CH4MATTERSUBSTANCE(1)

8/6/2019 CH4MATTERSUBSTANCE(1)

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1. CHANGES IN MATTER

1. Matter is living and non living things that have mass and fill space.2. Matter differs in physical characteristics such as shape, colour and hardness.

3. All matter is consists of small discrete particles in constant and random motion.4. The Kinetic Theory of Matter.

The particles in a matter are in continous random motion because of kinetic energyThe motion is called particles kinetic energy and this theory of matter states that:

Matter consists of fine and discrete particles

Particles always move, vibrate and rotate randomly.

The temperature of matter increases as the particles kinetic energy increases5. All matter exists in one of the three states:

Solid Liquid Gas

Diagramof particles

Arrangementof particles

Particles are packedtogether in a regular pattern

Particles are not packedclosely in regular pattern.

Particles are widelyspace

Movement ofparticles

The particles vibrate fromside to side and spin around

their fixed position

Particles move freelyParticles are also heldtogether by a strong

attractive forces

Move freely in alldirection at high speeds

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTERi) MELTING POINT is a temperature where a solid turns into a liquid

The melting point of ice is 00C

When a liquid is heated the particles given more energy and they start to move faster andfurther apart. At certain temperature the particles break free of one another and the liquid turnsinto steam

ii) BOILING POINT is the temperature at which a liquid changes to gasThe boiling point of water is 100

0C

A liquid can turn into gas even at low temperature. It only occurs at the surface of a liquid. This process is called evaporation. Some substance go directs from solid state to gaseous This process is called sublimation. If a gas loses their kinetic energy, the gas turns into water.

Condensation is a process when a gas turns into liquid.iii) FREEZING is a process when a liquid turns into a solid.

Examples.

2. ATOM STRUCTURE

Particle Symbol Position Electrical charge Relative mass

Proton p Inside the nucleus Positive 1

Neutron n Inside the nucleus Neutral 1

Electron e Outside the nucleus Negative 1/1840

Ice Water Gasmelting boiling

freezing condensation

CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE


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3. PROTON NUMBER, NUCLEON NUMBER IN ATOM

i) Proton number Each atom of the same element has certain number of proton, neutron and electron Therefore the chemical and physical properties of element are different

This difference in proton number caused the atom from different element behavedifferently.

The number of protons in an atom is called the proton number All atom of the same element have the same proton number

The mass of an atom depends on the number of proton and neutrons it containsii) Nucleon number The total number of proton and neutron in an atom shell is called then nucleon number. The number of nucleon number of proton + number of neutron

An atom is electrically neutral hence the number of electron is equal to the number ofproton.

iii) Isotopes

The differences of nucleon number in the same elements are called isotopes

Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties because they have thesame number of proton

The isotopes have the same chemical properties but differences in physical properties

Hydrogen isotopes (Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3) have slightly different boilingpoint.

Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3

Proton 1 1 1

Electron 1 1 1Neutron 0 1 2

Proton number 1 1 1Nucleon number 1 2 3

Physical properties different

Chemical properties same

4. THE PERIODIC TABLE

The Periodic Table is a longitunal grid of every element that exist.

Each grid contains the symbol of the element , the proton number and the nucleon number.

The elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number.

The proton number increases from lef to right across the Periodic Table.

Keyelectron

neutronproton

14

7NNitrogen

Nucleon number

SymbolProton number

Name of element


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5.5. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES

Particles in substances can exist as atoms , molecules and ions

Physical properties of substances

PHYSICALPROPERTIES

Substance made ofATOM MOLECULE ION

Physical state atroom temperature

Solid (for all metalexcept mercury)

Gas (For noble gases)Solid, liquid or gas Solid

Melting point /Boiling point

High for metal Low High

Electricalconductivity

All metal are goodconductivity of

electricity

Do not conductelectricity

Conduct electricitywhen molten state or

dissolved in water

Attraction forces Strong metallic bondWeak Van der Waals

forcesStrong electrostatic

forces

Atoms

An atom is the :

Solid particle of anelement that can takepart in a chemicalchange.

Neutral particles Metal are made of

atom particles that arearranged closely bystrong attractive forces

Eg. copper containsonly copper atom.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1 H He

2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

3

4

5

6

7

Period

Group

Ions

This chemical particles arecalled ions

Particles with opposite chargesattract by strong electrostaticforces between them

Metals have a tendency of lackelectrons to become positiveions.

Non-metals have a tendencyto give electrons to becomenegative ions

Most ionic compounds aremade up of metal ion and non-metal ions.

