army WACS (Womens ArmyCorp)

100,000 served as WAVES (WomenAccepted for Volunteer Emergency Service).

1000 WASPs (Womens Airforce Service

Pilots) ferried plans and supplies in non-combat areas.

(p.740)

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Workers and the war effort

As millions of working age citizens joined themilitary, the nation faced a critical labor

shortage. Defense created 7 million new jobs.

At the beginning of the war women made up24% of the work forceby the end, women

were 36% of the workers.

The shortage also created employmentopportunities for blacks.

(p.740)

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During the war, workers and unions extendedthe gains made during the New Deal.

1945: almost 15 million workers belonged to

a union, up for 9 million in 1939.

The government established the NationalWar Labor Board (NWLB) composed of

representatives of labor, management andthe public.

The NWLB established wages, hours andworking conditions.

(p.741)

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The policies of labor unions during thewar resulted in public hostility to some

labor leaders. 1943, John L. Lewis led half a million United

Mine Workers out on strike. Lewis tactics

won concessions but alienated many

Americans and made him an unpopularpublic figure.

The Smith-Connally Labor Act of 1943.

(p.741)

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Some black workers pointed to parallelsbetween anti-Semitism in Germany and racial

discrimination in the U.S. 1941, Roosevelt issued Executive Order

8802 prohibiting discrimination because ofrace, creed, color or national origin.

The League of United Latin AmericanCitizens was the hispanic counterpart to theNAACP.

(p.741)

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African Americans and the

war effort The NAACP grew ninefold to 450,000

members by 1945.

James Farmer of Chicago founded theCongress of Racial Equality (CORE).

These efforts laid the groundwork for theCivil Rights movement of the 1960s.

(p.743)

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Politics in wartime There were few attempts to promote

progressive social reform during WWII.

Roosevelt ended several New Deal work

programs due to full employment. 1944, in the State of the Union address, FDR

called for a second bill of rights whichwould guarantee Americans access toeducation, jobs, food and clothing and decenthousing and medical care.

(p.744)

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Politics in wartime

The President sought to reinvigorate the NewDeal political coalition in the elections of

1944. Party leaders, concerned about FDRs health,

dropped Henry Wallace from the ticket andreplaced him with Harry S. Truman of

Missouri. The Republicans nominated Gov. Thomas E.

Dewey of New York.

(p.744)

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Politics in wartime Dewey was known for his approval of the use

of torture in interrogations against the Mafia.

He supported the general principles of

welfare state liberalism, and internationalismin foreign affairs.

The majority of voters preferred continuity,giving Roosevelt 53.5 percent of the vote.

The Democratic coalition stood triumphant,the era of Republican dominance (1896-1932) was over.

(p.744)

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Life on the Home Front

For the Duration

Migration and Social Conflict

Civil Rights During Wartime

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Life on the Home Front

The United States escaped the physicaldestruction that ravaged Europe and EastAsia, but the war changed the life of its

citizens. Americans welcomed wartime prosperity.

However, many Americans suffered the grief

of war-time casualties. Citizens also grumbled about annoying

regulations and rationing but accepted it as anecessity.

(p.745)

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Popular Culture: movies Popular culture such as movies

reinforced connections between thehome front and the war effort.

Guadalcanal Diary(1943) Anthony Quinn

Thirty Seconds over Tokyo(1945) S. Tracy.

Casablanca(1943) Humphrey Bogart.

Since You Went Away(1943) ClaudetteColbert

Ave. weekly movie attendancesoared to over 100 million.

(p.745)

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Wartime prosperity

20 million backyard victory gardens produced

40% of the nations vegetables.

The war time brought prosperity.

Defense spending ended the depression,

Unemployment had vanished.

Per capita income doubled.

The only major inconvenience was the shortage ofconsumer goods.

There was a scarcity of rubber due to Japaneseconquests of Malaysia.

(p.745)

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Migration and Social Conflict

15 million Americans changed residencesduring the war years, half of them moving to

another state. California bore the brunt of defense

production for the Pacific War.

The state welcomed nearly three million new

residents. Over one million African Americans migrated

from the South to OH, MI, IL, CA, and PA

(p.746)

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Migration and Social Conflict This continued the Great Migration of earlier in

the century. As migrant blacks and whitescompeted for jobs and housing, racial conflict

broke out in 47 cities during 1943. The worst violence was in Detroit in June 1943

which left 34 people dead and hundreds injured.

Racial conflict took place in the West as well.

Zoot suits, in Los Angeles among Hispanic

pachuco (youth) gangs.

