Chap. 10 patterns in species richness (Ayo) (2008) Essentials of
Ecology 3 rd. Ed. Slide 2 2 Patterns in species richness 10.1
introduction 10.2 a simple model of species richness 10.3 spatially
varying factors that influence species richness 10.4 temporally
varying factors that influence species richness 10.5 gradients of
species richness 10.6 patterns in taxon richness in the fossil
record 10.7 appraisal of patterns in species richness Slide 3 3
Introduction (10.1 Quantitative aspects) Diversity indices
Shannon-Weaver diversity index H=-Pi lnPi Fig. 10.1 Species
diversity (H) declined progressively in a plot of pasture that
regularity received fertilizer in an experiment commencing in 1856
at Rothamsted in England. Slide 4 4 Introduction (10.1 Quantitative
aspects) Rank-abundance diagrams Fig. 10.2 Change in the
rank-abundance pattern of plant species in the Rothamstead
fertilized plot from 1856 to 1949. Slide 5 5 10.2 a simple model of
species richness Fig. 10.3 a simple model of species richness.
Niche Slide 6 6 10.3 Spatially varying factors that influence
species richness 10.3.1 Productivity 10.3.2 Predation intensity
10.3.3 Spatial heterogeneity 10.3.4 Environmental harshness Slide 7
7 10.4 Temporally varying factors that influence species richness
10.4.1 Climatic variation 10.4.2 Disturbance 10.4.3 Environmental
age: evolutionary time Slide 8 8 Fig. 10.5 species richness of (a)
birds, (b) mammals, (c) amphibians in North America in relation to
potential evapotranspiration. Slide 9 9 Fig. 10.6 relationships
between species richness and productivity Slide 10 10 Fig. 10.7
Paines rocky shore community. From 15 species to 8 species Slide 11
11 10.2 Topical ECOncerns Using exploiter-mediated coexistence to
assist grassland restoration Fig. 10.8 hemiparasite Rhinanthus
minor Slide 12 12 Fig. 10.9 (a) relationship between the number of
plants species and an index of spatial heterogeneity. (c)
Relationship between animal species richness and an index of
structural diversity of vegetation for freshwater fish. Slide 13 13
Fig. 10.10 (a) the number of plant species in the Alaskan Arctic
tundra increases with soil pH (b) the number of taxa of
invertebrates in streams with the pH of stream water. Slide 14 14
Fig. 10.11 (a) Pattern in species richness with which they are
disturbed frequently (F), intermediate (I) or rarely disturbed (R)
(b) relationship between insect species richness and intensity of
disturbance. Slide 15 15 10.5 Gradients of species richness 10.5.1
island biogeography 10.5.2 Latitudinal gradients 10.5.3 Gradients
with altitude and depth 10.5.4 Gradients during community
succession 10.6 Patterns in taxon richness in the fossil record
Slide 16 Ayo Slide 17 17 Slide 18 18 Fig. 8 Equilibrium models of
biotas of several islands of varying distances from the principal
source area and of varying size. Slide 19 19 Fig.5a. The Galapagos
Islands Slide 20 20 Fig. 5b. Number of land-plant species on the
Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the island. S= 28.6A
0.32 Slide 21 21 Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and
reptiles of the West Indies. S= 3.3A 0.30 Slide 22 22 Fig. 9.
Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (b) Species-area
relationship for the resident boreal birds of the mountaintops in
the Great Basin. Slide 23 23 Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to
mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal
species. Slide 24 24 Fig. 10 Colonization curves of four small
mangroves islands in the lower Florida Keys, whose entire faunas,
consisting almost solely of arthropods, were exterminated by methyl
bromide fumigation. Slide 25 25 1960 (1) (2) (3) (4) / Slide 26 26
Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some principles for the design
of nature reserves. Slide 27 27 1960-1980 (1) (2) (3) MacArthur and
Wilson (1963, 1967) (4) Vicariance 1980 the study of biodiversity
Slide 28 28 Fig. 11. Baja California Slide 29 29 1. Cortez 50km 2
105139.33.51.3 No Yes Very Yes No Yes Very Yes Holocene No No Yes
Yes 0202 0000 0000 5 35 0 47 16 69 Slide 30 30 Fig. 13. ( Case
& Code, 1987) Slide 31 31 Fig. 10.14 (b) Proportion of variance
in species richness, for four animal groups, related to island area
(blue), to habitat diversity (orange), to correlated variation
between area and habitat diversity (green) and unexplained by
either (maroon). Slide 32 32 (1) maximizes the mean size of
reserves (2) maximizes the number of reserves Slide 33 33 Fig. 4.
The distribution of areas of nature reserves in the world. Slide 34
34 Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots with solid edges
represent enclosures preventing access by sheep. Broken lines mark
delineated plots in the grazed area. Slide 35 35 2. N32821641
292620261615 / 15 1312(15) / 381558(15) 34 26 Slide 36 36 3. 1985
1986 1987 29 30 33 26 27 29 20 25 34 33 40 1985-1986 1986-1987 4242
5353 3232 5151 1985-1986 1986-1987 5555 6565 3737 4646 Slide 37 37
Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos.
a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islands b. Galapagos land
birds c. Galapagos Darwin's finches d. Galapagos ferns. 200 Slide
38 38 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic
archipelagos. e. Galapagos insects f. Galapagos flowering plants g.