A sodium chloride compound is madeof a sodium ion and chloride ion

Molecules

Formed when two or moreatom are combinedchemically

Usually a molecule madeof metal and non-metalatoms that are bound by achemical bond.

Two types of molecules:Molecule of element is a

molecule made up of thesame atom

Molecule of compounda molecule that made upof different atoms

A row of elements in Periodic Tableis called period and numbered1,2,3,4,5,6,and 7..

The first element is very reactivesolid and the last element is a non-reactive gas

There are 8 columns in the PeriodicTable. The column in Periodic Tableis called group and numbered I,II,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII

Cl-Na+


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6. METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals

Physical properties Metals Non-metalsSurface Shiny DullDuctility Ductile Non-ductile

Malleability malleable BrittleElectrical conductivity Good electric conductor Poor conductorThermal conductivity Good thermal conductor Poor thermal conductor

Tensile strength Very strong Weak

2. The uses of metal and non metal

Name Physical characteristics Uses

GoldSilver

Shiny surfaceCan withstand corrosion

Jewellery

Copper

uctile

alleableood conductor of electricity

Gas and water piping

Copper tooling and statueElectrical wires

Aluminiumight and strongood conductor of electricityalleable

In making the bodies of aeroplaneCooking utensil and electrical cablesUsed as cans for drinks and food

IronDuctileMalleable

To make engine parts o the carUsed in construction industry

CarbonCarbon exists in two forms:i) Diamondii) Graphite

As jewelleryUsed as lead in making pencils

Noble gas Neon and argon are not reactive Used in lights bulbsSulphur Yellow in colour and burns easily Used in manufacturing car batteries

7. PURIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

1.Solutions are

made by:i) Dissolving a solid into a liquid eg. Dissolve sugar into waterii) Dissolving a liquid into a liquid eg Dissolve alcohol into water

2.What is puresubstance?

Pure substances are substances that contains only one type ofsubstance.They do not have other substances eg sugar contains only sugarmolecules.

3.Characteristics ofPure Substances

Pure substances have fixed boiling point and melting point. Eg. Purewater boils at 100 C and pure ice melts at 0 C

4.Method ofpurification

i) Filtration ii) Crystallisation iii) Distillation

5. i) Filtration - The process to separate solid from solutionii) Crystallisation - The process of forming crystal from liquid or gasiii) Distillation - The process to obtain a pure substance from a mixture of solution

1. The liquid mixture is heated until the required substance boils and turns into vapour2. The vapour cools down and condenses into a pure liquid

iv) Fractional distillation

Two or more liquids can mix together to form a solution

This solution can be separated by fractional distillation

This is done by using fractional distillation

A fractionating column separate liquids in the order of boiling points.

The liquid with the lowest boiling point is obtained first


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PAPER 1

1. The diagram shows a change in the state of matter.

The state of X and Y are

X YA Solid GasB Solid LiquidC Liquid GasD Liquid Liquid

2. The diagram shows the changes in the three state of matter.

Solid

S P Q T

RLiquid Gas

U

In which processes is heat absorbed from the surrounding?

A. P,Q,UB. Q,R,SC. R,S,TD. S,T,P

3. The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in three state of matter.

X Y


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What is process E?

A BoilingB MeltingC FreezingD Condensation

4. Which of the following state is the lowest kinetic energy of water particles?

A IceB WaterC SteamD Vapour

5. What happen to the temperature when ice melts?

A VaryB IncreaseC DecreaseD Remain constant

6. Which of the following graph shows the correct change in temperature whenwater is heated until it boils?

Temperature (C) Temperature (C)

Time Time

Temperature (C) Temperature (C)

Time Time

7. Which of the following particle and charge is correctly matched?

Subatomic Particle ChargeA Proton PositiveB Neutron NegativeC Electron PositiveD Neutron Negative

C

BD

A


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8. Which of the following statements is true about isotopes?

A Different chemical characteristicsB Different in proton and neutron numberC Same number of protons but different number of neutronsD Same number of neutrons but different number of protons

9. The table shows the proton and nucleon number of elements L,M,N,O.

Element Proton Number Nucleon NumberL 5 11M 6 12N 6 14O 7 14

Which elements are isotopes?

A L and MB M and NC N and OD L and O

10. What is the basic of the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table?

A Proton numberB Neutron number

C Electron numberD Nucleon number

11. The diagram below shows an element Z

16

8

Which of the following is true about Z?

A It has 16 protonsB It has 8 neutronsC The nucleon number is 8D The number of electron is 16

12. What is the melting point of pure water?

A -5C

B 0C

C 100CD 107C


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13. What is the characteristic of a molecular substance?

