Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 1/18
AP Biology
Carbohydrates
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 2/18
AP Biology 2006-2007
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
HOH
O
Carbohydrates
energy
molecules
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 3/18
AP Biology
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function:
energy energy storage
raw materials structuralmaterials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 4/18
AP Biology
Sugars
Most names for sugars end in -ose
Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
5C = pentose (ribose)
3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
H
OH
HO
O H
HHO
H
Ribose
CH2OH
Glyceraldehyde
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
O
C
C
C6 5 3
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 5/18
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 6/18
AP Biology
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Carbons are numbered
Carbons are numbered
Where doyou find solutions
in biology?In cells!
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 7/18
AP Biology
Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
C
C
1'
2'3'
4'
5'
6'
O
energy stored in C-C bondsenergy stored in C-C bonds
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 8/18
AP Biology
QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Simple & complex sugars
Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
glucose
Disaccharides
2 monomers
sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers
starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 9/18
AP Biology
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
glycosidic linkage
|
glucose
|
glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|
maltose
H2O
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 10/18
AP Biology
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
|
fructose
|
glucose
monosaccharides
|
sucrose(table sugar)
disaccharide
H2O
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 11/18
AP Biology
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
easily reversible = release energy
Function: energy storage
starch (plants)
glycogen (animals)
in liver & muscles structure
cellulose (plants)
chitin (arthropods & fungi)
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 12/18
AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
starch
(plant)
glycogen
(animal)
energy
storage
What doesbranching do?
slow release
fast release
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 13/18
AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity
Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose
structure determines function«
in starch in cellulose
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 14/18
AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy to
digest
starcheasy to
digest enzyme
enzyme
cellulose
hard todigest
cellulose
hard todigest
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 15/18
AP Biology
Cellulose
Most abundant organiccompound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism todigest cellulose
most carnivores have not that¶s why they
eat meat to gettheir energy &
nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage
But it tasteslike hay!
Who can live
on this stuff?!
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 16/18
Regents Biology
Cowcan digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan¶t digest cellulose well;must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 17/18
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Ruminants
QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
T ell me aboutthe rabbits,
again, George!
I eat
WHAT !
Caprophage
8/8/2019 Ch5 Carbohydrates
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch5-carbohydrates 18/18
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Let¶s build some
Carbohydrates!
EAT
X