Caribbean bats. h. Facroes islands ground beetles. 200 Slide 39 39
Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos.
g. Caribbean bats. h. Facroes islands ground beetles. i.. Canary
Islands birds j. Canary island ground beetles. 200 Slide 40 40 Fig.
17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. a.
Seabirds on islands off of Scotland. b. Extant marsupials on
islands in the Bass Straits. c. Reptiles on islands in the Bass
Straits. d. Sand dune mammals on islands in the Bass Straits. 100KM
Slide 41 41 100KM Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for
nearshore archipelagos. e. Birds of the California Channel islands.
f. Reptiles and amphibians of the California Channel islands. g.
Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California. h. Mammals of the
islands in the Gulf of California. Slide 42 42 Fig. 17. Cumulative
species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. g. Plants of the
islands in the Gulf of California. h. Mammals of the islands in the
Gulf of California. i. Reptiles and amphibians of the islands in
the Gulf of California. 100KM Slide 43 43 Fig. 18. Cumulative
species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. a. Mammals of
East African national parks. b. Birds of East African national
parks. c. Mountaintop small mammals. d. Mountaintop plants. Slide
44 44 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial
habitat isolates. e. Mountaintop birds f. Birds in New Jersey
woodlots g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves. h. Lizards of
Australian wheatbelt reserves. Slide 45 45 Fig. 18. Cumulative
species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. g. Mammals of
Australian wheatbelt reserves. h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt
reserves. i. Mammals of U.S. national parks. Slide 46 46 Fig. 19
Effect of anthropogenic extinctions on cumulative species-area
curves for two island groups. a. Extant native birds of the
Hawaiian islands b. Extant and fossil birds of the Hawaiian
islands. c. Marsupials on island in the Bass Strait. d. Marsupials
on island in the Bass Strait. Slide 47 47 1. Habitat diversity 2.
Population dynamics. Priority effects Multiple stable equilibria
Edge effects Disturbance Species pool and dispersal ability.
Colonization Evolutionary effects. Extinctions. 3. Historical
effects. Slide 48 48 10.5.2 Latitudinal gradients Fig. 10.17
Latitudinal patterns in species richness Slide 49 49 Fig. 10.17
Latitudinal patterns in species richness Slide 50 50 10.5.3
Gradients with altitude and depth Fig. 10.18 (a) Breeding birds in
Nepalese Himalayas (b) plants in the Sierra Manantlan, Mexico.
Slide 51 51 Fig. 10.18 (c) ants in Lee Canyon in the Spring
Mountains of Nevada, USA. (d) flowering plants in the Nepalese
Himalayas. Slide 52 52 Fig. 10.19 Depth gradient in species
richness of bottom-dwelling vertebrates and invertebrates (fish,
decapods, holothurians, asteroids) in the ocean southwest of
ireland. Slide 53 53 10.5.4 Gradients during community succession
Fig. 10.20 Examples of increases in animal species richness during
succession (a) bird species richness in tropical rain forest in
northeast India. Slide 54 54 Fig. 10.20 Examples of increases in
animal species richness during succession (b) the species richness
of true bugs increased with time after an English farm field was
taken out of cultivation. Slide 55 55 10.6 Patterns in taxon
richness in the fossil record Fig. 20.21 Patterns in taxon richness
through the fossil record. Slide 56 56 Fig. 20.21 Patterns in taxon
richness through the fossil record. Slide 57 57 Fig. 20.21 Patterns
in taxon richness through the fossil record. Slide 58 58 Fig. 10.22
(a) the percentage of genera of large mammalian herbivores that
have gone extinct in the last 130,000 years is strongly size-
dependent. Slide 59 59 Fig. 10.22 (b) percentage survival of large
animals on three continents and two large islands. The dramatic
declines in taxon richness in Australia, North America and the
island of New Zealand and Madagascar occurred at different times in
history. Slide 60 60 10.7 Appraisal of patterns in species richness
Richness may peak at intermediate levels of available environmental
energy or of disturbance frequency. Richness declines with a
reduction in island area or an increase in island remoteness
Richness decreases with increasing latitude, and declines or shows
a hump-backed relationship with altitude or depth in the ocean.
Richness increases with an increase in spatial heterogeneity but
may decrease with an increase in temporal heterogeneity. Slide 61
61 The flood of exotic species Fig. 10.23 the alien flora of the
British isles (a) according to community type. (b) by geographic
origin. Slide 62 62 Fig. 10.23 the alien flora of the British isles
(a) according to community type. (b) by geographic origin. Slide 63
63 Review questions 1.Explain species richness, diversity index and
rank- abundance diagrams and compare what each measures. 2.Why is
it so difficult to identify harsh environments? 3.Researchers have
reported a variety of hump-shaped patterns in species richness,
with peaks of richness occurring at intermediate levels of
productivity, predation pressure, disturbance and depth in the
ocean. Review the evidence and consider whether these patterns have
any underlying mechanisms in common. Slide 64 [email protected]
Ayo
http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
Ayo