A High melting pointB Good conductor of heatC Good conductor of electricityD The attractive forces are weak

14. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

Substances Particles

A Chlorine atomsB Carbon dioxide atomsC Sodium chloride moleculesD Lead bromide ions

15. The diagram shows atoms of a metal when force is applied to a part of it.

What is the property of metal involved in the diagram?

A SolidB ShinyC DuctileD Malleable

16. Isotope X has 17 proton number and 37 nucleon number.How manyprotons and neutrons does it have?

Protons NeutronsA 17 17B 17 37C 17 20D 18 17

The atom layersslides on each other

Atoms in metal

Force


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17. Which of the following processes represent melting?

A B

Solid Liquid Gas

C D

18. Which of the following subatomic particles have charges?

A Electrons onlyB Neutrons and protonsC Electrons and protonsD Electrons and neutrons

19. The diagram below shows a model of an atom. Which is an electron?

20. Which of the following particle is positively charge?

Particle Proton number Electron number

A L 3 2

B M 6 6

C N 9 10

D O 17 18

21. Which of the following is the characteristic of a metal?

A Low melting pointB Have a dull surfaceC Bad conductor of heatD Good conductor of electricity

22. Which of the following group in the Periodic Table is named correctly?

Group Name

A I Halogens

B II Alkali earth metalsC III Alkali metals

D IV Noble gases

A

B

C

D


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23. Which of the following comparisons between metals and non-metals is true?

Metals Non-metalsA Shiny surface Dull surfaceB Low melting point High melting point

C Not malleable MalleableD Not ductile Ductile

24. The diagram below shows the melting point and boiling point of substancesS,T,U and V.

Substances Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)S 115 445T -39 357U -113 -30V 78 216

Which substances are in the solid state at room temperature?

A S and T C S and VB T and U D U and S

25. Which of the following A, B, C and D represents gas particles?

A B

C D

26. Which of the following non-metal can conduct electricity?

A Helium C CarbonB Sulphur D Oxygen

27. Dry ice changes into carbon dioxide when left in the open.What is the name of the process?

A Melting C CondensationB Sublimation D Evaporation

28. Why is it difficult to compress a solid?

A Solid particles are far apartB Solid particles are very big

C Solid particles are closely arrangedD Solid particles are held together by a strong force


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29. Which of the following is correct about pure water?

Boiling points (C) Melting points (C)A 0 0B 100 0C 0 100D 100 100

30. Which of the following is the physical properties of a non-metal?

A Have shiny surfaceB Electrical conductorsC Poor thermal conductorD Are closely packed particles

31. The diagram shows the structure of two particles L and M.L M

3p 3p3n 4n

Which of the following is correct about L and M?

A They are molecules

B Ions with same chargeC Ions with different chargeD Atoms of the same elements.

32. The diagram below shows an atom A.

7

A3

How many electrons are present in an atom A?

A. 3 C. 7B. 4 D. 10

33. The diagram shows a simple Periodic Table.

PQ

R

S


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Which element represents a metal?

A. P C. RB. Q D. S

34. Which of the following technique would you use to separate water and alcohol?

A. EvaporationB. SublimationC. Simple distillationD. Fractional distillation

35. Which of the following elements are non-metals?

A. Copper, iron, gold

B. Copper, carbon, goldC. Zinc chlorine, sulphurD. Carbon, chlorine, sulphur

36. Which of the following is a common use of non-metal?

A. To make the blade of knivesB. For making the bodies of carC. In the production of telephone wireD. To insulate the handle of cooking pans

37. The boiling point of pure water is 100C. When salt dissolved in it, what is theeffect on its boiling points?

A. The boiling point will decreaseB. There is no effect on the boiling point

C. The boiling point will be higher than 100CD. The boiling point will increase and then decrease

38. What is the suitable method to obtain salt crystal from a salt solution?

A. Filtrate the solutionB. Evaporate the solutionC. Distill the solution in flaskD. Put the solution in freeze

39. Which of the following pair is correct?

Process EnergyA. Freezing ReleasedB. Boiling Released

C. Condensation AbsorbedD. Evaporation Released


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40. Which of the following atoms X,Y,Z have 2 neutrons.

A. X,Y and Z C. Y and Z onlyB. X and Y only D. X and Z only

41. The diagram shows elements P and Q in a Periodic Table.

What is the similarity between P and Q?

A. Nucleon number C. Chemical propertiesB. Proton number D. Physical properties

42. The diagram shows some physical properties of substances L, M and N.

Properties Substances L Substances M Substances N

Physical state at roomtemperature

Gas Solid Gas

Boiling point Low High Low

Attraction force Low Strong Low

What are L, M and N?

