Carbohydrates Presentation

7/27/2019 Carbohydrates Presentation

1/18

CARBOHYDRATESBy : Rahmayuni Fitrianti

30101206722

SGD 12


2/18

CONTENTS

Definition of carbohydrate

Classification : Monosaccarides, Disaccarides,

Polysaccarides

The role of carbohydrates in body Carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate absorption

Glucose homeostasis

Disease conditions related to carbohydrateconsumption


3/18

DEFINITION

A carbohydrate is an organic compound that is

composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen in a ratio of 1 carbon atom, 2 hydrogen

atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.


4/18

CLASSIFICATION

Monosaccharides : single sugars

Disaccharides : 2 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides : chains of

monosaccharides


5/18

MONOSACCHARIDES

Monosaccharrides are single

sugars

All isomers of C6H12O6

Glucose serves as the essentialenergy source, and is commonly

known as blood sugar or dextrose.

Fructose is the sweetest, occurs naturally in honey

and fruits, and is added to many foods in the form ofhigh-fructose corn syrup.

Galactose rarely occurs naturally as a single sugar.


6/18

DISACCHARIDES

Disaccharides are pairs of monosaccharides,one of which is always glucose Condensation reactions link monosaccharides together.

Hydrolysis reactions split molecules and commonly occur

during digestion. Maltose consists oftwo glucose units. It is produced

during the germination of seeds and fermentation.

Sucrose is fructose and glucose combined. It is madefrom sugarcane and sugar beets, and tastes sweet.

Lactose is galactose and glucose combined. It is foundin milk and milk products.


7/18

Polysaccharides :

chains of monosaccharides

Starch is a long (100's) polymer of

Glucose molecules, where all the sugars

are oriented in the same direction.

Starch is one of the primary sources of

calories for humans.

Cellulose is a long (100's) polymer of Glucose molecules.

In Cellulose, every other sugar molecule is "upside-down".This small difference in structure makes a big difference in

the way we use this molecule.

Glycogen : Glycogen is a stored energy source, found in

the Liver and muscles of Humans. Glycogen is different

from both Starch and Cellulose in that the Glucose chain isbranched or "forked".

POLYSACCHARIDES


8/18

THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES

IN THE BODY

As a source of energy

Protein-sparing action

Essential for Fat Oxidation

Role in gastro-intestinal function


9/18

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

Begins in mouth chewing releases saliva

enzyme amylase hydrolyzes starch to polysaccharides and

maltose

Stomach no enzymes available to break down starch

acid does some breakdown

fibers in starch provide feeling of fullness


10/18

Small intestine

majority of carbohydrate digestion takes place here

pancreatic amylase reduces carbs to glucose chains ordisaccharides

specific enzymes finish the job maltase

maltose into 2 glucose

sucrase

sucrose into glucose and fructose

lactase

lactose into glucose and galactose


11/18

Large intestine 1-4 hours for sugars and starches to be

digested

only fibers remain attract water, which softens stool

bacteria ferment some fibers water, gas, short-chain fatty acids (used for

energy)


12/18

CARBOHYDRATE

DIGESTIONINTHE GI TRACT

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning


13/18

CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION

glucose can be absorbed in the mouth

majority absorbed in small intestine

active transport

glucose and galactic

facilitated diffusion

fructose

smaller rise in blood glucose


14/18

GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS

Maintaining an even balance of glucose is

controlled by insulin and glucagon

Insulin : moves glucose into the cell

Glucagon : brings glucose out of storage


15/18

MAINTAINING

BLOOD

GLUCOSE

HOMEOSTASIS

IntestineWhen a person eats,

blood glucose rises.

1

2

Insulin stimulates the uptake of

glucose into cells and storage

as glycogen in the liver and

muscles. Insulin also stimulates

the conversion of excess

glucose into fat for storage.

3

4

5

6

7 Blood glucose begins torise.

a

The stress hormoneepinephrine and other hormonesalso bring glucose out of storage.

Glucose

Insulin

Glucagon

Glycogen

Glucagon stimulates liver

cells to break down glycogen

and release glucose into the

blood.a

Liver

Low blood glucose stimulates

the pancreas to release

glucagon into the bloodstream.

As the body's cells use

glucose, blood levels decline.

Glucagon

Pancreas

Fat cell

Liver

Muscle

High blood glucose stimulates

the pancreas to release insulin.

Pancreas

Insulin


16/18

DISEASECONDITIONSRELATEDTO

CARBOHYDRATECONSUMPTION

Diabetes Mellitus

Hypoglycemia

Lactose Intolerance

Galactosemia Dental Caries


17/18

SOURCE

http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-

information/directory/c/carbohydrates

http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/carbohydrates/

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htm
http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.rawfoodexplained.com/carbohydrates/http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://www.rawfoodexplained.com/carbohydrates/http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrates


18/18

Thank you for

your attention!

Documents

Carbohydrates Presentation