(p.747)

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Civil Rights During Wartime These outbreaks of social violence were

severe but limited.

Unlike WWI, which evoked harassment of

German Americans, the mood on the homefront was generally calm.

Racial and ethnic tension in the UnitedStates during the war complicated anotherwise calm mood.

(p.748)

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The internment of Japanese aliens andJapanese American citizens was a glaringexception of this record of tolerance.

As residents began to fear attacks, spies andsabatoge, Californias long record of racial

animosity toward Asian immigrants came into

play. There were only about 112,000 Japanese

Americans living on the West Coast.

(p.748)

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The policy of Japanese internment wasinfluenced by: the political weakness of the small Japanese communities.

fears of the West Coasts vulnerability to Japaneseattack.

local anti-Japanese sentiment expressed in newspapersand by politicians.

Congress issues a public apology in 1988and awarded $20,000 to each of the 80,000surviving Japanese-Americans.

(p.749)

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Fighting and Winning the War

Wartime Aims and Tensions

The War in Europe

The War in the Pacific

Planning the Postwar World

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Fighting and Winning the War

WWII was, literally, a war for control of theworld. Had the Axis won, Germany would havedominated all of Europe and much of Africa.

Japan would have controlled most of East Asia.

The United States went to war to prevent thisoutcome. The U.S. extended aid to Britain in

1939, economic warfare against Germany andJapan in 1940-41, and military war in 1942-45.

(p.749)

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Wartime Aims and Tensions

Great Britain, the United States and theSoviet Union were the key actors in the Alliedcoalition. China, France and others playedlesser roles.

The Big Three set military strategy and

diplomatic policy.

The Atlantic Charter, of August 1941, set outthe Anglo-American vision of the postwarinternational order.

(p.749)

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Wartime Aims and Tensions The first major disagreement among the Allies

related to military strategy and timing.

Germany advanced to the outskirts of

Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad beforebeing halted by the Soviet army in 1942.

Stalin pleaded for the Allies to quickly open asecond front against Germany in France but

U.S. war production was not ready.

The long delay angered Stalin and made himsuspicious.

(p.750)

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The War in Europe

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor,the Allies suffered one defeat after

another. Germany pushed deep into Soviet territory. Germans began an offensive in North

Africa aimed at capturing the Suez Canal.

German submarines relentlessly attackedAmerican convoys carrying oil and suppliesto Britain and the Soviet Union.

(p.750)

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The War in Europe

Over the winter of 1942-1943, the tidebegan to turn in favor of the allies.

In the Battle of Stalingrad, Soviet

forces decisively halted the Germanadvance, killing or capturing 330,000German soldiers.

The Battle of Stalingrad was the keyturning point of the war.

Enemy at the GatesJude Law, Ed Harris (2001)

(p.750)

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The War in Europe The Allied command followed Churchills

strategy of attacking the Axis through its soft

underbelly: Sicily and the Italian peninsula.

The Italian king ousted Benito MussolinisFascist regime in July 1943.

German troops took command of Italy andresisted the Allied invasion. American andBritish troops took Rome only in June 1944.

Churchills southern strategy proved a time-consuming and costly mistake.

(p.750)

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D-Day

June 6, 1944, D-Day The long-awaitedinvasion of France.

The largest armada ever assembled crossedthe English Channel under the command ofDwight Eisenhower.

After terrible casualties, more than 1.5 millionsoldiers and thousands of tons of military

supplies and equipment flowed into France. August, Allied troops liberated Paris.

Sept. Germans were driven out of most ofFrance and Belgium.

(p.751)

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The Battle of the Bulge

December 1944,The Germans mounted a finalcounter offensive in Belgium, the Battle of theBulge before being pushed back across theRhine River into Germany.

April 30, 1945, Russian troops massed outsideBerlin and Hitler committed suicide.

May 8, Germany formally surrendered.

As Allied troops advanced into Poland andGermany in the Spring of 1945, they becameaware of Hitlers final solution of the Jewish

question.(p.751)

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The War in Europe

Nazi persecution of the German Jews was widelyknown in the United States.

Nevertheless, the U.S. refused to relax its strict

immigration policy to take them in. This was exclusionist policy was due to widespread

anti-semitism in the State Department.

Taking a narrow view of national interest, only 21,000

Jewish refugees were allowed enter the U.S. during thewar.

(p.752)

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The Living Dead When Allied troops advanced

into Germany in the spring of

1945, they came face to facewith what had long beenrumored: concentration camps,Adolf Hitler's "final solution ofthe Jewish question."

