Research Methods, 9th Edition

Theresa L. White and Donald H. McBurney

Chapter 8NonExperimental Research, Part 1:

Observational, Archival, and Case Study Research

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Theory Development and Testing in observational and archival research

一般研究方法 提出假說 實驗收集資料 統計分析 假說檢定

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Theory Development and Testing in observational and archival research

觀察研究 有時甚至研究之初，還無明確之研究問題 Process is more flexible with non-experimental

designs but still involves hypothesis testing ( 命題 , proposition).

Two approaches: Mathematical approach toward combating threats

to internal validity Inductive process of hypothesis generation and

modification

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Theory Development and Testing in observational and archival research

觀察研究 根據過去研究 / 觀察，建立假設 收集資料 透過觀察，持續收集新資料，修訂假設、理論

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Recording Methods

Field Notes Be systematic

Categories of behavior Length of observation period Checklists

Be selective Take samples of behavior

Make use of recording devices

評分者信度 (rater reliability) Use at least two coders to increase reliability

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Content Analysis

Evaluation of a hypothesis using publicly available pictures and language

Manifest Content Measures the frequency of some word, image,

phrase, or action

Latent Content Measures the appearance of themes, as determined

by the researcher

評分者信度 (rater reliability) Use at least two coders to increase reliability