L M NA. Ammonia Oxygen IronB. Iron Oxygen AmmoniaC. Oxygen Ammonia IronD. Ammonia Iron Oxygen

43. The diagram shows the changes of matter from one state to another.

P

Q

Atoms Proton number Nucleon number

X 3 7

Y 4 6Z 6 8


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What happened during the process?

A. Heat is being absorbedB. The particles move slowerC. The particles move closer apartD. Kinetic energy of particles decrease

44. Fractional distillation is used to separate the different components of crude oil.Why can we use that process?

A. Crude oil is not reactiveB. The size of the components are differentC. The kinetic energy of components are differentD. The boiling points of the components are different

45. Which of the following is true about impure substance.

A. It has a fixed boiling pointB It has a fixed melting pointC It consists of one substanceD It consists of more than one substance

46. A substance P boils at 105C. What is P ?

A. Alcohol

B. Pure waterC. NaphthaleneD. Sugar solution

47. Which of the following object is made of metal?

A. Glass cutterB. Electric cableC. Casing for telephoneD. Insulator of electric wire


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PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of atomicsubstance, ionic substance and molecular substance.

Diagram 1The result of the experiment is recorded in Table 1

Type of substanceAmmeters reading /A

Solid state Melting state

Lead powder 1.5 1.2

Sulphur powder 0.0 0.0

Lead(II) bromide powder 0.0 1.8

Table 1(a) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Manipulated variable:

[ 1 mark]ii) Responding variable:

[ 1 mark]

iii) Constant variable:

[ 1 mark]

Bunsen burner

Carbon rodSubstance

Switch

Cardboard

A


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(b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

..

..

..

[ 1 mark]

Based on the result in Table 1, classify the substances into their class.

Atomic substance Ionic substance Molecular substance

[ 2 marks]

2. Diagram 2 shows an experiment to obtain pure water from salt water.

Diagram 2

(a) State the variables in this experiment.

i. Manipulated variable:

[ 1 mark]

ii. Responding variable:

[ 1 mark]

Salt water

Thermometer

Distillate

Leibig condenser


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(b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

..[ 1 mark]

(c) The boiling point of the distillate is 100 0C. What is the inference?

..............................

.............................[ 1 mark]

(d) What is the change of state in the Leibig condenser?

..............................[ 1 mark]

(e) What is the name of the process in Diagram 2?

..........................................................................................................................[ 1 mark]

SECTION B

1. Diagram 3 shows the Periodic Table with some elements denoted byletters P,R,S and T.

Diagram 3

a) . What is the name of the

i) Vertical column : .[ 1 mark]

ii) Horizontal row : ..[ 1 mark]

VIIIVIIVIVIVIIIIII VII VIIIVIVIVIIIIII

FP

T

R

S


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b) What property changes from P to R?

.[ 1 mark]

c) Give one physical property of S.

.[ 1 mark]

d) What is the name of the group where Tbelongs?

.[ 1 mark]

e) What is the proton number of R?

..[ 1 mark]

f) What is the electron number of P?

..

4. Table 3 below shows the number of protons, neutrons and nucleonnumber of particles A,B,C and D.

Particle Number of protons Number of neutrons Nucleon numberA 11 12B 17 35C 20 37D 20 22

Table 3a) Complete the table above

[2 mark]b) i) Which pair of particles are isotope?

..[1 mark]

ii) Give your reason for the answer in b) i)

..

..[1 mark]

c) Particle A is a neutral atom. How many electrons does A have?

..[1 mark]


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SECTION C

1. Study the statement below carefully.

You are given a copper metal, a sulphur roll, connecting wire ,switch andammeter.

(a) Suggest a suitable hypothesis to investigate this statement. (1 mark)

(b) Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following.(i) Aim of experiment (1 mark)

(ii) Variables (2 marks)(iii) List of apparatus (1 mark)(iv) Method (4 marks)

(v) Tabulation of data (1 mark)

2. a) Give five differences between metal and non-metal (4 marks)

b) Diagram 4 shows three substances.

DIAGRAM 4

You are required to develop a concept of an non-metal. Your answershould be based on the following aspects:

Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal.

Develop an initial concept of a non-metal.

Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal.Give reason for each example.

Build the real concept of a non-metal. (6 marks)

Bromine Sulphur Iodine

Substance

Molecular substances are not conduct electricity in all state

Atomic substances are good electric conductor

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CH4MATTERSUBSTANCE(1)