In this picture from Wobbelin

concentration camp, which hadbeen liberated by the 82ndAirborne Division of the 9thU.S. Army, emaciated inmatesare being taken to a hospital.

In the days before the campwas liberated, 1,000 of the

5,000 prisoners had beenallowed to starve to death. U.S.Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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Winning the war against Japan was evenmore difficult than defeating Germany.

By May 1942, they had forced the surrender

of American forces in the Philippines and, inthe Bataan death march had allowed thedeaths of 10,000 American prisoners of war.

Two crucial victories: The Battle of CoralSea.

The Battle of Midway inflicted seriousdamage on the Japanese fleet.

(p.753)

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The American military offensive in the Pacificwas led by General Douglas MacAurthur andAdmiral Chester W. Nimitz.

Following the Battle of Midway, Americanforces began a slow advance toward Japan.

On October 1944, the reconquest of the

Philippines began with the Battle of LeyteGulf, a massive naval encounter in which theJapanese lost almost the entire fleet.

(p.755)

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As the allies moved toward victory,Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Feb.1945 at Yalta, a resort on the Black Sea.

Roosevelt was focused on maintaining Alliedunity, which he saw as key to postwar peace.

Churchill and Roosevelt disagreed over

Independence for India. Mahatma Gandhi ledthe movement for Indian independence.

(p.757)

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A more serious disagreement was with theSoviet Union over central and eastern Europe.

Stalin demanded pro-Soviet governments forPoland and neighboring countries.

Roosevelt pressed for a promise of freeelections.

The 3 leaders agreed to divide Germany into 4zones of occupation and to partition Berlin.

(p.757)

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The Big Three also agreed to establish aninternational body to replace the discreditedLeague of Nations.

The United Nations would have a SecurityCouncilcomposed of major allied powers: United States Soviet Union Britain

France China

Plus six other nations elected on a rotatingbasis.

(p.757)

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Roosevelt returned to the U.S. visibly exhaustedby his 14,000 mile trip.

April 12, 1945, Roosevelt died in Georgia.

VP Harry S. Truman assumed the presidency.

Truman only learned about the ManhattanProject when he became president.

Roosevelt had launched the project secretly in1942 after being warned that the Germans werealso working on developing an Atomic Bomb

(p.757)

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The Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project cost $2 billon (about$24 billion in todays money) employed120,000 people.

It was kept hidden from Congress, theAmerican people and from VP Truman.

The first bomb was tested in Los Alamos,New Mexico on July 16, 1945.

Bhagavad Gita, I am become Death,Destroyer of Worlds.

(p.757)

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The bomb dropped President Truman did not hesitate to order the Atomic

bomb to be used in Japan.

Hiroshima on August 6 (100,000 deaths)

Nagasaki on August 9 (60,000 deaths).

Administration officials believed that Japans militaryleaders would never surrender unless theircountry was utterly devastated,

costing the lives of hundreds of thousands ofAmerican soldiers.

WORLD WAR 2 THE WAR IS OVER 1945 3 min.

(p.758)
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Summary

The rise of fascism in Germany, Italy andJapan led to military expansionism in Europe,Africa and China.

Initially the American public favorednoninvolvement.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought

the nation into war. War mobilization greatly expanded the

federal government.

(p.758)

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Summary

Germany and Japan almost won the war in1942

The allies took the offensive in 1943.

The Soviets advanced in Europe and the U.S.navy advanced in the Pacific.

The U.S. emerged from the war with an

undamaged homeland, sole possesion of theatomic bomb and a series of unresolveddisputes with the Soviet Union.

(p.758)

Chapter 25

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Chapter 25The World at War

19391945

Map 25.1 World War II in Europe, 19411943 (p. 751)

Map 25.2 World War II in Europe, 19441945 (p. 752)

Map 25.3 World War II in the Pacific, 19411945 (p. 755)

Fighting for Freedom at Home and Abroad, 1941 (p. 743)

Zoot Suit Youth in Los Angeles (p. 747) The Big Three at Yalta (p. 756)

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BBC "War of The Century": 1 of 20

BBC "War of The Century": 2 of 20 (Spring 1941)



BBC "War of The Century" 7 of 20 (Battle of Moscow - 1942)

BBC "War of The Century" 8 of 20 German occupation Ukraine.

BBC "War of The Century" 9 of 20 Brutal video of executions by thepartisans.

BBC "War of The Century" 10 of 20 Brutal reprisals against refugees.

BBC"War of The Century" 12 of 20 West bank Volga STALINGRADBOMBARDMENT AUGUST 1942

BBC "War of The Century" 13 of 20 STALINGRAD continued
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Ch25 WW2 80 Slides